.V-or  w« 


THE 


PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY 


PACIFIC  COAST 


BEING  A  COMPLETE  HISTOET  OF  THE   OEIGIN,  CONDITION  AND  PEOGBESS  OP  AGBICULT- 

UEE  IN  DIFFEEENT  PAETS  OF  THE  \TOELD;   OF  THE  OEIGIN  AND  GBOWTH  OF  THE 

OEDEE  OF  PATEONS,  "WITH  A  GENEEAL  AND  SPECIAL   GEANGE  DIEECT- 

OBT,  AND  FULL   LIST  OF  CHAETEE  MEMBEES  OF  THE  SUBOB- 

DINATE    GEANGES    OF    CALIFOENIA. 

ALSO,  OF  THE  FOES  OF  THE  FAEMEES,  OE  MONOPOLIES  OF  LAND,  WATEE, 

TEANSPOETATION  AND  EDUCATION;   OF  A  PEOTECTIVE 

TABIFF,  CTTBEENCY  AND  BANKING. 


BY 

EZRA  S.  CARR,  M.  D.,  LL.  D., 

Late  Professor  of  Agriculture  in  the  University  of  California ,  and  Past  Master  of 
Temescal  Grange. 


i^^SSKf4^' 


SAN  FRANCISCO: 
L.  BANCROFT  AND  COMPANY, 

PUBLISHEES,  BOOKSELLEES  AND   STATIONERS. 

1875. 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  1875,  by 

A.  L.  BANCROFT  &  COMPANY, 

In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress  at  Washington. 


TO  THE 

i;-V  hi* 


HUSBANDMEN,  MATRONS  AND  TEACHERS 


PACIFIC  COAST, 

AND  ALL  WHO  CO-OPERATE  WITH  THEM  IN  ITS  INDUSTRIAL,  SOCIAL 
AND  INTELLECTUAL  DEVELOPMENT, 

THIS  VOLUME  IS  KESPECTFULLY  DEDICATED. 


PEEFAOE. 


To  present  in  a  compact  and  readily  accessible  form  the 
annals  of  the  farmers'  movement  in  California,  with  a  sum- 
mary of  the  advantages  thus  far  secured  by  combination  and 
cooperation,  was  the  primary  object  of  this  work.  In  addition, 
I  have  thought  it  desirable  to  show  the  general  relations  of  ag- 
riculture to  human  progress;  to  give  the  results  of  recent  official 
investigations  into  railroad  affairs,  and  to  treat  of  some  other 
questions  of  general  public  interest,  by  summarizing  important 
and  recent  reports  not  generally  accessible  to  Patrons. 

Again,  I  know  of  no  single  work  in  which  the  statistical  in- 
formation which  farmers  so  often  need  for  reference  can  be 
obtained.  I  have  endeavored  to  meet  this  want,  in  the  dis- 
cussions of  the  various  subjects  to  which  such  information 
appropriately  belongs. 

As  the  work  grew  upon  my  hands,  I  have  found  that  the  pres- 
entation of  my  subject  involved  a  constant  reference  to  author- 
ities. As  far  as  possible,  therefore,  I  have  allowed  each  witness 
to  speak  for  himself,  to  the  exclusion  of  all  claims  to  originality 
on  my  own  part.  I  am  greatly  indebted  to  able  writers,  Pro- 
fessor Perry,  President  Anderson,  Henry  George,  Hon.  M.  M. 
Estee  and  others,  who  have  placed  their  valuable  papers  at  my 
disposal,  and  I  only  regret  that  want  of  space  has  made  it 
necessary  for  me  to  exclude  any  portion  of  them. 

The  second  chapter,  defining  the  "office  of  Agriculture  in  the 
Social  Economy,"  is  a  condensation  of  the  instruction  in  Po- 
litical Economy,  given  more  than  twenty  years  ago,  to  college 
classes,  by  the  late  John  H.  Lathrop,  LL.  D.,  first  President 
of  the  Universities  of  Missouri  and  Wisconsin.  In  the  chapter 
on  "Agriculture  in  the  Public  Schools,"  it  will  be  observed 
that  the  agitation  of  this  question  is  not  a  recent  thing  in  agri- 
cultural bodies.  The  Grange  has  done  little  more  than  to 
organize  the  public  sentiment  of  farmers  for  the  effective  exer- 


6  PREFACE. 

cise  of  their  legitimate  powers.  Its  progress  is  no  marvel  to 
those  tv  ho  have  been  in  sympathy  with  the  working  classes  of 
the  country,  who  understand  their  needs,  and  are  ready  to  lend 
a  hand  in  removing  their  burdens. 

Great  care  has  been  taken  to  insure  correctness  in  the  sta- 
tistical part  of  the  work,  and  to  omit  nothing  of  importance  in 
the  documentary  history  of  the  State  Grange.  The  names  of 
the  charter  members,  having  been  copied  from  the  original  dis- 
pensations, where  the  signatures  are  not  unfrequently  nearly 
illegible,  it  has  been  impossible  to  entirely  avoid  orthographical 
mistakes.  The  attempt  to  preserve  a  complete  record  of  the 
founders  of  Subordinate  Granges,  will,  we  trust,  excuse  a  few 
unavoidable  errors  in  its  execution. 

Valuable  assistance  has  been  rendered  by  the  officers  of  the 
State  Grange,  and  especially  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  its  Worthy 
Secretary;  also  by  the  officers  and  agents  of  the  various  busi- 
ness associations.  To  Mr.  Edward  Yischer,  of  San  Francisco, 
who  has  kindly  furnished  the  rural  illustrations  from  his  own 
admirable  sketches  of  California  life  and  scenery;  to  the 
editors  of  the  "Rural  Press,"  and  other  agricultural  and  local 
journals,  I  am  under  many  obligations. 

E.  S.  C. 

Oakland,  August  1st,  1875. 


CONTENTS. 


PAET  FIKST. 

Eelation  op  Agriculture  to  Progreis^ 

CHAPTER  I. 

ORGANIZATION  OP  LABOR. 

PAGE. 

The  Masonic  Fraternity — Guilds— Movements  of  Labor  in  the  present  cen- 
tury— The  Spirit  of  Industry  constructive — What  Equality  is — How  Edu- 
cation promotes  Equality — Self-Love  vs.  Social  Feeling — Mr.  Seward's 
Opinion— All  great  Movements  Historical  as  well  as  Progressive 17 

CHAPTER  II. 

THE  OFFICE  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  SOCIAL  ECONOMY. 

Man  and  Nature — Agriculture  the  Foundation  of  Industry — Raw  Materials — 
First  Steps  toward  Manufactures — Civilization  regards  all  the  Processes 
of  equal  Value— The  Social  Body,  its  different  Parts  and  Functions- 
How  Division  of  Labor  increases  Production,  and  begets  Exchange  or 
Commerce — Commerce  a  Charge  upon  Agriculture — Magnitude  of  the 
Tax — How  this  enriches  the  Farmer — Money  as  a  Commercial  Agent- 
Office  of  the  Railroad  and  of  Money  to  cheapen  Exchange — Relations  of 
Agriculture  to  the  Professions:  to  the  growth  of  Towns:  to  Science...     20 

CHAPTER  III. 

AGRICULTURE   IN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD. 

Civilization  a  relative  Term — Wealth — Wild  Wheat  and  Rice — The  Date: 
Millet — Egyptian  Agriculture  and  Horticulture — Flax  Culture— Grana- 
ries, Models  of  our  Elevators — Condition  of  the  People — China— Confu- 
cius' Teachings — How  Silk  Culture  was  Promoted— Implements — Size  of 
Farms — Wages — Japan,  compared  with  Great  Britain — Wheat  Culture — 
Rural  Life  in  Greece — Xenophon  a  Farmer — Hesiod's  Works  and  Days 
— Public  Gardens — Decay — Aristotle  the  Father  of  a  rational  Polity — 
Slavery— Rome — Patricians  and  Plebeians — Size  of  Farms — Common 
Pasture — Tenants — Cato's  Steward — The  Rome  of  To-day 25 

CHAPTER  IV. 

AGRICULTURE  IN  MODERN  EUROPE. 

Germany  and  England— Ranks— Folks  Land  and  Rents — Degradation  of 
the  British  Laborer — Allowance  of  Food — Elevation  of  the  Mechanical 


8  CONTENTS. 

PAGE. 

Class— rroportiou  of  Land  Owners  to  Population — Wages  of  Laborers 
—How  England  is  Fed— Scotland  a  Wheat  Growing  Country — Ameliora- 
tion of  Climate  'through  Agriculture — Pedigree  Cattle  and  Sheep— France 
—Small  Farming  and  Population— Wheat  Culture— The  Late  W\r— 
Holland  and  the  Low  Countries — A  Model  for  California — Deep  Tillage 
— Diversity  of  Crops — Use  of  Machinery — Night-soil  and  Manures — 
Rotation — Modern  Germany — Beet  Culture — Maize  Culture  in  Austria — 
Russia  our  Rival  in  Wheat — Conclusion. .'. 38 

CHAPTER  V. 

AGRICULTURE   IN   THE   UNITED  STATES. 

American  Independence  due  to  the  Farmers — The  South  Atlantic  States — 
Want  of  System — Cotton  and  Tobacco — Gov.  Hammond  on  South  Caro- 
lina Agriculture — Georgia  Silk  Culture — Gov.  Collier  on  the  Wants  of 
Alabama — The  Old  Dominion  and  the  Old  Commonwealth  contrasted — 

,  Emigration — First  Agricultural  Societies  and  Journals  established  in  the 
South — How  diversified  Industry  would  have  secured  Emancipation — 
Louisiana — Texas 46 

CHAPTER  VI. 

AGRICULTURE   IN  THE   EASTERN   AND  MIDDLE    STATES. 

Value  of  Statistical  Reports — Highest  average  Yield  of  Wheat  in  Massachu- 
setts— A  Southern  View  of  New  England — Value  of  Hay  Crop — Vermont 
and  the  Wool  Interest — What  t£e  New  England  States  raise  and  what 
they  eat — The  Empire  State— Genesee  Wheat — The  Weevil— Fish  and 
Fur  Culture — Profits  of  Cheese  and  Butter  Factories — Mr.  Arnold  on 
the  Future  of  Dairying — Pennsylvania — New  Jersey  a  Market  Garden 
— Cranberry  Culture— Peach  Culture  in  Delaware  and  Maryland 53 

CHAPTER  VII. 

FARMING    IN  THE   WESTERN  STATES. 

The  World's  Granary — Relative  Value  of  Corn  and  Wheat — Stock  Farming 
vs.  Wheat  Farming— Improved  Implements —Trial  of  American  Ma- 
chines—Missouri, Tennessee  and  Kentucky— California  and  Oregon — 
Agriculture  of  the  Catholic  Missions— John  Gilroy  and  his  Neighbors — 
Large  Wheat  Fields— Enormous  Crop  of  1872— Market  for  California 
Wheat— Farmers  not  enriched  by  this  Stream  of  Wealth — Tonnage — 
Prices— California  the  Centre  of  Wine  and  Wool  Production  —  Table 
Showing  Yield  and  Price  of  Farm  Products  in  each  State  for  1873 :  Ex- 
hibiting Value  of  Farm  Property:  Number  of  Persons  engaged  in  Agri- 
culture and  other  Occupations  61 


y 


PART  SECOND. 

The  Farmers'  Great  Awakening, 
chapter  viii. 

THE   FARMERS  IN   COUNCIL. 

Gathering  of  the  Clubs— Mr.  Hyatt's  telling  Report  on  Shipping— Proposal 
for  a  Convention— Expression  of  Opinion — A  Summary  of  Complaints — 


s 


CONTENTS.  9 

PAGE. 

Organization  of  the  Fanners'  Union  at  Sacramento — Fraudulent  Wheat 
Quotations. 75 

CHAPTER  IX. 

HOW  THE  CLUBS  BECAME  GBANGES. 

Meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors — President  Bidwell's  Remarks — Major  ^>\ 
Snyder  advocates  building  Cooperative  Warehouses — Judge  McCune  on  r-~^ 
Fares  and  Freights — Sonoma  Club— Mass  Meeting  at  Stockton — Thirty 
Thousand  Dollars  subscribed — Mr.  Baxter  appears  on  the  Scene — Con- 
vention at  San  Francisco — How  the  Grangers  negotiated  for  Sacks  and 
didn't  get  them — Gen.  Bidwell's  Address— A  Lady's  Suggestions — Mr. 
Hallett  on  the  Future  of  the  Wheat  Market — Convention  recommends 
the  Formation  of  Granges — Winding  up  of  its  Affairs 87 

CHAPTER  X. 

THE  ORDER  01  PATRONS  OP  HUSBANDRY. 

How  established — Messrs.  Kelley  and  Saunders — A  Cloud  no  bigger  than  a 
Man's  Hand — Significance  of  Names,  "Grange"  and  "Patron" — . 
Eligibility:  Organization  and  First  Officers:  First  Four  Dispensations — 
Growth  on  the  Upper  Mississippi — Eighty  Granges  a  day  in  Iowa — 
Third  Annual  Session — What  the  Patrons  propose  to  do — Official  Decla- 
ration of  Purposes — Constitution  and  By-Laws ' 104 

CHAPTER  XI. 

WHAT   HAS  BEEN   ACCOMPLISHED. 

Growth — Causes  of  Numerical  Strength — Granges  of  the  first  and  second 
Growth — Investments  and  Savings — General  and  incidental  Benefits — 
Worthy  Master  Adams'  Address  at  Charleston — Summary  of  Proceedings 
— What  was  done  about  the  Texas  Pacific  Railroad,  and  why  it  was  done^  118 

CHAPTER  XII. 

ANNALS  OF  THE  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Organization  at  Napa — Representation — Address  of  N.  W.  Garretson — Spe- 
cific Objects  stated — Resolutions — State  Book  of  Plans — Election  of 
Officers  and  Executive  Committee — Agencies  provided  for — First  An- 
nual Meeting — One  Hundred  and  Four  Granges  in  Three  Months- 
Worthy  Master  Wright's  Address — Report  of  Committee  on  Irrigation-  « 
Committee  of  Inquiry  into  Agricultural  Department  of  University- 
Election  of  Officers  for  two  ensuing  Years — Presentation  to  Brothe: 
Garretson — Installation — Professor  Carr's  Lecture « 131 

CHAPTER  XIII. 

CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  CALIFORNIA  STATE   GRANGE — BY-LAWS — BULES-OF- ORDER.  .  .    153 

CHAPTER  XIV. 

BUSINESS   OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

Agency  established  in  San  Francisco— Mr.  A.  F.  Walcott  appears  for  E.  E. 
Morgan's  Sons — Firm  endorsed  by  prominent  Houses — Agreements  and 
Precautions— State  Agent — Competition  produces  better  Prices— Savings 
of  the  first  Year  —  Grangers'  Bank  Meeting — Organization  — Dairy 
Agency— Stanislaus  Saving  aiid  Loan  Society— Warehouses  at  Modesto 


10  CONTENTS 

PAGE. 

— Davisville  Grange  incorporates— Colusa  County  Bank— Waterford— 
Warehouses  and  Business  Associations 1^3 

CHAPTER  XV. 

THE   SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

Large  Attendance— Worthy  Master  Hamilton's  Address— A  Grange  Funeral 
— Festival  of  Pomona — Important  Resolutions — Abstract  of  Report  of 
State  Agent:  of  the  Executive  Committee:  of  the  Treasurer:  of  the  Lec- 
•  turer:  of  the  Manager  of  Dairy  Produce  Department:  of  Committee  on 
the  Agricultural  College  of  the  State  University:  of  the  Committee  on 
Irrigation:  of  the  Committee  on  Education  and  Labor:  of  the  Committee 
on  the  Good  of  the  Order 173 

CHAPTER  XVI. 

THE  PATRONS'    TRIALS    AND  TRIUMPHS. 

The  Wheat  Shipping  Business— The  Wheat  King  and  Mr.  Walcott— Advance 
in  Freights  in  1872-3— Exaggerated  Estimates  of  the  Crop  of  1874-5 
Mr.  Walcott's  various  Enterprises— The  Sack  Purchase— Failure  of 
Morgan's  Sons  proves  a  Blessing  in  Disguise— Called  Meeting  of  the 
Grange— Practical  Fellowship— All's  Well  that  Ends  Well— Discontinu- 
ance of  Dairy  and  Produce  Agency — The  Business  Association  formed 
— Officers  and  Articles  of  Incorporation  of  the  Grangers'  Business  Asso- 
ciation    201 


PAKT  THIRD. 

Gkinge  Dieectory  and  Record. 

CHAPTER  XVII. 

GRANGE    DIRECTORY. 

Officers  and  Members  ol  the  National  Grange— California  State  Grange— Ex- 
ecutive Committee:  of  District  and  County  Councils:  of  Organizing 
Deputies — Subordinate  Granges  of  California,  arranged  by  Counties — Ne- 
vada Subordinate  Granges — The  Grange  Record:  of  the  Charter  Mem- 
bers of  each  Grange  in  California  and  Nevada— Oregon  State  Grange- 
Officers — Executive  Committee  and  Organizing  Deputies — Subordinate 
Granges  of  Oregon:  of  Washington  Territory:  of  Idaho 211 


PART  FOURTH. 

Adds  and  Obstacles  to  Agriculture  on  the  PacdjIO  Coast. 

CHAPTER  XVIII.. 

LAND  MONOPOLY. 

Mr.  J.  Stuart  Mill's  Axiom — The  Public  Domain,  and  its  Distribution — Lands 
in  California — Prosperity  shown  by  the  Proportion  of  Farms  to  Popu- 
lation— Disposition  of  State  Lands — Effects  of  Consolidation  of  Landed 
Interests  in  England  —  Spanish  and    Mexican    Domination — Mexican 


CONTENTS.  11 

PAGE. 

Grants,  and  a  discreditable  Chapter  of  History — Bounty  of  the  Federal 
Government — How  the  State  Lands  have  been  Manipulated — Discrep- 
ancy between  Federal  and  State  Laws — Eastern  College  and  Indian 
Scrip — Swamp  and  Tide  Lands — Agricultural  College  Grant — Railroad 
Grant — California  Peerage,  and  status. of  our  Landlords — Discrimina- 
tion  in  Taxation — Remedies 290 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

Canal  and  Water  Companies:  How  authorized — Legislation  favorable  to  Mo- 
nopolies— Los  Angeles  Convention — Voice  of  the  People — Gov.  Dow- 
ney's Address — Memorial  of  Colorado  to  Congress — Congress  appoints 
Irrigation  Commissioners  for  California — Mr.  Brereton's  Views  of  Agri- 
culture in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley — Conclusions-arrived  at  by  the  Com- 
missioners..  _ 304 

CHAPTER   XX. 

THE    IRRIGATION    PROBLEM. 

Cost  of  Irrigation — Loss  by  Absorption — Amount  of  Water  required  per   ^ 
Acre — Amount  used  in  Foreign  Countries — Primary,  Secondary  and  Ter- 
tiary Ditches — Bases  of  Estimates — Ownership  of  Water — Mr.  Estee's 
Views  concerning  Legislation — Italian  Authorities  quoted — Dr.  Ryer's 
Hints  toward  a  Solution  of  the  Problem — Irrigation  and  Public  Health .  319 

CHAPTER   XXI. 

TRANSPORTATION. 

Results  of  Railroad  Investigation  by  Congress — Committee :  how  formed— 
Exhaustive  Researches — Magnitude  of  Interests  involved — Inadequacy 
of  Means  of  Transportation — Defects  and  Abuses — Discriminations  and 
Extortions — Stock  Watering---Capitalization  of  Earnings — Construction 
Rings — Unjust  Discriminations — General  Extravagance  and  Corruption 
of  Railway  Management — Combinations  and  Consolidations — Nominal 
Capital  and  fictitious  Stock — Excess  of  Capital  over  Actual  Stock — Illus- 
trations— How  Evils  may  be  remedied — Summary  of  Conclusions  and 
Recommendations — Congress  may  regulate  Inter-State  Transportation, .  329 

CHAPTER  XXII. 

RAILROAD  LEGISLATION  AND  INVESTIGATION  IN  WISCONSIN. 

Railroad  Legislation  in  Wisconsin — Abstract  of  the  Potter  Law — Abstract  of 
Report  of  Commissioners — Nature  of  the  Controversy  between  the  Peo- 
ple and  the  Railroads — Self-interest  of  Corporations  not  a  sufficient 
Guaranty  against  Extortions — Competition  tends  to  Consolidation — Evils 
of  Railway  Construction  and  Management — Causes  of  undue  Cost — 
Construction  on  Credit — Corrupt  letting  of  Contracts — Misappropria- 
tion of  Land  Grants — Illinois  Law — Supervisory  Duty  of  States  holding 
Land  Grants — Illinois  Decision 336 


y 


12  CONTENTS 

'/  PAGE. 

CHAPTER  XXIII. 

MANAGEMENT   OF   RAILROADS  IN    OPEBATION. 

Management  of  Railroads  in  Operation- Railroads  as  Merchants— Rings- 
American  Genius  displayed  in  Stock  Watering— Unskillful  Management 
—Excessive  Charges— Railroad  Side  of  the  Question— Benefits  conferred 
—Public  Character  of  Railways  established— Necessity  of  Control,  and 
consequent  Right  of  Supervision— Interests  of  Capital  require  Control 
—Insecurity  of  Railroad  Investments— How  Control  may  be  exercised— 
Faulty  Legislation— Summary  of  Conclusions— Ohio  Commissioners -on 
Railroad  Rates 342 

CHAPTER  XXIV. 

RAILROADS  IN   CALIFORNIA. 

California  Railroads:  Routes,  Length  and  Gauge— Senator  Cole  on  the  Pub- 
lic Interest  in  Railroads— Mr.  Stanford's  Report  on  the  Financial  Con- 
dition of  the  Central  Pacific— The  Railways  of  the  World— Funded  Debt 
and  net  Earnings  of  the  Railroads  of  the  United  States 350 

CHAPTER   XXV. 

AGRICULTURAL   EDUCATION   IN  THE   PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

First  urged  by  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society— Manual  of  Agriculture 
prepared— Action  taken  by  other  States — Obstacles  to  Success — Profes- 
sor Turner  on  Text-book  Monopolies— Superintendent  Northrup's  Views 
on  the  Educational  Value  of  Labor. 359 

CHAPTER  XXVI. 

HIGHER    AGRICULTURAL   EDUCATION. 

How  provided  for  by  Foreign  Governments :  France :  Germany:  Royal  Agri- 
cultural School  at  Wurtemberg:  Russia — Beginnings  in  the  United 
gtates — The  Congressional  Grant — Evasions  and  Perversions — A  Liter- 
ary Kite  with  an  Agricultural  Tail— An  Example  of  Good  Faith — The 
Record  of  California — President  Anderson's  Ideal  of  an  Agricultural 
College 361 

CHAPTER  XXVII. 

THE    INDUSTRIAL    EDUCATION    OF  WOMEN. 

Woman  as  an  Industrialist — The  Field  of  Domestic  Life — Her  Vocation  as  a 
Paid  Laborer — Housekeeping  as  a  Fine  Art — Training  Schools  for  Women 
in  America  and  in  Europe — Dr.  Kohler's  Institute  at  Gotha — How  Wo- 
men are  Instructed  in  the  Cost  of  Living , 385 

CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE   TARIFF. 

False  Lights — General  Principles — What  Currency  is — Legislation  required 
— Professor  Perry's  Views — Dialogue  between  Bonamy  Price  and  the 
New  York  Capitalists — Origin  of  Tariffs — Effects  of  Protection  upon  Ag- 
ricultural Industry — Tariffs  Take,  but  never  Give— Table  showing  Total 
Amount  of  Property  and  Taxation  in  the  United  States 392 


CONTENTS.  13 

PAGE. 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

BANKS  AND  MONET. 

yy-' 

Farmers  need  Cheap  Money — Legislation  controlled  by  Capitalists — Farmers 
and  Lawyers  in  Congress — Exemption  of  Bonds  from  Taxation — Kate  of 
Interest  a  Test  of  Prosperity:  of  Civilization — Banks  and  Banking— Sav- 
ings Banks — Paper  Promises  made  Legal  Tenders — Professor  Bonamy 
Price  on  Crises  and  Panics — Financial  Success  of  English  Cooperative 
Associations 412 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

EXCEPTIONAL  CONDITIONS  OP  THE  PACIFIC  COAST  AFFECTING  AGBICULTUBAL  PBOSPEBITY. 

Summary  of  Advantages  :  of  Disadvantages — "Wet  and  Dry  Seasons — Varia- 
bility of  the  Average — Irregularity  in  each  year — Tabular  Statement  of 
Extremes  of  Bain-fall — Seasons  of  Drought — Amount  of  Rain  needed  to 
secure  a  Crop — Amount  actually  Determined — Fences  and  Fuel — Forests 
and  the  Rain-fall — Forests  and  Inland  Navigation 1  424 

CHAPTER  XXXI. 

AGBICTJLTUBAIi  COMMUNITIES. 

Isolation  of  Farmers — Decrease  of  Agricultural  Population :  Causes — Genesis 
of  the  Middle-man :  He  devours  both  Farmer  and  Mechanic — Better  Ed- 
ucation the  Remedy — Recruits  for  the  Agricultural  Army — Immigration 
Table — Scandinavia  in  America — Superiority  of  the  Colony  System — 
Vineland,  a  model  Rural  Colony — Outlook  and  Conclusions. . . «_ 432 

CHAPTER  XXXII. 

SELECTED  POETBY  FOB  THE  GBANGE. 

The  Granger's  Politics,  R.  W.  Emerson's  Ode  and  Boston  Hymn 445 

The  Granger's  Religion,  "No  Sect  in  Heaven." 447 

The  Granger's  Centennial  Hymn,  by  J.  G.  Whittier 450 

The  Celestial  Harvest  Feast;  or,  the  Reaper's  Dream,  by  T.  B.  Read 451 

The  Granger's  Doxology 451 


AUTHOES   QUOTED. 


Adams,  D.  W.,  W.  M.  National  Grange. 

Alexander,  Gen.  B. 

Anderson,  Hon.  M.  W. 

Anderson,  J.  A.,  President  Kansas  Agricultural  College, 

Arnold,  L.  D.,  American  Dairyman's  Association. 

Bid  well,  Hon.  John. 
Brereton,  Hon.  B.  M. 

Carpenter,  S.  H.,  Professor  Wisconsin  University 
Carr,  Dr.  E.  S. 
Carr,  Mrs.  Jeanne  0. 
Cole,  Hon.  Cornelius. 

Davidson,  Professor  George,  United  States  Irrigation  Commissioner. 
Dodge,  J.  R.,  United  States  Statistician,  Department  of  Agriculture. 
Dewey,  A.  T.,  Pacific  Bural  Press. 

Eaton,  Gen.  John,  United  States  Bureau  of  Education. 
Estee,  Hon.  M.  M. 
Emerson,  Ralph  Waldo. 

Felton,  C.  C,  President  Harvard  College . 

Flint,  Chas.  L.,  Secretary  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society. 

Flagg,  W.  C.    President  Illinois  Farmers'  Association. 

Garretson,  N.  W.,  General  Deputy,  National  Grange. 
George,  Henry,  Editor  of  San  Francisco  Evening  Post. 

Hallett,  Hon.  Edwin. 

Hamilton,  J.  M.,  W.  M.  California  State  Grange. 

Hoyt,  J.  W.,  United  States  Commissioner  to  Paris  and  Vienna  Expositions. ' 

Higby,  Hon.  A.,  Chairman  of  Legislative  Committee  on  Education  in  California. 

Hittell,  Hon.  John  S. 

Hyatt,  Hon.  T.  Hart. 

Lathrop,  J.  H.,  "  Chancellor"  University  of  Wisconsin. 

McKune,  Hon.  J. 

Mendell,  Col.  G.  H.,  United  States  Irrigation  Commissioner. 

Moore,  Mrs.  J.  P. 

Mill,  J.  Stuart. 

Nordhoff,  Charles,  Author  of  "Communistic  Societies  in  U.  S.,"  etc,  etc 
Northrup,  Hon.  B.  G.,  Superintendent  of  Schools,  Connecticut. 


18  AUTHORS  QUOTED.  * 

Pinnky,  Hon.  Geo.  M. 

Perky,  Prof.  A.  L.,  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  "William's  College,  Mass. 

Powell,  George  May,  American  Institute. 

Price,  Prof.  Bonamy,  Professor  of  Political  Economy,  Oxford,  England. 

Kyer,  Dr.  M.  W. 
Bead,  T.  Buchanan. 

Seward,  Hon.  W.  H. 

Stockbridge,  Professor  Massachusetts  Agricultural  College. 

Snyder,  Hon.  J.  B. 

Sears,  Prof.  Chas. 

Turner,  Professor  J.  B.,  Jacksonville,  Illinois. 

Wrigiit,  J.  W.  A.,  W.  Lecturer  of  California  State  Grange. 

Whittier,  J.  G. 

Willard,  Hon.  X.  A.,  President  New  York  Dairyman's  Association. 


-  rr  w  r 


Of   THS 


PART  FIEST, 


Kelation  of  Agricultuke  to  Progress. 

CHAPTEK  I. 

ORGANIZATION  OF  LABOR. 

•Order  is  the  condition  of  all  progress;  progress  is  the  object  of  order.    It  is  rational  to  look 
at  the  evolution  of  society  from  a  historical  stand-point.  "—Auguste  Comte. 

The  Masonic  Fraternity — Guilds — Movements  of  Labor  in  the  Present  Cen- 
tury— The  Spirit  op  Industry  Constructive — What  Equality  is— How 
Education  Promotes  Equality — Self  Love  vs.  Social  Peeling  —  Mr. 
Seward's  Opinion— All  Great  Movements  Historical  as  well  as  Pro- 
gressive. 

The  history  of  the  Masonic  Fraternity  is  that  of  the  first  at- 
tempt of  labor  to  elevate  itself  by  organization.  Originally  con- 
sisting of  a  simple  association  of  practical  builders,  who  trav- 
eled from  place  to  place  in  pursuance  of  their  calling;  they 
gave  the  name  of  lodges  to  their  temporary  camps,  and  bound 
themselves  by  the  solemnities  of  an  oath  and  ritual  to  coopera- 
tion and  fellowship.  The  advantages  thus  gained  for  defense 
were  equally  powerful  for  improvement — the  skill  of  each  be- 
came a  tangible  benefit  to  all;  the  offices  were  elective,  and 
conferred  honor  upon  the  most  skillful  and  capable*  From 
this  simple  beginning,  a  purely  industrial  and  social  order  was 
not  only  enabled  to  maintain  and  extend  itself  through  the 
most  turbulent  periods  of  European  history,  but  to  become  a 
teacher  of  democratic  and  religious  principles,  and  to  exercise 
in  many  cases  a  controlling  influence  upon  the  policy  of  govern- 
ments. In  process  of  time,  actual  participation  in  a  particular 
calling  was  no  longer  required,  a  symbolic  representation  of  the 
underlying  truths  and  principles  of  the  order,  sufficing  to  pre- 
serve its  unity  and  usefulness. 
2 


/" 


18  ORGANIZATION  OF  LABOR. 

During  the  middle  ages,  other  classes  of  laborers  organized 
into  guilds,  and  wrought  out  their  emancipation  from  the  condi- 
tion of  serfs  to  that  of  freemen.  In  all  these  movements,  those 
mechanic  arts  which  were  nearest  to  the  necessities  imposed  by 
war,  took  precedence.  Next  in  order  were  those  which  minis- 
tered most  directly  to  the  luxury  and  vanity  of  kings  and 
nobles.  It  was  reserved  for  the  latest  and  most  Christian  era 
to  witness  the  uprising  of  the  agricultural  class  to  a  true  un- 
derstanding of  its  office  in  the  social  economy,  of  its  disabili- 
ties, and  their  proper  remedy. 

The  movement  which  has  been  so  nearly  simultaneous  in 
England  and  America,  finds  its  explanation  in  conditions  and 
dangers  almost  identical  in  their  nature  and  effects,  though 
differing  in  many  important  particulars.  In  England,  for 
instance,  a  monopoly  of  land,  without  suffrage,  has  degraded 
the  farm  laborer  to  a  state  of  helplessness,  for  which  emigra- 
tion seems  the  only  remedy.  In  America,  though  land  is 
abundant  and  cheap,  and  suffrage  universal,  the  centraliza- 
tion of  the  power  of  capital  has  created  other  monopolies, 
which,  having  obtained  a  controlling  influence  in  the  govern- 
ment, are  equally  subversive  of  the  interests  of  the  people. 
The  English  farm  laborer  tills  another  man's  land  at  starvation 
wages;  the  American  farmer  tills  his  own  at  starvation  prices, 
while  the  rich  are  growing  richer,  and  the  poor  poorer,  and 
the  separation  of  society  into  antagonistic  classes,  is  becoming 
more  and  more  complete. 

No  single  individual,  or  class  of  mankind,  has  intention- 
ally set  itself  to  construct  an  oppressive  system;  these  are 
evil  growths  in  the  rank  soil  of  human  selfishness.  The 
responsibility  of  their  existence  should  be  shared  even  by 
those  who  suffer  from  them,  lacking  the  individuality  and  self- 
respect  to  maintain  the  position  of  freemen.  It  is  probably 
not  more  just  to  blame  capital  for  the  exclusive  attention  it 
pays  to  its  own  interests,  than  to  blame  labor  for  neglecting  to 
claim  the  consideration  that  is  due  to  its  influence  upon  the 
public  welfare. 

During  all  the  vicissitudes  through  which  industry  has 
passed,  there  have  been  reasons  why  the  masses  of  the  people 
could  not  look  upon  the  accumulation  of  capital  as  the  first 
step  in  its  own  progress.  They  had  too  often  experienced  its 
oppressive   power  to  appreciate  its   constructive  value;   they 


HOW  EDUCATION  PROMOTES  EQUALITY.  19 

have  not  always  remembered  that  a  large  capital  has  the  same 
inviolable  character  as  a  small  one;  that  the  banker's  millions 
(if  they  are  savings),  are  as  sacred  as  the  peasant's  cow  and 
miner's  pick.  Edward  About,  in  his  admirable  papers  to  work- 
ingmen,  says :  * '  To  lay  violent  hands  upon  capital  is  to  attack 
the  incarnation  of  labor,  and  it  is  as  monstrous  to  strip  a  man 
of  his  savings  as  to  reduce  him  to  slavery.  Slavery  is  the  con- 
fiscation of  potential  labor,  the  other  crime  would  confiscate 
labor  performed." 

This  whole  subject  may  be  put  in  a  nutshell.  All  men  set  out 
in  life  with  more  or  less  capital,  the  gift  of  nature.  To  that  is 
added,  in  proportions  not  more  varied  than  are  the  natural 
faculties  of  men,  a  share  in  the  savings  of  those  who  have  gone 
before.  Capital,  therefore,  as  we  stand  related  to  it  to-day,  is 
the  saving  of  either  the  product  of  nature  or  of  labor. 

Education,  which  adds  so  much  to  every  man's  natural  capital 
of  intellectual  faculty,  and  gives  him  the  power  to  call  it  into 
service  at  any  time,  also  enables  him  to  take  a  greater  share 
in  the  accumulation  of  others.  It  is  the  great  equalizer  of  hu- 
man conditions.  It  is  both  a  power  and  a  preparation  for  the 
exercise  of  power.  The  ignorance,  the  partial  and  defective 
education  of  laboring  men,  whether  farmers  or  mechanics,  is 
the  most  serious  drawback  to  their  progress;  and  from  what- 
ever monopolies  they  suffer,  that  of  education  is  the  worst. 

Hitherto,  the  superior  training  and  culture  of  the  aristocratic 
and  professional  classes  have  given  them  preponderance  in  gov- 
ernment; they  have,  naturally  enough,  made  laws  to  suit  their 
own  interests. 

It  makes  little  difference  whether  we  live  under  a  tyranny 
which  denies  us  rights,  or  one  which  monopolizes  privilege. 
The  division  of  men  into  classes  has  been  maintained  by  the 
inequalties  of  intellectual  condition.  They  must  necessarily 
disappear;  an  equal  and  just  distribution  of  the  good  things 
created  by  labor,  must  necessarily  arise  whenever  labor  is  in- 
telligent enough  to  create  its  own  safeguards. 

Self-love  is  still  so  much  stronger  than  social  feeling  in  the 
human  breast,  that  no  man  can  safely  entrust  the  irresponsible 
guardianship  of  his  well-being  to  another.  This  is  as  true  of 
classes  as  of  individuals.  Social  progress^ therefore,  depends 
upon  a  true  equality;  a  true  reciprocity. 

Said  William  H.  Seward :  "Free  labor  has  at  last  apprehended 


20        THE  OFFICE  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  SOCIAL'  ECONOMY. 

its  rights,  its  interests,  its  powers  and  its  destiny,  and  is  learn- 
ing bow  to  organize  itself  in  America."  The  final  organization 
is  far  in  the  future;  the  germ  of  it  lay  far  back  in  the  past.  No 
great  constructive  movement  can  originate  which  is  not  histor- 
ical as  well  as  progressive  in  its  spirit;  it  must  otherwise  limit 
itself  to  temporary  conditions,  and  a  few  generations.  In  order 
that  we  may  rightly  understand  the  work  of  our  noble  order, 
the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  we  need  to  examine  the  economy  of 
civilized  society,  and  the  relations  of  agriculture  to  civilization. 


CHAPTER  II. 

THE  OFFICE  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  SOCIAL  ECONOMY. 

"The  hand  is  almost  valueless  at  one  end  of  the  arm  if  there  be  not  a  brain  at  the  other 
end." — Horace  Mann. 

Man  and  Nature— Agriculture  the  Foundation  or  Industry — Raw  Mate- 
rials— First  steps  toward  Manufactures — Civilization  regards  all  the 
Processes  of  Equal  Value — The  Social  Body,  its  Different  Parts  and 
Functions — How  Division  of  Labor  Increases  Production — How  it  Begets 
Exchange  or  Commerce — Commerce  a  Charge  upon  Agriculture;  Magni- 
tude of  the  Tax — How  this  Enriches  the  Farmer — Money  as  a  Commer- 
cial Agent — Office  of  the  Railroad  and  of  Money  to  Cheapen  Exchange 
— Relations  of  Agriculture  to  the  Professions:  To  the  Growth  of 
Towns:  To  Science. 

In  the  beginning,  man  was  alone  with  nature.  Without  arts, 
without  capital,  without  implements,  he  took  his  sustenance 
from  the  bosom  of  the  earth,  as  the  common  mother  of  the 
race.  It  was  his  destiny  not  only  to  share  the  spontaneous  pro- 
ductions of  nature  with  his  fellow  animals,  but  to  search  out 
the  physical  elements  and  determine  their  capabilities;  to  make 
the  needful  combinations — to  bring  into  action  their  productive 
powers;  not  only  to  supply  the  animal  wants,  and  minister  to  the 
pleasure  of  his  organic  nature,  but  to  render  them  tributary  to 
his  intellectual,  moral  and  social  development,  and  his  ultimate 
spiritual  elevation  and  well  being. 

In  the  discharge  of  this  great  duty,  every  avocation  of  man 
has  its  work  to  perform.  It  is  the  province  of  agriculture  to 
begin  the  process  by  the  tilling  of  the  ground,  as  the  term  im- 
ports, by  stimulating  and  guiding  the  productive  energies  of 
the  physical  elements  to  results    infinitely    transcending,  in 


AGRICULTURE  THE  FOUNDATION  OF  INDUSTRY.  21 

quantify  and  quality,  the  yield  of  the  same  elements,  unaided 
by  human  agency. 

The  gross  results  of  agriculture  constitute  what  is  called  Raw 
Material,  because,  with  the  exception  of  fruits  and  green  vege- 
tables, material  products  do  not  come  from  the  hand  of  the 
agriculturist  prepared  for  human  use.  They  are  gross  and  in- 
complete; the  proper  material  which  the  arts  are  to  take  and 
fashion  into  forms  of  utility  and  beauty,  adapted  to  the  satis- 
faction of  the  physical  wants,  and  the  gratification  of  the  tastes 
of  men. 

In  the  three  great  classes  of  our  physical  wants, — food, 
clothing  and  shelter, — how  few  are  the  commodities  which  come 
from  the  agriculturist  ready  for  the  consumer;  Men  want  not 
wheat,  but  bread ;  therefore  the  crop,  as  raw  material,  must  be 
subjected  to  the  manufacturing  processes  of  the  miller  and 
baker.  Men  want  not  wool,  but  clothes;  therefore  the  fleece 
must  undergo  successive  changes  in  the  hands  of  the  carder, 
the  spinner,  the  weaverr  the  fuller  and  the  dyer,  before  it  re- 
appears in  the  form  of  cloth.  And  what  does  the  cloth  avail,  till 
the  tailor,  with  his  divine  art,  finishes — the  man?  So  men  want 
not  timber  and  stone,  but  houses,  barns,  ships,  temples  of  edu- 
cation and  temples  of  religion ;  and  here  again  the  raw  material 
must  be  subjected  to  numberless  changes  to  fit  it  for  the  pur- 
poses of  masonry  and  architecture.  It  is  obvious,  therefore,  that 
there  is  nothing  in  the  hands  of  the  artisan,  the  merchant  or  the 
manufacturer,  that  has  not  previously  been  in  the  hands  of  the 
farmer.  Agriculture  thus  lies  at  the  foundation  of  the  econom- 
ical structure  of  society. 

But  too  much  of  relative  dignity  and  importance  must  not  be 
assumed  by  agriculture  in  consequence  of  this  distinction. 
To  him  who  enjoys  the  final  product,  the  initial,  the  medial, 
and  the  finishing  process,  are  all  equally  important.  It  is  true, 
that  without  the  raw  material  furnished  by  the  agriculturist, 
the  occupation  of  the  artisan,  merchant  and  manufacturer  is 
gone  forever.  But  without  the  labors  of  these,  what  would  be 
the  value  of  the  raw  material?  Would  it  be  produced  at  all? 
It  is  true,  that  the  industrial  structure  rests  upon  agriculture 
as  the  foundation.  But  what  is  the  value  of  a  foundation,  and 
would  it  be  laid  at  all,  if  no  superstructure  were  to  be  built 
upon  it  ? 

It  is  no  disparagement  to  agriculture  that  it  cannot  say  to  man- 
ufacture, "I  have  no  need  of  thee,"  or  to  the  mechanic  arts,  "I 


22   THE  OFFICE  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  SOCIAL  ECONOMY. 

have  no  need  of  thee."  It  is  no  disparagement  to  all  or  any  of 
these  that  they  cannot  say  to  commerce,  "we  have  no  need  of 
you."  It  ennobles  all  these,  that  none  of  them  any  more  than 
the  professions,  can  say  to  education  "we  have  no  need  of  thee." 
As  in  the  natural  body,  there  is  a  divine  harmony  running  through 
the  whole  structure  of  the  body  economical.  One  member  can- 
not suffer  without  all  the  other  members  suffer  with  it. 

In  all  civilized  countries  the  division  of  labor  and  of  employ- 
ments corresponds  to  the  degree  of  civilization  which  there  pre- 
vails. In  the  production  of  material  wealth  in  its  thousand 
departments,  agriculture,  mechanic  arts  and  manufactures,  this 
division  of  labor  results  in  a  vast  increase  of  every  kind  of 
production,  through  time  and  labor  sayed,  and  the  means  fur- 
nished for  intellectual,  moral,  and  social  improvement. 

But  again,  the  division  further  begets  the  need  of  Exchange, 
and  of  an  extended  system  of  exchanges,  for  the  mutual  benefit 
of  the  producers;  and  owing  to  the  different  and  sometimes 
distant  localities  of  production,  transportation  is  also  neces- 
sary. To  effect  the  latter  with  economy  and  dispatch,  the  ac- 
cumulation and  combination  of  capital  has  been  required. 

The  true  principle  of  the  division  of  labor  is,  that  inasmuch 
as  all  produced  values  are  the  results  of  agriculture  and  manu- 
factures, commerce  ought  to  take  to  itself  whatever  share  is  on 
an  average  a  fair  remuneration  for  its  service,  leaving  in  the 
hands  of  producers  a  balance  far  exceeding  in  amount  and  value 
their  whole  production,  providing  they  were  obliged  to  effect 
transportion  and  exchanges  themselves.  Although  the  setting 
up  of  the  mercantile  class,  reacts  upon  production,  enlarging 
its  volume,  and  enriching  the  producers  themselves;  still,  it  is 
an  ultimate  and  fixed  fact,  which  ought  to  be  distinctly  under- 
stood, that  commerce  is  a  charge  upon  agriculture  and  manu- 
facture— that  the  whole  cost  of  commercial  machinery  must 
withdraw  just  so  much  of  the  gross  value  produced,  from  the 
hands  of  the  producer.  If  the  process  be  clumsily  and  expen- 
sively performed,  he  suffers,  and  is  less  prosperous.  The  farm- 
er, therefore,  is  interested  in  every  improvement  of  the  commer- 
cial process  which  will  diminish  the  expenses  of  transportation 
and  exchange,  as  truly  as  in  the  improvements  in  manufacture 
or  in  implements,  which  will  diminish  the  cost  of  production. 

When  we  look  at  the  vastness  and  complication  of  the  ma- 
chinery of  commerce,  by  land  and  by  sea;  and  the  enormous 
expense  of  maintaining  it,  we  may  well  wronder  at  the  miracle, 


COMMERCE  A  CHARGE  UPON  AGRICULTURE.  23 

that  the  shoulders  of  agriculture  and  manufacture  are  broad 
enough  to  sustain,  uncrushed  and  unbent,  the  whole  burden  of 
the  charge. 

And  yet  they  do  sustain  it.  Not  a  dollar  goes  into  the 
treasury  of  these  improvements  which  is  not  taken  from 
the  produced  values  of  those  who  are  ultimately  the  mutual 
parties  interested  in  the  exchange,  and  in  the  consumption  of 
the  commodities  transported.  The  gross  values  of  the  producer 
are  diminished,  aye,  taxed,  if  you  please,  to  this  amount, — and 
the  farmer  pays  his  portion  of  the  tax.  But  is  he  oppressed  by 
it  ?    Not  unless  the  process  has  been  fraudulent,  because : 

1st.  In  consequence  of  a  reduction  in  the  cost  of  exchange 
which  commerce  secures,  his  produce  is  worth  more  on  his  farm. 

2d.  The  merchandise  which  he  needs  costs  less  for  the  same 
reason. 

3d.  Because  the  commercial*  agency  takes  away  a  smaller  por- 
tion of  his  produced  values,  leaving  a  larger  balance  in  his 
hands;  he  is  affected  precisely  as  if  his  land  had  become  more 
productive;  therefore  his  real  estate  rises  in  value. 

We  will  now  look  at  money  as  a  commercial  agent.  Gold  and 
silver  coin,  embodying  the  two  qualities  of  universal  receiva- 
bility  and  divisibility  at  will,  has  been  adopted  by  common 
consent  and  the  action  of  civil  governments  as  the  money  of 
the  commercial  world,  and  is  as  distinctly  a  part  of  the  ma- 
chinery of  commerce,  as  the  railroad  or  steamboat. 

It  is  the  office  of  the  railroad  to  facilitate  and  cheapen  trans- 
portation, and  this  constitutes  its  whole  value  as  a  railroad;  so 
it  is  the  office  of  coined  money  to  facilitate  and  cheapen  ex- 
changes, and  this  constitutes  its  whole  value  as  money. 

Were  barter  entirely  convenient  and  economical,  money 
would  have  no  office  to  perform, — no  necessity  would  have  sug- 
gested its  creation — its  presence  in  the  business  of  the  world 
would  be  without  meaning;  it  would  never  have  been  thought  of. 

When  we  consider  what  an  enormous  sum  of  money  the  ex- 
changes of  this  country  require ;  that  '*he  annual  charge  for  this 
expensive  commercial  agent  is  the  yearly  interest  of  this  sum, 
with  the  addition  of  the  annual  cost  of  the  coinage,  the  loss  by 
the  wear  and  tear,  by  shipwreck  and  otherwise,  we  wonder 
again,  are  the  shoulders  of  agriculture  and  manufacture  broad 
enough  to  sustain  the  burden  of  this  charge  ? 

They  do  sustain  it,  with  incalculable  advantage  and  profit  to 
the  producer.     For  the  simple  reason  that   money,  although 


24   THE  OFFICE  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  SOCIAL  ECONOMY. 

itself  an  expensive  agent,  so  facilitates  and  cheapens  exchanges, 
as  to  relieve  agriculture  and  manufacture  from  the  far  greater 
cost  of  making  these  same  exchanges  by  the  time  and  labor  con- 
suming processes  of  barter. 

TV7e  have  seen  that  agriculture  is  interested  in  the  prosperity  and 
improoement  of  all  mechanical  and  manufacturing  interests:  that 
agriculture  in  common  with  the  arts  is  interested  in- the  prosperity 
of  commerce. 

Agriculture,  in  common  with  manufacture  and  commerce,  is 
interestedjn  the  prosperity  of  the  professions.  Without  the 
agency  of  these;  without  the  sound  social  conditions  of  health, 
order  and  morality,  production  would  be  at  an  end.  So 
much  for  the  economic  argument.  Above  all,  it  is  interested  in 
that  agency  which  terminates  not  on  the  physical  products,  nor 
yet  directly  on  social  conditions,  but  on  the  man  himself. 
The  raw  material  of  the  educator  is  the  young  mind,  the  un- 
formed intellect  of  the  community.  This  resulting  product  is 
the  finished  man,  prepared  by  varied  knowledge  and  discipline, 
and  by  special  training,  to  act  well  his  part  as  agriculturist, 
artisan,  merchant,  capitalist,  physician,  lawyer,  or  teacher;  use- 
ful in  the  civil  state,  and  in  those  more  exalted  relations  which 
concern  him  as  a  member  of  the  human  family,  and  a  subject  of 
the  universal  empire  of  God. 

The  educator,  whether  of  the  school  or  the  press,  stands  at 
the  point  of  power,  and  applies  the  moving  force  to  the  mech- 
anism of  human  society.  His  is  the  highest  office  in  the  social 
economy. 

Agriculture  is  interested  in  the  prosperity  and  growth  of  large 
towns.  A  town  or  city  is  a  part  of  the  business  machinery 
of  the  country.  In  some  agricultural  communities  there  has 
sprung  up  a  narrow  jealousy  of  the  town,  grudging  its  prosper- 
ity, tainting  legislation  by  unequal  taxation,  and  a  denial  of  the 
facilities  necessary  to  healthy  development.  In  the  large  town 
the  principle  of  competition  is  the  most  active,  and  furnishes 
the  best  check  upon  monopoly.  The  interests  of  town  and 
country  are  mutual  and  harmonious. 

Lastly,  agriculture  is  interested  in  the  improvement  and  per- 
fection of  its  own  processes,  in  the  discoveries  of  science  and  their 
applications,  in  that  close  union  of  the  intellect  of  the  state 
with  its  productive  arm,  which  will  finally  do  away  with  social 
distinctions,  and  leave  each  individual  to  stand  on  his  personal 
merit  as  a  part  of  the  social  system. 


AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD.  25 

CHAPTEK  III. 

AGRICULTURE  LN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD. 

"It  began  to  be  a  question  whether  Egypt  was  going  to  live  much  longer,  when  she  paid  more 
attention  to  embalming  her  grandfathers  than  she  did  to  inspiring  her  children." 

Civilization  a  Relative  Teem — Wealth— Wild  Wheat  and  Wild  Rice — The 
Date — Millet — Egyptian  Agriculture  and  Horticulture — Flax  Culture 
— Granaries  Models  op  our  Elevators — Condition  of  the  People — 
China — Confucius  a  Teacher  of  Agricultural  Thrift — How  Silk  Cult- 
ure has  been  Promoted — Implements — Size  of  Farms — Wages — Japan 
compared  with  great  britain — wheat  culture — kural  llfe  in  greece 
— Xenophon  a  Farmer — Hesiod's  "Works  and  Days" — Public  Gardens — 
Decay — Aristotle  the  Father  of  a  Rational  Polity — Slavery — Rome — 
Patricians  and  Plebeians — Size  of  Farms — Common  Pasture — Tenants — 
Cato's  Description  of  a  Steward — The  Rome  of  To-Day. 

A  complete  history  of  agriculture  has  yet  to  be  written. 
From  the  traditions  of  different  nations,  their  works  of  art, 
and  their  literatures,  we  find  abundant  evidence  that,  however 
splendid  the  superstructure,  the  civilization  of  every  nation  has 
rested  where  it  does  to-day,  upon  the  toil  of  millions  for  their 
daily  bread — the  satisfaction  of  tfee  common  wants  of  humanity. 

Whatever  may  afterward  be  added  to  improve,  adorn  and 
elevate  the  social  or  spiritual  condition  of  man,  his  relation  to 
the  soil  remains  unchanged;  there  is  the  basis  of  his  pros- 
perity. It  was  given  to  him  "for  usufruct  alone,"  not  for  con- 
sumption, and  still  less  for  profligate  waste.  Wherever  the 
obligation  to  maintain  the  harmonious  balance  between  organic 
and  inorganic  nature  has  been  met,  there  we  find  the  oldest  and 
most  permanent  civilizations.  Wherever  the  selfish  pursuit  of 
profit,  the  vile  principle  "After  us  the  Deluge,"  has  been  the 
ruling  motive,  the  deluge  has  followed,  leaving  in  its  wake  a 
human  deterioration  which  corresponds  with  the  destruction  of 
virgin  lands.  From  the  old  center  and  cradle  of  the  race  we 
may  trace  man  as  he  flies  from  the  arena  of  his  own  actions,  in 
Palestine,  in  Greece,  in  Italy,  in  the  north  of  Africa  and  Spain, 
leaving  behind  him  soils  rendered  infertile  through  the  demoli- 
tion of  forests,  "thorns  and  thistles,"  or  the  depauperated  forms 
of  once  noble  races  of  plants.  Having  reached  the  western 
limit,  the  tide  of  emigration  must  ere  long  return  upon  its 
course,  to  restore  and  recover  the  wastes  it  has  created.  Indige- 
nous species  of  animals  and  plants  needlessly  extirpated,  must 
be  replaced  by  alien  forms,  and  the  balance  re-adjusted  as  far 


26  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD. 

as  a  better  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  animal  and  vegetable  life 
will  make  such  readjustment  possible. 

Civilization  is  a  relative  term.  It  does  not  consist  in  the 
multiplication  or  modes  of  supply  of  the  artificial  wants  of 
mankind;  it  is  the  development  of  social  order  in  place  of  in- 
dividual independence  and  savage  lawlessness.  It  is  the  im- 
provement of  the  mass  through  the  perfection  of  its  units. 
This  is  a  common  sense  view  of  the  subject,  and  common  sense, 
as  Mr.  Guizot  says,  "is  the  genius  of  mankind." 

Civilization,  therefore,  determined  by  the  character  of  the 
units  of  the  social  order,  is  susceptible  of  continual  progress, 
and  the  highest  perfection.  But  it  is  dependent  upon  physical 
agents,  chiefly  upon  climate  and  soil,  which  determine  the  most 
important  conditions  of  human  welfare. 

The  first  step  of  progress  is  the  accumulation  of  wealth,  which 
in  all  regions  of  the  earth  is  created  by  labor.  The  moment  man 
produces  more  than  he  consumes,  the  law  of  distribution  comes 
into  play  and  we  see  a  movement  toward  an  organization  of  in- 
dustry. It  does  not  depend  upon  race.  The  same  Mongolian 
and  Tartar  tribes  which,  wandering  over  the  steppes  and  barren 
lands  of  Central  Asia,  never  emerge  from  the  rudest  condition  of 
pastoral  life,  because  they  never  accumulate ;  have  risen  to  the 
highest  civilization  whenever  they  have  broken  through  the 
mountain  ranges  and  descended  into  more  fertile  regions. 
The  wild  Arab,  whom  we  know  best  as  the  Bedouin  of  the  des- 
ert, transplanted  to  Persia  or  Spain,  left  noble  architectures 
behind  him,  and  made  valuable  contributions  to  literature  and 
science. 

Even  the  Indian  races  of  the  new  world,  wherever  nature 
permitted  the  accumulation  of  the  wealth  derived  from  a  genial 
climate  and  fertile  soil,  have  left,  as  in  Mexico  and  in  Peru, 
splendid  monuments  of  their  advancement  in  the  arts  of  life. 
Everywhere  the  basis  is  the  same ;  it  was  rice  and  wheat  culture 
on  one  continent,  maize  on  the  other. 

How  many  ages  were  consumed  in  impressing  the  stamp  of 
utility  upon  the  products  of  wild  nature  it  is  impossible  to  tell. 
Some  of  the  most  useful  food  plants  are  found  in  a  wild  state. 
Wheat  in  upper  Egypt  and  the  hill  country  of  India;  rice  of 
excellent  quality,  though  not  identical  in  species,  abounds  in 
the  North  American  lakes. 

But  the  wild  wheat  is  a  thin  and  comparatively  miserable 


EGYPTIAN  AGRICULTURE  AND  HORTICULTURE.        27 

seed,  unfit  for  bread,  and  the  wild  rice,  though  productive,  is 
black  and  coarse  compared  with  its  cultivated  kindred.  The 
notable  proportion  of  flesh-producing  material  containe/l  in 
wheat  represents  to  us  the  flesh  and  blood  of  thousands  of 
generations  who  have  persisted  in  bringing  it  to  its  present 
perfection. 

As  with  wheat  and  rice,  so  all  the  varied  products  of  our 
gardens  and  fields  are  trophies  of  man's  conquest  over  wild 
nature,  for  to  whatever  he  bring  his  intelligence,  he  seems  to 
impart  an  added  beauty  and  utility.  A  wild  plant  or  animal  is 
only  such  in  its  relations  to  him,  its  separation,  so  to  speak, 
from  his  uses;  and  the  nearer  animal  life  approaches  to  man  in 
the  scale  of  power  and  intelligence,  the  more  capable  it  seems 
of  entering  into  his  service . 

This  process  of  assimilation  began  in  the  morning  of  time, 
and  has  left  no  trace  of  its  earlier  steps.  The  oldest  agricul- 
tural records  are  seen  upon  the  Egyptian  monuments,  where  we 
find  the  fobdful  date  tree  everywhere  represented.  The  banks 
of  the  Tigris,  Euphrates  and  the  Nile  were  doubtless  the  scene 
of  the  earliest  attempts  at  agricultural  labors  in  propagating  and 
increasing  the  fertility  of  this  tree,  upon  which  both  men  and 
animals  depended  for  sustenance.  It  is  a  singular  fact  that  the 
date  requires  artificial  impregnation.  This  fact  was  early  dis- 
covered, and  led  to  a  simple  festival  known  to  this  day  as  the 
marriage  of  the  palm,  in  which  not  only  the  peasants,  but 
camels,  asses,  and  even  fowls  and  dogs  participate.  The  ex- 
uberance of  vegetable  life  in  the  valley  of  the  Nile,  where  a 
favorable  temperature  is  constant,  and  where  inexhaustible 
fertility  is  maintained  by  the  periodical  distribution  of  new 
materials,  accounts  for  the  speed  with  which  wealth  was  crea- 
ted and  population  increased.  Four  hundred  date  palms  may 
be  grown  on  one  and  three  quarters  acres  of  land,  each  bearing 
a  hundred  pounds  of  fruit.  From  the  rich  soil  of  the  river  the 
lotus  furnished  a  nourishing  seed  or  bean,  from  which  the 
bread  of  the  common  people  was  made.  Later  the  dhourra,  or 
millet,  which  now  yields  to  the  labor  of  upper  Egypt  a  return 
of  two  hundred  and  forty  fold,  served  the  same  purpose.  All 
these  plants  and  their  modes  of  culture  are  described  in  pict- 
ures and  hieroglyphics  which,  seem  to  defy  the  effacing  fin- 
ger of  time. 

We  also  find  upon  the  Egyptian  monuments  the  earliest  rec- 


28  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD. 

ords  of  the  application  of  machinery  to  the  cultivation  of  the 
soil.  We  see  the  plow  represented,  with  handles  to  guide  it, 
yoked  oxen  harrowing  in  the  grain,  laborers  hackling  it  upon 
an  implement  set  with  sharp  teeth,  and  herdsmen,  distinguished 
from  other  laborers  by  their  dress,  bringing  in  sheep  and  wool. 
In  the  tomb  of  Menophres  at  Saccara,  two  bulls  are  repre- 
sented. The  symbolic  worship  of  the  bull  gave  a  peculiar 
sanctity  to  bovine  animals. 

Not  only  does  picture-writing  reveal  the  condition  of  the  art 
of  agriculture,  but  it  gives  us  a  glimpse  of  the  social  state.  In 
a  tomb  at  Erlethya  we  see  a  proprietor  inspecting  his  farm. 
Before  him  goes  a  writer  with  implements;  obsequious  servants 
follow  with  stool  and  slippers,  his  bow  and  quiver.  His  dress 
shows  what  manner  of  man  he  was;  he  wears  a  collar  and 
robe,  and  holds  in  his  hand  both  scepter  and  staff.  Two  herds- 
men bring  in  cattle,  one  prostrates  himself,  while  the  other  is 
in  the  attitude  of  a  person  reporting  the  condition  of  the  flocks. 
Upon  the  tablet  is  written,  "cattle,  122;  rams,  300;  goats, 
1,300;  swine,  1,500."  On  another  tomb  944  sheep  are  men- 
tioned as  the  property  of  the  occupant. 

In  the  Scriptures  we  find  an  account  of  the  first  grain  mo- 
nopoly, viz:  that  of  Joseph,  who,  with  Pharaoh,  created  a  corner 
in  wheat. 

Horticulture  in  all  its  departments  was  also  carried  to  great 
perfection;  the  variety  of  gourds,  cucumbers,  melons,  fruits  and 
vines  which  added  to  the  luxury  of  a  vast  population,  is  most 
surprising.  Flax  was  grown  in  abundance,  and  the  modes  of 
its  preparation  for  the  spinner  were  identical  with  those  now 
used.  Their  granaries,  of  which  millions  lined  the  banks  of 
the  Nile,  are  the  models  of  the  grain  elevators  of  our  own  time. 

But  in  all  this  creation  of  utilities  man  himself  was  left  out 
of  the  account.  What  remain  to  us  as  monuments  of  a  civiliza- 
tion, falsely  so  called,  are  but  stupendous  and  convincing  proofs 
of  a  revolting  despotism,  based  upon  cruelty  and  upheld  by 
superstition.  ' '  The  very  resources  which  the  people  had  created 
were  turned  against  themselves."  The  condition  of  the  captive 
Israelites  was  that  of  the  toiling  millions  upon  both  hemi- 
spheres, where  the  accumulation  of  wealth  without  its  dispersion 
secured  to  the  upper  classes  a  monopoly  of  the  very  sources  of 
power.  National  improvements  were  made  which  are  the  wonder 
of  modern  times,  but   the  masses  of   the  people   received  no 


CHINA.  29 

benefit  from  them.  The  reckless  prodigality  with  which  labor 
was  expended  in  works  of  doubtful  utility  showed  the  esteem 
in  which  it  was  held.  A  man  was  of  as  little  account  to  the 
builders  of  the  Pyramids  as  is  the  reef-making  polyp  to  the  in- 
habitant of  the  coral  islands. 

"What  was  true  of  Egypt  was  equally  true  of  India,  of  Mexico 
and  Peru;  wherever  the  separation  of  a  nation  into  castes  divi- 
ded society  against  itself,  and  planted  the  seeds  of  its  disso- 
lution in  the  ignorance  of  the  masses  of  the  people. 

The  notable  exception  which  China  furnishes  to  other  ancient 
nations,  is  due  to  the  fact  that  centuries  ago  she  began  to 
organize  and  practically  develop  the  national  intellect.  She 
has  thus,  to  a  considerable  degree,  obviated  the  evils  of  caste, 
created  a  motive  for  industry  and  thrift,  and  maintained  her- 
self in  permanent  prosperity,  whilo  other  nationalities  have 
melted  away. 

China  owes  her  immense  population  and  wealth  to  the  most 
thrifty  and  skillful  agriculture  practiced  on  the  face  of  the  earth, 
except  in  Japan  and  Holland.  Shoo-Ming,  the  primeval  farm- 
er, who  first  substituted  grain  for  raw  meat,  and  the  Emperor 
"Wanti,  who  took  the  plow  into  his  own  hand  and  originated  one 
of  the  great  festivals  of  the  nation,  are  more  highly  honored 
than  those  monarchs  who  aggrandized  the  Empire  by  the  con- 
quest of  new  peoples.  One  of  their  Sagas,  "Keep  your  lands 
clean,  manure  them  richly,  make  your  fields  resemble  a  garden," 
though  it  has  a  modern  sound  to  us,  is  of  great  antiquity. 
Scarcely  any  other  country  exhibits  such  practical  obedience  to 
the  teachings  of  its  prophets  as  China  gives  to  those  of  Confu- 
cius, whose  laws  regulating  labor  are  still  carried  into  effect  by 
the  government.  As  the  government,  i.  e..  the  Emperor,  is  the 
universal  owner  of  land,  the  only  security  the  laborer  enjoys 
with  respect  to  its  possession  is  the  perfection  of  its  culture; 
for,  though  the  law  allows  him  to  be  dispossessed  at  pleasure, 
custom  continues  it  in  the  same  family  for  many  generations. 

There  is  sound  statesmanship  in  the  proclamation  of  Wan 
Choo  Tung,  Commissioner  of  Revenue  of  the  Nan  Kiang  prov- 
inces, in  the  year  1845,  who  desired  to  introduce  the  silk  cult- 
ure into  his  district.  After  a  somewhat  exhaustive  lecture  on 
the  advantages  of  this  industry,  he  commands  "  all  our  officers 
to  assemble  the  village  gentry  and  elders,  and  let  them  admon- 


SO  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD. 

isli  the  people  and  lay  down  the  best  rules,  and  let  the  same  be 
published  with  descriptive  plates.  Let  the  father  instruct  his 
child,  the  husband  his  wife,  then  shall  we  see  men  at  the  plow, 
and  women  at  the  loom;  no  laborer  will  be  unemployed,  and  no 
resource  of  the  soil  be  lost."  Still  higher  patronage  is  given 
to  this  culture  by  the  Imperial  example.  The  Empress,  must 
make  silk-weaving  one  of  her  occupations,  and  to  her  is  com- 
mitted the  homage  due  to  the  god  of  the  silk-worm. 

Long  before  the  era  of  European  civilization,  China-appears 
to  have  understood  the  true  relations  of  agriculture  and  the 
mechanic  arts.  The  division  of  labor  led  to  wonderful  results 
in  the  perfection  of  manufactures  and  the  extension  of  com- 
merce. 

Marco  Polo  tells  us  that  the  Chinese  have  used  paper  money 
since  the  year  119  b.  c.  We  know  they  had  established  banks, 
and  conducted  financial  operations  by  promissory  notes  and 
bills  of  exchange,  at  an  early  period. 

Every  practicable  spot  in  China  is  devoted  to  tillage,  which  is 
mostly  accomplished  by  hand  labor.  Implements  are  few,  light 
and  simple  in  construction.  I  The  le  or  plow  is  of  wood,  with 
an  iron  point,  and  is  drawn  by  a  single  buffalo.  Only  the  edge 
of  the  hoe  is  of  iron;  the  harrow  has  teeth  thickly  set,  and  ten 
inches  long,  an  excellent  pulverizer.  The  bamboo  rake,  used 
for  harvesting,  gleaning,  gathering  scraps  of  manure,  may  be 
said  never  to  leave  the  hands  of  the  Chinese  farmer.  The  bill 
hook  or  leen  is  another  instrument,  serving  all  the  purposes  of 
pruning-knife,  scythe  and  sickle. 

Six  or  eight  acres  is  a  large  farm.  Divided  by  belts  or  lines 
of  carefully  tended  grass,  instead  of  fences,  these  garden  farms 
present  a  finished  picture  of  the  highest  cultivation.  Two  and 
even  four  crops  are  obtained  yearly  from  the  same  ground  by 
alternating  grain  and  vegetables.  Liquid  manure  is  freely  used; 
ashes,  oil  cake,  night  soil,  lime  from  bones  and  oyster  shells, 
even  human  hair  from  the  barbers  is  carefully  saved. 

The  wages  of  the  lowest  description  of  laborers  averages  about 
sixty  cash,  (30  cents)  per  month,  and  the  cost  of  maintenance  is 
from  a  dollar  to  a  dollar  and  a  half.  Artisans,  such  as  car- 
penters and  blacksmiths,  receive  five  dollars  a  month,  with  a 
corresponding  increase  in  the  cost  of  maintenance. 

In  the  year  of  1013  of  our  era,  Tchin-Tsoung  published  the 
census  of  the  industrial  population,  and  reported  21,966,965 


JAPANESE  WHEAT  CULTUEE.  31 

engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  not  including  women  or  young 
people  under  twenty-one  years  of  age.  In  the  year  1732  the 
imperial  taxes  were  removed  from  the  tenants  of  farms  and 
placed  upon  the  larger  proprietors ;  and  for  the  further  encour- 
agement of  a  class  of  such  vital  importance  to  the  empire,  it 
was  decreed  that  the  governor  of  every  city  or  village  of  a  cer- 
tain number  of  inhabitants  should  send  to  the  court  the  name 
of  the  most  successful  farmer,  distinguished  for  good  conduct 
and  the  good  will  of  his  neighbors,  for  frugality,  and  freedom 
from  excesses. 

This  wise  and  diligent  agriculturist  was  thereupon  raised  to 
the  dignity  of  a  mandarin  of  the  eighth  order  by  letters  patent. 
He  might  visit  the  governor,  sit  down  in  his  presence  and  drink 
tea  with  him.  Kespected  for  the  remainder  of  his  days,  he 
should  receive  the  honorable  funeral  of  a  mandarin  on  his  de- 
cease; and  while  his  name  was  written  on  the  tablets  of  his  an- 
cestors, it  would  be  cherished  by  the  government  as  of  one  who 
had  rendered  the  highest  service  to  his  country. 

Of  all  countries,  Japan  is  the  most  remarkable  for  the  de- 
velopment of  her  agricultural  resources.  There  the  agri- 
cultural interest  has  been  protected  by  the  most  enlightened 
conduct  toward  the  producing  classes,  who  stand  next  in  rank 
to  the  defenders  of  the  State.  A  very  interesting  paper  on  this 
subject,  contributed  by  Hon.  Horace  C apron  to  the  report  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture  for  1873,  shows  that  even  in 
wheat  culture  we  have  much  to  learn  from  the  large  experience 
of  this  thrifty  and  intelligent  people.  The  well-known  practice 
of  the  Japanese  and  Chinese  in  dwarfing  plants,  throwing  tliDir 
strength  into  fruit  or  flowers,  at  the  expense  of  wood  or  leaves, 
is  applied  to  wheat,  thus  shortening  and  thickening  the  straw, 
increasing  the  size  of  the  heads,  and  rendering  it  less  liable  to 
lodge. 

Japan  is  far  too  tempting  a  subject  to  be  more  than  touched 
upon  here.  If  "China  is  old,  and  immovably  conservative," 
Japan,  not  younger  in  years,  but  in  the  spirit  which  welcomes 
new  truths  in  science  and  new  applications  of  these  to  the  arts 
of  life,  is  vigorous  with  an  eternal  youth. 

In  Japan  we  have  a  stable  civilization  based  upon  absolutism, 
imperiled  by  the  existence  of  caste,  isolated  for  unknown  cen- 
turies from  intercourse  with  other  countries,  yet  maintaining 


32  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD. 

itself  within  narrow  limits  by  an  almost  universal,  practical 
education,  and  the  dignity  accorded  to  the  pursuit  of  agri- 
culture. The  organization  of  the  national  intellect  is  as  com- 
plete, and  far  more  rational  than  that  of  China.  That  gov- 
ernment may  be  considered  as  having  builded  "better  than 
it  knew"  which  discriminated  in  favor  of  the  agriculturists  in 
respect  to  educational  privileges;  for  these  classes  are  neces- 
sarily the  most  averse  to  changes  in  government.  Political 
disturbances  and  agitations,  like  war,  are  a  constant  threat  to 
the  prosperity  of  the  farmer,  and  to  him,  sooner  than  the  repre- 
sentative of  any  other  class,  may  new  ideas  be  intrusted  with 
safety  to  the  nation. 

Japan  gives  us  the  highest  example  of  national  thrift,  if  the 
density  of  population  in  proportion  to  extent  and  original 
excellence  of  territory  is  the  test.  The  surface  is  broken  by 
ranges  of  mountains,  the  coast  by  bays  and  inlets  which  render 
navigation  dangerous,  and  the  variations  of  temperature  are  ex- 
cessive. Yet  she  feeds,  cluthes,  shelters  and  instructs  a  larger 
population  than  that  of  Great  Britain.  The  perfection  of  cult- 
ure which  has  enabled  her  to  accomplish  this,  unassisted  by 
foreign  commerce,  must  be  studied  in  detail  to  be  understood. 
She  has  done  it  mainly  by  the  most  wonderful  economy  of  fer- 
tilizing materials,  and  the  preservation  of  her  forests. 

Eural  life  in  Greece  is  presented  in  a  charming  book  which 
has  woven  the  facts  of  the  nation's  life  into  a  prose  poem. 
President  Felton  says:  "If  the  Greeks  were  preeminently  a  na- 
tion of  poets  and  artists,  they  were  no  less  preeminently  a  nation 
of  farmers."  Here  for  the  first  time  we  find  the  rural  home. 
The  pictures  which  Homer  gives  of  the  scenes  of  rustic  toil  are 
fresh  and  enchanting  as  those  in  the  pages  of  Whittier.  Nor 
were  the  Hellenes  unlike  our  New  England  forefathers  in  the 
virtues  of  thrift  and  temperance,  in  their  proverbial  philosophy, 
the  wit  which  goes  "like  bullet  to  its  mark,"  or  their  weather- 
wisdom.  Like  the  American  Indian,  they  knew  the  time  of  day 
by  the  turning  of  leaves  and  the  opening  and  shutting  of  flow- 
ers. The  charm  of  Homer  to  the  English  mind  is  in  the  famil- 
iarity of  scenes  which  are  depicted  in  his  immortal  lines.  The 
Greek  mind  absorbed  beauty  as  the  Greek  body  took  in  health 
and  wholeness  (another  word  for  holiness)  from  the  earth  it 
loved.     "The  love  of  rural  life  was  one  of  the  deepest  passions 


RURAL  LIFE  IN  GREECE.  33 

of  the  Grecian  heart,  beyond  the  realm  of  Arcadia,  real  or 
ideal."  Through  the  whole  compass  of  Greek  literature  the 
sights  and  sounds  of  the  country — the  murmuring  of  the  bees, 
the  rising  sun  smiting  the  earth  with  his  shafts,  the  rich  mead- 
ows, the  cattle  feeding  in  the  pastures — furnish  images  on 
which  the  city  poets  delight  to  dwell,  and  share  with  the  sea 
the  thoughts  that  move  harmonious  numbers.  The  plains  of 
Attica  were  covered  with  rural  homes;  the  country  was  full  of 
little  sanctuaries  for  the  rural  deities,  nymphs,  and  others  who 
frequented  them. 

In  the  Greek  classics  we  not  only  find  how  much  they  knew 
of  agriculture,  but  how  little  we  have  improved  upon  their 
knowledge.  They  knew  the  virtues  of  guano,  fish  and  sea-weed 
in  the  corn  fields;  that  land  recovered  its  strength  by  lying  fal- 
low; that  hay  ricks  might  become  heated  and  burn  up.  Though 
the  grain  was  trodden  out  by  cattle  or  horses  on  the  threshing 
floor,  they  had  invented  the  flail,  and  a  winnowing  machine; 
and  well  they  knew  the  value  of  the  potent  juice  of  those 
golden  or  purple  clusters  which  grew  on  every  tree  and  sunny 
wall.  They  trained  their  grapes  from  tree  to  tree,  making  lofty 
arches,  beneath  which  the  breezes  could  freely  play,  abundant 
currents  of  pure  air  being  regarded  as  no  less  essential  to  the 
perfect  maturing  of  the  grape  than  constant  sunshine.  The 
art  of  preserving  the  grape  itself  for  the  use  of  the  table,  either 
in  a  fresh  state,  or  as  raisins,  was  everywhere  practiced. 

The  richest  agricultural  and  horticultural  contributions  have 
come  down  to  us  from  the  master  minds  of  Greece.  They 
drew  their  inspiration  directly  from  nature  herself,  and  not  from 
what  some  earlier  writer  had  said  about  nature.  The  pupil  of 
Socrates,  the  leader  of  the  immortal  retreat  of  the  ten  thou- 
sand, wrote  from  his  farm  at  Elis:  '  'Agriculture,  for  an  hon- 
orable and  high-minded  man,  is  the  best  of  all  occupations  and 
arts,  by  which  men  procure  a  living.  For  it  is  a  pursuit  that 
is  most  easy  to  learn  and  most  pleasant  to  practice;  it  puts  the 
bodies  of  men  in  the  fairest  and  most  vigorous  condition,  and 
is  far  from  giving  such  constant  occupation  to  their  minds,  as 
to  prevent  them  from  attending  to  the  interests  of  their  friends 
or  their  country.  A  man's  home  and  fireside  are  the  sweetest 
of  all  possessions." 

Hesiod's  ''Works  and  Days"  are  devoted  to  the  rustic  lore 
which  embodied  the  experience  then  attained.  Nor  can  we  fail 
3 


34.  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD. 

to  see  how  apt  those  Yankees  of  the  Orient  were  to  snatch 
every  improvement,  every  new  culture  from  the  nations  they 
conquered,  as  we  read  Homer's  description  of  the  gardens  of 
Alcinous,  where  flourished 

High  and  broad  fruit-trees  that  pomegranates  bore; 

Sweet  figs,  pears,  olives  and  a  number  more 

Most  useful  plants  did  there  produce  their  store, 

Whose  fruits  their  hardest  winters  could  not  kill; 

Nor  hottest  summer  wither;  there  was  still 

Fruit  in  his  proper  season ;  all  the  year 

Sweet  zephyr  breathed  upon  them,  blasts  that  were 

Of  varied  tempers,  these  he  made  to  bear 

Kipe  fruits,  these  blossoms,  pear  succeeded  pear, 

Apple  grew  after  apple,  grape  the  grape, 

Fig  after  fig;  time  made  never  rape 

Of  any  dainty  there. 

In  Greece,  also,  we  have  the  first  example  of  public  gardens 
created  by  the  magistrates  for  the  use  of  the  citizens;  and  his- 
tory takes  account  of  the  botanic  garden  founded  by  Theophras- 
tus,  at  Athens.  Another  was  created  by  Mithridates,  King  of 
Pontus,  135  years  before  Christ. 

It  is  very  pertinent  to  our  subject  to  inquire  how  all  this 
came  to  be  changed — to  find  a  reason  for  the  Greece  of  to- 
day.* Mr.  Felton  ascribes  it  to  the  lack  of  a  common  central 
government;  to  the  seeds  of  division  planted  by  the  predomi- 
nance of  the  city  over  the  country;  to  extensive  migrations, 
and  the  formation  of  rival  confederacies.  All  these  were, 
doubtless,  modifying  causes,  but  we  must  look  upon  the  Greek 
experiment  at  civilization  in  a  broader  light — as  one  ol  many 
great  experiments  necessary  to  precede  a  conception  of  society 
in  which  the  quality  of  the  units  should  be  of  the  first  im- 
portance. 

Plat6  looked  with  distrust  upon  popular  governments.  He 
considered  the  people  little  better  than  a  mob,  and  would  have 
subjected  the  individual  entirely  to  the  State.  Not  so  Aristotle, 
the  father  of  a  rational  polity.  He  maintains  that  the  legitimate 
object  of  government  is  not  to  increase  the  wealth  of  the  few, 
nor  to  favor  the  poor  at  the  expense  of  the  rich,  nor  to  encour- 
age mere  equality,  nor  to  promote  trade  and  commerce  only, 
but  to  make  good  and  virtuous  citizens,  and  to  promote  hap- 

*"Of  Athens  there  remains  only  a  small  castle,  a  hamlet,  undefended  from  foxes  and  wild 
beasts.  Its  people,  once  free,  are  now  under  the  yoke  of  slavery  to  the  crudest  brutes," — 
Nicholas  Goibel,  a  writer  of  the  lGth  century. 


CAUSES  OF  GRECIAN  DECAY— ROME.  35 

piness.  Those,  therefore,  who  can  contribute  most  to  these 
results  have  the  best  title  to  a  share  in  the  government.  He 
proceeds  to  show  that  the  middle,  i.  e.,  the  producing  classes, 
who  are  exempt  alike  from  the  temptations  of  poverty  and 
riches,  are  most  likely  to  be  governed  by  reason.  Nor  was  this 
great  practical  philosopher  a  mere  utilitarian.  "The  most  nec- 
essary and  useful  things,"  he  said,  "are  undertaken  for  the  sake 
of  leading  toward  the  most  beautiful." 

The  military  arm  was  only  valuable  in  preserving -peace. 
Labor  was  valuable  in  securing  leisure  for  the  highest  enjoy- 
ments. 

The  decay  of  Greece  began  in  the  degradation  of  labor, 
through  the  introduction  of  slavery  and  the  growth  of  luxury. 
Education,  at  first  exceedingly  practical,  aiming  at  bodily  and 
moral,  as  well  as  intellectual  perfection,  grew  more  and  more 
one-sided,  and  ended  in  speculations  upon  philosophical  sub- 
jects, mental  gymnastics,  as  profitless  in  their  relations  to 
popular  welfare  as  the  theological  dogmas  have  been  which 
have  divided  the  world.  Agriculture  became  more  and  more 
subordinated  to  trade  and  commerce.  The  mines  were  all 
worked  by  slaves.  The  ratio  of  the  free  to  the  slave  popula- 
tion brought  from  the  shores  of  Asia,  became  as  one  to  three; 
and  as  almost  every  eminent  citizen  was  owner  of  from  fifty 
to  one  thousand  slaves,  we  can  understand  the  rapidity 
with  which  the  thousand  years  of  Grecian  civilization  drew 
to  its  close. 

Having  shown  that  in  the  free  States  of  Greece  we  find 
the  elements  of  all  that  is  best  in  society,  and  a  philosophical 
recognition  of  the  true  relations  of  man  and  land,  we  will  turn 
to  Rome,  where  civilization  presents  the  same  phenomena  of 
progress  and  decay.  As  in  Greece,  we  here  find  the  supreme 
power  of  the  State  derived  from  laws  made  by  common  consent 
of  the  people,  and  that  the  division  of  land  was  made  according 
to  families,  reserving  a  portion  for  common  use.  The  early  Ro- 
mans  had  only  two  arts — war  and  agriculture.  Every  husband- 
man was  also  a  soldier;  and  as  the  laws  forbade  him  to  sell  or 
alienate  his  land,  the  growth  of  population  naturally  led  to  the 
establishment  of  a  patrician  class.  The  whole  policy  of  Roman 
war  and  conquest  rested  on  the  desire  to  extend  their  territory, 
and  with  it  the  freehold  system,  of  such  vital  consequence  to 
the  State.     The  Roman  government  never  lost  a  foot  of  land; 


36  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  ANCIENT  WORLD. 

every  vanquished  nation  was  compelled  to  merge  itself  into  the 
yeomanry  of  Eome,  or  to  cede  a  third  part  of  its  domain,  which 
was  thereupon  converted  into  Roman  farms.  It  has  been  well 
said,  that  many  nations  have  gained  victories  and  conquests  as 
the  Romans  did;  but  none  have  equaled  them  in  securing  to 
the  plowshare  what  was  won  by  the  sword. 

The  extent  of  a  middle  sized  Roman  farm  was  about  twelve 
and  a  half  acres,  the  chief  crops  wheat,  and  spelt,  which  is  even 
better  adapted  than  wheat  to  primitive  cultivation.  Peas, 
beans,  and  a  great  variety  of  vegetables  were  diligently  culti- 
vated. The  rearing  of  cattle  for  milk  or  meat  does  not  appear 
to  have  been  practiced  until  later  times.  From  the  Greeks  they 
borrowed  the  culture  of  the  olive,  fig  and  vine.  The  farmer 
and  his  sons  guided  the  plow,  which  was  drawn  by  the  ox  or 
cow;  horses,  asses  and  mules  being  used  only  as  beasts  of  bur- 
den. The  cattle,  geese  and  swine  were  kept  in  the  agrarium  or 
common  pasture. 

So  perfectly  was  the  plowing  performed,  and  so  closely  were 
the  furrows  laid  that  harrowing  was  dispensed  with  altogether. 
The  farmer  had  many  holidays — going  weekly  to  market  and 
keeping  zealously  all  the  religious  and  family  festivals.  After 
the  winter  sowing,  a  whole  month  was  considered  a  holiday. 

At  a  very  early  period  there  seems  to  have  been  no  distinction 
made  between  the  rights  of  the  large  or  small  land-holder  in 
the  common  pasture,  which  was  the  property  of  the  State,  and 
not  of  the  community.  Day  laborers  were  common,  but  there 
were  few  slaves,  and  as  these  were  of  the  same  blood  and  race, 
captives  from  Etrurian  or  Yolscian  neighbors,  they  were  per- 
mitted and  doubtless  encouraged  to  work  out  their  freedom. 

A  careful  reading  of  Roman  history,  especially  that  part  of  it 
which  relates  to  the  division  of  society  into  two  great  classes, 
patricians  and  plebeians,  the  differences  that  arose  about  the  use 
of  the  common  pasture,  the  concentration  of  land  and  capital 
into  fewer  hands,  dispossessing  the  small  farmers  and  cultivat- 
ing estates  with  rural  slaves,  is  necessary  to  a  right  understand- 
ing of  the  agricultural  condition  of  modern  Europe. 

In  the  sixth  century,  (Roman  era,)  Roman  husbandry  consisted 
in  the  management  either  of  the  large  estates  of  the  aristocracy, 
or  of  the  pasturage,  i.  e.,  the  public  or  common  lands,  or  in  the 
tillage  of  petty  holdings.  Mommsen  says  "the  whole  system 
was  pervaded  by  the   unscrupulousness  characteristic   of  the 


ROMAN   SLAVERY — CATO'S   STEWARD.  37 

power  of  capital.  Slaves  and  cattle  were  now  placed  on  the 
same  level;  they  were  fed  as  long  as  they  could  work  as  a  mat- 
ter of  economy,  and  sold  when  they  were  worn  out,  as  a  matter 
of  economy  also."  One  of  Cato's  maxims  was  that  a  slave  niusi 
either  work  or  sleep,  and  no  attempt  was  ever  made  to  attach 
the  slaves  to  their  estate  or  to  their  master  by  any  bond  of 
human  sympathy.  The  abject  position  of  the  practical  husband- 
man, not  enslaved,  is  further  shown  in  Cato's  description  of 
what  a  steward  ought  to  be. 

"He  is  the  first  to  rise  and  the  last  to  go  to  bed;  he  is  strict 
in  dealing  with  himself  as  well  as  with  those  under  him,  espe- 
cially his  stewardess;  he  is  careful  of  his  slaves  and  oxen;  is 
always  at  home;  never  borrows  nor  lends;  makes  no  visits  and 
gives  no  entertainments;  troubles  himself  about  no  worship, 
save  of  the  gods  of  the  hearth  and  field;  leaves  all  dealings  with 
the  gods  and  with  men  to  his  master;  he  modestly  meets  that 
master  faithfully  and  simply,  and  conforms  to  his  instructions." 
By  this  time,  such  of  the  yeomanry  as  were  not  swallowed  up 
by  capital,  held  small  parcels  of  land,  and  were  generally  so 
poor  that  the  hoe  was  substituted  for  the  plow  in  their  labors. 
The  farmers  were  irretrievably  ruined,  and  the  more  so  that 
they  gradually  lost  the  moral  tone  and  frugal  habits  of  the 
earlier  ages  of  the  republic.  The  other  branches  of  industrial 
arts  were  undeveloped,  the  force  and  energy  of  the  population 
being  consumed  in  war  and  commerce. 

From  the  third  to  the  fifth  century  of  the  Koman  era,  capital 
had  waged  its  warfare  against  labor  by  withdrawing  the  reve- 
nues of  the  soil  from  the  working  farmers,  in  the  form  of  inter- 
est on  debt,  and  transferring  the  capital  thence  derived  to  the 
field  of  mercantile  activity  opened  up  by  the  commerce  of  the 
Mediterranean.  There  was  no  longer  an  agricultural  class 
among  the  citizens;  and  although  a  high  and  even  an  improved 
culture  was  maintained,  it  was  simply  the  application  of  the 
capitalist  system  to  the  produce  of  the  soil.  Cato,  who  regarded 
himself  as  a  reformer,  and  had  declared  that  farmers  made  the 
bravest  men  and  the  best  soldiers,  states  that  Italy  at  the  end 
of  the  sixth  (Eoman)  century,  Avas  far  weaker  in  population  than 
at  the  end  of  the  fifth,  and  no  longer  able  to  furnish  its  former 
wrar  levies. 

The  half  savage  herdsman  who  confronts  the  traveler  in  the 
Eoman  Campagna,  is  an  unconscious  witness  of  the  estimation 


38  AGRICULTURE  IN  MODERN  EUROPE. 

which  noble  and  aristocratic  Home  placed  upon  her  citizen  farm- 
ers while  the  nation  was  shaping  itself.  * '  She  did  not  exactly 
desire  their  destruction,  but  allowed  it  to  run  its  course,  and  so 
desolation  advanced  with  gigantic  steps  over  the  flourishing 
land  of  Italy,  where  countless  numbers  of  free  men  had  lately 
rejoiced  in  well  earned  prosperity." 


CHAPTER  IV. 

AGRICULTURE  IN  MODERN  EUROPE. 

Germany  and  England — Banks — Folks  Land  and  Eents — Degradation  of  the 
British  Laborer — Allowance  of  Food — Elevation  of  the  Mechanical  Class 
— Pkopoktion  of  Land  Owners  to  Population — Variations  in  Condition — 
Wages  of  Laborers — How  England  is  Fed — Scotland  a  Wheat  Growing 
Country — Amelioration  of  Climate  through  Agriculture — Pedigree  Cat- 
tle and  Sheep — France — Small  Farming  and  Population — Great  Produc- 
tion of  Wheat — The  Late  War — Holland  and  the  Low  Countries — A 
Model  for  California — Deep  Tillage — Diversity  of  Crops — Use  of  Ma- 
chinery— Night  Soil  and  Manures — Eotation — Modern  Germany — Beet 
Culture— Maize  Culture  in  Austria-— Kussia  our  Rival  in  Wheat — Con- 
clusion. 

The  orderly  development  of  agriculture  among  the  Ger- 
mans was  retarded  by  the  military  spirit  which  distinguished 
them,  and  by  a  policy  exactly  the  reverse  of  that  pursued  by 
the  Romans.  The  Germans  returned  the  lands  to  the  people 
they  conquered,  on  condition  of  receiving  military  assistance, 
and  required  of  their  tributaries  that  one  half  of  the  popula- 
tion should  alternately  fight  and  till  the  soil.  The  feudal  sys- 
tem arose  in  their  dislike  of  agricultural  pursuits,  and  was 
entirely  subversive  of  the  freehold  or  allodial  rights  essential 
to  their  successful  prosecution;  and  although  these  rights  were 
preserved  in  some  parts  of  Germany  and  France,  the  tendency 
to  vassalage  was  almost  irresistible.  Indeed,  there  was  no  other 
security  in  those  distracted  times,  either  for  life  or  property, 
and  the  oath  of  fealty  exacted  from  the  peasant  by  the  lord,  was 
required  of  the  lord  himself  to  the  next  higher  in  authority, 
and  so  on  until  it  rested  at  the  throne;  thus  diminishing  in  all 
classes  the  sense  of  degradation. 

In  the  long  procession  of  nobility,  first  came  the  Earls  Pala- 
tine, then  simple  Earls,  then  Companions  in  Germany,  corres- 
ponding to  the  Thanes  of  England,  then  the  Ceorls  or  tenants, 


DEGRADATION  OF  THE  BRITISH  LABORER.  39 

and  lastly  the  slaves  or  villains  who  tilled  the  soil.  These  aris- 
tocratic distinctions  were  engrafted  upon  Great  Britain,  with 
other  Teutonic  customs,  during  the  Saxon  ascendency. 

Agriculture  was  introduced  into  Britain  by  the  Gauls,  one 
hundred  years  before  the  Roman  invasion.  The  division  of 
land  followed  the  Roman  custom,  i.  e.,  it  was  divided  into 
"hides,"  a  hide  being  about  as  much  as  could  be  cultivated 
with  a  single  plow,  or  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  and  twenty 
acres.  No  man  was  allowed  to  guide  a  plow  who  could  not 
construct  one.  To  reclaim  land  gave  the  use  of  it  for  five 
years.  Just  at  this  period  the  Saxon  distinction  between  "folks 
land,"  or  the  property  belonging  to  the  State  and  the  people  at 
large,  and  bocland,  or  private  property,  begins  distinctly  to 
appear,  as  also  the  system  of  rentals.  According  to  the  law  of 
Tna,  king  of  the  West  Saxons  in  the  eighth  century,  a  hide  of 
plow  land  paid  the  following  rent,  viz:  Ten  casks  of  honey;  three 
hundred  loaves  of  bread;  twelve  casks  of  strong  ale;  thirty 
casks  of  small  ale;  two  oxen;  ten  wedders;  ten  geese;  twenty 
hens;  ten  cheeses;  one  cask  of  butter;  five  salmon;  twenty 
loads  of  forage,  and  one  hundred  eels. 

In  the  time  of  Alfred  the  Great,  we  hear  complaints  that 
arable  lands  were  exhausted  of  their  natural  fertility,  and 
three  fourths  of  that  which  was  susceptible  of  cultivation  was 
devoted  to  pasturage. 

The  English  farmer  earned  his  black  and  bitter  bread  during 
the  Middle  Ages,  known  as  a  "churl"  or  hind,  with  little  motive 
for  self-improvement  or  that  of  his  lands.  The  plowman, 
shepherd  and  swineherd  belonged  to  the  soil,  and  fishermen 
were  rented  and  sold  with  the  fisheries  where  they  were  em- 
ployed. The  cottager's  house  was  a  thatch-covered  hut,  chinked 
with  mud  or  clay,  without  chimney,  window  or  floor.  A 
hide,  dressed  with  the  hair  on,  swung  like  a  hammock,  served 
him  for  a  bed;  there  were  no  mills  except  those  operated  by 
hand.  He  was  his  own  tailor,  tanner  and  clothier.  The  kit  of 
a  blacksmith  consisted  of  four  pieces;  a  carpenter's  of  six. 
There  was  no  division  of  labor.  The  plow,  a  pick,  a  clod- 
breaker,  spades,  sickles  and  baskets  for  winnowing  grain-com- 
prised the  list  of  agricultural  implements. 

The  allowance  of  the  laborer  was  two  herrings  a  day,  a  loaf  of 
wheat  or  barley  bread,  and  milk  from  the  manor  house,  with 
which  to  make  his  cheese. 


40  AGRICULTURE  IN  MODERN  EUROPE. 

Twenty  years  after  the  accession  of  William  the  Conquerer, 
nearly  the  whole  territory  of  England  had  been  wrested  from 
its  original  proprietors  and  given  away,  making  the  condition 
of  the  agricultural  population  even  worse  than  before.  Still 
the  art  of  agriculture  progressed,  thanks  to  the  monks,  and  the 
proportion  of  freemen  increased  in  consequence  of  the  neces- 
sity for  handicrafts  which  required  intelligence  and  skill.  By 
the  year  1367,  forty-eight  "mysteries  of  labor,"  as  the  va- 
rious employments  of  saddlers,  brewers,  masons,  etc.,  were 
called,  had  been  established  in  London  and  were  strongly 
organized  into  guilds  and  fraternities.  But  the  laws  strictly 
forbade  the  teaching  of  any  mystery  to  a  husbandman  or  son 
of  a  husbandman.  The  mechanics  having  achieved  an  ac- 
knowledged political  position  as  free  subjects  of  the  crown, 
the  agricultural  serfs  showed  signs  of  following  their  exam- 
ple. A  statute  of  the  First  Richard  (1377),  is  made  "at 
the  grievous  complaint  of  the  Lords  and  Commons  of  the 
realm,  that  in  many  parts  the  villains  who  owe  services  and 
customs  to  said  lords  have  of  late  and  do  daily  withdraw  their 
services,  and  affirm  them  to  be  utterly  discharged  of  all  manner 
servage,  due  as  well  of  their  body  as  of  their  said  tenures,  and 
will  not  suffer  any  distress  or  other  justice  to  be  made  upon 
them,  and  which  more  is,  gather  themselves  in  great  routs,  and 
agree  by  such  confederacy  that  every  one  shall  aid  the  other  to 
resist  their  lords  with  the  strong  hand." 

The  memorable  request  of  such  a  "confederacy,"  headed  by 
Wat  Tyler,  "for  the  abolition  of  slavery  for  themselves  and 
their  children  forever;  for  the  reduction  of  rent,  and  the  privi- 
lege of  buying  like  other  men  in  fairs  and  markets,"  resulted 
in  the  addition  of  insult  to  the  injuries  of  this  long-suffering 
class.  "Kustics  ye  have  been,  and  are,"  the  king  told  them, 
"and  in  bondage  ye  shall  yet  remain — not  such  as  ye  have 
heretofore  known,  but  in  a  condition  incomparably  more  vile." 
From  that  time  it  was  enacted  that  all  persons  who  had  been 
employed  in  any  labor  or  service  of  husbandry  until  the  age  of 
twelve  should  from  thenceforth  abide  at  the  same  labor,  and  be 
forever  incapable  of  being  put  to  any  other  business.  The  evil 
effects  of  this  irrational  discrimination  exercised  toward  agricul- 
tural industry,  were  not  confined  to  the  farming  class,  nor  to 
England  alone.  Tenancy  at  will  and  tenant  rights  are  more  se- 
rious matters  for  English  statesmanship  to  deal  with  now  than 


RATIO  OF  LAND  OWNERS  TO  POPULATION.  41 

they  were  before  the  Great  Charter  secured  personal  rights-and 
a  trial  by  jury  to  every  freeman  born  upon  English  soil. 

At  the  time  of  the  Norman  conquest  the  population  of  Eng- 
land was  supposed  to  be  a  million  and  a  half,  and  the  roll  of 
land  oivners  numbered  over  45,000.  In  1861,  with  a  population 
of  20,000,000,  the  number  of  land  owners  is  reduced  to  30,000, 
and  every  twentieth  man  is  a  pauper.  In  Ireland,  just  before 
the  famine,  the  rural  population  amounted  to  twenty-rive  for 
every  hundred  acres;  in  France,  at  the  same  period,  to  sixteen; 
in  England  to  twelve,  and  in  the  Scotch  Lowlands  to  five. 
Land  monopoly  has  driven  two  millions  of  agricultural  labor- 
ers out  of  Great  Britain.  The  English  farm  laborer  has  been 
cheated  of  his  manhood;  first,  by  a  monopoly  of  government, 
which,  by  withholding  the  ballot,  kept  him  in  a  servile  condi- 
tion; second,  by  monopoly  of  land,  which  destroyed  the  high- 
est motive  for  industry,  viz:  the  improvement  of  his  condition, 
and  the  attainment  of  a  permanent  home;  and  third,  a  monop- 
oly of  education. 

In  1848  an  English  statesman  was  asked  if  something  could 
not  be  done  to  check  the  stream  of  emigration  setting  from 
Ireland  toward  America.  "Not  while  middlemen  hold  all  the 
land  as  agents  of  the  aristocracy,  and  get  all  the  profits,"  was 
the  significant  reply. 

Professor  J.  Thorold  Eogers  has  given  us  a  history  of  British 
agriculture  from  1259  to  1793.  He  shows,  from  carefully  collected 
data,  how  gradually  the  emancipation  of  the  agricultural  classes 
took  place ;  how  the  aristocracy  were  eating  each  other  up  with 
expensive  wars  and  the  extravagance  of  courts;  how  the  yeomanry 
lost  ground  during  the  reformation;  what  was  their  Golden  Age, 
and  that  the  English  peasant  is  again  becoming  a  serf,  and  the 
yeomanry  disappearing  in  the  absorption  of  nearly  all  the  land 
by  a  small  number  of  great  proprietors. 

If  the  end  of  labor,  and  of  wealth  created  by  labor,  is  man 
himself,  the  civilization  of  England  finds  a  parallel  in  that  of 
Borne,  and  for  the  same  reasons.  Its  agriculture,  successful 
and  wonderful  in  its  results  during  the  last  century  and  a  half, 
is  an  exhibition  of  the  power  of  capital  applied  to  land.  The 
development  of  agricultural  wealth  and  of  civilization  in  the 
United  States  and  in  Australia  is  an  exhibition  of  the  power  of 
manhood  similarly  applied. 

The  advance  in  the  price  of  agricultural  labor  in  England  has 


42  AGRICULTURE  IN  MODERN  EUROPE. 

been  slower  than  in  other  countries.  In  1273  the  hay  maker 
got  2|cl.  an  acre;  2|d.  in  1400,  with  board;  women  laborers  8d. 
and  fed  themselves.  The  price  for  washing  and  shearing  sheep 
was  a  penny  a  score;  in  twenty  years  sixteen  were  sheared  for 
a  penny,  then  ten,  and  finally  eight.  We  read  of  one  farmer 
at  about  the  year  1500  who  gave  his  women  shearers  ljd.  a  day 
and  fed  them.  And  yet  Joseph  Arch  tells  us  that  agricultural 
labor,  all  things  considered,  fared  better  then  than  now. 

The  price  of  meat  and  dairy  products  in  England  makes 
cattle  raising  more  profitable  than  grain.  Some  one  has  said, 
and  it  is  very  near  the  truth,  that  a  failure  of  the  turnip  crop 
for  two  years  would  bankrupt  England.  Agriculture  is  there- 
fore growing  in  importance  hourly,  and  so  are  all  questions 
involved  in  the  feeding  of  that  vast  and  rapidly  increasing  pop- 
ulation. England  is  increasing  her  acreage  as  fast  as  she  can, 
by  reclamation,  and  reducing  her  pasturage.  The  culture  of 
sainfoin,  a  crop  good  for  six  or  seven  years,  has  proved  advan- 
tageous, also  of  buckwheat  for  fodder. 

In  1789,  9,000,000  acres  were  cultivated;  in  1869,  36,100,153; 
in  1870,  46,177,370,  of  which  11,755,053  acres  were  devoted  to 
wheat  culture.  How  far  that  goes  in  feeding  the  English  mill- 
ions is  best  seen  by  a  statement  of  the  imports  of  wheat  and 
flour  from  the  United  States  for  fifteen  years. 

Year.  Cwt.  Wheat.  Cwt.  Flour. 

1856 .. -  ~ 5,542,983  2,892,518 

1857 2,819,931  1,464,867 

1858 2,576,791  1,764,795 

1859 159,926  216,462 

1860 6,479,339  2,254,322 

1861 ; . . . « 10,866,891  3,794,865 

1862 ..... 16,140,670  4,449,534 

1863 8,704,401  2,531,822 

1864 .".... 7,895,015  1,745,933 

1865 1,177,618  256,769 

1866 635,239  280,792 

1867 4,188,013  722,976 

1868 5,908,149  676,192 

1869 13,181,507  1,711,000 

1870 12,372,176  2,154,751 

England  cannot  afford  to  raise  her  breadstuff's.  She  is  com- 
pelled to  make  meat,  hence  the  great  preponderance  of  her 
agricultural  work  must  be  in  the  direction  of  hay  and  root  crops. 
In  these  she  is  eminently  successful. 

Of  Scotch  farming,  it  may  be   said  that  it  has  made  great 


FRENCH  AGRICULTURE.  43 

advances  in  the  last  century,  chiefly  from  the  superior  edu- 
cation of  the  agricultural  class.  So  great  have  been  the  agri- 
cultural improvements  that  the  climate  is  already  perceptibly 
ameliorated,  the  winters  commencing  a  month  later,  and  the 
snow  disappearing  a  month  earlier.  Yet  until  the  breaking  up 
of  the  clans  and  the  large  consequent  emigration  of  the  High- 
landers to  Canada,  there  was  no  husbandry  in  Scotland  worthy 
of  the  name.  It  now  produces  the  finest  wheat  in  the  United 
Kingdom.  The  farms  range  from  fifty  to  a  thousand  acres;  the 
latter,  however,  is  exceptionally  large.  One  fifth  of  the  cereal 
crops  are  oats.  The  breeding  of  pedigree  cattle  and  sheep 
commands  the  attention  of  the  best  Scotch  farmers.  The  con- 
dition of  farm  laborers  is  far  superior  to  that  in  England,  and 
rural  economy  is  better  understood. 

Mr.  W.  Little,  in  a  treatise  on  the  technical  education  of 
farmers,  says:  "The  success  to  which  British  farming  has 
arrived  is  owing  to  mechanical  rather  than  scientific  causes. 
Drainage,  steam  culture,  and  a  liberal  use  of  capital  we  have 
tried;  but  now  chemistry  in  its  application  to  artificial  manures 
is  taking  such  a  prominent  position,  it  is  of  the  first  importance 
that  our  farmers  should  be  educated,  should  have  such  a  general 
knowledge  of  science  as  will  serve  them  in  their  labors." 

Great  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  production  of  timber  in 
Scotland;  and  the  results  of  her  experiments  show  that  no 
crop  pays  better  in  the  end,  than  trees.  Larch  and  pine  are 
the  chief  varieties  of  timber  produced. 

French  agriculture,  like  that  of  England,  proves  that  industry 
requires  freedom  for  its  success.  In  lectures  upon  special  cult- 
ures I  have  given  the  history  of  several  movements,  experimental 
and  educational,  which  have  been  of  immense  importance  to  this 
nation;  but  the  want  of  land  is  the  great  want  of  the  French 
farmer.  Small  farming  in  the  department  of  the  Nord  is  carried 
on  to  excess,  "even  to  misfortune,"  according  to  French  author- 
ities. In  spite  of  the  developments  of  manufactures,  the  popu- 
lation is  in  the  proportion  of  one  to  two  and  a  half  acres,  or 
greater  than  in  any  country  except  China.  France  produces 
almost  as  much  wheat  as  the  United  States,  upon  a  territory 
not  larger  than  Texas.  She  has,  through  her  work  of  acclima- 
tization, done  more  than  any  other  nation  to  improve  the  breeds 
of  animals,  changing  the  Spanish  merino  sheep  into  the  supe- 
rior French  variety.     She  has  also  made  great  advances  in  vet- 


44  AGRICULTURE  IN  MODERN  EUROPE. 

erinary  science.  She  has  made  herself  rich  and  great  by  the 
persistent  development,  side  by  side,  of  all  the-  branches  of 
agriculture  and  manufactures. 

The  rapidity  with  which  France  has  recovered  from  the  effects 
of  the  late  war,  is  due  to  the  prosperity  and  hoarded  wealth  of 
the  small  land-holders,  whose  savings  were  laid  upon  the  altar 
of  patriotism ;  a  good  augury,  we  feel,  for  the  ultimate  success 
of  the  republic. 

It  is  in  Holland,  that  country  "  redeemed  by  weeds  from  the 
dominion  of  the  sea,"  that  we  find  the  laborer  and  the  land  en- 
joying the  highest  prosperity.  There  is  no  waste  land  in  the 
Low  countries,  and  no  waste  of  human  power.  Recreation  with 
this  frugal  people  is  not  so  much  rest  as  a  change  of  occupation; 
and  while  neither  art  nor  any  higher  culture  is  neglected,  there 
is  no  subordination  of  the  useful  to  these  ends. 

Deep  tillage  is  the  characteristic  of  husbandry  in  the  Low 
countries,  and  the  most  perfect  adjustment  of  the  system  of 
rotation  to  the  special  conditions  of  the  soil.  "No  manure,  no 
coin;  no  coin,  no  commerce,"  has  been  on  the  lips  of  the  Flem- 
ing for  generations.  The  following  table  shows  the  diversity 
of  products  which  would  be  obtained  from  one  thousand  acres: 

Cereals  and  farm  crops 387.34 

Alimentary  roots . .. . 50.66 

Manufacturing  plants #  # .  25.22 

Legumes,  pears,  beans,  vetches,  etc 26.38 

Fodder  plants 59.83 

Prairie  land .... 139.19 

Fallow 3L08 

Gardens 19.17 

Wood 186.58 

Waste  (at  rest  or  periodically  cultivated) 124.55 

Total • , ....  1,000.00 

A  great  deal  of  machinery  is  used  by  the  large  farm  ers.  Tanks 
for  the  collection  of  night  soil  are  seen  along  the  roadsides; 
parings  of  turf  and  animal  droppings  are  carefully  gathered  and 
composted.  Liquid  manure  is  preferred  on  account  of  its  free- 
dom from  weeds.  An  hectare  is  frequently  treated  with  50-100 
hectolitres,  especially  for  tobacco.  We  cannot  wonder  at  ihe 
enormous  crops  which  are  obtained.  Dung  pits  are  made  for 
the  excrements  of  cattle.  Ammoniacal  fertilizers  are  so  per- 
fectly saved  that  the  stables  are  fresh  and  sweet  as  a  Flemish 


ROTATION  OF  CROPS  IN  HOLLAND.  45 

kitchen;  and  besides  all  these  natural  resources,  manure  is 
manufactured  in  great  quantities.  The  commonest  way  is  to 
add  sulphate  of  iron  to  animal  manures  at  the  rate  of  one  kilo 
of  the  sulphate  dissolved  in  twenty  pints  of  water,  to  the  manure 
of  twenty  head  of  cattle.  Cattle  abound.  The  introduction  of 
Durham  cattle  added  one  third  to  the  value  of  this  kind  of  stock; 
but  other  breeds  are  used. 

The  rotation  practiced  in  Flemish  husbandry  is  as  follows: 
First,  potatoes;  second,  rye,  with  carrots;  third,  flax;  fourth, 
rye;  fifth,  turnips;  sixth,  oats.  This  is  for  a  poor,  sundy  soil. 
For  the  best  soils:  first,  tobacco;  second,  colza;  third,  wheat, 
with  clover;  fourth,  clover;  fifth,  rye;  sixth,  oats;  seventh,  flax; 
eighth,  turnips.  We  have  here  the  great  principles  of  suc- 
cessful farming  admirably  illustrated — rotation,  fine  tillage,  high 
manuring.  Even  flax  growing,  which  is  considered  in  England 
an  exhausting  crop,  is  made  beneficial  to  the  soil  of  Flanders, 
and  gives  an  average  crop  of  thirty-three  or  thirty-four  hundred 
weight  to  the  acre.  Between  Ghent  and  Antwerp  a  cow  is  kept 
for  every  three  acres  of  land.  The  beet-root  is  of  immense 
value  to  Holland,  and  also  to  France  and  Germany,  in  support- 
ing their  cattle  and  in  giving  additional  value  to  the  manure. 

Throughout  Modern  Germany,  from  the  Baltic  Sea  to  the 
borders  of  Italy  and  Turkey,  the  resources  of  science  and  edu- 
cation are  fully  utilized  in  the  development  of  agriculture.  The 
beet  sugar  culture,  in  which  not  less  than  one  hundred  and  fifty 
colleges  are  giving  practical  instruction,  is  but  one  of  many 
examples  of  the  earnestness  of  government  in  this  direction. 
Austria  is  giving  great  attention  to  the  culture  of  maize,  and  the 
utilization  of  the  whole  plant,  leaves,  stalks,  and  grain. 

But  it  is  in  Russia,  the  great  rival  of  the  Pacific  Coast  in  the 
production  of  cereals,  that  we  find  the  most  remarkable  improve- 
ments. She  is  already  in  a  position,  through  the  unexampled 
development  of  her  agricultural  and  manufacturing  resources, 
to  be  the  dictator  of  all  Europe,  because  she  can  consume  more 
of  all  that  they  produce,  and  can  produce  more  of  all  that  they 
consume.  Her  trade  is  worth  nearly  or  quite  600,000,000  of 
rubles.  Great  Britain  and  the  other  European  countries  de- 
voured over  100,000,000  rubles  worth  of  her  wheat  in  1867;  and 
she  has  been  increasing  her  export  at  the  rate  of  20,000,000 
rubles  per  annum.  She  has  been  exporting  flax,  and  flax  seed, 
tallow,  raw  wool,  honey,  wax  and  hemp,  in  a  steady  stream  for 


46  AGEICULTURE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

years;  while  the  unspent  forces  of  a  new  and  rising  population 
are  applied  every  year,  to  the  land.  Her  marvelous  advances  in 
industrial  education  will  be  spoken  of  in  another  connection. 

The  study  of  the  details  of  experimental  farming  in  France, 
Germany,  Austria  and  now  in  Russia,  should  be  a  part  of  the 
training  of  every  American  farmer.  In  no  European  country 
can  the  time-honored  privileges  of  class  give  way  to  the  neces- 
sities and  claims  of  agricultural  labor  without  a  conflict;  while 
in  America,  free  lands,  liberty  of  conscience  and  free  education 
offer  to  it  a  prospect  as  boundless  as  it  is  inspiring.  As  every 
narrow  sentiment  of  nationality  is  here  becoming  lost  and 
merged  in  the  more  exalted  sense  of  humanity,  so  the  distinc- 
tions of  class  and  the  jealousies  between  capital  and  labor  will 
lose  themselves  in  an  equality  of  education,  and  the  application 
of  science  to  the  laws  of  individual,  social,  and  national  life. 


CHAPTEE  Y. 

AGRICULTUKE  IN  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

"The  provision  in  the  Mosaic  code,  (Leviticus,  xxvi,  35,)  that  the  Israelites  should  abstain 
from  agriculture  e\ery  seventh  year,  was  probably  intended  to  prevent  the  soil  from  being  ex- 
hausted by  excessive  cultivation." 

Amebic  an  Independence  due  to  the  Farmees — The  South  Atlantic  States — 
Want  of  System — Cotton  and  Tobacco — Gov.  Hammond  on  South  Caeolina 
Agbicultuee — Geoegia  Silk  Culture — Gov.  Colliee  on  the  Wants  of  Ala- 
bama— The  Old  Dominion  and  the  Old  Commonwealth  Contrasted — Emi» 

GBATION — FlEST  AgEICULTUEAL  SOCIETIES  AND  JOUENALS  WEBE   ESTABLISHED  IN 

the   South — Diveesieted  Industey  would  have  Secured  Emancipation — 
Louisiana — Texas. 

The  history  of  agriculture  in  the  United  States  covers  a 
brief  period  as  compared  with  that  of  other  nations,  yet  per- 
haps on  no  other  part  of  the  earth's  surface  has  the  lesson 
of  man's  true  relation  to  the  land  been  more  impressively  writ- 
ten. Our  historians  have  scarcely  deigned  to  notice  any  of  the 
important  facts  concerning  it;  among  the  storied  names  of  em- 
inent men,  we  find  soldiers,  sailors,  authors  and  inventors,  while 
those  of  the  benefactors  of  agriculture  have  no  place.  Yet  it 
was  to  this  class  that  America  owes  her  independence.  Tories 
swarmed  in  the  cities;  and  it  was  commonly  stated  in  England 
that  the  Revolution  was  one  of  "yeoman,  who  left  their  plows 


THREE  EMINENT  FARMERS .  47 

in  their  furrows,  to  aid  the  farmer  of  Mount  Vernon,"  in  unyok- 
ing their  land  from  tyranny.  Three  illustrious  farmers,  George 
Washington,  John  Adams,  and  Thomas  Jefferson,  did  not  obey 
the  injunction  to  "let  politics  alone,"  and  are  therefore  less 
known  than  they  deserve  to  be  as  Patrons  of  Husbandry. 
They  were  not  only  practical  but  scientific  cultivators.  Jefferson 
devoted  much  time  to  improvements  in  plows,  and  Washington 
kept  himself  fully  informed  by  maps  and  weekly  reports  of  the 
exact  condition  of  his  crops,  when  absent  on  his  campaigns. 
But  the  rank  and  file  do  not  seem  to  have  profited  by  these 
illustrious  examples.  We  have  at  least  a  hint  of  the  reason  in 
a  letter  from  Sir  William  Berkeley,  Governor  of  Virginia,  in 
1641,  to  the  home  government.  "But  I  thank  God,"  he  says, 
"there  are  no  free  schools  or  printing,  for  learning  has  brought 
disobedience  and  heresy  and  sects  into  the  world,  and  printing 
has  divulged  them,  and  libels  against  the  best  government.  God 
keep  us  from  both." 

At  first,  the  virgin  soil  amply  repaid  the  labors  of  the  hus- 
bandman. The  lighter  and  poorer  lands  first  brought  under 
tillage  were  soonest  exhausted  of  their  fertility;  there  was  little 
attempt  at  systematic  rotation  in  the  Northern,  and  still  less  in 
the  Southern  States,  where  cotton  and  tobacco  formed  the  sur- 
plus crops,  and  found  the  readiest  market  abroad.  These 
staples  were  cultivated  without  manure,  and  the  result  proved 
how  fatal  to  the  prosperity  of  a  country  the  exclusive  produc- 
tion and  monopoly  of  any  great  staple  may  become,  even  where 
there  is  a  regular,  extensive  and  profitable  demand  for  it. 

Notwithstanding  the  encouragement  given  to  silk  and  other 
cultures,  by  the  British  government,  cotton  and  tobacco  re- 
ceived more  and  more  attention ;  as,  the  land  gave  out,  popula- 
tion pushed  backward,  the  cost  of  transportation  to  the  sea- 
board in  a  country  whose  resources  are  undeveloped,  being 
usually  considered  less  than  the  cost  ■  of  reclaiming  lower  and 
richer  lands. 

Thus  emigration  peopled  Tennessee,  Kentucky,  and  the  Gulf 
States,  where  the  exceeding  fertility  of  the  river  bottoms  offers 
some  exceptional  features  to  the  inevitable  results  of  exclusive 
cropping.  The  bottoms  of  the  Mississippi,  Yazoo,  Bed,  Ar- 
kansas, and  Big  Black  Kivers,  are  unrivalled  for  the  production 
of  cotton  and  sugar-cane,  but  the  carefully  kept  statistics  of  the 
years  of  French  domination,  now  in  possession  of  that 


48  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

ment,  show  that  those  surpassingly  fertile  regions  ara  by  no 
means  inexhaustible.  Texas,  an  empire  in  the  extent  of  her 
territory  and  her  boundless  prospective  wealth,  will  do  well  to 
heed  the  warning  voices  of  her  elder  sisters. 

Among  the  original  thirteen  States,  South  Carolina  took  the 
lead  in  the  initiation  of  new  cultures.  Her  most  eminent  fam- 
ily possessed  in  Eliza  Lucas  Pinckney,  a  gentlewoman,  fitter 
than  almost  any  other  to  have  reigned  over  the  Republican 
Court,  or  to  be  the  Ceres  of  a  national  grange,  a  matron  pro- 
foundly interested  in  the  development  of  the  State.  She  intro- 
duced the  culture  of  rice  and  indigo  into  Carolina.  She  made 
silk  culture  the  fashion,  and  carried  to  England  sufficient  spun 
silk,  grown  and  manufactured  by  herself,  to  make  three  dresses, 
"remarkable  for  beauty,  fineness  and  strength."  One  of  these 
gowns  was  presented  to  the  Princess  Dowager,  another  to  Lord 
Chesterfield,  and  the  third  was  handed  down  in  the  Pinckney 
family  for  many  generations. 

In  an  address  before  the  South  Carolina  Institute,  in  1849, 
Gov.  Hammond  said:  "  But  a  small  portion  of  the  land  of  this 
State  will  now  produce  two  thousand  pounds  of  ginned  cotton 
to  the  hand.  It  is  thought  our  average  production  cannot  ex- 
ceed twelve  hundred  pounds,  and  a  great  many  planters  do  not 
grow  over  a  thousand,  that  is  about  two  per  cent,  in  cash  on  the 
capital  invested,  after  paying  current  plantation  expenses. 
Our  State  must  soon  become  utterly  impoverished,  and  in  con- 
sequence wholly  degraded.  Depopulation  to  the  utmost  pos- 
sible extent  must  take  place  rapidly.  This  process  has  been 
going  on  year  by  year,  at  first  hardly  noticed,  but  illustrated  so 
constantly  now  as  to  be  within  the  knowledge  of  every  one  of 
us.  The  most  fatal  loss  which  exemplifies  the  decline  of  our 
agriculture  and  the  decay  of  our  slave  system,  has  been  owing 
to  emigration.  No  war,  famine  or  pestilence  has  checked  the 
natural  increase  of  population,  but  our  census  shows  that  it  is 
diminishing  at  the  rate  of  eight  thousand  per  annum,  our  slaves 
being  carried  off  by  their  owners  from  a  soil  that  has  yielded 
twelve  hundred  pounds  to  one  that  will  produce  eighteen  hun- 
dred. "While  the  fertile  regions  of  the  south-west  are  open  to 
cotton  planters,  it  is  in  vain  to  expect  any  improvement.  If  a 
people  would  flourish,  their  industrial  system  must  embrace  not 
only  agriculture  but  manufactures  and  commerce,  and  cherish 
each  in  due  proportion." 


PATRIOTIC   SOUTHERN  GOVERNORS.  49 

During  the  same  year  Gov.  Collier,  of  Alabama,  in  his  address 
before  the  Legislature,  said :  * '  We  are  exhausting  onr  lands 
without  an  effort  to  reclaim  them.  Alabama  grows  cotton  in 
abundance,  at  a  profit  below  the  statute  rate  of  interest,  while 
she  yields  to  the  manufacturer  in  Europe  or  New  England,  ex- 
clusive of  the  cost  of  transporting  the  raw  material,  a  profit  ex- 
ceeding her  own  of  at  least  two  hundred  per  cent.  The  North- 
ern States  are  growing  richer,  while  Alabama,  with  her  delightful 
climate  and  her  varied  resources,  is  growing  poorer;  because, 
instead  of  bringing  the  loom  to  the  cotton,  we  are  sending  our 
cotton  to  the  loom.  It  is  a  mistake  to  suppose  that  the  white 
man  is  disinclined  to  labor  at  the  South,  on  account  of  the  cli- 
mate, or  among  a  different  and  subordinate  class  of  laborers; 
the  trouble  is  that  labor  is  not  remunerative  or  sufficiently 
diversified." 

An  address  to  the  planters  of  Georgia,  b j  one~of  her  patriots, 
sets  forth  the  same  facts  in  even  stronger  terms :  "If  we  intend 
to  recover  our  former  prosperity,  and  preserve  even  the  present 
value  of  our  lands,  we  must  not  only  understand  our  present 
condition,  but  what  it  is  likely  to  be  in  the  future.  The  lands 
of  the  Southern  States,  taken  as  a  whole,  including  that  portion 
of  the  Mississippi  valley,  properly  southern,  when  first  settled 
were  more  valuable,  considering  climate,  soil,  their  extent,  and 
that  of  their  sea-coast,  than  those  of  any  other  country.  To 
speak  within  bounds,  they  would  produce,  (with  bad  tillage,) 
thirty  bushels  of  Indian  corn,  and  eight  or  ten  hundred  pounds 
of  seed  cotton  to  the  acre;  less  than  half  a  century  has  reduced 
their  productiveness,  in  the  older  states,  to  twelve  bushels  of 
corn,  and  three  or  four  hundred  pounds  of  cotton.  Continue  the 
same  destructive  system,  judge  of  the  future  by  the  effects  of 
the  past,  and  our  progress  to  ruin  will  be  accelerated,  until  we 
are  compelled  to  abandon  the  country.  But  it  may  be  said, 
and  is  said  by  the  planter,  '  I  will  continue  to  make  cotton,  I 
will  move  to  Arkansas  or  Texas.'  Shall  we  delude  ourselves  by 
resorting  to  this  merely  temporary  expedient  ?  For  in  truth  it  is 
no  remedy;  it  increases  for  a  time  the  productiveness  of  cotton, 
and  by  so  much  the  quantity  of  worn-out  lands.  Its  temporary 
benefits  to  the  emigrant  are  at  the  expense  of  the  Old  State. 
The  time  is  coming  with-  alarming  rapidity  when  we  can  neither 
raise  corn  nor  cotton." 

Upon  the  settlement  of  Georgia  the  culture  of  silk  was  con- 
4 


50  AGRICULTURE  IX   THE  UNITED   STATES. 

templated  as  a  principal  object  of  attention.  Lands  were 
granted  on  condition  that  one  hundred  mulberry  trees  should 
be  planted  for  every  ten  acres  cleared.  Had  this  industry  been 
persistently  fostered,  Georgia  might  have  become  to  America 
what  Lyons  is  to  France,  for  the  quality  of  the  product  was  un- 
rivaled. A  package  of  raw  silk  weighing  two  hundred  pounds, 
exported  in  1790,  brought  the  highest  price  in  the  foreign  mar- 
ket. It  is  interesting  to  contrast  the  policy  of  the  Old  Domin- 
ion with  that  of  the  Old  Commonwealth.  Massachusetts,  keep- 
ing the  factory  and  the  farm  in  close  contact,  though  sorely 
crippled  at  times  by  a  policy  thrust  upon  her  by  the  South,  has, 
during  all  that  period,  "against  even  the  laws  of  nature,"  drawn 
the  cotton  of  other  States  to  her  looms,  the  iron  of  other  States 
to  her  anvils,  the  wool  of  other  States  to  her  factories,  their 
leather  to  her  lapstones,  until  the  value- of  her  soil,  per  foot, 
has  exceeded  the  value  of  the  same  per  acre  in  States  which 
set  out  with  her  in  the  race. 

It  was  humiliating  to  the  statesmen  of  Virginia,  remembering 
that  she  was  among  the  first  to  call  attention  to  agricultural 
improvements  in  the  structure  of  implements,  in  the  qualities 
of  domestic  animals,  and  to  the  importance  of  diffusing  agri- 
cultural information,  to  feel  herself  thus  distanced.  Her  east- 
ern shore  seemed  to  invite  a  direct  emigration  from  Europe, 
and  was  cut  with  natural  canals  offering  the  cheapest  trans- 
portation; yet,  ten  or  twelve  years  before  the  civil  war,  her  most 
enlightened  and  patriotic  citizens  were  endeavoring,  through  her 
agricultural  societies,  to  do  something  for  "the  depressed  and 
wretched  condition  of  the  farming  interests  throughout  the 
State."  In  most  of  the  counties  of  the  tide-water  region  there 
was  a  great  extent  of  waste  land,  impoverished  by  the  injudi- 
cious culture  of  corn  and  tobacco.  In  the  year  1845,  a  hundred 
and  twenty  families  from  the  Northern  States  settled  in  Fairfax 
county,  and  purchased  24,000  acres  of  land,  at  a  cost  of  about 
$180,000.  These  settlers,  by  their  industry  and  skill,  not  only 
fertilized  and  beautified  their  own  estates,  but  imparted  to  their 
neighbors  a  part  of  their  own  indomitable  energy.  In  a  very 
few  years  the  advance  in  the  price  of  land  averaged  fifty  per 
cent.  Col.  John  Taylor,  of  Caroline,  said  "he  was  satisfied 
that  wheat  would  not  pay  (grown  by  slave  labor),  when  the 
product  fell  below  ten  bushels  to  the  acre."  The  average  pro- 
duct was  then  eight  bushels !    It  is  seven  at  the  present  time ! 


FIRST  AGRICULTURAL  ASSOCIATIONS.  61 

As  early  as  1816,  Mr.  Jefferson  bad  said:  ""We  must  now- place 
the  manufacturer  alongside  of  the  agriculturist." 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  we  would  undervalue  the-capac- 
ity  or  the  patriotism  of  the  Southern  land-holders.  In  no 
part  of  our  country  has  there  appeared  a  more  genuine  attach- 
ment to  the  land,  or  a  more  earnest  desire  for  improvement. 
The  first  agricultural  associations  were  formed  in  the  South ; 
that  of  South  Carolina  was  started  in  1784,  and  is  still  in  ex- 
istence. The  Philadelphia  society,  in  1785;  that  of  New  York 
City,  in  1791;  the  "Massachusetts  society  for  promoting  agri- 
culture," in  1792.  The  first  Agricultural  Exhibition  was  held 
in  Pittsfield,  Mass.,  May  10,  1810. 

The  South  also  took  the  lead  in  the  importation  of  valuable 
stock.  Maryland  was  the  first  to  establish  agricultural  journals, 
and  to  ask  the  aid  of  government  in  behalf  of  agricultural  edu- 
cation. In  fact,  Maryland  ranks  next  to  Massachusetts  in  the 
traits  which  are  required  by  a  progressive  agriculture.  The 
zeal  and  earnestness  with  which  her  noble  sons — her  Calverts, 
Caprons  and  others,  addressed  themselves  to  this  work,  is  be- 
yond all  praise.  In  1824,  John  S.  Skinner,  who  had  in  1819 
commenced  the  publication  of  the  American  Farmer,  dis- 
tributed in  Maryland  a  new  and  till  then  unknown  fertilizer,  in 
the  shape  of  two  bushels  of  guano,  received  directly  from  the 
Pacific,  and  accompanied  it  with  translations  from  Humboldt 
and  Ulloa  concerning  its  nature  and  uses. 

Nor  was  the  sunny-land  wanting  in  model  plantations,  homes 
and  farms,  adorned  with  everything  which  art  and  luxury  can 
add  to  the  charms  of  rural  life.  Her  temptation  and  her  trial 
lay  in  a  direction  better  understood  now  than  it  was  before  the 
war,  in  the  distance  of  her  market,  and  the  cost  of  transporta- 
tion. Increase  in  the  value  of  land,  increase  in  population, 
diversity  of  employments,  tend  toward  freedom  as  certainly 
as  matter  obeys  the  law  of  gravitation.  In  a  Southern  journal 
of  1850,  we  read:  "If  a  demand  for  labor  existed  in  the  slave 
States,  consequent  upon  making  a  market  on  the  land  for  its 
products,  the  necessity  for  emigration  would  pass  away,  and 
immigration  would  begin.  The  people  of  the  South  would  not 
then  desire  to  go  to  California,  nor  would  those  of  the  North 
deem  it  necessary  to  pass  laws  to  prevent  them  from  so  doing. 
All  the  discord  between  the  different  portions  of  the  Union  re- 
sults from  a  system  which  tends  continually  to  depreciate  the 


52  AGRICULTURE  IX  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

value  of  the  laborer  and  the  land.  For,  with  increase  in  value, 
division  of  the  land  naturally  follows.  Great  plantations  would 
become  small  ones,  each  of  which  would  yield  more  than  is  now 
yielded  by  the  whole.  Small  farms  would  come,  cultivated  by 
negro  tenants,  wrho  step  by  step  are  becoming  free,  while  their 
masters  are  becoming  rich." 

But  this  peaceful  solution  was  not  to  be.  To  the  blighting 
effects  of  a  mistaken  policy,  was  added  the  scourge  and  desola- 
tion of  war!  All  honor  to  the  noble  spirits,  north  and  south, 
who  labored  with  their  might  to  hold  a  united  country  to  the 
pursuits  of  peace;  and,  failing  in  this,  waited  for  the  cloud  to 
pass,  ready  to  rebuild  the  waste  places,  and  lay  the  foundations 
of  an  everlasting  commonwealth.  In  this  glorious  work  the 
Grange  is  to-day  the  most  efficient  helper.  The  South  is  of 
vast  extent  and  resources.  Hard  as  it  is  to  restore  land  with- 
out animals,  and  hard  as  it  is  to  obtain  forage  upon  land  that  is 
thin  and  poor,  ' '  there  is  life  in  the  old  land  yet;"  its  hills  are 
seamed  with  iron  and  coal;  it  has  gold  and  lead,  limestone  and 
salt.  Above  all  it  has  children,  than  whom  none  are  more  no- 
ble; with  great  memories  of  a  brilliant  past,  and  everything  to 
hope  for  in  the  future. 

Louisiana,  whose  sugar  industry  was  her  strength,  who  has 
suffered  so  much  from  the  war,  is  still  enduring  an  almost  total 
eclipse  of  productive  energy.  The  want  of  capital,  and  the 
want  of  confidence,  are  serious  obstacles,  to  which  the  want  of 
labor  may  be  added.  Her  late  slave  population  forsook  the 
country  for  the  towns  and  cities;  the  planters  were  forced  to 
employ  imported  Chinese  laborers  in  their  place.  Add  to  this 
the  wasteful  system  of  manufacture  of  the  cane  sugar — which 
M.  Boucherau  believes  to  result  in  the  actual  burning  up  of  a 
hundred  millions  of  sugar  annually, — and  we  can  realize  the 
relations  of  social  order  to  progress,  in  any  direction.  The 
acreage  of  sugar  production  is  nowr  small — not  more  than  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres;  Louisiana  might  supply  the 
whole  United  States.  Her  condition  is  one  which  every  State 
in  the  Union  is  interested  in  improving,  especially  those  to 
whom  she  offers  facilities  for  building  up  a  vast  interior  com- 
merce. 

Texas,  the  largest  State  in  area,  is  yet  small  enough  in  pop- 
ulation to  offer  a  camping-ground  for  half  the  discontented  na- 
tions of  Europe.     Lands  as  good  as  the  sun  shines  upon   may 


THE  SEVEN  WONDERS  OF  NEW  ENGLAND.  bo 

be  had  for  twenty  to  forty  cents  an  acre.  She  raises  the  finest 
corn  and  cotton;  her  flocks  abound;  she  needs  only  wisdom  in 
her  councils,  to  make  herself  the  seat  of  a  great  southern  civili- 
zation. 


CHAPTER  VI. 

AGRICULTURE   IN  THE   EASTERN  AND   MIDDLE   STATES. 

"  The  country's  flinty  face 

Like  wax  their  fashioning  skill  betrays, 

To  fill  the  hollows,  sink  the  bills, 

Bridge  gulfs,  drain  swamps,  build  dams  and  mills. 

And  fit  the  bleak  and  howling  place 

Tor  gardens  of  a  finer  race  "— K.  W.  Emerson. 

V.ilue  or  Statistical  Keports — Highest  Avebage  Yield  of  Wheat  in  Massa- 
chusetts— A  Southern  View  or  New  England — Value  of  Hay  Crop — Ver- 
mont and  the  Wool  Interest — What  the  New  England  States  Raise  and 
what  they  Eat — The  Empire  State — Genesee  Wheat — The  Weevil — Fish 
and  Fur  Culture — Profits  of  Cheese  and  Butter  Factories — Mr.  Arnold 
on  the  Future  of  Dairying — Pennsylyanli  and  her  Colonies — New  Jersey 
a  Market  Garden— Cranberry  Culture — Peach  Culture  in  Delaware  and 
Maryland. 

Comparisons  are  odious;  "but  it  is  only  by  their  constant  use 
that  we  are  able  to  form  correct  estimates  either  of  our  standing 
or  of  our  progress.  The  reader  will  find  appended  at  the  close 
of  Part  First  several  tables  made  up  from  the  reports  of  the 
Agricultural  Department  at  "Washington,  which  will  enable  him 
to  estimate  the  great  value  of  such  information.  He  will  observe 
that  the  average  yield  of  wheat  per  acre  is  larger  in  Massachu- 
setts than  in  any  State  except  Oregon;  while  that  of  tobacco  is 
greater  by  two  thirds  than  in  any  of  the  so-called  tobacco  States. 
However  small  the  acreage  may  be,  the  increase  in  the  average 
productiveness,  year  by  year,  is  a  test  of  successful  agriculture. 
With  the  poorest  soil  and  most  trying  climate,  New  England  has 
contrived  her  remarkable  success,  "  spinning  her  improvements 
out  of  her  own  bowels,  as  a  spider  spins  its  web."  She  has  done 
this  mainly  by  the  application  of  brains  to  her  affairs.  The  re- 
sults tersely  described  in  a  Southern  journal  of  the  year  1848, 
are  far  more  marked  at  the  present  time. 

"The  seven  wonders  of  New  England,"  in  the  eyes  of  a 
Southern  traveler : 

1.     Every  man  is  living  in  a  bran,  span  new  house,  or  one 


54  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  EASTERN  AND  MIDDLE  STATES. 

that  looks  as  if  it  had  beeu  painted  as  white  as  snow  within  the 
past  week. 

2.  All  the  houses  are  of  wood,  while  all  the  fences  are  of 
stone,  which  in  some  places  lie  so  thick  as  to  require  to  be  re- 
moved at  the  rate  of  a  ton  from  six  feet  square. 

3.  Wood  for  house  and  kitchen  all  sawed  and  split  up  into 
one  uniform  length  and  size,  and  snugly  piled  away  under  cover 
of  an  open  shed,  so  that  the  work  of  house  and  kitchen  may 
suffer  the  least  possible  interruption;  in  a  word,  a  place  for 
everything  and  everything  in  its  place. 

4.  The  'care  obviously  bestowed  in  the  saving  and  prepara- 
tion of  manure  by  accumulation  and  composting. 

5.  Universal  attention  to  a  bountiful  supply  of  vegetables 
and  fruit  adapted  to  the  climate. 

6.  Not  a  poor  or  superfluous  ox,  cow,  horse,  hog,  or  sheep; 
the  proportion  of  the  short-lived,  expensive  horse,  being,  on  the 
farm,  wisely  and  economically  small. 

7.  The  seventh  wonder  is,  after  a  day's  ride  in  stages  at  seven 
and  a  half  miles  an  hour,  or  on  railroads  at  thirty,  where  are 
these  people's  staple  crops?  What  do  they  make  for  sale?  Where 
are  their  stack-yards  of  wheat,  straw  and  fodder  ?  Where  their 
tobacco-houses  and  gin-houses;  their  great  herds  of  cattle  and 
swine,  rooting  in  the  swamps,  browsing  in  the  fields,  or  repos- 
ing in  the  shade  ?  How  do  they  contrive  to  keep  out  of  debt, 
and  never  repudiate?  How  do  they  go  on  improving  their 
rocky  farms,  carrying  stun  from  their  hills  to  under-drain  their 
meadows,  building  school-houses  within  sight  of  each  other, 
and  expending  millions  on  education,  while,  buying  for  them- 
selves, one  a  little  bank  stock,  another  a  little  railroad  stock,  or 
that  of  a  neighboring  factory,  where  he  sells  his  milk,  apples, 
poultry  and  potatoes;  once  in  awhile  adding  to  his  farm  by  pay- 
ing one  hundred  dollars  an  acre  for  some  smaller  parcel  in  the 
neighborhood.  The  key  to  the  riddle  is,  diversity  of  industries 
in  general,  and  of  agriculture  in  particular." 

The  same  writer  speaks  of  the  eighth  wonder,  viz.,  that  one 
county  in  Massachusetts,  to  which  was  apportioned  two  thou- 
sand dollars  of  the  surplus  money  distributed  by  the  general 
government,  "to  be  loaned  on  good  security  to  the  farmers*  of 
said  county,"  could  not  find  a  farmer  who  wanted  to  borrow 
money.  This,  it  must  be  confessed,  was  more  than  thirty  years 
ago,  before  the  era  of  bonds  and  subsidies. 


DESTKUCTTON  OF  PASTUKAGE.  55 

This  flattering  picture  shows  what  energy  and  economy  of 
time  and  labor  may  accomplish  with  indifferent  materials.  The 
records  of  the  State  Agricultural  Society,  and  Legislature  of 
Massachusetts  prove  with  what  zeal  she  has  set  herself  to  cor- 
rect her  own  mistakes.  A  committee  on  "  exhausted  pastures" 
issues  a  circular  inquiring  of  the  owners  of  pasture  lands  if  they 
are  exhausted  in  any  degree;  what  amount  of  stock  they  will 
carry;  what  amount  they  carried  ten,  twenty,  and  even  forty 
years  ago;  what  have  been  the  results  of  sheep  pasturage,  and 
other  questions,  the  replies  to  which,  published  and  widely  cir- 
culated, make  every  reading  farmer  understand  how  much  of 
his  land  is  taken  away  in  milk;  why  his  cows  gnaw  at  old  bones, 
and  what  must  be  done  to  keep  them  from  gnawing.  A  recent 
lecture  by  Prof.  Stockbridge,  of  the  Agricultural  College,  before 
the  State  Board  of  Agriculture,  illustrates  the  usefulness  of  such 
investigations  so  well  that  no  apology  is  needed  for  quoting  it 
here: 

I  find  we  have  said  to  each  other,  and  to  the  world,  that  the  hay 
crop  is  the  most  valuable  of  any  single  crop  cultivated;  that  the  hay 
and  grass  crop  combined  is  worth  in  the  aggregate,  in  the  United 
States,  somewhere  between  five  and  six  hundred  millions  of  dollars. 
This  is  its  money  value;  and,  more  than  all  that,  we  have  said  to 
the  farmers  of  the  country,  that  its  value  in  dollars  and  cents  is  as 
nothing  compared  with  its  indirect  value,  in  the  influence  it  has  in 
preserving  the  fertility  of  our  farms,  as  being  the  great  source  of 
manurial  supply.  We  have  said  that  no  farm  can  be  kept  in  a  high 
state  of  fertility,  or  do  otherwise  than  depreciate,  if  in  its  ordinary 
management,  we  sell  the  hay  produced  upon  it;  and  no  man's  farm 
is  supporting  itself  or  him,  where  the  grass  crop  is  depreciating. 
So  great  is  the  value  of  the  grass  crop  of  the  country,  that  we  can 
afford  to  take  our  best  soils  up,  and  to  bring  our  poorer  soils  to  the 
highest  degree  of  fertility  for  the  production  of  feed.  Now  in  regard 
to  our  pasture  lands.  The  Board  of  Agriculture  have  agreed  unan- 
imously to  this :  that  there  has  been  a  great  deterioration  in  the  pro- 
ducing power  of  our  pastures  for  the  last  fifty  or  one  hundred  years; 
that  the  time  was  when  our  hill-sides  yielded  an  abundance  of  sweet, 
nutritious  grasses,  which  made  milk,  butter,  cheese  and  beef  of 
splendid  quality.  Our  pastures  do  this  no  longer,  and  the  brambles 
and  briars  growing  in  the  place  of  those  sweet,  natural  grasses,  do 
not  do  it.  The  cause  of  the  deterioration  is  apparent;  it  is  because 
we  have  been  building  up  animal  structures  or  manufacturing  cattle 
products  which  have  been  taken  away  from  the  fields  which  pro- 
duced them,  never  to  return;  that  when  all  the  products  have  not 
been  transported  to  the  market,  we  have  taken  the  milk  for  the 
manufacture  of  butter  and  cheese;  and  the  manurial  qualities  that 
were  contained  in  the  milk  left  at  home,  have  been  given  to  other 
fields,  instead  of  being  carried  back  to  the  pastures  which  produced 


56  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  EASTERN  AND  MIDDLE  STATES. 

them;  and  that  we  have  thus  been  sending  away  hundreds  of  tons 
annually  from  those  New  England  pastures  in  the  form  of  phos- 
phates and  sulphates  in  the  bones  of  animals,  and  nitrogen  in  their 
muscles  and  tissues. 

Again,  we  have  said  to  the  world,  that  from  one  third  to  one 
fourth  of  all  these  pasture  lands  should  never  have  been  deprived  of 
their  original  forest  covering.  We  cannot  keep  the  soil  in  place  in 
pasture  or  in  cultivation.  Our  mountains  and  hill-sides  should  not 
only  be  allowed  to  go  back  again  to  forests;  this  should  be  assisted 
by  systematic  effort.  The  effect  of  this  would  be  to  shelter  our  cul- 
tivated lands,  to  make  our  climate  mo?e  equable,  and  to  give  us  a 
more  equal  distribution  of  rain,  instead  of  having  alternate  seasons 
of  drought  and  floods. 

Of  the  Agricultural  College  of  Massachusetts,  and  her  large 
contributions  to  agricultural  knowledge,  mention  will  be  made 
in  another  connection.  She  leads  all  the  States  in  respect  to 
an  enlightened,  agricultural  economy,  and  is  the  pattern  fol- 
lowed by  the  rest  of  New  England. 

Vermont,  making  her  maple  woods  more  than  supply  her 
own  sugar,  has  always  been  sufficient  for  herself.  She  has 
played  an  important  part  in  developing  the  wool  interest  of  the 
whole  country.  The  Spanish  and  French  merino  sheep,  intro- 
duced by  Consul  Jarvis,  of  Weathersfield,  have  been  improved 
by  late  importations,  until  the  "Vermont  flocks  have  become 
standards  of  excellence.  Her  Morgan,  Black  Hawk  and  Ham- 
bletonian  horses  have  enjoyed  an  equally  high  reputation. 

Of  the  six  States  east  of  the  Hudson,  Vermont  comes  nearest 
to  raising  its  own  bread,  producing  454,000  bushels  of  wheat  in 
1869,  or  a  bushel  and  a  peck  to  each  inhabitant;  taking  the 
army  ration  of  twenty-two  ounces  of  flour  per  day  as  a  basis 
for  computing  the  consumption  of  bread,  it  follows  that  Ver- 
mont raises  bread  enough  to  supply  the  people  of  the  State 
thirty-seven  days,  and  that  to  make  up  the  deficiency,  they  are 
obliged  to  purchase  3,836,000  bushels  per  annum. 

Maine  makes  the  next  best  showing  in  the  cultivation  of 
wheat,  producing  in  1869,  278,000  bushels,  sufficient  to  last 
eleven  days,  and  purchasing  8,500,000  bushels.  New  Hamp- 
shire, with  a  decreasing  population,  was  a  trifle  behind  Maine, 
producing  193,000  bushels,  a  little  more  than  half  a  bushel  to 
each  inhabitant— and  purchasing  4,360,000  bushels,  or  ten  day's 
supply. 

Connecticut  makes  a  much  poorer  -show  than  New  Hamp- 
shire, producing  38,000  bushels,  enough  to  supply  the  people 


GEXESEE  WHEAT.  57 

with  bread  for  ten  days,  and  purchasing  7,518,000  bushels. 
Massachusetts,  though  having  a  larger  area  than  Connecticut, 
raised  only  34,000  bushels,  which,  ground  to  powder,  was  suf- 
ficient to  give  the  inhabitants  of  the  State  bread  enough  for 
breakfast  and  dinner,  but  not  enough  for  supper. 

The  people  of  this  commonwealth  purchase  20,300,000  bush- 
els of  wheat.  Khode  Island  raised  733  bushels  of  wheat  in 
1869,  and  purchased  about  3,000,000  per  annum.  The  six  New 
England  States  together  purchase  in  round  numbers,  from  40,- 
000,000  to  50,000,000  bushels  of  wheat,  and  quite  as  much  of 
the  other  grains,  or  in  round  numbers  100,000,000  bushels  of 
grain. 

The  early  farming  of  the  Hudson  and  Mohawk  valleys  owed 
much  to  the  Dutch  element  which  preponderated  in  the  popu- 
lation. Neat  stone  walls,  clean  fields,  well  built  houses  for 
families,  and  substantial  barns  for  stock,  were  common  before 
the  Revolution.  Wheat  and  all  the  cereal  crops  gave  abundant 
returns;  orchards  throve,  arid  flocks  and  herds  multiplied,  while 
the  climate  permitted  the  culture  of  more  delicate  fruits  than 
that  of  New  England.  As  cultivation  progressed  in  a  westerly 
direction,  the  growth  of  wheat  became  more  and  more  profit- 
able; this  again  received  an  immense  stimulus  from  the  opening 
of  cheap  water  communication  between  the  great  lakes  and  the 
Atlantic.  Genesee  wheat  and  the  flour  of  the  Rochester  mills, 
became  a  synonym  for  perfection  of  breadstuffs.  The  great 
Genesee  valley,  and  countless  less  noted  spots  along  the  head 
waters  of  the  Delaware  and  Susquehanna,  poured  a  flood  of 
plenty  toward  the  sea-board. 

Manufactures  flourished,  as  also  inland  commerce;  while  the 
system  of  internal  improvements  consumed  the  labors  of  a 
vast  army  of  foreign  emigrants.  The  forests  disappeared  be- 
fore the  greedy  locomotives,  or  were  wasted  by  accidental  fires. 
The  averages  of  cereal  crops  perceptibly  diminished.  The 
weevil  appeared,  at  first  in  isolated  and  limited  districts,  but 
ere  long  it  became  impossible  to  grow  wheat  with  profit  be- 
tween Lake  Ontario  and  the  southern  line.  The  southern 
counties  resorted  to  dairying  and  stock  farming;  those  nearest 
the  metropolis,  to  market  gardening  to  a  considerable  extent; 
until  gradually  all  the  benefits  of  a  diversified  industry  were  fully 
manifested.  Cattle  breeding  has  received  a  large  share  of  at- 
tention.     The   memorable    cattle    sale    at    which  the   eighth 


58     AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  EASTERN  AND  MIDDLE  STATES. 

"  Duchess  of  Geneva"  brought  the  sum  of  $30,000,  shows  the 
high  estimate  placed  upon  Short-horns. 

The  present  condition  of  agriculture  in  the  Empire  State  is 
most  flattering.  Her  scientists  have  diffused  so  much  informa- 
tion respecting  the  laws  of  forestry,  that  the  State  is  moving 
with  unanimity  to  preserve  a  large  part  of  the  Adirondack 
mountain  region,  the  forest  feeder  of  her  noble  rivers,  from 
further  devastation.  The  preservation  of  natural  pasturage  will 
follow. 

Among  other  recent  industries,  fish  culture  and  fur  culture 
deserve  attention;  the  one  for  its  novelty,  the  other  for  its  im- 
mense importance.  Trout  raising  has  been  made  as  certain 
and  profitable  as  that  of  chickens  and  turkeys.  The  fur  bearing 
animals  have  retired  before  civilization  to  such  an  extent  that 
their  extermination  has  been  looked  upon  as  probable.  In 
1867,  Mr.  Eassigue,  of  Oneida  County,  New  York,  commenced 
the  rearing  of  minks,  which  can  be  done  anywhere,  all  that  is 
needed  being  a  constantly  flowing  spring,  and  a  small  plot  of 
ground.  They  breed  rapidly,  are  subject  to  no  diseases,  and 
are  worth  from  five  to  eight  dollars  a  head,  when  grown. 

The  development  of  the  dairying  interest  in  the  United 
States  would  require  a  volume  for  its  full  explanation.  Mr. 
X.  A.  "Willard,  to  whom  it  owes  so  much,  stated,  little  more 
than  a  year  ago,  that  American  dairying  represents  a  capital  of 
more  than  $1,000,000,000. 

The  cheese  product  in  1872  sold  for  $30,000,000,  and  the 
butter  product  for  $200,000,000. 

Nine  years  ago,  the  first  cheese  factory  was  established  in 
Oswego  county;  now,  there  are  fifty.  In  one  town  are  five 
factories,  which  work  the  milk  of  2,200  cows.  One  of  them 
made  over  200,000  pounds  of  cheese.  The  number  of  cows  in 
the  county  has  increased  from  10,000  to  30,000,  under  the 
stimulus  of  cooperation  and  association;  each  cow  represent- 
ing in  herself,  including  land  for  keeping,  factories,  implements, 
and  fixtures  for  marketing,  a  capital  of  $300,  making  a  total  in- 
vestment of  $9,000,000  in  the  dairy  agriculture  of  the  county. 
The  average  product  of  cheese  per  cow  does  not  exceed  350 
pounds  in  a  season.  Many  dairies  make  an  average  of  fifty 
pounds  of  butter  per  cow,  also.  Two  hundred  pounds  of  butter 
per  cow  is  considered  a  good  yield  for  butter  dairies.  Mr.  L. 
D.  Arnold,  before  the  New  York  Dairymen's  Association,  thus 
states  his  views  upon  the  future  of  dairy  husbandry : 


CONSUMPTION  OF  BUTTER  AND  CHEESE.  59 

1 '  At  the  present  rate  of  increase  of  population  in  the  United 
States,  the  year  1900  will  find  us  with  100,000,000  of  inhabit- 
ants. If  we  continue  to  consume  cheese  at  no  greater  rate  than 
at  present,  it  will  require  two  and  a  half  times  the  quantity  that 
we  now  consume;  or  450,000,000  to  supply  the  annual  home 
consumption.  The  shipping  demand  must  also  increase. 
Nothing  but  a  war  with  England  can  prevent  it.  The  English 
are  a  cheese-eating  people,  and  are  now  using  twice  as  much 
per  head  as  we  do.  Nor  is  that  rate  of  consumption  likely  to 
be  abated.  It  is  the  readiest  and  cheapest  way  to  supply  the 
laboring  man  with  animal  food,  as  it  contains  twice  as  much 
nutrition,  pound  for  pound,  as  meat;  while  more  pounds  of 
cheese  than  meat  can  be  produced  from  a  given  quantity  of 
feed.  The  population  of  England  is  increasing,  while  her  cheese- 
producing  capacity  is  not.  Germany  supplies  her  with  what 
we  do  not;  and,  as  no  other  European  country  produces  any 
quantity  for  export,  the  increasing  wants  of  England  must  be 
supplied  from  the  United  States.  If  we  continue  to  consume 
cheese  at  the  present  rate,  and  England  also,  the  increase  of 
population  will  require  for  the  year  1900,  not  less  than  a 
billion  pounds!" 

Then  there  is  the  butter  interest,  larger  still.  "We  export  but 
little  butter,  but  we  consume  three  and  a  half  times  as  much  as 
we  do  of  cheese,  varying  from  thirteen  to  seventeen  pounds  per 
head  per  annum.  I  have  often  heard  dairymen  predict  a  high 
reward  for  dairy  products  in  the  future,  especially  for  cheese, 
because  the  demand  was  so  rapidly  exceeding  the  limited  capac- 
ity of  the  dairy  districts  of  the  country.  The  State  of  New 
York  is  more  exclusively  devoted  to  dairying  than  any  other 
State  in  the  Union,  but  only  a  small  portion  of  the  State  is 
accredited  as  being  good  dairy  land. 

Pennsylvania  has  so  nearly  the  same  natural  advantages  and 
manufacturing  interests  as  the  State  of  New  York,  that  her  ag- 
riculture has  developed  in  a  similar  manner,  though  without  as 
many  vicissitudes.  The  Keystone  of  the  "  Old  Thirteen," 
Pennsylvania  has  been  the  mother  of  the  States  upon  her  west- 
ern boundary;  she  attracted  the  first,  and  has  been  the  theatre 
of  the  most  successful  attempts  at  foreign  colonization.  The 
Friends,  the  Swedes,  the  Moravians,  the  Mennonites,  and  vari- 
ous other  religious  sects,  have  assisted  in  giving  a  peculiar 
character  to  her  institutions,  while  the  superiority  of  her  soil, 


60  AGRICULTURE  IN  THE  EASTERN  AND  MIDDLE  STATES. 

and  the  industries  growing  out  of  her  mineral  wealth,  have 
maintained  the  balance  of  power  most  certain  to  secure  pros- 
perity. 

New  Jersey  is  the  market  garden  of  two  great  thriving  cities, 
and  fruit  and  vegetable-growing  has  there  attained  the  greatest 
perfection.  A  blackberry  grower,  in  West  New  Jersey,  with 
seventy-five  acres  in  cultivation,  realized  therefrom  a  net  profit 
of  $14,000.  The  cranberry  has  proved  one  of  the  most 
profitable  crops.  Sixty  acres,  in  bearing,  have  netted  over 
$13,000.  Cranberry  lands  have  brought  $1,000  per  acre.  The 
agriculture  of  New  Jersey  has  been  created  by  facilities  of 
transportation;  waste  lands  are  being  rapidly  reclaimed,  and 
her  growth  is  steady  and  continuous.  Sixty-six  per  cent,  of  all 
the  land  in  New  Jersey  is  improved  in  farms,  whose  average 
value  per  acre  is  $86  14;  the  largest  of  any  State  in  the  Union. 

Delaware  and  Maryland  deserve  more  extended  notice  than 
our  brief  limits  will  allow.  They  are  fast  coming  to  be  the 
garden  spots  of  America.  The  peach  crop  of  these  States  is 
immense — the  average  net  profit  of  the  crop  of  1871,  was  seven- 
ty-five cents  per  basket.  A  peach  farmer  of  Middletown,  Del- 
aware, cleared  $38,000  from  four  hundred  acres.  The  "  Peach 
Blossom  Farm,"  in  Kent  County,  Maryland,  contained  six  hun- 
dred acres  of  trees  just  coming  into  bearing,  and  was  sold  in 
winter  for  $31,500.  The  same  year  the  purchaser  sold  peaches 
enough  from  it  to  amount  to  $52,000.  One  canning  establish- 
ment in  Dover,  Delaware,  consumed  in  1873,  of  peaches,  18,- 
000  bushels;  of  pears,  2,000  bushels;  of  tomatoes,  480  tons;  of 
strawberries,  30,000  quarts;  of  cherries,  30,000  pounds. 

In  all  these  States,  the  advancing  condition  of  agriculture  is 
largely  due  to  the  influence  of  education  and  the  press.  The 
most  influential  journals — and  those  not  especially  devoted  to 
this  subject — maintain  an  extensive  correspondence,  and  give 
considerable  space  to  the  treatment  of  matters  of  agricultural 
interest,  at  home  and  abroad. 


INCREASE  OF  MAIZE  CULTURE.  61 

CHAPTEK  VII. 

FAKMING  IN  THE  WESTERN  STATES. 

"  Consumption  is  the  crown  of  production,  and  the  wealth  of  a  nation  is  only  to  bo  estimated 
by  what  it  consumes." — John  Buskin. 

The  World's  Granary— Kelative  Value  of  Corn  and  Wheat — Stock  Farm- 
ing vs.  Wheat  Farming— Improved  Implements:  Trial  op  American  Ma- 
chines—Missouri, Tennessee  and  Kentucky — California  and  Oregon — 
Agriculture  op  the  Catholic  Missions— John  Gileoy  and  his  Neigh- 
bors— Large  Wheat  Fields— Enormous  Crop  of  1872— Market  for  Cali- 
fornia Wheat— Farmers  not  Enriched  by  this  Stream  of  Wealth— Ton- 
nage: Prices— California  the   Center  of  Wine  and  Wool    Production. 

Passing  the  great  lakes,  the  emigrant  farmer  found  a  country 
awaiting  him,  where  Providence,  in  the  abounding  conditions  of 
prosperity,  to  use  the  language  of  one  of  their  number,  had  not 
only  "  smiled,  but  laughed  outright."  A  sea  of  verdure  richer 
and  more  luxuriant  than  the  meadow  lands  of  the  Connecticut  or 
Genesee,  dotted  here  and  there  with  park-like,  natural  planta- 
tions of  oaks,  indicated  lands  for  the  plow,  and  sites  for  the 
homestead.  Priceless  in  prospective  value,  it  came  almost  with- 
out price  into  the  hands  of  the  settler.  A  season's  labor  in  break- 
ing the  strong  sod  of  the  prairie,  made  it  ready  for  wheat,  secured 
him  against  want,  and  in  the  possessory  right  to  the  soil.  The 
winters  were  not  more  severe,  though  a  little  more  open  than 
those  of  the  northern  sea-board.  The  northern  belt  of  States, 
Michigan,  Wisconsin  and  Iowa,  soon  poured  a  silver  stream  of 
wheat  iuto  the  granaries  of  the  world;  Ohio,  Illinois,  Indiana 
and  Missouri,  also  wheat  growers  to  a  considerable  extent, 
contributed  a  golden  stream  of  corn,  the  noblest  product  of  the 
new  world.  Up  to  the  year  1800,  the  export  of  American  corn 
had  only  exceeded,  by  a  trifling  amount,  two  million  bushels. 
This  crop  is  first  set  down  in  the  census  of  1840,  at  three  hun- 
dred and  seventy-seven  million  five  hundred  and  thirty-one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-five  bushels;  in  1850,  it 
covered  thirty-one  million  of  acres,  and  yielded  six  hundred 
million  bushels;  in  1860,  it  amounted  to  eight  hundred  and 
thirty-eight  million  seven  hundred  and  ninety-two  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  forty-two  bushels,  the  export  being  worth 
ten  million  dollars. 

The  ease  and  certainty  with  which  the  farmer  may  provide 


G2  FARMING  IX  THE  WESTERN  STATES. 

for  his  live  stock  in  winter,  through  the  great  productiveness  of 
maize,  has  made  pork  raising  one  of  the  most  important  feat- 
ures of  western  agriculture.  The  State  of  Iowa  reports  many 
fields  which  produce  as  high  as  one  hundred  and  five  bushels 
of  Indian  corn  to  the  acre.  In  the  year  1872,  over  two  and  a 
half  millions  of  acres  were  devoted  to  this  crop,  which  covered 
one  fourth  of  all  the  land  in  cultivation,  and  the  supply  was  so 
greatly  in  excess  of  the  demand,  that  large  quantities  of  it  were 
used  as  fuel;  corn  at  eighteen  cents  a  bushel  being  cheaper 
than  wood  at  eight  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  cord.  In  the 
year  1872,  Illinois  raised  the  enormous  quantity  of  two  hun- 
dred and  seventeen  million,  six  hundred  and  twenty-eight  thou- 
sand bushels  of  corn.  It  is  very  important  that  the  farmer 
should  understand  the  relative  value  of  corn  and  wheat,  and 
how  a  surplus  of  either  affects  the  market.  The  increase  in 
the  production  of  corn  always  brings  a  proportionate  increase 
in  live  stock,  fed  and  fattened  with  it,  and  thus  the  productive- 
ness of  the  soil  is  maintained  by  corn  culture  to  a  far  greater 
degree  than  by  wheat.  The  agricultural  prosperity  of  what  are 
now  called  the  States  of  the  Interior,  is  due  far  more  to  corn 
than  to  wheat  and  wool. 

Wheat  culture  in  those  States,  though  developed  to  an  enor- 
mous magnitude,  has  had  the  same  history  and  results  that 
have  been  sufficiently  dwelt  upon  in  describing  exclusive  pro- 
duction on  the  Atlantic  coast.  "If  wheat  growing  was  the  only 
branch  of  western  husbandry,  the  country  would  soon  be  pov- 
erty-stricken. They  cannot  compete  with  the  newer  lands  of 
California  and  Oregon,"  says  the  President  of  the  Michigan 
State  Agricultural  Society.  "  Our  old  agriculture,  to  save  it- 
self from  ruin,  must  turn  to  new  sources  of  wealth,  must  seek 
new  branches  of  husbandry,  and  learn  lessons  of  political  econ- 
omy from  her  immediate  and  older  neighbois,  Ohio,  Indiana 
and  Illinois.  All  those  have  relinquished  wheat  growing,  be- 
cause it  became  necessary  to  do  so,  and  have  turned  their  at- 
tention to  stock.  The  products  of  her  dairies,  her  beef  and 
pork,  are  worth  more  than  her  wheat  ever  was,  when  the  land 
no  longer  refused  to  yield  wheat." 

The  process  of  soil  deterioration  from  continuous  wheat  cult- 
ure, was  far  more  rapid  west  of  the  great  lakes  than  it  had  been 
at  the  East,  in  the  days  of  the  sickle  and  the  scythe.  The  in- 
vention of  improved  implements  has  saved  millions  of  dollars 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS. 

a  year  in  the  cost  of  teams  and  wages,  thus  increasing  the 
aggregate  of  production,  and  of  consequent  exhaustion,  by 
millions  of  bushels.  Not  only  have  improved  plows,  har- 
rows, and  cultivators  led  to  this,  but  also  threshers,  mowers, 
reapers  and  headers,  saving  waste  in  harvesting,  until  we  feel 
that  only  the  more  economical  use  of  the  steam  plow  is  needed, 
to  diminish  the  amount  of  manual  labor  to  its  minimum  quan- 
tity. At  the  international  exhibition,  at  Paris,  in  1855,  Amer- 
ican machines,  though  comparatively  imperfect  at  that  time, 
were  brought  into  competition  with  the  world.  The  trial  was 
made  about  forty  miles  from  Paris,  on  a  level  piece  of  oats, 
with  machines  which  cut  and  reaped  at  the  same  time.  The 
American  machines  were  successful;  the  judges  could  hardly 
restrain  their  enthusiasm,  but  cried:  "Good!  good!"  "Well 
done;"  while  the  excitable  people  shouted  for  the  American 
Reaper:  "That's  the  machine!"  The  report  said:  "All  the 
laurels  have  been  gloriously  won  by  Americans;  and  this 
achievement  cannot  be  looked  upon  with  indifference,  as  it 
plainly  foreshadows  the  ultimate  destiny  of  the  New  World." 

Three  States,  lying  in  the  heart  of  the  continent,  rich  in 
forests,  in  mineral  wealth,  and  in  navigable  streams,  seem  to 
have  been  designed  by  nature  for  the  most  successful  and 
varied  industrial  development.  Missouri,  Kentucky,  and  Ten- 
nessee, have  a  climate  which  enables  them  to  grow  fruits  and 
vines,  as  well  as  cotton  and  corn,  fine  horses  and  mules.  Their 
best  lands  are  yet  un wasted  and  unworn;  the  energies  of  the 
people,  paralyzed  during  the  civil  war,  are  now  bent  toward 
improvements  in  agriculture  and  in  education. 

To  the  Catholic  missionaries,  who,  from  the  spacious  harbor 
of  San  Diego  to  Mendocino  Bay,  prospected  the  grandest  field 
for  a  successful  agriculture  to  be  found  on  the  surface  of  our 
planet,  belongs  the  credit  of  being  the  pioneer  agriculturists  of 
the  Pacific  Coast.  It  must  also  be  confessed  that  they  were 
the  first  labor  monopolists;  the  whole  race  of  aborigines  were 
compelled  to  work  without  recompense,  for  the  benefit  of  the 
Church,  though  the  Fathers  exacted  no  more  than  they  cheerfully 
rendered  in  their  own  persons.  All  the  improvements,  the  vine- 
yards and  orchards,  the  countless  herds  and  flocks  added  noth- 
ing to  the  wealth  oi  the  ignorant  natives  who  produced  them. 
The  missions  were  the  centers  of  a  stock-raising  experiment  on 
a  vast  scale,  without  which  the  subsequent  history  of  Califor- 


G4  FARMING  IN  TIIE  WESTERN  STATES. 

nia  would  have  been  impossible;  the  trade  in  hides  and  tallow 
having  brought  in  the  settlers  by- whom  the  gold  discovery  was 
made. 

The  accumulation  of  wealth  by  the  fathers  was  enormous. 
According  to  Rev.  Walter  Colton,  chaplain  of  the  U.  S.  chip 
Congress,  the  first  Protestant  clergyman  that  resided  in  Califor- 
nia, in  1825,  the  Mission  of  San  Francisco  owned  76,000  head 
of  cattle;  950  tame  horses;  2,000  breeding  mares;  84  stud  of 
choice  breed;  820  mules;  79,000  sheep;  2,000  hogs,  and  456 
yoke  of  working  oxen. 

The  Santa  Clara  Mission  had  74,280  cattle;  407  yoke  of  work- 
ing oxen;  82,540  sheep;  1,890  horses,  broken  to  saddle;  4,235 
breeding  mares;  725  mules,  and  1,000  hogs.  This  mission,  in 
the  year  1823,  branded  22,400  calves,  as  the  increase  of  that 
year. 

The  Mission  of  San  Jose"  had  62,000  cattle;  840  broken 
horses;  1,500  mares;  420-mules;  310  yoke  of  working  oxen,  and 
62,000  sheep. 

The  Mission  of  San  Juan  Bautista,  as  early  as  1820,  owned 
43,870  cattle;  1,360  tame  horses;  4,870  mares  and  colts,  and 
96,500  sheep. 

The  San  Carlos  Mission,  in  1825,  had  84,600  cattle;  1,800 
horses  and  mares;  365  yoke  of  working  oxen,  and  7,500  sheep. 

The  Soledad  Mission,  in  1826,  owned  36,000  head  of  cattle; 
a  larger  number  of  horses  and  mares  than  any  other  mission; 
70,000  sheep,  and  300  yoke  of  oxen. 

The  Mission  of  San  Antonio,  in  1822,  had  52,800  head  of 
cattle;  1,800  tame  horses;  3,000  mares;  500  yoke  of  oxen;  600 
mules;  48,000  sheep,  and  1,000  hogs. 

The  San  Miguel  Mission,  in  1821,  had  91,000  cattle;  1,100 
tame  horses;  3,000  mares;  2,000  mules;  170  yoke  of  oxen,  and 
74,000  sheep. 

The  Mission  of  San  Luis  Obispo  had  84,000  cattle;  2,000 
tame  horses;  3,500  mares;  3,700  mules;  and  72,000  sheep.  One 
of  the  fathers  of  this  mission  took  one  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars with  him  when  he  left  for  Spain,  in  1828. 

All  the  other  missions  were  equally  rich  in  stock;  while  the 
specie  in  the  coffers  of  the  fathers,  and  the  value  of  the  gold 
and  silver  ornaments  of  the  churches,  exceeded  half  a  million 
of  dollars. 

When  John  Gilroy,  the  first  permanent  home-maker,  settled 


INCREASE  OF   POPULATION.  65 

in  the  Santa  Clara  valley,  (1814,)  his  nearest  neighbors  on  the 
North  were  the  Russians,  at  Bodega.  Eight  large  ranches  cov- 
ered the  land  lying  between  San  Jose  and  Los  Angeles.  There 
was  not  a  flour  mill  or  a  wheeled  vehicle  on  the  coast.  The 
people  lived  on  wheat,  cracked  in  mortars,  maize,  beef,  fish  and 
game.  One  thousand  bushels  of  wheat,  the  first  cargo  I  have 
seen  mentioned,  was  shipped  from  Monterey  to  South  America, 
prior  to  1820.  The  product  of  1874  reached  twenty-eight  mill- 
ions seven  hundred  and  eighty-four  thousand  five  hundred  and 
seventy-one  bushels. 

California,  as  we  see,  is  not  alone  in  this  wonderful  develop- 
ment of  her  resources.  Oregon  has  some  advantages  over  her 
for  wheat  and  stock  raising,  and  has  improved  them  well. 
Both  these  young  States  are  the  reservoirs  and  sources  of  a 
river  of  breadstuffs  which  is  flowing  to  the  markets  of  the  world 
in  a  stream  of  unequaled  magnitude,  commensurate  with  the 
scale  of  operations  which  have  produced  them.  As  we  need  to 
see  the  mammoth  trees,  not  once,  but  many  times,  before  the 
mind  takes  in  the  grandeur  of  their  dimensions,  so  one  must 
grow  into  a  realization  of  the  proportions  of  our  agricultural 
industry  and  its  requirements.  From  1848  to  1862  California 
obtained  her  flour  from  Chili  and  the  East.  In  1856  and  1857 
she  imported  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  barrels  from 
Oregon,  and  thirty  thousand  from  the  Atlantic  States.  These 
importations  did  not  cease  entirely,  though  they  were  dimin- 
ished for  two  or  three  years,  when  the  two  years  drought  again 
raised  them  to  seventy-two  thousand  nine  hundred  and  thirty- 
six  barrels  from  Eastern  ports,  forty-three  thousand  three 
hundred  and  forty-seven  from  Chili,  and  nineteen  thousand 
■five  hundred  and  twenty-nine  from  Oregon.  From  that  time 
the  tide  began  to  set  in  the  other  direction. 

Some  remarkable  facts  stand  out  prominently  in  connection 
with  the  Pacific  slope  States  and  Territories.  First  of  all,  it 
appears  that  the  population  increased,  between  1850  and  1870, 
no  less  than  three  hundred  and  eighty-seven  percent.,  or  nearly 
quintupled.  The  increase  during  the  latter  ten  years  was  not 
at  as  high  a  rate  as  during  the  former,  but  still  it  mounts  to  the 
very  respectable  figure  of  fift3T-seven  per  cent.  Between  1850 
and  1860  the  number  of  improved  acres  increased  more  than 
nine-fold;  between  1860  and  1870  the  increase  was  equal  to 
almost  one  hundred  and  fifteen,  per  cent.;  and  the  number  in 
5 


66  FARMING  IN  THE  WESTERN  STATES. 

1870,  as  compared  with  1850,  was  nearly  twenty  times  as  large. 
In  the  cash  value  of  farms  the  increase  shown  is  in  a  nearly 
similar  ratio,  the  figures  being  almost  thirteen  times  as  large  for 
1870  as  for  1860.  The  increase  in  the  extent  of  wheat  cultiva- 
tion is  yet  more  striking.  There  was  over  fourteen  times  as 
much  wheat  raised  in  1860  as  in  1850;  nearly  three  times  as 
much  in  1870  as  in  1860,  and  more  than  thirty-eight  times  as 
much  in  1870  as  in  1850.  As  to  all  kinds  of  cereals,  there  was 
over  fifteen  times  as  much  produced  in  1860  as  in  1850,  nearly 
two  and  one  half  times  as  much  in  1870  as  1860,  and  nearly  thirty- 
six  times  as  much  in  1870  as  in  1850.  The  amount  of  cereals 
produced  per  head  increased  nearly  seven-fold  in  the  twenty 
years  ending  in  1870.  The  increase  in  the  value  of  manufac- 
tured products  during  the  same  period  was  considerably  more 
than  five-fold.  It  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  no  other  group 
of  States  in  the  Union  makes  such  an  exhibit  as  this  in  refer- 
ence to  its  agriculture. 
*/  In  California  we  have  the  largest  wheat  field  in  the  world.  On 
one  side  of  the  San  Joaquin  river  it  extends  for  thirty  miles,  on 
the  other  about  fifty,  with  an  average  width  of  eighty  miles; 
six  hundred  and  seventy-two  square  miles,  or  four  hundred  and 
thirty  thousand  and  eighty  acres.  With  the  average  yield,  in 
good  years,  of  sixteen  bushels  to  the  acre,  this  field  will  produce 
one  hundred  and  six  thousand  four  hundred  and  thirty-eight 
tons,  and  would  require  a  train  of  cars  nearly  two  hundred  miles 
long  to  move  it  away.  It  is  owned  and  worked  by  different 
parties,  but  is  only  broken  by  the  river  which  flows  through  it. 

The  Livermore  and  San  Joaquin  valleys  raised  over  twelve 
million  bushels  in  the  year  1872.  Three  wheat  farms  in  the 
San  Joaquin,  with  areas  respectively  of  thirty-six  thousand, 
twenty-three  thousand,  and  seventeen  thousand  acres,  averaged 
nearly  forty  bushels  to  the  acre,  some  portions  running  up  to 
sixty  bushels. 

The  years  1870  and  1871  had  been  dry  years,  and  nature  had 
thus  provided  the  wheat  lands  with  a  partial  Sabbath.  In  1872 
an  unusual  breadth  of  land  was  seeded,  but  as  the  season  ad- 
vanced the  estimates  rose  to  ten,  twelve,  and  finally  to  twenty 
millions  of  centals. 

How  could  such  a  crop  be  disposed  of?  A  prominent  grain 
firm  in  San  Francisco  had  already  some  sixteen  warehouses 
in   different  parts  of    the  State,    which    would    contain  from 


OCEAN  TRANSPORTATION.  67 

five  hundred  to  ten  thousand  tons  each.  Once  in  the  warehouse, 
the  farmer  who  is  out  of  debt  can  afford  to  bide  his  time,  and 
the  advance  in  prices.  If  he  is  in  debt,  warehouse  expenses 
only  sink  him  deeper.  One  large  commission  house,  that  of 
Isaac  Friedlander,  was  at  this  time  buying  three  fourths  of  the 
grain  exported,  having  agents  scattered  throughout  the  State, 
making  estimates  of  the  crop  and  the  supply  of  tonnage  re- 
quired to  move  it,  the  rates  at  which  it  could  be  bought,  etc., 
etc.  All  the  wheat  sent  to  England  is  purchased  prior  to  ar- 
rival. Houses  dealing  in  wheat  here  make  known  to  the  grain 
brokers  in  Liverpool  all  these  facts,  who,  on  behalf  of  the 
grain  merchant  there,  contract  with  our  merchants  for  the  pur- 
chase and  delivery  of  grain  in  that  city;  which,  from  the  year 
1869  to  1872,  had  taken  twenty-four  million  centals.  During 
this  period,  the  Eastern  States  had  taken  of  us  about  two  mill- 
ion five  hundred  thousand  centals.  Australia,  two  thirds  as 
much;  China,  about  seven  hundred  thousand;  Peru,  two  hun- 
dred thousand;  the  balance  went  to  various  points  of  the  south- 
ern coast  and  islands.  The  flour  export  was  also  considerable; 
taken  together,  up  to  July,  1872,  it  had  been  thirty-seven  million 
five  hundred  and  fifty-nine  thousand  six  hundred  and  twenty- 
seven  centals,  of  a  value  of  upwards  of  seventy-one  million 
dollars.     How  much  of  this  zaerit  to  the  farmer? 

Few  were  prepared  to  answer  this  question.  Many  could  say, 
that,  practicing  all  reasonable  economy,  they  could  not  make 
days'  wages  by  raising  wheat  on  their  own  lands,  while  the 
parties  handling  the  wheat  were  becoming  rich.  Knowing 
these  facts,  they  began  to  look  into  the  reasons.  The  first 
thing  they  learned  was,  that  the  whole  business  of  marketing- 
had  been  taken  out  of  their  hands;  that  they  were  ignorant  of 
a  great  many  questions  that  affect  legitimate  trade;  while  to 
cope  with  speculative  trade,  they  were  utterly  incompetent. 
The  agents  of  production,  commerce,  and  transportation,  had 
got  the  upper  hand,  and  were  likely  to  hold  it,  unless  they 
could  free  themselves  by  cooperation. 

Finding  that  England  was  likely  to  be  their  principal  market 
for  many  years,  the  wheat  growers  set  themselves  to  learn 
something  about  ocean  transportation.  They  found  that  in 
1866,  one  hundred  and  twelve  vessels  carried  off  the  crop; 
fifty -two  were  bound  for  Liverpool;  twenty -four  for  Australia; 
twenty  for  eastern  ports,  and  sixteen  for  China.     The  next  year 


68  FARMING  IN  THE  WESTERN  STATES. 

almost  doubled  the  number;  two  hundred  and  twenty-three 
ships  left  the  port  of  San  Francisco  laden  with  wheat.  The 
crop  of  1872  required  three  hundred  and  eighty-three  vessels; 
the  freight  of  which  would  go  far  to  provide  a  mercantile  marine 
for  this  coast.  In  July  of  that  year,  the  rate  of  tonnage  to  Liver- 
pool was  £4  15s.  per  ton,  or  $1  14  per  cental;  the  average  for 
twelve  years  was  about  £2  lis.  per  ton,  or  a  little  more  than 
sixty-one  cents  per  cental. 

The  highest  prices  ever  reached  were  in  the  years  1858,  when 
it  brought  $6  75  per  cental,  and  1865,  when  it  brought  $5  30 
per  cental.  The  lowest  price  was  in  November,  1860,  when  dis- 
tilling wheat  was  sold  in  San  Francisco  for  $1  00  per  cental. 
The  farmers  found  that  inland  transportation  was  effected  by 
rail,  steamboat,  and  barge.  The  crop  of  1872  was  sufficient  to 
load  sixty -five  thousand  railroad  cars;  or  about  one  thousand 
three  hundred  and  forty  average  sized  barges.  The  railroad 
freight  rate  from  Merced,  one  of  the  great  centers,  was  thirteen 
cents  per  cental;  from  Butte,  by  barge,  $6  00  per  ton;  from 
Chico,  $6  00;  from  Merced  county,  $4  20,  and  from  Monterey, 
by  steamer,  $5  00.  The  handling,  re-loading,  etc.,  of  this 
great  crop  would  require  the  labor  of  several  hundred  persons. 

Not  only  the  cereal  crops,  but  the  other  great  staples  of 
wine  and  wool  were  concerned  in  this  question  of  transporta- 
tion. 

The  wool  interest  has  yielded  the  highest  average  profit. 
Indeed,  California  is  the  banner  State  in  the  quantity  of  the 
staple  produced,  the  size  of  her  flocks  and  the  average  weight 
of  her  fleeces.  The  climate  is  very  favorable;  and  when  wool- 
growing  becomes  essentially  an  agricultural  business,  from  the 
necessary  restrictions  of  the  pasturage  system,  alfalfa  prom- 
ises to  take  the  place  occupied  by  grass  and  clover  crops  in  the 
east,  and  to  keep  the  proportionate  advantages  in  our  favor. 
But  it  is  to  the  fruit  and  vine  cultures  that  we  may  look  for  the 
most  distinguishing  features  of  our  husbandry.  As  our  wines 
grow  in  the  world's  esteem;  as  our  raisins  find  their  way  into 
the  world's  markets;  as  our  choice  and  luscious  fruits,  without 
loss  of  flavor,  variously  prepared  for  export,  become  indispen- 
sable luxuries,  and  bring  remunerative  prices,  small  farms  will 
exceed  in  profit  the  large  ranches  of  the  present  day;  and  Cali- 
fornia will  more  and  more  resemble  the  belt  of  fruit-growing 
States  on  the  Atlantic  Coast. 


WINE,    WOOL  AND   WHEAT   SHIPMENTS. 


69 


The  following  table  shows  the  shipment  of  wine  and  wool  to  New 
York,  via  Panama,  from  January  1,  1874,  to  October  31,  1874: 


Month. 

WlXE. 

Wool,  ] 

Raw. 

Gallons. 

Value. 

Pounds. 

Value. 

January ) 

February > 

March . .  ) 

April j 

May \ 

June ) 

113,088 

172,629 

150,813 
64,837 

$  75,626 

109,702 

92,212 
44,224 

434,339 

•     286,679 

338,985 
800,194 

$  78,248 
70,467 

July ) 

August V 

September ) 

October , . 

69,598 
136,753 

Totals^ ^^.^-,... .,—.. 

501,367 

$321,764 

1,860,197 

$355,066 

SAN    FEANCISCO. 

The  receipts  and  shipments  by  sea  of  flour  and  wheat  for  seven- 
teen harvest-years,  each  closing  June  30,  were~as  follows: 


Years. 

FLOUR. 

WHEAT. 

TOTAL  WHEAT* 

Receipts. 

Shipments. 

Receipts. 

Shipments. 

Receipts. 

Shipments. 

1357 

Barrels. 

38,127 

35,456 

68  500 

91,400 

122,809 

111.269 

149,825 

99,298 

61,670 

166,843 

300,397 

206,176 

207,980 

171,108 

120,913 

146,749 

328,990 

Barrels. 

36.541 
5,387 

20.577 

58,926 
197,181 
101,652 
144.883 
152,633 

91,479 
279,554 
465,337 
423,189 
453,920 
352,9C2 
196,219 
270,079 
263,645 

Bushels. 

566,716 

405,086 

721,670 

1,641,710 

3,607,200 

2,419.110 

3,151.295 

3.073,066 

848,605 

3,570,653 

8,697,560 

8,401,990 

10,5u8,971 

10,941,776 

7,967,090 

3,908,350 

18,580,830 

Bushels. 

37,095 

6,335 

205 

636,880 

2,549,873 

1,419,740 

1,739,420 

1,785,486 

42,281 

1,732,525 

6,060,306 

6,339,630 

7,2:10,873 

8,106,485 

5,953,073 

2,340,636 

16,371,146 

Bushels. 

757.351 

582,366 

1,063,170 

2,138,710 

4,221,245 

2,975,455 

3,900,420 

3,5C9,556 

1,156,955 

4,404.863 

10,199.14.') 

11,599,851 

11,60^,871 

11,797,316 

8,571,655 

4,642,095 

19.725,780 

Bushels. 

219,800 
33.270 

103,080 

931,510 
3,535,778 
1.928,000 
2,461,835 
1,548,651 

500,676 
3.130,295 

1858 

1859 

1860 

1861 

1862 

1863 

1864 

1865 

1866 

1867 

8.386,891 

1868 

8,515,625 

1869 

9,560,473 

1870 

1871   

1872 

9,871,295 
6.934  168 
3,091,031 

1873 

17,488,371 

*  Including  flour  reduced  to  wheat-bushels. 


The  receipts  and  shipments  of  the  first  six  months  of  the  harvest- 
year,  closing  December  31,  1873,  were  as  follows:  Flour,  receipts, 
262,068  barrels;  shipments,  328,031;  wheat,  receipts,  9,614,186 
bushels;  shipments,  7,844,861  bushels;  total  wheat  and  flour  reduced 
to  wheat-bushels,  receipts,  10,244,526  bushels;  shipments,  9,485,016 
bushels. 


70 


FARMING  IN  THE  WESTERN  STATES. 


The  flour-barrel  in  the  above  table  contains  200  pounds;  wheat  is 
estimated  at  60  pounds  per  bushel .  The  manufactures  by  the  city 
mills  during  the  last  four  calendar  years  were  as  follows:  1870, 
250,000  barrels;  1871,  240,000  barrels;  1872,  310,000  barrels;  1873, 
250,000  barrels.  Of  the  exports  of  1873,  nearly  all  the  wheat  and 
the  largest  part  of  the  flour  were  sent  to  the  United  Kingdom.  This 
flour  export,  however,  was  an  exceptional  trade  resulting  from  the 
failure  of  European  wheat-crops.  In  the  previous  years  the  flour 
export  to  the  British  islands  was  comparatively  small. 

The  receipts  of  corn,  rye,  oats,  and  barley  for  eight  harvest-years 
were  as  follows : 


Years. 

Corn. 

Rye. 

Oats. 

Barley. 

1865  66 

Bushels. 

76,071 

44,285 

54,821 

100,800 

119,100 

149,107 

67,678 

214,285 

Bushels. 

4,107 

12,142 

10,000 

7,857 

8,035 

15,170 

15,890 

19,642 

Bushels. 
891,025 
910,983 
936,602 
790,000 
883,111 
881,944 
1,066,902 
659,580 

Bushels. 

2,080,075 

l,60.j,5i)0 

1806-67 

1867-68 

1,462,718 

1868-69 

1869-70 

1,805,917 
1,573,668 

1870-71 

l,585,32o 
1,655,610 
2,281,893 

1871-72 

1872-73 

Corn  and  rye  are  to  a  very  small  extent  exported,  the  small  supply 
being  required  mostly  for  city  consumption.  During  1873  the  ex- 
port of  oats  amounted  to  9,541  bushels,  against  16,950  bushels  in 
1872.  The  exports  of  barley  in  1873  were  434,816  bushels,  against 
293,588  bushels  in  1872  and  20,618  bushels  in  1871. 


YIELD  AND   PRICE   OF   FARM   PRODUCTS. 


71 


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72 


VALUE   OF  FARM  PROPERTY. 


Value  of  Farms  and  Fakm  Pkopekty  thkoughout  the  United  States. 
[From  the  Report  of  the  Agricultural  Department  for  1873.] 


States  and  Ter- 
ritories. 


United  States.. . . 


Maine 

New  Hampshire . . 

Vermont 

Massachusetts  . . 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 

New  York. 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

Virginia  

North  Carolina. . 
South  Carolina . . 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas   

Arkansas 

Tennespeo 

West  Virginia . . 
Kentucky 

Ohio 

Michigan 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Missouri 

Kansas 

Nebraska  

California 

Oregon  

Nevada  

Dakota 

Montana 

Idaho 

Washington 

Wyoming 

Colorado 

Utah 

Arizona 

New  Mexico 

District  Columbia 


Value  of 
Farms. 


$9,262,803,861 


102,961,951 

80.559,313 

139,367,075 

110,432,784 

21,574,908 

124,241,382 

1,272,857.766 

257,523,376 

1,043.481,582 

46,712,870 

170,369,684 

213,020,845 

78,211,083 

44.808,763 

94,559,468 

9,947  9  0 

67,731,036 

81,710,576 

68,215,421 

60.119,930 

40,029,098 

218,743.747 

101,001.381 

311,238,916 

1,034.465,226 

393,240,578 

634,804,189 

920,59  >,34G 

300,414,064 

97,847,442 

392,002,441 

392,908,047 

90,327,040 

30,242,186 

■    141,240.028 

22,352,989 

1.483,505 

2,085.265 

729,193 

492,860 

3,978,341 

18,187 

3,385,748 

2,297,022 

161.340 

2,260,139 

3,800,230 


Value  of 

Farm 

Implements. 


$336,878,429 


4,809,113 

3,459,943 

5,250,279 

5,000,879 

786,246 

3,246,599 

45,997,712 

7,887.991 

35,658,196 

1,201,644 

5,268,676 

4,924,036 

4,082,111 

2,282,946 

4,614,701 

503,074 

3,286,924 

4,456,033 

7,159,333 

3,396,793 

2,237,409 

8,199,487 

2,112,937 

8,572,896 

25,692,787 

13,711,979 

17,076,591 

34,576,587 

14,239,364 

6,721,120 

20,509,582 

15,596,426 

4,053,312 

1,549,716 

5,316,690 

1,293,717 

163,718 

142,612 

145,438 

59,295 

280,551 

5,723 

272,004 

291,390 

20,105 

121,114 

39,450 


Value  of 
Live-Stock. 


$1,525,276,457 


23,357,129 
15,246.545 
23,888,835 
17,049,228 

3,135,132 

17,545,038 

175,882,712 

21,443,463 

115,647,075 

4,257,323 
18,433,098 
28,187,669 
21,993,967 
12,443,510 
30,156,317 

5,212,157 
26,090,095 
29,940,238 
15,929,188 
37,425,194 
17,222,506 
55,OS4,075 
17,175,420 
66,287,343 
120,300,528 
49,809,809 
83,770,782 
149.756.C98 
45,310.882 
20,118,841 
82,937,133 
84,285,273 
23,173,185 

6,551,185 
37,964,732 

6,828,675 

1,445,449 
779,952 

1,818,693 
520,580 

2,103,343 
441,793 

2,871,102 

2,149,814 
143,996 

2,389,157 
114,916 


Total  Value. 


$11,124,958,747 


131,128,193 

99,295,801 

168,506,189 

138,482.891 

25,496,346 

145,033,019 

1,494,738,190 

286,854,830 

1,194,786,853 

52,171,837 

194.072.C58 

246,132,550 

104,287,161 

59,535,219 

129,330,486 

15,664,521 

97,716  055 

116,113.447 

91,303,942 

100,971,937 

59,489,013 

282,027,309 

120,892.738 

383,099,155 

1,200,458,541 

461,702,420 

736,257,502 

1,104,839,031 

359,904,310 

124,687,403 

496,150,156 

492,789,740 

117,553,537 

33,343,187 

•184,521,470 

30,475,381 

3,094,672 

3,007,829 

2,093,324 

1,072,735 

6,37X235 

4T5T705 

6,529,454 

4.739,126 

325,441 

4,770.410 

3,954,596 


Value  Peb 
Capita. 


$285  80 


209  16 
311  90 
530  77 
95  02 
117  30 
269  85 
341  05 
316  58 
339  24 
417  32 
248  50 
200  90 

97  53 
84  37 

109  22 
83  43 

98  01 
140  24 
125  74 
123  50 
122  79 
224  09 
273  50 
290  00 
450  41 
389  98 
438  08 
395  62 
341  31 
283  57 
415  53 
286  29 
322  50 
311  75 
329  36 
335  18 

72  83 

212  10 

130  78 

71  52 

265  97 

51  07 

163  79 

54  61 

33  70 

51  92 

30  03 


CLASSES  OF  OCCUPATIONS. 


73 


NtniBER  and  Pbopoetion  of  Peesons  Engaged  in  the  several  Classes  of  Occupa- 
tions in  the  States  and  Teeeitoeies  of  the  United  States,  as  deduced 
feom  the  Census  of  1870. 


States  and  Territories. 


United  States~~ ~— 


Alabama 

Alas  a  

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California's 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Indian  Territory.... 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana , 

M-iine 

Maryland , 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota , 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York , 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah  , 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Vi:ginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming, 


Number  of 
persons in 
all  occu- 
pations. 


Number. 
12,505,923 


365,258 


135,919 

238,648 

17,583 

193,421 

5,887 

40,313 

49,041 

60,703 

444,678 

10,879 

742,015 

459,369 


344.276 
123  852 
414,593 
256,452 
208,225 
258,543 
579,844 
404,164 
132,657 
318.850 
505.556 

14,048 

43.837 

26,911 
120,168 
293,036 

26,361 
,491,018 
351,299 
810,889 

30,651 
,020,544 

88,574 
263,301 
367,987 
237,126 

21,517 
108.7G3 
412.C65 
9.7C0 
115,229 
292,808 
6,645 


Number  in  agricul- 
tural occupations. 


Number. 
5,922,471 


291,628 


1,285 
109,310 

47;&.a 

6,462 

43.653 

2,522 

15,973 

1,%5 

42,492 

33(5,143 

1.4B2 

.376,441 

266,777 


210.2G3 

73,228 

261,080 

141.467 

82.011 

80.449 

72,810 

187,211 

73,137 

259.199 

263,918 

2,111 

23,115 

2,070 

46,573 

63,128 

18,668 

374.323 

269,238 

397,024 

13,248 

260,051 

11,780 

206,654 

267,020 

163,7.r3 

10,428 

57/..  83 

244,550 

3,771 

73,960 

159,687 

165 


Per  cent. 
47.35 


79.84 


21.31 
80.41 
20,05- 

22.57 
42.84 
39.62 
2.78 
70 

75.59 
13.44 
50.73 
58. 08 


61  07 
59.13 
62.97 
55.16 
39. S9 
31.12 
12.56 
46.32 
56.65 
81.29 
52.20 
15.(3 
52.73 

6.69 
33.76 
21.32 
63.58 
25.10 
76.64 
47.21 
43.22 
25.48 
13.30 
78  48 
72.56 
70.32 
48.46 
53.31 
59.26 
38  Ci 
64.19 
54.53 

2.48 


Number  in  profes- 
sional and  personal 
occupations. 


Number. 
2,684,793 


3,115 

14,877 
76,112 

3,625 
38,704 

2,704 
11.3S9 
29,845 
10,897 
64,083 

1  423 

151,931 

80,018 


58,484 

20,736 

84.024 

65,347 

36,092 

79.226 

131,291 

104,728 

28,330 

40,522 

106.903 

2,674 

10,331 

7,431 

18,528 

83,380 

7,535 

405,339 

61,290 

168,308 

6,090 

283,000 

19,679 

34,383 

54,396 

40,882 

5,317 

21.032 

98,521 

2,207 

16,699 

58,070 

3,170 


Per  cent. 
21.47 


11.54 


51.66 
10.94 
-3tr90 
20.62 
20.01 
45  93 
28.25 
60.86 
17.95 
14.41 
13.08 
20.48 
17.42 


17 

16.74 
20.27 
25.48 
17.33 
30.64 
22.64 
25.91 
21.36 
12.71 
21.14 
19.03 
23.56 
27.61 
15.42 
28.17 
25.66 
27.19 
14.60 
20.02 
19.88 
27.73 
22.22 
13.07 
14.78 
17.24 
24.71 
19.34 
33.87 
22.61 
14.49 
19.83 
47.71 


n 


CLASSES  OF  OCCUPATIONS. 


NtTMBEE,  ETC.,  OF  PEESONS  ENGAGED  IN  THE  SEVEEAJL  CLASSES -OF  OCCUPATIONS, 

etc  . — Continued. 


States  and  Territories. 

Number     in     trade 
and      transporta- 
tion. 

Number    in   manu- 
factures and  me- 
chanical and  min- 
ing industries. 

Total  pop- 
ulation. 

United  States.... 

Number. 
1,191,238 

Per  cent. 
9.52 

Number. 
2,707,421 

Per  cent. 
21.65 

38,925,598 

14,435 

3.95 

17,070 

4.67 

896,992 

70.461 

591 
5,491 

9.80 
4.04 

13.90 

16.01 

12.78 

3.47 

8.53 

12.48 

4.98 

3.92 

6.63 

10.84 

7.94 

1,039 
6,271 

17.23 
4.61 

41,710 

484,471 

— -     682,031 

2,815 

24,720 

204 

3,437 

6,126 

3,023 

17,410 

721 

80,422 

36,517 

4  681 

86,344 

457 

9,514 
11,705 

4,231 
27,040 

7,273 

133,221 

76,057 

26.62 

44.64 

7.76 

23.60 

23.88 

7.07 

6.08 

66.85 

17.95 

16.56 

47.154 

Connecticut 

537,454 
40,501 

125,015 

District  of  Columbia 

131,700 

188,248 

1,184,109 

20,583 

2,539,831 

1,680,637 

68,152 

28,210 
11,762 
25  292 
23.831 
28,115 
35,542 
83.078 
29*,588 
10.582 

9,148 
5*,885 

1,233 

3,621 
8,514 

46,206 

863 

234,581 

10,179 

78.547 

2,619 

121.253 

10,108 
8,470 

17,510 

13,612 
1,665 
7,132 

20,181 
1,129 
6,897 

21,534 
1,646 

8.18 

9.50 

6.10 

9.24 

13.50 

13.75 

14.33 

7.32 

7.98 

2.87 

10.86 

8.78 

13.46 
7.08 

15.61 
2.94 

15.73 
2.90 
9.34 
8.54 

11.88 

14.41 
3.22 
4.76 
6.74 
7.74 
6.56 
4.89 

11.57 
5.98 
7.35 

24.77 

47,319 
18,126 
44,197 
25,807 
62,007 
63,326 
292,605 
82,637 
18,588 

9,981 
79,850 

8,030 

13,789 
46,553 
103,322 

2,295 

476,775 

20,592 

197,010 

8,C94 
356,240 
47,007 
13.794 
29,061 
15,879 

4,107 
22,616 
49,413 

2,653 
17,673 
53,517 

1,664 

13.74 
14.63 
10.66 
10.07 
29.78 
24.49 
50.47 
20.45 
14.01 
3.13 
15.80 
57.16 

5124 

38.74 

34.90 

7.82 

31.98 

5.86 

23.43 

28.36 

34.91 

53.07 

5.23 

7.90 

6.70 

19.09 

20.79 

11.97 

27.18 

15.34 

18.28 

25.04 

1,194,320 

373,299 

Kentucky 

1,321,011 

726,915 

626,915 

780,894 

1,457,851 

1,187,234 

446,056 

827,922 

1,721,295 

39,895 

129,322 
58,711 

318.300 

New  Jersey 

906,096 

111,303 

4,387.464 

1,071,361 

Ohio 

2,665,260 

Pennsylvania 

101,883 
3,522,050 

217,353 

707.  C06 

1,258,520 

Texas 

818,899 

99,581 

Vermont 

330,551 

1,225,163 

37,432 

442,014 

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paet  second. 
The  Farmers'  Great  Awakening. 


CHAPTER  VIII. 

THE  FARMERS  IN  COUNCIL. 

••  Tho  day  Is  coming,  aye,  it  is  near,  when  working  men  shall  rule  this  nation."— David  Brjd- 
crick. 

Gatheeing  or  the  Clubs — Me.  Hyatt's  Telling  Repoet  on  Shipping — Peopo- 
sal  fob  a  Convention — Expeessions  of  Opinion — A  Summaby  of  Com- 
plaints— Oeganization  of  the  Fabmees'  Union  at  Sacbamento — Fbaudu- 
lent  Wheat  Quotations. 

• 
Durlng  the  years  1871-2,  the  farmers  of  California  began  to 
feel  the  necessity  of  combining  for  their  own  protection  and 
improvement.  The  feeling  of  discontent  with  their  condition, 
and  the  conviction  that  their  difficulties  were  not  inseparable 
from  their  calling,  was  almost  universal.  The  wTheat  growers 
had  the  largest  interests  at  stake,  and  were  mostly  concerned 
in  the  question  of  reducing  the  cost  of  transportation,  but  the 
fruit  growers  were  even  more  strongly  resolved  to  strike  for  free- 
dom from  the  exactions  and  combinations  of  middle-men^  who, 
they  insisted,  were  receiving  the  lion's  share  of  the  profits.  The 
farmers  seemed  everywhere  fully  awake  to  the  idea  that  an 
intelligent  cooperation  could  best  be  effected  by  associations 
confined  to  those  engaged  in  agriculture.  A  club  was  gathered 
in  Sacramento  on  the  7th  of  December,  1871,  and  from  this  time 
onward  the  work  of  organization  proceeded  rapidly.  Stockton 
drew  to  its  club  the  intelligent,  farmers  of  the  San  Joaquin, 
and  elected  Dr.  Holden  as  their  President.  At  Oakland  a 
"  Farming,,  Horticultural  and  Industrial  Club  "  was  formed,  for 
improvement  in  the  theory  and  practice  of  agriculture,  horticult- 
ure, and  other  industrial  and  domestic  pursuits,  which  was  pre- 


76  THE  FARMERS  IN  COUNCIL. 

sided  over  by  the  Professor  of  Agriculture,  and  held  its  meet- 
ings in  the  lecture  room  of  the  University.  San  Jose  organized 
May  4,  and  opened  by  discussing  the  quesHonoTgrain  sacks. 
Napa  had  a  large  and  influential  club.  Santa  Cruz,  Sonoma, 
Contra  Costa  and  the  neighboring  counties,  discussed  a  great 
variety  of  questions  of  local  and  general  interest  in  their  meet- 
ings, which  were  duly  reported  in  the  Eural  Press.  This  ex- 
change of  views  and  experiences,  not  only  between  neighbor- 
hoods, but  different  sections  of  the  State,  was  felt  to  be  of 
great  benefit,  and  it  was  truly  surprising  to  see  what  a  wide 
range  of  subjects  were  thus  brought  to  the  tests  of  experience. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  season,  the  clubs  at  Napa  and  Sacra- 
mento laid  before  the  other  associations  a  proposal  for  a  ^con- 
vention during  the  State  Fair  in  September,  requesting  each  to 
appoint  delegates,  and  by  previous  expressions  of  opinion,  in- 
dicate what  was  to  be  considered.  This  request  met  with  uni- 
versal approval,  and  large  delegations  were  appointed. 

The  subjects_which  most  profoundly  interested  the  farmers, 
are  indicatedby  the  following  extracts  from  their  proceedings, 
as  published  at  the  time. 

The  report  of  the  committee  at  the  Oakland  Club,  August 
23,  1872,  embodied  the  results  of  their  investigations  into  tho 
shipping  business } 


To  demonstrate  the  urgent  necessity  of  a  league  or  association 
among  farmers  to  prevent  the  Shylocks,  who  are  preying  upon  them, 
from  carrying  off  all  the  farmers'  profits,  and  making  them  mere 
hewers  of  wood,  and  drawers  of  water,  and  delvers  in  the  soil,  to 
benefit  a  few  heartless  grain  speculators,  let  us  look  at  the  man- 
ner in  which  the  grain  market  has  been  manipulated  the  present 
season  in  California.  "We  are  told  that  the  prices  here  are  governed 
by  the  prices  of  grain  in  Liverpool.     How  is  this  ? 

On  the  2d  day  of  August,  instant,  the  Liverpool  market  for  Cali- 
fornia wheat  was  quoted  at  lis.  8d.,  and  the  same  day,  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, at  $1  55  to  $1  60  per  hundred  pounds.  On  the  12th  of  August, 
instant,  the  Liverpool  quotations  were  12s.  4d.;  and  on  the  13th,  the 
next  daj,  in  San  Francisco,  the  speculators  paid  only  $1  60  for 
"good  shipping."  Here,  it  will  be  seen,  was  an  advance  in  the 
Liverpool  market,  from  the  2d  of  August  to  the  13th,  from  lis.  8d. 
to  12s.  4d.,  or  over  fifteen  cents;  and  how  did  the  San  Francisco 
market  respond?  How  much  did  the  wheat  buyers  of  San  Francisco 
advance  the  prices  ?    Not  one  cent. 

Again,  on  the  21st  of  September  of  last  year,  the  Liverpool  market 
was  quoted  at  12s.  8d.,  only  4d.  more  than  on  the  13th  of  August  of 
this  year,  and  wheat  was  then  (in  September)  selling  in  the  San 
Francisco  market  at  §2  70;  while  this  August,  with  the  Liverpool 


REPORT   ON   SHIPPING'  AND   PRICES.  77 

market  at  12s.  4d.  (only  4d.  less),  they  pay  but  $1  CO  per  cental — a 
difference  between  last  year  and  this  of  $1  10  against  the  California 
farmer,  when  the  difference  should  be  but  4d.,  or  less  than  eight 
cents,  making  a  clean  shave  of  $1  02  on  every  cental,  or  over  sixty 
cents  on  every  bushel.  It  seems  that  while  these  speculators  pay 
out  but  $5  more  for  freight,  they  pay  $22  per  ton  less  this  year  than 
the  last  for  wheat. 

But  we  are  told  by  these  wheat  sharps,  these  bread  buccaneers, 
that  the  present  low  price  of  wheat  in  the  California  market  is  nec- 
essarily caused  by  the  high  price  of  freights,  the  increased  charges 
for  shipping,  and  because  they  are  obliged  to  pay  £4,  or  $20  per 
ton  to  Liverpool.  Is  this  true?  Is  this  the  legitimate  cause  of  de- 
pressing the  price  of  wheat  ?  Let  us  prick  this  pretty  bubble  and 
see  it  collapse.  Twenty  dollars  per  ton  is  one  cent  per  pound. 
Now,  to  offset  for  the  high  rates  of  freight  now  charged  the  farmer; 
to  have  made  last  year's  profits  compare  with  those  of  this  year,  the 
freight  last  year  ought  to  have  been  forty  cents  a  ton  less  than 
nothing.  But  what  were  the  actual  freights  paid  last  autumn  ?  Wo 
find  it  noted  in  the  Daily  Bulletin  of  November  15th,  "grain  to 
Liverpool  direct,  £2,"  and  as  high  as  £2  7s.  6d.,  or  nearly  $12  (ac- 
cording to  a  recent  number  of  the  Alta  California),  was  paid  during 
that  year.  So  that,  instead  of  the  buyers  being  able  to  pay  us  $2  70 
per  cental  for  wheat  in  San  Francisco,  by  reason  of  its  being  carried 
to  Liverpool  for  nothing,  they  were  paying  ten  dollars  a  ton  or  over, 
or  half  a  cent  per  pound;  add  which  to  the  present  price  of  wheat, 
$1  60,  and  we  have  $2  10  per  cental  as  the  present  value  of  wheat 
in  this  market;  and  this  is  what  the  farmer  ought  now  to  receive, 
and  would  receive,  but  for  the  disreputable  "rings"  formed  to 
monopolize  the  carrying  trade. 

But  do  these  bread  buccaneers  really  pay  £4  or  $20  per  ton  freight  ? 
It  is  well  understood  that  the  chief  mogul  of  the  buccaneers  chartered 
a  large  number  of  ships  more  than  he  was  prospectively  in  need  of 
for  legitimate  purposes,  at  £2  to  £3,  and  then  pretended  to  re-char- 
ter them  to  his  fellow-clansmen  of  the  "ring"  at  £4  per  ton,  or 
thereabouts.  That's  what  makes  this  pretext  of  high  freights,  and 
not  the  real  scarcity  of  ships.  There  are  numbers  of  disengaged 
vessels  in  our  harbor  every  week,  and  more  arriving  daily.  "Wheat 
is  now  being  shipped  from  Philadelphia  to  Liverpool,  at  $6  per  ton, 
and  by  steamer  at  that.     Does  this  indicate  a  scarcity  of  shipping  ? 

Here  we  find  these  remorseless  speculators  (if  their  re-charters  are 
genuine),  making  the  snug  sum  of  $5  or  more  on  every  ton,  or 
$5,000  on  each  ship  of  one  thousand  tons  capacity,  at  the  expense 
of  the  farmer,  to  say  nothing  of  the  advance  the  speculators  get  in 
buying  wheat  at  $1  60  and  selling  it  at  over  $3  per  cental.  No 
wonder,  under  these  circumstance,  that  we  should  see  such  para- 
graphs as  the  following,  which  we  clip  from  a  recent  San  Francisco 
daily  paper: 

"  It  is  a  curious  fact,  and  one  which  has  been  observed  by  not  a 
few,  that  when  wheat  is  most  wanted  in  this  market,  up  go  the  Liver- 
pool quotations,  and,  encouraged  by  a  healthier  market,  in  come  the 
supplies;  but  on  their  arrival  down  go  the  Liverpool  quotations,  and 
this  market  instantly  responds.     Those  who  manipulate  the  wires 


78  THE  FARMERS  IN  COUNCIL. 

must  be  in  a  very  doubtful  state  regarding  the  wheat  prospects  by 
the  uncertain  and  frequent  changes  made  in  the  quotations/' 

Your  committee  can  here  only  allude  to  the  petit  larceny  attempt 
to  swindle  the  farmers  hy  the  wheat  sack  extortion. 

And  now,  what  is  to  be  done  to  counteract  these  plots  against  the 
interests  of  the  farmer,  and  *to  enable  the  farmer  to  obtain  a  living 
price  for  his  grain — the  honest  earnings  of  his  hard  labor,  earued  by 
the  sweat  of  his  brow,  and  by  days  of  ceaseless  toil  and  by  nights  of 
watchful  care  ?  Your  committee  are  expected  to  suggest  a  remedy. 
The  one  proposed  by  the  resolution  of  the  Napa  County  Club,  and 
endorsed  by  various  agricultural  associations  of  the  kind  in  Sacra- 
mento, San  Jose,  San  Joaquin  and  other  places,  to  form  Protective 
Unions  by  counties  and  districts,  and  to  concentrate  in  a  .strong  State 
Institution,  meets  the  approval  of  your  committee,  with  some  mod- 
ifications perhaps; 'but  we  deem  it  now  too  late  to  perfect  any  organ- 
ization that  shall  be  effective  the  present  season.  But  farmers  have 
the  power  to  make  their  efforts  felt,  and  at  once;  and  that  is  by  hold- 
ing on  to  their  grain  crop  until  a  fair  price  shall  be  offered.  Those 
in  immediate  want  of  money  can  get  what  advances  they  may  need 
on  their  wheat,  and  sell  it  when  it  reaches  a  living  price.  Compel 
these  ship-grabbers  to  pay  heavy  demurrage  on  their  empty  vessels 
for  a  few  months,  and  it  will  bring  them  to  terms. 

Let  those  speculators  who  attempt  to  "  corner"  the  farmer,  be- 
ware that  they  do  not  find  themselves  "  cornered,"  as  in  a  late  re- 
markable instance  in  Chicago,  resulting  so  disastrously  to  the  buc- 
caneers. 

We  regret  there  should  be  any  antagonism  between  the  farmer 
and  the  produce  dealer.  It  is  not  the  fault  of  the  farmers;  they 
only  seek  what  is  right  and  just;  they  ask  only  a  reasonable  com- 
pensation for  their  labor  and  capital;  they  are  willing  to  live  and  let 
live.  They  are  willing  to  sell  their  products  at  rates  that  will  allow 
a  fair  margin  of  profits  for  the  honest  dealer,  but  they  are  not  satis- 
fied to  have  all  their  profits  and  earnings  carried  off  by  the  specu- 
lators. Free  trade  and  farmers'  rights  are  what  we  seek.  We  can- 
not consent  to  be  made  the  victims  of  dishonest  combinations  and 
over-reaching  avarice  and  monopolies.  Between  the  farm  laborer, 
clamoring  for  increased  wages,  though  far  better  paid  in  California 
than  in  any  other  country  in  the  world,  and  the  greedy  middle-men 
and  intriguing  produce  gamblers  and  grasping  railroad  monopolists 
and  the  insatiable  tax-gatherer,  the  farmer,  who  can  come  out  even 
at  the  close  of  the  year,  may  well  congratulate  himself  as  a  fortunate 
man.  It  is  only  indefatigable  industry,  keen  sagacity  and  untiring 
perseverance,  that  will  enable  him  to  do  this.  All  other  callings 
and  industries  have  their  co-operative  associations  for  their  protec- 
tion and  advancement.  The  farmer  must  have  his  or  he  cannot 
prosper,  nor  attain  those  rewards  of  labor  and  industry  that  he  has 
a  right  to  claim. 

Your  committee  would  conclude  by  recommending  that  five 
delegates  be  chosen  by  the  Oakland  Farming,  Horticultural  and 
Industrial  Club,  to  meet  representatives  from  like  associations  in 
other  portions  of  the  State,  at  Sacramento,  on  Monday  evening, 
September  22d  (during  the  State  Fair),  as  suggested  by  the  Sacra- 


NAPA  AND  CONTRA  COSTA  CLUBS.  79 

mento  Club,  to  consider  the  propriety  of  an  effective  organization 
throughout  the  State,  for  their  mutual  protection  and  advantage. 
Respectfully  submitted,  by 

In  the  Napa  Club,  Mr.  Nash  spoke  very  earnestly  to  the 
same  subject.     He  said: 

The  great  trouble  with  farmers  of  all  classes  was,  after  hav- 
ing produced  their  crops,  to  get  adequately  paid  for  them.  They 
needed  organization,  as  they  had  everything  to  contend  with.  The 
cost  of  hired  help,  mechanics'  bills,  and  profits  were  extortionate. 
They  have  to  give  what  is  asked,  and  take  what  is  offered.  The 
costs  of  shipping  eats  up  everything.  What  one  thing  can  we  raise 
and  make  a  profit?  Had  spent  some  time  with  Mr.  Lewellyn  in 
Alameda  county.  He  had  found  there  that  the  farmers  and  fruit 
growers  had  combined  and  hired  a  steamboat  to  ship  their  produce. 
They  don't  ship  any  more  by  railroad,  which  used  to  charge  them 
$1  50  per  chest  for  small  fruits.  They  now  ship  per  steamer  at  62J- 
cents,  at  which  the  boat  is  making  money,  and  weeds  and  dog  fennel 
are  growing  up  around  the  depot. 

In  the  present  state  of  things,  we  are  making  nothing  and  can 
make  nothing.  It  cost  $1  per  chest  to  pick  my  berries,  and  I  have 
seen  plenty  of  strawberries  sold  this  year  at  $2  and  $3  per  hundred 
pounds.  Everything  is  eaten  up  by  expenses,  leaving  the  farmers 
nothing.  Many  of  them  cannot  keep  the  sheriff  outside  their  fences. 
We  must  find  out  some  plan  of  co-operation,  such  as  they  have  in 
some  places  at  the  East,  and  have  co-operative  stores  and  shops,  for 
our  own  protection.  We  may  yet  do  something  by  a  thorough  and 
general  organization. 

In  the  Contra  Costa  Club,  the  President,  Mr.  Jones,  said : 

In  regard  to  co-operation,  the  most  of  the  small  farmers  labored 
under  the  difficulty  of  being  obliged  to  hypothecate  their  crops,  and 
consequently  were  under  the  control  of  capitalists.  We  see  that 
capitalists  are  now  controlling  tonnage,  and  almost  everything  that 
the  farmer  requires.  He  thought  that  if  farmers  were  thoroughly 
organized,  they  might  control  these  matters.  It  would  be  a  good 
thing  if  farmers  would  unite  and  create  a  capital  so  as  to  be  able  to 
relieve  the  small  farmers  in  their  time  of  need,  and  by  this  means 
enable  them  to  get  their  small  farms  in  good  condition,  so  that  in  a 
few  years  they  would  be  entirely  independent  of  capitalists. 

Mr.  Porter  said  he  supposed  the  object  of  all  farmers  would  be  to 
produce  as  much  as  possible  themselves,  such  articles  as  they  were 
obliged  to  have,  because  the  cost  of  transporting  all  comes  out  of  the 
farmer.  There  is  no  doubt  that  farmers  might  produce  a  great  deal 
more  than  they  do.  If  a  farmer  puts  all  his  land  in  wheat,  it  takes 
up  all  his  time;  if  he  would  put  in  less  wheat  and  raise  some  of  the 
articles  he  is  compelled  to  buy,  he  would  save  more  money  and  be 
better  prepared  to  devote  a  portion  of  his  time  to  something  else.  If 
a  judicious  system  of  exchanges  could  be  instituted,  it  would  do  away 


80  THE  FARMERS  IN  COUNCIL. 

with  many  of  the  fees  of  middle-men — a  great  saving  to  farmers,  In 
regard  to  the  securing  of  tonnage,  he  did  not  know  that  it  would 
prove  a  disadvantage  to  us;  it  might  be  an  advantage.  If  the 
buyers  engage  the  tonnage  to  ship  their  own  purchases  of  wheat, 
we  will  be  benefitted;  if  they  charter  ships  to  sub-charter,  then  we 
are  not  benefitted. 

Mr.  Fish  thought  the  system  of  farming,  as  now  practiced,  was 
ruinous  to  the  owners  of  the  land.  We  have  to  pay  so  many  com- 
missions that  it  leaves  nothing  to  the  small  farmer;  he  thought  the 
system  of  freights  was  in  the  hands  of  a  monopoly;  thought  we 
ought  to  have  a  system  of  co-operation  in  regard  to  disposing  of  our 
crops.  Those  whose  experience  gave  them  the  right  to  speak  with 
authority,  declared  concerning  the  wheat  market,  that  in  no  other 
State  in  the  Union  are  the  great  body  of  wheat  growers  so  com- 
pletely under  the  thumb  of  one  man  as  in  California;  no  other 
State  in  which  there  is  not  something  like  competition  in  the  market, 
and  generally  more  than  one  outlet  for  the  disposal  of  the  surplus 
product.  It  is  simply  strange  that  one  man  only  in  California  of 
those  possessing  ample  means,  should  have  been  found  with  brains 
enough  to  have  made  some  provision  for  the  purchase  and  shipment 
of  our  wheat  crop. 

A  summary  of  the  farmers'  complaints  and  their  causes  ap- 
peared in  the  Kural  Press  of  September  7th.  "In  addition  to 
the  impositions  practiced  upon  the  farmers  by  middle-men,  who 
crowd  themselves  in  between  the  producer  and  consumer,  and 
unnecessarily,  and  by  every  art  in  their  power,  increase  the  cost 
of  all  agricultural  products  as  much  as  possible,  while  passing 
through  their  hands,  we  may  mention  another  great  wrong,  the 
effect  of  which,  particularly  in  this  State,  falls  heavily  upon  the 
.agriculturists.  We  refer  to  thejidditional  rate  of  interest  which 
is  charged  upon  all  moneys  loaned  in  the  country^  over  and 
above  the  rate  charged  for  money  loaned  in  the  large  towns  and 
cities.  For  many  years  the  savings  and  other  banks  of  the 
cities  refused  to  loan  money  even  upon  real  estate  which  was 
not  located  within  the  city;  thus,  with  wonderful  stupidity,  re- 
fusing to  assist  in  the  development  of  the  agricultural  resources 
of  the  State,  upon  which  all  other  industries,  and  even  the 
banking  or  money-loaning  business  itself,  depends  for  its  con- 
tinued and  permanent  prosperity.  Time  has  shown  them  their 
mistake  by  cities  being  forced  into  unnatural  growth  and  be- 
yond the  necessities  of  the  country,  and  consequent  depreciation 
of  city  property  and  want  of  city  demand  for  money. 

"Being  forced  to  keep  their  money  laying  in  their  vaults  idle 
or  seek  loans  in  the  country,  they  adopt  the  latter;  but  make  it 
a  rule  to  require  country  borrowers  to  pay  from  an  eighth  to  a 


VOICE  OF  THE  PRESS.  81 

quarter  per  cent,  more  per  month  than  they  ask  on  city  loans; 
thus  still  adhering  to  the  suicidal  policy  of  crippling  the  indus- 
try which  lies  at  the  foundation  of  the  prosperity  of  other  in- 
dustries and  of  the  State. 

"This  discrimination  of  the  banks  and  moneyed  men  against 
the  agricultural  industries,  is  as  unjust  to  the  farmer  as  it  is  un- 
wise in  those  who  practice  it.  It  induces  or  compels  a  forced 
system  of  cultivation  without  proper  fertilization  of  the  land. 
It  prevents  necessary  improvements,  without  which  the  country 
cannot  possess  the  appearance  or  reality  of  thrift.  It  compels 
the  farmer  to  sell  his  grain  at  whatever  he  can  get  for  it,  thus 
throwing  him  into  the  clutches  of  another  class  of  sharpers. 
The  grain  buyers  conspire  together  to  form  rings  and  corners  to 
catch  the  producer  in  a  tight  place  and  rob  him  of  his  crop — or. 
at  least,  of  his  legitimate  profits  thereon.  It  is  a  common  re- 
mark in  this  country,  that  the  price  of  grain  is  kept  down  after 
each  harvest  until  after  the  bulk  of  it  has  passed  out  of  the 
hands  of  the  producers,  and  then,  by  combinations  of  the  buy- 
ers, forced  up  to  an  illegitimate  price,  thus  forcing  from  the 
consumers — the  common  laborers,  mechanics  and  manufactur- 
ers of  the  State — an  improper  proportion  of  their  wages  and 
profits  for  the  staple  articles  of  life,  and  at  the  same  time  dis- 
couraging the  introduction  and  success  of  manufacturing  indus- 
tries, upon  which,  and  the  additional  consumers  they  would 
bring,  the  producers  must  depend  for  their  home  market — the 
most  profitable  and  reliable  market  in  any  country. 

"It  would  seem  as  though  we  had  named  difficulties  enough, 
with  which  farmers  are  beset,  to  arouse  them  to  united  action 
for  the  purpose  of  breaking  the.  chains  which  bind  them  down, 
but  there  are  still  others,  compared  to  which  those  enumerated  ^  > 
are  but  trifles.  Chief  among  these  is  the  freigM^jnono^foly.  ^/| 
The  whole  carrying  trade  of  the  State  is  now  virtually  in  the 
hands  of  one  company.  Whether  it  shall  cost  the  farmers  of 
the  State  one  sixteenth,  one  eighth,  one  fourth  or  one  half  the 
value  of  their  crops  to  move  them  to  market,  is  absolutely  at 
the  discretion  of  an  organization  which  has  absorbed  all  the 
railroads  and  all  the  steamboat  routes  of  the  State.  This  com- 
pany has  it  in  its  power  to-day  to  reduce  the  cost  of  putting 
the  surplus  products  of  the  State  on  the  wharves  of  our  seaport 
towns  and  cities  to  the  least  possible  figure,  and  thus  spread 
6 


82  THE  FARMERS  IN  COUNCIL. 

prosperity  and  contentment  all  over  the  State,  and  secure  the 
good-will  of  the  entire  producing  classes;  or  it  has  the  power 
temporarily  to  extort  an  unjust  and  unreasonable  amount  for  the 
performance  of  this  labor,  and  thus  oppress  the  agriculturists, 
drive  prosperity  and  thrift  from  their  doors,  produce  suffering 
and  discontent  throughout  the  land,  and  provoke  the  ill-will  and 
the  combined  opposition  of  the  people  who  have  this  labor  to 
give  and  the  freights  to  carry,  and  who,  while  acting  as  individ- 
uals, have  no  influence  or  power,  but  who,  when  forced  to  com- 
bine, will  have  all  the  influence  and  all  the  power. 

"  There  is  no  proposition  clearer  than  that  a  liberal  policy, 
adopted  and  carried  out  by  the  capitalists,  the  produce  dealers 
and  grain  buyers  and  freighting  companies  of  the  State  toward 
the  industrial  classes,  will  result  in  the  mutual  benefit  of  all,  in 
the  increased  population  and  redoubled  prosperity  of  the  State. 
Equally  clear  is  the  other  proposition  that  the  opposite  policy 
will  secure  the  opposite  effect  and  will  form  a  combination  of 
those  industrial  classes  for  their  own  protection. 

"The  organization  of  the  farmers'  clubs  throughout  the  State 
is  one  of  the  first  fruits  of  this  latter  policy.  It  is  an  evidence 
that  the  farmers  feel  their  wrongs  and  know  and  mean  to  apply 
the  remedy.  They  have  the  power  to  regulate  alike  the  rate  of 
interest  on  money,  and  the  rate  of  freights  on  railroads.  The}r 
have  the  power  to  dispense  with  all  middle-men,  and  by  co-opera- 
tive systems,  to  dispose  of  their  own  produce  directly  to  the  con- 
sumers, free  of  all  commissions  and  all  unnecessary  charges." 

The  Sacramento  convention  brought  together  the  following 
delegates : 

Sonoma  County  Club— R.  A.  Thompson,  A.  W.  Middleton,  Wil- 
liam H.  Rector,  Henderson  Holmes, G.  W.  Davis,  John  Adams. 

Napa  County  Club — J.  B.  Saul,  ..James  M.  Thompson,  W.  H. 
Nash,  Wm.  Gouverneur  Morris,  T.  L.  Griggs,  W.  A.  Truebody,  J. 
M.  Mayfield,  W.  A.  Fisher. 

Vacaville  and  Pleasant  Valley  Fruit  Growers'  Association — T.  O. 
Bingham,  Wm.  Cantelow. 

Sacramento  County  Farmers'  Club — I.  N.  Hoag,  S.  N.  Baker,  W. 
S.  Manlove,  James  Rutter,  William  M.  Haynie. 

Oakland  Farming,  Horticultural  and  Industrial  Club — Dr.  E.  S. 
Carr,  T.  Hart  Hyatt,  Christian  Bagge,  A.  D.  Pryall,  and  A.  T. 
Dewey. 

Santa  Clara  County  Club — W.  H.  Ware,  Jesse  Hobson,  C.  T.  Set-  • 
tie, Ckipman,  Cary  Peebles. 

Sutter  County  Club— John  Mcllmoil,  M.  Wilson,  C.  P.  Berry. 


farmers'  union  proposed.  83 

San  Joaquin  County  Club— Dr.  E.  S.  Holden,  J.  N.  W.  Hitch- 
cock, Thomas  C.  Ketcham,  C.  Grattan,  H.  C.  Wright,  "W.  G.  Phelps, 
James  Srnythe,  L.  H.  Brannock. 

Santa  Cruz  County  Club — Benjamin  Cahoon,  J.  R.  Locke. 

El  Dorado  County  Club — G.  G.  Blanchard,  Kobert  Chalmers. 

Sonoma  Vinicultural  Club— W.  M.  McPherson  Hill,  Major  J.  R. 
Snyder,  Wm.  Hood. 

T.  Hart  Hyatt  submitted  the  following: 

In  view  of  the  stern,  exasperating  fact  that  the  farmers  of  Califor- 
nia, when  spared  the  calamity  of  a  loss  of  crops  from  drought,  floods, 
mildew,  or  blight,  are  met  by  a  more  withering  scourge  in  the  form 
of  railroad  monopolies  and  pestilent  grain  rings  and  bread-sharks, 
whereby  the  farmer  is  robbed  of  the  fruits  of  his  hard  toil  and  life- 
long earnings,  and  left  without  enough  in  many  cases  to  reimburse 
him  for  his  expenditures,  while  the  merciless  speculators  are  fatten- 
ing on  their  unjust  gains,  building  palaces  and  sporting  princely  es- 
tablishments on  the  plunder  thus  taken  from  the  hard  working 
farmer;  and  in  view  of  the  fact  that  nothing  can  be  effectually  done 
by  the  farmer  without  co-operative  and  vigilant,  energetic,  united 
action;  therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  the  convention  deem  it  expedient  forthwith  to 
establish  and  organize  a  Farmers'  Protective  Union  League,  to  be 
composed  of  the  members  of  all  the  local  agricultural  and  horticul- 
tural clubs  and  associations  in  the  State,  who  may  desire  to  join  the  - 
league;  and  to  hold  semi-annual  meetings  alternately  at  Oakland, 
Marysville,  Stockton,  Napa  City,  San  Jose,  Sacramento,  and  at  such 
other  points  as  may  be  deemed  practicable.  That  said  league  be 
organized  under  the  laws  of  the  State,  and  be  duly  incorporated,  so 
far  as  it  may  be  necessary  to  enable  it  to  transact  business  in  a  legal 
manner;  to  be  a  business,  not  a  sporting  institution;  that  it  appoint 
an  Executive  Central  Committee,  who  shall  be  empowered  to  trans- 
act business  for  the  league  during  the  intervals  of  its  regular  meet- 
ings. The  said  league  to  have  power  and  authority  to  organize  and 
establish  a  Produce  Exchange,  a  Farm  Stock  Exchange,  and  a 
Farmers'  Savings,  Deposit  and  Loan  Bank;  and  to  do  all  other 
things  that  may  be  found  necessary  to  advance  the  rights  of  the 
farmers  of  California. 

All  seemed  earnest  in  their  action,  and  united  and  determined  on 
the  main  objects  of  the  association.  The  tenor  of  the  general 
remarks  showed  a  desire  to  strengthen  the  influence  of  the  conven- 
tion by  calm,  deliberate  action,  attempting  no  dictation  and  making 
no  demands  in  any  direction  without  the  power  to  enforce  them. 

President  Fisher  recommended  that  warehouses  be  built  at  conven- 
ient points  for  shipment,  where  farmers  can  safely  put  their  grain 
and  keep  it.  It  was  suggested  that  foreign  capital,  or  any  other  cap- 
ital demanding  a  low  interest,  can  ask  for  no  safer  security.  The 
money  can  always  be  had  when  the  grain  is  put  up,  and  as  long  as 
it  is  needed  and  at  rates  that  we  can  stand.  Our  great  crops,  once 
in  our  storehouses,  we  can  also  have  the  power  to  co-operate  and 
deal  directly  with  foreign  buyers.     "We  can  show  what  we  have 


Vs 


Si  THE  FARMERS  IN   COUNCIL. 

in  our  hands,  and  they  will  know  what  ships  can  profitably  be  sent 
this  way  at  the  right  time.  Messrs.  Blanchard,  Phelps,  Eector, 
Morris,  and  others  favored  building  sufficient  warehouses  to  carry 
out,  as  far  as  practicable,  the  objects  desired. 

Dr.  Carr  urged  that  there  was  a  still  higher  work  for  the  State 
Farmers5  Club  whereby  they  may  secure  th<*  worthy  object  of  get- 
ting fair  prices  for  our  products.  Let  us  arrange  to  work  up  our 
own  produce  into  brain  and  muscle.  Encourage  manufacturing, 
and  diversified  farming,  giving  all  the  needs  and  comforts  of  life 
cheaply.  If  low  prices  shall  discourage  sending  .enormous  quan- 
tities of  wheat  out  of  the  country  annually,  it  may  be  in  the  end  a 
blessing  rather  than  a  calamity.  Wheat  crops  as  now  produced, 
year  after  year,  are  taking  the  cream  of  our  rich  and  generous  yield- 
ing soil.  As  our  lands  grow  poorer,  immigration  and  all  industry  ?s 
discouraged.  It  is  the  noble  work  of  our  Farmers'  Club  to  bring 
about  a  better  order  of  things  and  make  the  utmost  of  the  rich  re- 
sources that  are  within  our  reach  on  this  highly  favored  coast. 

Mr.  Morris  endorsed  Dr.  Carr's  remarks,  and  stated  that  his  tak- 
ing the  United  States  census  returns  for  the  State  developed  to  him 
the  fact  that  in  a  quite  recent  year  one  export  of  wheat  brought  us 
less  money  than  we  sent  away  for  boots  and  shoes  manufactured 
abroad.  The  census  returns  also  bring  painfully  before  us  our  lack 
of  suitable  employment  of  boys  and  girls.  Occupation  is  needed 
for  them,  that  we  may  have  the  right  men  and  women  of  to-morrow 
to  develop  and  increase  our  naturally  rich  possessions. 

Mr.  Blanchard  counseled  making  the  best  of  things  beyond  our 
present  control.  When  we  cannot  build  competing  railroads,  let 
farmers  and  fruit-growers  combine,  see  what,  unitedly,  is  the  best 
they  can  do  without  the  railroads — immediately  and  prospectively — 
and  then  show  railroad  men  how  they  stand  in  their  own  light  by 
keeping  up  high  prices,  preventing  industry  from  being  profitable, 
keeping  back  settlement,  and  retaining  undeveloped  districts  for  their 
slim  trains  to  pass  through.  Talk  business,  drive  sharp  bargains. 
Railroad  men  have  not  all  the  brains  and  business  tact,  and  pro- 
ducers have  frequent  opportunities  to  make  points  in  their  own 
favor. 

A  Constitution  and  By-Laws  were  adopted,  and  the  following 
officers  elected,  viz:  Hon.  John  Bidwell,  President;  J.  R. 
Snyder,  of  Sonoma,  E.  P.  Holden,  of  San  Joaquin,  T.  Hart 
Hyatt,  of  Alameda,  W.  S.  Manlove,  of  Sacramento,  D.  C. 
Eeeley,  of  Santa  Cruz,  and  W.  H.  Ware,  of  Santa  Clara,,  Vice 
Presidents;  I.  N.  Hoag,  Secretary,  and  A.  T.  Dewey,  Treas- 
urer. 

The  farmers  were  now  organized,  but  there  was  not  yet  suf- 
ficient unanimity  of  sentiment,  or  experience  in  management,  to 
secure  that  without  which  sentiments  and  resolutions  would 
prove  of  little  avail,  viz.  incorporation. 

The  statement  that  the  quotations  of  California  wheat  in  Liv- 


FALSE  WHEAT   QUOTATIONS.  85 

erpool,  were  below  the  real  market  rates  prevailing  there,  and 
that  false  telegraphic  quotations  had  been  intentionally  made 
for  the  purpose  of  further  depressing  prices  in  California,  was 
confirmed  on  the  arrival  by  mail  of  the  "Mark  Lane  Express," 
the  representative  of  the  produce  interests  of  England,  both 
agricultural  and  commercial.  The  loss  to  the  farmers  for 
August  amounted  to  $168,870,  which  went  into  the  pockets  of 
the  operators.  For  the  year  it  would  not  have  been  less  than 
$1,560,000—2,340,000.*  An  attempt  was  made  to  excuse  these 
discrepancies,  by  the  statement  that  the  higher  quotations 
from  the  "Mark  Lane  Express"  were  for  "club,"  and  those 
telegraphed  for  "  average  white,  wheat;"  but  inasmuch  as  the 
amount  of  "  club"  raised  or  shipped  is  trifling,  this  explanation 
only  served  to  stimulate  further  inquiry,  when  it  was  found  that 
these  misquotations  had  been  continued  through  the  fourteen 
months,  with  one  single  exception.  On  the  28th  of  November, 
1S71,  the  true  average  price  of  wheat  in  Liverpool  had  been 
telegraphed.  All  the  rest  were  from  1  cent  to  22  cents,  averag- 
ing 10  cents  lower  than  the  real  quotations.  Our  own  dailies 
had  innocently  published  these  fraudulent  reports,  based  in 
some  cases  also  upon  grain  circulars  issued  in  England  in  the 
interest  of  the  buyers.  The  "  Mark  Lane  Express"  alone  re- 
mained above  suspicion.  What  could  be  done  about  it  ?  The 
farmers  might  protect  themselves  by  the  establishment  of  a 
Wheat  Bureau  in  Liverpool,  or  of  an  agency  authorized  by  the 
State  Board,  whose  business  it  should  be  to  tabulate  imports, 
exports,  crop  returns,  information  as  to  prices  brought  by 
different  grades,  etc.,  etc. 

The  Bural  Press  summed  up  the  subject  in  its  issue  of 
November  16,  in  a  manner  which  gave  the  people  at  large  an 
understanding  of  all  its  relations : 

The  average  rate  of  tonnage  for  the  last  four  months  for  char- 
ters effected  in  this  port  has  been  £4  15s.,  and  the  difference  be- 
tween this,  and  that  really  paid  for  ships  chartered  previous  to 
arrival,  has  been  £1  15s.  per  ton,  or  42  cents  per  cental.  This  has 
been  the  average  profit  of  those  who  received  the  principal  part  of 
the  tonnage  bound  to  our  port  for  the  last  six  or  eight  months,  on 
every  cental  of  wheat  exported  this  harvest  year.  From  the  1st  of 
July  to  the  3d  of  November,  the  exports  have  amounted  to  3,355,318 
centals,  which  at  42  cents  "each,  gives  a  profit  of  $1,409,235  55,  at 
least  one  million  dollars  of  which  must  have  found  its  way  into  the 
pockets  of  a  single  firm.     If  this  came  out  of  the  pocket  of  one 

*See  "  liural  Press  '*  of  October  and  November,  1872, 


$6  THE  FARMERS  IN  COUNCIL. 

speculator  and  went  into  those  of  another,  we  would  not  mind.  And 
there  is  every  reason  to  fear  that  a  proportionally  large  sum  will  be 
extracted  from  the  pockets  of  the  farmers  for  the  balance  of  the 
season.  If  this  should  be  the  case,  and  should  the  amount  of 
wheat  available  for  export,  equal  that  which  would  be  intimated  by 
the  estimates  of  some  of  our  prominent  men,  the  loss  to  the  farmers 
and  the  gain  to  the  speculators  will  not  be  less  than  $5,888,000.  At 
nineteen  bushels  an  acre,  the  loss  to  the  farmer  would  be  seven 
dollars  and  ninety-eight  cents,  or  nearly  eight  dollars  per  acre,  and 
on  a  farm  of  one  thousand  acres,  producing  such  an  average  crop, 
the  loss  would  be  almost  $8,000.  It  is  high  time  then  that  farmers 
should  awake  to  the  situation.  If  taxes  of  this  amount  were  levied 
on  them,  or  attempted  to  be  levied,  they  would  rise  in  open  rebell- 
ion, and  yet  they  tamely  submit  to  this  imposition,  or  make  a  few 
feeble  and  ineffectual  protests,  and  there  the  matter  ends.  It  will 
be  seen  from  our  table  that  the  average  of  freights  for  the  eleven 
years  ending  December,  1871,  was  £2  10s.  8d.  only.  If  the  farmers 
of  the  State  were  united  on  the  matter,  they  could  freight  ships  or 
build  them,  and  the  cost  of  carrying  wheat  to  Liverpool  would  not 
exceed  £2  10s.  With  wheat  for  export  equaling  fourteen  million 
centals,  they  would  then  save  in  one  season,  the  sum  of  $7,560,000, 
or  5 J:  cents  per  cental,  or  $10,260  on  every  farm  of  one  thousand 
acres. 

During  the  balance  of  the  harvest  year,  with  the  vessels  which 
have  already  loaded  cargoes  for  England,  and  those  on  the  way  now 
known  to  be  engaged,  we  have  one  hundred  and  seventy-seven  ves- 
sels. Now,  calculating  by  the  average  cargoes  which  have  already 
been  loaded,  there  would,  supposing  fourteen  million  centals  to  be 
available  for  exportation,  be  required  four  hundred  and  ten  vessels. 
So  that  we  require  arrivals  of  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  more  be- 
sides those  already  on  the  way  known  to  be  chartered  for  wheat  in 
order  to  carry  away  the  largest  possible  margin  of  export.  Those 
at  present  available  will  carry  away  10,151,658  centals;  and  there 
being  now  on  the  way  to  this  port  altogether  one  hundred  and 
eighty-seven  ships,  this  ensures  us  a  far  more  satisfactory  prospect 
for  the  balance  of  the  year.  In  this  connection  we  may  mention  a 
circumstance  that  has  come  under  our  notice  during  the  last  fort- 
night which  shows  how  completely  are  the  farmers  at  the  mercy  of 
the  grain  speculators. 

A  merchant  in  Yisalia,  whose  interests  are  intimately  connected 
with  those  of  the  farmers  of  his  section,  desired  to  assist  them  in 
obtaining  better  prices  for  their  wheat,  and  in  order  to  do  so,  he 
contracted  at  reasonable  rates  for  a  ship  with  one  of  our  largest 
shipping  houses  in  this  city.  The  house  in  question  generally  bears 
a  good  name,  but  unfortunately  the  merchant  only  made  a  verbal 
contract  with  it.  He  was  soon  after  approached  by  an  agent  of  Mr. 
Monopoly  or  a  party  in  his  interest,  who  endeavored  to  obtain  the* 
ship  from  him.  But  the  merchant  was  firm.  This  agent  then  says 
to  him,  "  I  suppose  you  expect  to  load  the  ship."  The  reply  was, 
"  Yes,  certainly  I  do,  I  have  engaged  it,  and  shall  send  it."  Where- 
upon Monopoly's  representative  rejoined,  "  Let  me  tell  you,  (or  mark 
my  words,)  you  won't  send  that  ship."     Within  forty-eight  hours  the 


PRESIDENT  BIDWELL'S  VIEWS.  87 

merchant  received  a  notification  from  the  house  that  they  could  not 
possibly  let  him  have  the  ship. 

TVe  can  give  the  names  of  the  parties  to  any  of  our  readers  who 
may  desire  to  have  them.  We  have  been  accused  of  bringing 
charges  on  freight  rings  and  grain  rings  needlessly,  but  we  think 
that  a  perusal  of  our  article,  and  a  knowledge  of  such  means  as  here 
shown  to  be  made  use  of  to  keep  all  the  available  tonnage  mainly 
in  the  hands  of  one  house,  will  convince  our  readers  that  our  de- 
nunciation of  the  unworthy  means  made  use  of  to  rob  the  farmers 
of  this  State,  have  been  both  timely  and  needed. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

HOW  THE  CLUBS  BECAME  GRANGES, 

Meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors:  President  Bid  well's  Remarks:  Major 
Snyder  advocates  Building  Co-operative  Warehouses:  Judge  McCune 
on  Fares  and  Freights— Sonoma  Club — Mass  Meeting  at  Stockton:  Thirty 
Thousand  Dollars  Subscribed  —  Mr.  Baxter  appears  on  the  Scene  — 
Convention  at  San  Francisco—  How  the  Grangers  Negotiated  for  Sacks 
and  Did'nt  Get  them—Gen.  Bidwell's  Address — A  Lady's  Suggestions 
— Mr.  Hallett  on  the  Future  of  the  Wheat  Market — Convention 
Recommends  the  Formation  of  Granges:  Winding  Up  of  its  Affairs. 

The  history  of  the  Farmers'  Union  is  virtually  that  of  the 
emancipation  of  California  agriculture  from  its  oppressive 
burdens.  It  has  been  seen  that  the  local  clubs  were  the 
centers  of  influence,  and  the  germinal  points  of  enlightened 
public  opinion,  while  the  board  of  directors  were  active  in  per- 
fecting plans  for  immediate  relief.  President  Bidwell  called  a 
meeting  of  the  board,  in  January,  "to  devise  means  by  which 
the  cost  of  moving  and  marketing  the  crops  of  the  approaching 
season  might  be  reduced,  thus  enabling  the  farmer  to  realize  a 
larger  percentage  of  profit.  The  charges  for  sacks  and  freight 
to  a  market  at  home  or  abroad  were  so  great  that  the  farmer 
was  scarcely  remunerated  for  his  labor  of  production;  and  this 
state  of  things  did  not  so  much  arise  from  natural  causes  as 
from  the  exorbitant  exactions  of  those  by  whom  the  material 
for  sacking,  the  money  to  move  produce,  and  the  means  of 
transportation  were  provided.  It  was  the  interest  and  the  duty 
of  the  farmers,  by  combined  action,  by  organization,  by  finan- 
cial or  political  power  and  influence,  to  endeavor  to  protect 
themselves;  to  demand,  exact  and  enforce  justice  and  common 


88  HOW  THE  CLUBS  >  BECAME-  GRANGES. 

honesty  from  those  with  whom  they  deal.  There  is  but  one 
way  for  the  farmers  to  succeed  in  the  accomplishment  of  these 
objects,  and  that  is  the  organization  of  local  clubs,  and  the 
steady  support  of  the  State  Club  in  its  efforts  in  their  behalf. 
If  the  farmers  in  all  portions  of  the  State  will  come  together 
and  form  local  clubs,  and  put  themselves  in  correspondence 
and  business  relations  with  the  State  Farmers'  Union,  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  authorize  the  officers  of  this  association  to  act 
for  and  bind  them  under  necessary  moral  and  financial  obliga- 
tions, in  my  opinion,  the  relief  which  they  seek  can  be  ob- 
tained, to  a  great  degree  at  least,  and  industrial  prosperity  may 
become  general  throughout  the  State. 

"But,  while  the  farmer  remains  aloof  from  his  neighbors — 
while  he  continues  to  act  on  the  selfish  individual  policy — other 
classes,  such  as  importers  and  manufacturers  of  agricultural 
tools  and  implements,  importers  and  manufacturers  of  sacks, 
common  carriers,   grain    dealers,   commission  merchants  and 
money  loaners,  will  unite  for  the  advancement  of  their  own  in- 
terests and  ends,  and  will  take  undue  and  unjust  advantages  of 
the  farmer;  will  oppress,  prey  upon  him,  and  eat  out  his  sub- 
stance, and  continue  to  keep  him  poor  and  dependent.     Fann- 
ie ers  now,  unorganized,  are  weak  and  in  a  great  degree  helpless , 
\   and  they  have  but  little  courage  to  make  an  effort  to  free  them- 
1  selves  or  better  their  condition;  but  let  one  hundred  thousand 
\  farmers  of  this   State   unite   together,   and  act  as  one  man, 
through  an  honest  and  reliable  organization,  demanding  only 
common  justice,  but  exacting  this  to  the  last  degree,  and  with 
a  firm  and  united  front,  and  there  is  no  power  in  the  land  that 
can  prevent  the  attainment  of  their  just  demands.     The  farm- 

/ing  interests  of  the  country  need  some  wholesome  legislation 
to  place  them  on  an  equal  footing  with  other  occupations,  and 
to  relieve  them  from  the  exactions  of  heartless  monopolies;  and 
if  farmers  will  but  unite  to  send  the  proper  men  to  represent 
them  in  our  legislative  halls,  both  State  and  National ;  will  see 
to  it  that  our  judicial  and  executive  offices  are  filled  with 
honest,  efficient  and  reliable  men,  it  will  then  be  but  an  easy 
matter  to  secure  such  legislation  and  such  constitution  and  ex- 
ecution of  the  laws  as  their  interests  and  the  best  interests  of 
the  State  demand.  For  the  purpose  of  emphasizing  the  idea, 
I  repeat,"  said  Gen.  Bidwell,   "and  I  wish  I  could  sound  it  in 


ACTION  OF  THE  SONOMA  CLUB.  89 

the  ears  of  every  farmer  in  the  State,  the  only  salvation  of  the 
agricultural  interests,  the  only  safety  to  the  individual  interests 
of  the  farmer,  is  in  union  of  interest  and  union  of  action." 

Major  J.  R.  Snyder,  of  Sonoma,  warmly  advocated  the  care- 
ful selection  of  county  supervisors,  looking  toward  the  improve- 
ment of  the  roads;  and  also  the  building  of  co-operative  farm- 
ers' warehouses.  The  taxing  of  growing  crops  was  declared  to 
be  unjust  and  oppressive;  and  the  Board  resolved  to  call  upon 
the  local  clubs  for  a  repeal  of  the  law  at  the  next  session  of  the 
Legislature. 

Before  the  Stockton  Club,  Judge  J.  H.  McCune  gave  an  able 
address,  which  was  afterwards  widely  circulated,  on  the  carry- 
ing trade,  and  the  subject  of  fares  and  freights.  The  Sonoma 
Club  struck  directly  for  an  immediate  incorporation.  They 
said : 

"It  is  manifest  that  while  the  moral  benefits  of  a  mere  associa- 
tion of  farmers  are  apparent,  and  much  good  may  be  derived  there- 
from, yet  in  order  to  market  our  crops  cheaply,  control  freights, 
make  successful  war  on  monopolies  obnoxious  to  our  interests,  we 
need  some  more  effective  machinery  than  that  afforded  by  a  mere 
social  organization.  There  must  be  a  financial  and  commercial  ele- 
ment in  our  organization  to  make  our  power  felt." 

To  carry  out  these  ideas  they  made  the  following  specific 
recommendations,  which  are  interesting  to  us,  at  the  present 
time,  only  as  showing  the  clearness  with  which  remedial  meas- 
ures were  already  outlined  in  the  minds  of  the  farmers : 

1st.  "We  recommend  the  incorporation  of  this  Club,  as  provided 
by  section  two  hundred  and  eighty-six  of  the  Civil  Code  of  the  State, 
as  a  corporation  ' '  for  the  encouragement  of,  or  business  of  agricult- 
ure, horticulture  and  stock-raising;"  that  we  maintain  our  social 
character,  as  it  is  at  present,  so  that  none  but  those  interested  in  the 
farmers'  progress  may  be  members  thereof,  and  by  which  we  may 
choose  our  associates. 

2d.  In  order  that  a  pecuniary  profit  may  accrue,  we  recommend 
the  incorporation  of  a"  County  Farmers'  Union,"  upon  the  basis  of 
a  capital  stock  of  say  not  less  than  $100,000,  the  paid-up  capital  of 
which  shall  be  $10,000,  and  increased  as  necessity  demands.  Part 
of  this  stock  may  be  taken  by  the  several  local  or  district  farmers' 
clubs,  and  the  remainder  by  farmers  whose  operations  are  large,  and 
whose  wants  the  local  clubs  could  not  supply.  This  County  Union 
could  enter  the  market,  buy  sacks  at  reduced  rates,  secure  by  the 
large  interest  of  its  operations  cheap  freight,  both  by  ship  and  car, 
build  or  lease  warehouses,  accumulate  funds  for  loaning  to  farmers, 
secured  by  storage  of  crops,  and  be  the  farmers'  consignee  and  mid- 


90  HOW   THE   CLUBS  BECAME   GRANGES. 

die-men.  The  farmers  holding  stock  would  thus  control  both  the 
capital  and  the  crop,  and  could  easily  prevent  it  from  being  an 
engine  of  oppression.  It  need  not  necessarily,  be  organized  to 
secure  profit  and  declare  dividends;  these  results  would  be  obtained 
by  cheap  freights  and  increased  prices  for  produce,  and  the  profit 
would  be  found  in  "  farming."  Each  stockholder  should  be  a  mem- 
ber of  a  Farmers'  Club. 

3d.  We  also  recommend  the  incorporation  of  the  State  Farmers' 
Union,  with  a  capital  of  $1,000,000. 

The  benefits  to  be  derived  from  this  organization  may  be  outlined  as 
follows:  The  several  clubs  at  their  meetings  can  report  the  prospects 
of  the  crops  from  time  to  time,  to  the  Union,  and  the  probable  amount 
of  the  several  products;  the  estimates  of  the  county  thus  made  and 
forwarded  promptly  to  the  officers  of  the  State  Union,  will  enable 
them  to  make  estimates  of  the  number  of  sacks  required,  and  the 
tonnage  necessary  to  convey  the  crops  to  foreign  markets. 

The  officers  of  the  State  Union,  by  observation  of  the  prospects 
in  foreign  countries,  and  the  East,  will  be  enabled  early  to  form 
an  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  several  products  of  export.  Thus 
the  farmers,  by  their  agents,  will  be  able  to  fix  the  prices  of  their 
own  products,  and  by  the  moneys  and  credits  established  by  and 
represented  in  these  exportations,  they  will  be  able  to  maintain  the 
prices  they  may  agree  upon. 

Thus  organized,  thus  combined  for  the  maintenance  of  our  rights, 
we  will  be  able  to  bid  defiance  to  the  monopolists  who  have  been 
preying  upon  us  in  the  past;  and  if  we  cannot  entirely  dispose  of 
the  "  middle-men,"  who  stand  between  the  producer  and  consumer, 
we  shall  be  able  at  least  to  induce  a  more  liberal  division  with  us, 
of  the  fruits  of  our  toil,  to  compel  them  to  live  less  sumptuously, 
to  ride  in  less  elegant  carriages,  drawn  by  slower  horses. 

Nor  was  this  all  talk,  as  the  liberal  subscriptions  to  the  stock 
of  the  local  and  county  clubs  bore  testimony.  All  farmers, 
whether  members  of  the  clubs  or  not,  were  invited  to  cooperate 
in  obtaining  sacks  at  reduced  prices.  At  the  above-mentioned 
meeting  of  the  Sonoma  Club,  Mr.  Isaac  De  Turk  proposed  the 
establishment  of  an  experimental  farm,  and  supported  his 
views  by  strong  and  well  considered  reasons. 

The  Dixon  Club  drew  up  a  petition  to  Congress  for  the  re- 
peal of  the  duty  on  grain  sacks,  which  was  duly  communicated 
to  the  other  clubs  for  their  signatures.  On  the  1st  of  March, 
there  was  an  rmmftrise  prai.Wjng  of  farmers  at  Stocktbn.To  in- 
corporate  the  San  Joaquin  Farmers'  Union,  with  a  proposed 
capital  stock  of  $300,000:  — ' 

This  indeed  looked  like  a  "revolt  of  the  field."  "Farmers 
should  combine  against  monopolists,"  said  Mr.  Paulsell;  "and 
to  protect  their  own  interests,  the  association  proposed  to  de- 


W.  H.  BAXTER, 
W.  S.  of  State  Grange  of  California. 


FIEST  STEPS  TOWARD  THE  GRANGE.  91 

vise  some  plan  of  getting  to  foreign  and  domestic  markets  with- 
out having  their  products  go  through  the  hands  of  so  many 
middle-men;  to  import  grain  sacks  direct,  instead  of  allowing 
California  merchants  to  swallow  up  the  farmers'  earnings  by 
enormous  profits."  The  sum  of  nineteen  thousand  dollars  was 
subscribed  on  the  spot,  and  eleven  thousand  subsequently, 
making  a  total  of  thirty  thousand  dollars  on  that  Saturday  after- 
noon. 

By  the  first  of  April,  there  was  a  chain  of  farmers'  organiza- 
tions completed  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  from  El  Monte  in  Los  An- 
geles County,  to  Walla  Walla,  in  Washington  Territory.  It 
began  to  appear  likely  that  greater  privacy  in  carrying  on  the 
large  business  interests  contemplated  by  them,  would  be  indis- 
pensable. In  the  Spring  of  1871,  W.  H.  Baxter,  residing  on 
his  farm  near  Napa  City,  had  communicated  with  the  Secretary 
of  the  National  Grange,  with  respect  to  the  wants  of  agricult- 
urists in  California,  the  social  isolation  in  which  so  many  of 
them  lived,  and  the  exactions  which  they  suffered.  Certain 
plans  for  their  relief  had  been  shaping  themselves  in  his  mind, 
which,  through  this  correspondence,  he  found  anticipated,  or 
met  to  a  reasonable  extent  by  the  statements  of  the  purposes 
and  practical  effects  of  that  Order.  In  August,  1871,  he  re- 
ceived a  commission  as  Deputy  of  the  National  Grange  for  Cal- 
ifornia. 

Mr.  Baxter  at  once  began  to  spread  information  with  regard 
to  the  objects  and  advantages  promised  in  the  new  organization, 
but  his  hearers,  for  the  most  part,  were  already  members  of 
clubs,  and  had  no  suspicion  that  any  open  organization  would 
necessarily  fail  before  the  combination  of  intellect  and  capital 
with  which  the  farmers  had  to  contend.  Patient  and  persist- 
ent, Mr.  Baxter  watched  his  opportunity,  and  was  content  to 
bide  his  time,  which  came  even  sooner  than  he  expected,  at  the 
Farmers'  Union  Convention,  which  met  in  San  Francisco,  on 
the  8th  of  April,  1873,  and  was  fully  represented  by  delega- 
tions from  all  the  Clubs,  and  by  those  who  are  now  the  leading 
Patrons  in  the  State. 

The  convention  was  opened  by  an  address  from  President 
Bidwell,  who  said: 

We  are  convened  as  farmers  and  representatives  of  the  farming 
and  industrial  interests  of  California.  For  several  years  a  grow- 
ing want  has  been  felt  among  the  farmers  of  the  State  for  co-opera- 


P 


92  HOW  THE  CLUBS  BECAME  GRANGES. 

tion  through  a  State  organization,  and  that  feeling  found  expression 
in  the  formation  of  this  California  Farmers'  Union  in  September 
last,  during  the  State  Fair  at  Sacramento.  JQi_tliat^movement  there 
was  sometlnn^ter^_A^Qerican  in  its  character — a  directness,  an  abil- 
ity-feo-improvise,  to  meet  emergency? - -Itr-a-  word,  there  was  some- 
thing to  be  done,  and  they  met  and  did  it. 

One  of  the  grievances  of  the  past  year  complained  of  by  farm- 
ers is  the  enormous  price  imposed  for  sacks  in  which  to  market 
or  store  their  wheat.  Instead  of  eleven  to  thirteen  cents,  which 
would  have  been  a  fair  price,  they  have  had  to  pay  fifteen  to 
nineteen  cents,  or  an  aggregate  overcharge  in  the  State  of  half  a 
million  of  dollars.  Instead  of  $12  50  per  ton  freight  on  wheat  from 
San  Francisco  to  Liverpool,  which  w7ould  have  been  a  fair  rate,  ocean 
tonnage  became  monopolized  and  demoralized,  and  farmers  were 
made  to  suffer  to  the  tune  of  probably  $2,500,000  more.  That  interior 
freights  are  too  high,  all  agree,  and  the  overcharge  on  wTheat  alone 
may  be  within  the  actual  limits  if  placed  at  half  a  million  more.  In 
how  many  other  w7ays  farmers  are  and  have  been  unjustly  taxed  I 
will  not  undertake  to  enumerate.  The  aggregate  totals,  at  a  mod- 
erate estimate,  cannot  be  stated  at  a  lower  figure  than  three  to  five 
millions;  and  the  universal  complaint  of  the  farmers  is  that  they  are 
burdened  beyond  their  ability  to  bear.  [How  many  frugal  and  in- 
dustrious farmers  during  the  past  year — which  was  one  of  overflow- 
ing abundance,  and  coincided  w7ith  high  prices  and  large  demand  in 
Liverpool  and  elsewhere — were  obliged  to  borrow  money  to  pay  their 
State  and  County  taxes  ?] 

At  a  meeting  of  your  Board  of  Directors,  convened  January  3d 
last,  in  this  city,  the  question  of  grain  sacks  for  the  coming  harvest 
was  considered.  There  was  still  time  to  order  from  Dundee,  and  a 
committee  of  the  Board  made  every  possible  effort  to  arrange  with 
a  reliable  house  for  a  promise  to  furnish  sacks  at  the  lowest  definite 
rate,  and  on  such  terms  as  to  time  and  responsibility  as  the  com- 
mittee could  recommend  and  the  farmers  afford  to  accept,  with  the 
view  of  communicating  the  information  to  the  several  clubs  for  their 
acceptance.  For  some  time  we  were  hopeful  of  success.  But  I  must 
say,  as  one  of  the  committee,  we  utterly  failed  to  accomplish  our 
mission  in  that  respect.  The  parties  could  not  do  as  we  wished. 
After  repeated  delays,  the  manufacturers  or  the  holders  would  not 
agree  to  a  stipulated  price,  which  would  make  it  an  object  for  farm- 
ers to  accept. 

This  subject  is  submitted  to  your  consideration,  with  the  sug- 
gestion that  the  manufacture  of  sacks  in  this  State  should,  by  every 
means  in  our  power,  be  encouraged  as  the  only  adequate  remedy  for 
existing  wants  in  that  respect. 

In  order  to  bring  about  efficiency  on  the  part  of  your  Board  of 
Directors,  and  enable  them  to  meet  your  reasonable  expectations,  I 
beg  leave  to  suggest  that  at  least  the  President,  Treasurer  and  Sec- 
retary, if  not  a  quorum  of  the  Board,  should  reside  in  San  Francisco 
or  Sacramento  (San  Francisco,  everything  considered,  would  be 
preferable,  I  think),  and  have  some  certain  place  of  business.  The 
officers  named  must  necessarily  be  on  the  Executive  Committee,  and 
it  is  indispensable,  in  my  judgment,  that  they  be  where  they  can 


PRESIDENT  BID  WELL'S  ADDRESS.  93 

meet  as  often  as  necessary  to  transact  business.  I  take  it  for  granted 
that  you  are  in  earnest  and  mean  business,  and  if  so,  you  must 
have  a  habitation  as  well  as  a  name. 

Believing  this  to  be  absolutely  necessary,  if  you  propose  to  con- 
tinue this  State  organization  in  any  form  whatever,  with  a  capacity 
for  usefulness,  I  propose  to  resign  my  position  that  you  may  be 
free  to  adopt  any  plan  or  measure  giving  promise  of  efficiency. 

At  this  point,  it  may  not  be  impro}3er  to  take  a  view  of  the  situa- 
tion in  another  direction.  Agriculture  in  California  has  many  ad- 
vantages, but  it  has  also  its  disadvantages. 

First,  you  have  a  soil  of  wonderful  and  varied  productiveness. 
No  other  land  teems  with  fruits  and  useful  products  of  such  rare 
excellence,  and  in  so  great  variety  and  abundance.  Look  at  the 
cereal  capacity  of  your  State.  Take  for  instance  wheat — bread,  the 
staff  of  life.  If  a  premium  were  offered  for  the  smallest  yield  of 
wheat  in  this  State — on  any  land  timely  and  properly  managed — it 
would  be  difficult,  in  my  opinion,  to  establish  a  smaller  snowing 
than  ten  bushels  per  acre,  in  any  ordinary  or  average  season,  from 
land  chosen  by  any  sane  man,  up  to  this  date.  On  the  other  hand, 
sixty  to  seventy  bushels  per  acre  are  not  uncommon;  twenty  bushels 
per  acre  by  no  means  an  extravagant  average  in  some  sections;  and 
estimating  the  aggregate  product  in  the  United  States  at  three  hun- 
dred million  of  bushels,  your  total  for  1872  gives  the  enormous  pro- 
portion of  one  twelfth  of  all  the  wheat  raised  in  all  the  States  and 
Territories  of  this  extended  and  productive  country. 

Next,  3rou  have  a  climate  so  serene,  salubrious,  equable,  reliable, 
and  invigorating,  that  its  fame  is  becoming  world-wide;  thousands 
are  being  attracted  hither  from  the  Atlantic  sea-board  and  other 
countries,  from  considerations  of  climate  alone. 

You  have  almost  six  months  of  summer  sun  and  cloudless  skies 
to  ripen  your  cereal  crops,  and  give  a  harvest  season,  of  which  the 
people  on  the  Atlantic  side  of  the  continent  can  have  no  conception. 

You  have  another  advantage  in  the  lay  of  the  land,  and  the  almost 
perfect  condition  of  the  soil.  While  in  other  States  and  Territories 
vast  outlays  from  the  very  beginning  have  been  necessary  to  clear 
lands  of  timber,  or  to  drain  them  because  too  wet,  or  to  irrigate  be- 
cause too  dry,  or  to  fertilize  because  too  poor;  here  in  this  favored 
sunny  realm  the  lands  cultivated  have,  with  few  exceptions,  come  to 
you  from  the  hand  of  nature,  ready  for  immediate  use,  and  all  you 
have  had  to  do  was  literally  "to  sow  and  reap  and  gather  into 
barns." 

Nor  is  this  all.  The  general  topography  of  the  grain  regions  has 
enabled  farmers  to  introduce  with  advantage  the  most  approved 
agricultural  implements  and  machinery. 

You  sow  grain  as  well  as  reap  by  horse-power;  you  thresh  by 
steam-power;  and  you  are,  many  of  you  at  least,  looking  impatiently 
to  the  time  in  the  near  future,  when  you  shall  be  able  by  steam  to 
stir  and  pulverize  the  soil  with  greater  profit  than  is  possible  by 
animal  power. 

In  addition  to  the  advantages  named,  your  State  abounds  in 
mineral,  pastoral,  and  other  resources.  But  I  cannot  further  dwell 
on  the  pleasant  side  of  the  picture  (though  in  itself  inexhaustible), 


94  HOW  THE  CLUBS  BECAME  GRANGES. 

except  to  remark  that  great  as  has  been  nature's  lavishness,  in 
paints  of  mineral  wealth,  that  of  the  soil  has  run  past  them,  and 
become,  and  is  henceforth  to  be,  the  leading  and  paramount  in- 
terest. 

But  it  is  not  all  sunshine,  even  in  California.  As  the  brightest 
skies  become  overcast  with  the  darkest  clouds,  and  the  richest  soil 
produces  the  rankest  weeds,  so  even  in  this  favored  land  you  have 
your  trials  and  troubles.  You  can  produce,  but  you  have  no 
reliable  adequate  markets  at  home  or  abroad  for  your  products. 
Even  when  there  happens  to  be  a  demand,  combinations  intervene 
and  cut  you  off. 

I  submit,  then,  that  it  is  our  interest  to  unite  in  order  to  encourage 
manufactures  and  build  up  useful  industries  in  our  own  State /and 
thereby  enlarge  home  market;  and  in  order  to  bring  about  reasonable 
transportation  and  other  expenses,  and  enable  you  to  go  into  the 
markets  of  the  world,  and  compete  with  all  the  world  with  your 
surplus  products.  As  it  is  now,  we  are,  in  conrparison  with  the 
Atlantic  coast,  at  a  disadvantage  of  more  than  fifteen  thousand 
miles  (practically  more  than  half  the  circumference  of  the  globe), 
in  order  to  reach  Europe.  And  from  this  there  is  no* escape.  Your 
cargoes  must  double  Cape  Horn,  or  do  worse,  by  doubling  the 
Cape  of  Good  Hope,  or  still  worse,  by  doubling  all  the  capes  of 
Southern  Asia,  and  thence  through  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Suez  Canal. 
The  other  lines — overland  by  rail  and  the  Isthmus — are  by  their 
charges  practically  closed,  and  therefore  I  do  not  take  them  into  ac- 
count. 

By  the  nearest  feasible  route,  then,  the  Pacific  Coast  is  the  re- 
motest place  on  earth  furnishing  bread  to  European  markets.  Nev- 
ertheless, enterprise  and  superior  natural  advantages  enabled  you 
for  long  years  to  contend  against  distance,  and  overcome  obstacles 
innumerable,  till  you  won  for  California  as  wide  a  reputation  for 
bread  and  other  agricultural  products,  as  for  the  precious  metals. 
You  have  made  her  name  like  that  of  Egypt  of  old,  almost  a  syno- 
nym for  plenty. 

There  is  a  limit  beyond  which  burdens  cannot  be  borne,  even  by 
California  farmers.  As  long  as  freights,  sacks,  and  other  expenses 
left  even  a  small  margin,  you  said  nothing.  You  could  pay  fair 
rates  for  every  needful  outlay,  and  still  have  a  margin,  though 
small,  on  which  to  base  hopes  for  the  future.  You  could  afford  to 
await  the  growth  of  home  industries  and  the  influx  of  population  to 
the  State,  knowing,  as  you  did,  that  she  possessed  the  elements, 
though  undeveloped,  of  a  glorious  future. 

It  is  true  the  elements  which  bear  so  heavily  on  your  prosperity 
are  not  the  growth  of  a  day,  but  they  are  none  the  less  dangerous, 
for  they  have  become  well-nigh  formidable. 

But  when  speculation  and  reckless  adventure  organize  against 
you,  and  demoralize  every  legitimate  business,  enhance  every  risk 
and  increase  every  expense — in  other  words,  when  freight  rings, 
grain  rings,  sack  rings,  and  all  sorts  of  combinations,  regulate  their 
own  charges,  dictate  the  prices  of  your  produce,  and  practically 
block  up  every  avenue  between  you  and  your  markets — can  you  re- 
main insensible,  silent,  apathetic  ? 


DECLARATION  OF  PRINCIPLES.  95 

Do  we  not  owe  it  to  ourselves  as  well  as  to  those  who  are  to  come 
after  vis,  to  devise  reasonable  safeguards  for  the  agricultural  inter- 
ests of  our  State,  and  to  say  with  the  united  voices  of  forty  thou- 
sand farmers,  and  the  forty  thousand  more  whose  best  interests  are 
inseparable  from  the  farming  interest,  that  they  shall  not,  with  our 
consent,  be  enslaved. 

What  avail  all  your  boasted  advantages?  What,  though  your 
soil  is  unsurpassed  and  you  amaze  the  world  with  its  productive- 
ness; what,  though  your  valleys  and  plains  have  been  made  ready 
for  use  by  nature's  lavish  kindness,  and  give  to  labor  larger  returns 
than  any  other  known  country;  what,  though  your  landscape  charms, 
your  climate  invigorates,  and  your  cloudless  skies  give  you  a  har- 
vest season  from  June  to  October;  of  what  advantage,  I  say,  are  all 
these,  if  you  are  to  groan  under  oppression,  lose  the  fruits  of  your 
labor  and  the  control  of  your  destiny  ? 

Of  course,  farmers  whose  interests  are  indissolubly  linked  with 
the  general  welfare  should  not  and  do  not  propose  to  make  an  inva- 
sion on  vested  rights  or  retard  legitimate  industries  of  any  kind 
whatsoever.     They  simply  ask  for  protection. 

I  can  say  for  myself,  and  I  speak  the  sentiments  of  the  farmers 
generally,  as  I  believe,  in  the  following  declarations: 

That  agriculture  is  and  ever  must  be  the  fundamental  industry  of 
this  and  all  other  prosperous  States,  and  more  than  any  other  indus- 
try creates  and  sustains  commerce  and  manufactures,  and  furnishes 
the  material  to  feed  and  clothe  the  world. 

That  transportation  is  indispensable  to  agricultural  prosperity, 
and  that  it  is  our  duty,  as  farmers,  to  promote  the  construction  of 
roads,  canals,  vessels  and  all  modes  of  conveyance  calculated  to 
facilitate  the  movement  of  agricultural  products. 

That  the  charges  on  lines  of  transportation  should  be  regulated 
by  law,  and  not  left  to  unlimited  monopoly;  and  if  such  regulations 
be  found  impracticable  on  existing  lines,  they  should  be  made  ap- 
plicable to  all  future  lines,  until  reciprocal  relations  shall  be  fully 
established  between  the  producer  and  the  common  carrier. 

We  declare  that  farmers  and  all  others  should  be  equal  before 
the  law;  that  all  laws  should  be  enacted  without  bias,  and  executed 
without  partiality;  and  to  this  end  we  declare  that  neither  farmers 
or  others  ought  to  furnish  legislative,  executive,  or  judicial  officers 
with  free  passes,  or  in  any  manner  do  anything  calculated  to  im- 
properly influence  them  in  the  discharge  of  their  public  trust;  and 
that  no  officer,  or  candidate  for  office,  ought  to  accept,  nor  shall  any 
officer,  with  our  consent,  be  hereafter  elected  who  will  accept  of  a 
free  pass,  or  other  gift. 

We  declare  that  all  laws  taxing  growing  crops,  mortgages,  or 
book  accounts,  or  other  mere  memoranda  calculated  to  enhance  in- 
terest on  money,  which  farmers  and  others  in  need  have  to  borrow, 
are  wrong  in  principle  and  oppressive  in  operation,  and  ought  to 
be  repealed. 

We  declare  that  it  is  the  duty  of  Congress  to  so  regulate  com- 
merce among  all  the  States  of  this  Union  that  agriculture  shall  not 
be  oppressed  by  unnecessary  burdens. 

We  declare  that  these  vital  questions  are  above  all  party  issues. 


96  HOW  THE  CLUBS  BECAME  GRANGES. 

On  the  second  day,  the  Committee  on  Resolutions  reported 
the  following,  which  were  adopted : 


Resolved,  That  the  rates  charged  for  freights  over  the  railroads  in 
this  State  are  ruinous  to  our  agricultural  interests. 

2d — That  in  our  opinion  the  corporations  operating  these  roads, 
being  the  creations  of  our  laws,  are,  and  should  be,  under  the  con- 
trol of  our  statutes,  and  that  the  maximum  rates  of  freights  should 
be  so  fixed  by  statute  as  to  prevent  extortion,  and  leave  the  pro- 
ducer a  margin  of  profit  on  his  productions,  and  that  way  freights 
be  charged  ouly  in  proportion  to  the  distance  the  freight  is  sent  with 
the  charge  for  through  freight. 

3d — That  if  we  find  it  impracticable  under  present  management  of 
such  roads  to  obtain  a  fair  reduction  of  such  freights,  we  will  agi- 
tate the  subject  and  insist  that  the  railroads  built  by  the  money  of 
government  shall  be  operated  by  the  government  in  the  interests  of 
the  people,  rather  than  by  private  persons  for  personal  aggrandize- 
ment. 

4th — That  as  these  matters  are  political,  we  will  so  far  make  this 
a  political  body  as  to  cast  our  votes  and  use  our  influence  for  such 
men  for  our  State  Legislature  as  will  carry  our  views  into  effect. 

5th  —  That  inasmuch  as  the  farmers  of  this  State  find  them- 
selves a  prey  to  moneyed  rings,  in  the  matter  of  grain  sacks,  we  re- 
fer this  matter  to  the  Executive  Committee  of  this  body,  with  in- 
structions to  consider  the  propriety  of  utilizing  State-prison  labor, 
either  at  San  Quentin  or  Folsom,  in  the  production  of  a  sufficient 
number  of  sacks  each  year,  for  our  home  consumption,  to  be  sold  to 
the  farmers  at  their  actual  cost,  thus  saving  the  profit  now  made 
from  us  by  dealers. 

6th — That  our  Executive  Committee  also  consider  such  other 
remedies'  for  the  wrongs  we  now  sustain  in  that  regard,  as  shall,  to 
them,  seem  practical. 

7th — That  there  being  less  tariff  on  the  raw  material  for  sacks,  we 
can  and  ought  to  provide  ourselves  with  the  manufactured  articlo 
without  paying  any  margin  to  mere  dealers  in  sacks. 

8th — That  our  Executive  Committee  consider  and  propose  a  plan 
for  the  organization  of  co-operative  banking,  which  shall  put  the 
farmers  of  the  State  in  the  possession  of  means  sufficient  to  protect 
themselves  from  the  rings  formed  by  capitalists  to  appropriate  to 
themselves  the  profits  of  our  industry. 

9th — That  the  Executive  Committee  be  requested  to  propose  some 
plan  for  the  co-operation  of  farmers  in  each  locality  in  the  sale  of 
their  products  and  the  purchase  of  necessaries,  with  a  view  to  retain 
among  the  producers  the  profits  now  made  by  mere  dealers. 

10th — That  our  Executive  Committee  also  consider  and  provide  a 
plan  for  stowing  grain  and  other  farmers'  products,  with  a  view  to 
enable  farmers  to  retain  their  crops  till  they  can  get  for  them  the 
highest  market  value. 

The  Committee  on  Communications  presented  a  very  able 
paper,  by  Mrs.  J.  Preston  Moore,  delegate  from  the  Oakland 


MRS.    MOORE'S  SUGGESTIONS.  97 

Farmers'  Club,  embodying  suggestions,    "how  to  move  the 
crop :" 

By  means  of  an  agency  under  the  control  of  the  California  Farm- 
ers' Union,  to  be  constituted  in  the  following  manner: 

1st. — The  officers  of  the  California  Farmer's  Union  to  be  a  Board 
of  Directors,  to  meet  quarterly  or  oftener,  and  pass  upon  all  mat- 
ters pertaining  to  the  agency,  to  have  free  access  to  the  books  at  all 
times,  etc.,  call  meetings,  etc. 

2d. — The  agency  to  consist  of  three  departments.  (1)  Financial. 
A  manager  to  arrange  sales  and  all  money  matters  at  home  and 
abroad;  to  pay  all  transportation  and  other  expenses  in  shipping 
the  crop,  and  to  have  the  general  oversight  of  all  the  other  depart- 
ments. (2)  Transportation.  A  man  to  attend  to.  the  receiving  and 
receipting  for  the  wheat,  and  bringing  to  shipping  ports,  making 
terms  with  railroads  and  vessels  for  carrying.  j  (3)  Shipping.  A 
man  to  attend  to  the  loading  and  storing,  arranging  the  cargoes  to 
the  best  advantage  for  sale.  These  three  to  constitute  an  Advisory 
Board,  with  power  to  appoint  clerks  and  agents,  and  subject  to  the 
Board  of  Directors. 

3d. — An  agency  in  London  under  the  control  of  the  Advisory 
Board,  to  make  sales  by  means  of  telegrams  and  letters. 

4th. — Actual  cost  of  transportation  from  places  of  production  to 
points  of  shipment  and  other  expenses,  to  be  charged  against  wheat 
of  each  farmer,  and  to  be  deducted  with  interest  from  his  propor- 
tionate amount  of  wheat  sales. 

5th. — The  Advisory  Board  to  decide  relative  value  of  each  farm- 
er's wheat  at  time  of  its  receipt,  according  to  relative  value  in  the 
English  market  at  the  time.  (This  refers  to  different  qualities  as 
the  difference  between  coast  and  other  wheat.)  There  to  be  but 
two  discriminating  clauses  against  any  farmers'  wheat,  viz :  relative 
cost  of  transportation  to  shipping  point,  and  relative  quality  of 
wheat. 

6th. — Money  to  be  advanced  by  agency  to  the  farmers  on,  before 
or  after  receipt  of  wheat,  according  to  percentage  that  may  be 
agreed  upon  by  Board  of  Directors,  say  up  to  ninety  per  cent,  of  its 
value  at  time  of  reception,  and  balance  to  be  paid  him  on  the  year  re- 
settlement of  the  whole  crop,  say  in  June. 

7th. — The  yearly  average  of  prices  obtained  for  whole  crop,  to  be 
determined  say  in  June,  or  earlier  if  possible,  and  each  farmer 
credited  up  at  sale  of  same,  and  finally  settled  with  and  paid  in 
full .  This  settlement  would  involve  all  the  elements  of  expenses 
and  profits  in  the  business  of  the  year.  Such  an  agency  would 
save  in  all  shipments  the  five  per  cent,  on  amount  of  freight,  and  in 
many  cases  the  seven  per  cent,  paid  by  the  ships  to  the  parties 
chartering.  For  instance,  a  vessel  of  1,500  tons  at  £4  per  ton  for 
freight,  would  pay  five  per  cent.,  $1,500  commission,  and  paid  here 
as  soon  as  loaded.  This  arrangement  would  save  here  for  selling 
one  per  cent.,  and  in  England  two  to  three  and  one  half  per  cent. 

Of  course  the  farmers  must  furnish  the  business  credit  of  the 
agency.  Each  club  must  decide  the  relative  responsibility  of  its 
members,  and  enter  into  written  obligations  to  meet  this,     The 


98  HOW  THE  CLUBS  BECAME  GRANGES. 

club  must  as  a  whole  meet  their  responsibility,  and  look  to  its  mem- 
bers for  their  proportion  in  case  of  loss.  This  will  necessitate  the 
incorporation  of  the  clubs  as  the  first  step. 

The  State  Board  of  Directors  will  decide  the  relative  responsibil- 
ity of  each  club,  based  on  the  amount  of  property  each  represents. 
To  make  these  credits  available,  the  members  of  each  club  will  be 
responsible  to  the  club,  and  the  club  to  the  Board  of  Directors. 
The  Board,  which  ought  to  consist  of  the  prominent  and  most 
'responsible  members  of  all  the  clubs,  would  be  responsible  to  the 
agency,  and  thus  give  it  the  necessary  credit.  There  is  no  doubt 
about  the  wealth  of  the  agricultural  interest,  but  to  make  it  available 
to  transact  their  business  as  they  wish,  it  must  be  thrown  into  such 
legal  and  business  form  as  will  make  it  a  security  at  once  certain 
and  convertible. . 

To  reap  the  advantages  of  a  farmers'  bank  the  farmers  must  own 
it.  To  do  this,  it  will  be  necessary  for  each  farmer  to  set  aside  in  a 
good  year  (such  as  this  promises  to  be),  a  certain  sum  for  the  form- 
ation of  the  bank,  and  for  which  he  would  receive  stock  in  the  bank, 
and  thus  participate  in  the  profits  to  the  amount  of  his  stock;  and, 
as  banks  never  pay  less  than  one  per  cent,  a,  month  to  their  share- 
holders, and  often  more,  this  would  be  a  good  investment  for  the 
farmer.  This  bank  would  be  under  a  separate  agency.  Each  club 
would  be  largely  interested  in  the  welfare  of  this  bank,  and  as  each 
club  would  be  well  acquainted  with  the  standing  of  each  of  its  mem- 
bers, it  would  be  necessary,  before  any  member  could  get  money,  to 
make  application  to  the  club,  and  obtain  a  written  recommendation 
from  it.  Thus  the  club  guarantees  each  of  its  members  to  the  bank, 
and  in  case  of  loss  the  club  will  have  to  pay  and  collect  of  its  mem- 
bers whatever  they  fail  to  recover  of  the  delinquent.  This,  of  course, 
is  for  money  obtained  as  advances.  This  bank  would  do  a  regular 
banking  business,  charging  the  regular  rates  of  interest,  but  giving 
the  farmer  the  same  rates  as  business  men  in  the  city,  and  the  pref- 
erence. 

A  very  important  subject  in  this  connection  is  the  warehousing,  or 
storing  the  wheat,  in  order  that  the  rush  of  the  sales  may  he  dis- 
tributed over  a  longer  time,  and  thus  holding  the  power  over  the 
shipping,  which  cannot  afford  to  wait,  and  giving  the  agency  a  bet- 
ter chance  to  obtain  better  charter  parties. 

The  Committee  on  Communications  also  reported,  presenting 
the  following  memorials  and  petitions : 

To  the  Honorable  Kepresentatives  elect,  and  Senators  of  the  Pa- 
cific States: 

We,  your  constituents,  farmers  and  laborers  and  others,  carrying 
the  industries  and  development  of  the  States  of  the  sunset  slope, 
would  most  respectfully  crave  your  attention  to  our  wants;  and 
through  you,  ask  of  Congress  relief  of  a  grievous  burden — an  un- 
called-for tax  upon  our  industries. 

The  farming  interests  of  the  States  of  California  and  Oregon  are 
carried  forward  with  great  difficulties,  when  compared  with  the 
same  interest  East. 


CONGEESSIONAL  PETITION.  99 

We  seek  the  same  market  for  the  disposal  of  our  grain,  though 
three  thousand  miles  farther  west,  and  six  thousand  by  the  only 
route  open  to  us — the  sea.  We  have  also  the  enormous  expense  of 
sacking  our  grain — forty  to  eighty  dollars  per  thousand  bushels; 
twelve  million  sacks  to  move  the  crop  of  1872,  in  the  State  of  Cali- 
fornia alone,  averaging  not  less  than  fifteen  cents  a  piece  to  your 
humble  petitioners,  the  farmers  of  the  State,  making  nearly  two 
million  dollars  tax  on  the  farmer  to  enter  the  market  with  his  prod- 
ucts in  competition  with  his  eastern  brother,  and  six  thousand 
miles  more  water  freight  too;  and  now,  in  addition  to  all  that  bur- 
den, the  government  has  placed  a  tariff  upon  the  importation  of 
sacks,  thirty  and  forty  per  cent.,,  and  material  for  manufacture. 
This  is  the  last  pound  to  the  camel's  burden,  and  is  the  chief  cry  we 
have  for  redress;  and  we  would  ask  at  your  hands,  that  the  tariff  on 
jute  and  all  material  for  sack  manufacture  be  removed,  and  all  duty 
on  sacks  be  taken  off,  as  far  as  the  ports  of  California  and  Oregon 
are  concerned.  This  would  relieve  the  over-burdened  farmer  of  Cal- 
ifornia of  about  one  half  million  dollars  tax;  as  it  is  claimed  by 
experts  that  the  State  manufactory  can  now  compete  with  the  for- 
eign trade  at  one  cent  profit  per  sack;  by  the  removal  of  tax  on  raw 
material  it  still  has  the  more  advantage,  and  we,  your  petitioners, 
will  also  gain,  and  not  lose  anything,  as  we  do  not  raise  the  sack 
materials  in  the  State.  And  we  believe  our  eastern  brothers  will 
not  complain  when  they  see  how  much  we  already  endure;  and  not 
unmindful  of  the  great  benefits  to  a  State  of  home  manufactories, 
we  must  say  that  the  present  Jute  Company  does  not  command  our 
strong  sympathies,  as  they  have  run  the  mills  almost  exclusively  for 
the  speculators,  instead  of  the  demands  of  the  trade,  with  the  great- 
est good  to  the  greatest  number. 

All  of  the  above  is  most  respectfully  submitted,  and  for  relief  we 
would  ever  pray. 

To  the  Honorable,  the  Senate  and  House  of  Kepresentatives  in 

Congress  assembled. 

The  undersigned  petitioners,  citizens  of  the  United  States,  of  the 
State  of  California,  respectfully  represent — 

That  all  taxes  should  be  as  equally  borne  by  all  the  people  of  the 
United  States  as  possible.  That  a  tax  that  reaches  one  part  of  the 
country  and  leaves  the  rest  untouched,  or  nearly  so,  is  manifestly 
unjust. 

And  your  petitioners  would  further  represent  that  in  their  opinion 
the  import  duty  collected  by  the  United  States,  of  thirty  to  forty 
per  cent,  on  our  grain  bags,  and  the  material  of  which  they  are 
manufactured,  is  a  tax  which  has  almost  entirely  a  local  bearing; 
that  it  is  unjust  to,  and  discriminating  against,  the  agricultural  in- 
terests of  the  Pacific  Coast;  that  while  the  grain  surplus  of  the  At- 
lantic States  is  moved  to  the  sea-board,  and  thence  to  Europe  in 
bulk,  we,  under  an  inexorable  custom,  are  compelled  to  put  ours  in 
sacks  for  which  we  get  no  adequate  return;  that  the  import  duty  on 
the  sacks  used  in  California  the  past  year  amounts  to  over  one  half 
million  of  dollars,  which  is  equivalent  to  a  "  direct  export  tax"  of 
that  amount  upon  the  wheat  crop  of  California;  that  said  tax  is  bur- 


100  HOW   THE  CLUBS  BECAJVTE   GRANGES. 

densome  and  unjust;  and  we  pray  your  honorable  body  to  repeal  the 
import  duty  on  all  burlap  bags  and  all  material  of  which  they  are 
manufactured,  that  they  may  be  admitted  free  of  duty,  and  your 
petitioners  will  ever  pray,  etc. 

The  Committee  on  Granges  and  Patrons  of  Husbandry  re- 
ported as  follows : 

1st.  The  organization  presents  a  medium  of  establishing  and 
maintaining  a  better  state  of  social  and  confidential  relation  among 
the  farmers. 

2d.  The  necessity  of  transacting  our  business  within  ourselves, 
without  publishing  our  intentions  to  the  world. 

3d.  The  unprecedented  success  of  this  organization,  the  Atlantic 
States  is  a  good  evidence  that  it  will,  in  a  measure,  meet  our  wants 
as  an  agricultural  community;  therefore, 

Eesolved — That  it  is,  in  the  opinion  of  this  body,  expedient  to 
establish  among  the  farmers  of  the  State,  Granges  of  the  Patrons  of 
Husbandry. 

Mr.  Hallett,  of  Butte,  by  leave,  read  an  essay  upon  the 
dangers  to  the  wheat  crop  of  California,  which  was  adopted : 

The  future  of  the  market  for  California  surplus  wheat  presents, 
I  think,  some  new  aspects. 

Great  Britain  is  the  buyer  of  the  surplus  breadstuff's  of  all  the 
world.  She  procures  supplies  from  Bussia,  Austria,  Germany, 
France,  Italy,  Chili,  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  ports  of  the  United 
States,  to  which  must  now  be  added  Australia.  The  average  an- 
nual import  of  great  Britain  is  about  three  million  of  tons.  The 
nearest  sources  of  supply  are  the  ports  of  the  continent  of  Europe: 
next  come  the  Atlantic  ports  of  the  United  States;  then  Australia 
and  Chili,  and  last  California.  The  transit  between  these  ports  and 
Great  Britain  is  by  the  ocean,  and  the  cost  of  transportation  is, 
therefore,  in  a  general  way,  proportioned  to  the  length  of  voyage. 
The  price  of  breadstuff  at  the  ports  of  export  will  be  equal  to  the 
English  price,  less  the  cost  of  transportation  thither,  and  less  a 
further  margin  proportioned  to  the  time  required  for  transit,  which 
provides  for  the  interest  on  the  money  paid  for  the  wheat,  and  the 
contingencies  of  the  fluctuation  in  the  English  market.  Hence,  it 
follows  that  wheat  at  a  California  port  must  be  sold  lower  than 
wheat  of  the  same  quality  at  the  ports  of  any  other  exporting  coun- 
try in  Christendom.  And  in  reference  to  this  item  of  quality,  it 
must  be  remembered  that  the  high  grades  of  Baltic,  of  Chilian,  of 
Australian  and  Western  American,  rate  as  high  as  Calif ornian.  The 
question  to  be  investigated  is,  therefore,  whether  there  is  a  definite 
prospect  and  danger  that  the  surplus  from  those  other  countries 
which  are  in  competition  with  California  are  likely  to  so  supply  the 
market  in  the  near  future  as  to  reduce  the  selling  cost  of  wheat  at  a 
California  port  to,  or  below  the  cost  of  production. 

The  facts  necessary  to  be  learned  in  order  to  arrive  at  a  judgment 


FUTURE  OF   THE   WHEAT  MARKET.  101 

on  this  question,  are  not  so  numerous  but  that  they  be  ascertained 
by  an  inquiry,  which  this  body  may  set  on  foot. 

Some  of  the  points  to  be  specifically  answered  are,  as  I  under- 
stand them,  these: 

First — As  I  understand  the  area  adapted  to  the  growing  of  wheat 
in  Western  Russia  and  Eastern  Austria  is  nearly,  if  not  quite,  ade- 
quate to  the  production  of  the  entire  surplus  demand  by  England; 
that  a  lack  of  facilities  for  transportation  has,  in  the  past,  prevented 
such  production,  just  as  lack  of  the  same  facilities  prevented  it  in 
California;  that  with  the  supply  of  such  facilities  an  increase  of  pro- 
duction is  to  be  looked  for,  not  unlike  the  increase  which  California 
has  shown  in  the  last,  and  promises  in  the  next  season,  Even 
though  the  increase  should  not  be  affected  in  Russia  with  the 
same  suddenness  that  has  been  effected  by  California  energy, 
yet  it  may  be  expected  to  be  equaled  in  two,  three,  or  four  seasons. 
Also,  I  understand  that  the  facilities  for  wheat  transportation  in 
Russia  have  already  been  supplied  by  the  railways  built  by  the  Gov- 
ernment during  the  past  two  years,  and  which  are  still  in  progress; 
but  the  reason  the  surplus  did  not  increase  has  been  that  those  two 
years  were  bad  ones,  just  as  they  were  in  California  in  1870  and  1871; 
that  the  Russian  and  European  crops  generally  were  injured  by  floods 
and  excessive  wet;  but  a  recurrence  of  such  seasons  is  no  more  to  be 
expected  than  drought  in  California;  in  fact,  continual  crops  must  be 
expected  to  maintain  their  "  average  "  yield;  that  this  average  will 
be  applied  in  Russia  to  an  enormously  increased  area,  and  that  this 
area  is  capable,  with  the  increase  of  transportation  facilities,  of  in- 
definite extension.  And  in  order  to  perceive  the  full  significance  of 
this  development,  it  is  only  necessary  to  remember  that  Russia  reg- 
ularly supplies  two  thirds  of  the  total  English  import,  or  two  mill- 
ion of  tons  out  of  three  million.  An  increase  of  only  one  half, 
therefore,  in  her  surplus,  would  suffice  to  supply  the  wants  of  Great 
Britain,  to  the  exclusion  of  every  other  exporting  country. 

But  France  and  Germany  offer  a  larger  surplus  than  that  of  Cal- 
ifornia— which  has  been  suspended  the  past  two  years,  first,  by  the 
war,  and  next  by  a  bad  crop  jTear — which  has  a  prior  chance  in  the 
English  market;  that  is,  which  pays  a  lower  transportation  to  get 
there;  next  comes  the  Russian  surplus;  and  next  that  of  the  Atlantic 
American  sea-board,  paying  a  freight  of  only  $5  to  $7  per  ton.  Last 
of  all  are  the  Pacific  ports  of  Chili,  Australia  and  California,  paying 
freights,  which  are  at  the  comparative  rates  of  $12,  $15  or  $20  per 
ton — of  which  California  pays  the  highest.  The  difference  between 
freights  to  England  from  New  York  and  from  San  Francisco,  is 
never  less  than  half  a  cent,  per  pound. 

Now,  to  show  that  we  are  not  dealing  with  a  speculative  and 
remote  danger,  but  with  an  actual  and  near  one,  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind  that  the  price  of  first-quality  wheat  in  England,  in  average 
seasons,  during  a  series  of  years  past,  has  been*  under  $2  50  per  one 
hundred  pounds;  it  has  even  run  as  low,  if  I  remember  right,  as  $2. 
It  was  sold  at  these  prices  at  a  profit,  by  the  exporting  countries, 
which  are  still  the  competitors  of  California,  and  which  have  since 
increased  their  facilities  for  transportation;  that  is,  their  facilities 
for  laying  down  their  surplus  in  England  in  larger  quantities  and  at 


102  HOW  THE  CLUBS  BECAME  GRANGES. 

less  cost  than  ever  before.  Yet,  at  the  prices  of  average  seasons  in 
England,  in  past  years,  California  wheat  would  have  to  secure  lower 
freights  than  there  is  now  any  reason  to  count  on,  in  order  to  pay 
the  cost  of  its  production,  with  a  surplus  offering  from  the  Con- 
tinent increased  beyond  the  old  figures,  the  average  English  price 
will  rule  lower  than  there,  and  as  we  have  seen,  California  wheat 
must  then  be  shut  out  as  a  living  crop. 

The  only  point  remaining  to  be  inquired  into,  in  this  chain  of  rea- 
soning, is  the  question  whether  continental  producers  can  afford  to 
lay  down  their  surplus  in  England  at  the  rates  which  will  exclude 
California.  Experience  has  shown  that  they  can.  But  the  facts  at- 
tending that  production,  so  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  learn  them — 
the  almost  nominal  rates  of  wages  paid  in  the  wheat  districts  of 
Eussia  and  Austria,  with  the  improved  facilities  for  transportation  to 
the  wheat  ports,  satisfy  me  that  the  wheat  from  these  districts  will 
cut  out,  not  only  California,  but  will  cut  out  the  surplus  of  our  great 
West,  even  allowing  it  the  benefit  of  the  cheapest  possible  rates  of 
transport  to  the  Atlantic  sea-board.  If  these  facts  as  here  suggested 
are  all  true,  it  is  of  the  first  importance  to  California  producers  to 
know  them.  The  production  of  such  a  surplus  as  we  have  moved 
the  past  season,  with  the  English  market  quoted  at  nine  to  ten  shil- 
lings, would  be  as  great  a  calamity  as  a  drought.  What  could  be 
done  with  the  wheat  ?  Absolutely  nothing.  It  would  not  pay  to 
harvest;  there  are  not  the  animals  in  the  State  to  eat  it;  it  could  not 
be  ground  for  flour  to  China.  Nothing  could  be  done  with  it.  And 
so  far  from  this  being  an  imaginary  state  of  affairs,  it  is  the  state  of 
affairs  which  we  are  to  expect — which  is  probable — during  the  mar- 
keting of  our  harvest  for  1874.  And  all  the  facts  of  the  situation  can 
be  easily  learned  in  time  for  our  farmers  to  govern  themselves. 

Probably  most  of  the  information  is  already  in  the  archives  of  the 
State  Department  at  Washington,  in  the  reports  of  the  American 
Consuls  at  Odessa,  Kiga  and  Dantzig,  or,  perhaps,  as  to  the  new 
Eussian  railways,  in  the  documents  forwarded  from  the  Minister  at 
St.  Petersburg.  Or,  if  it  is  not  there,  a  circular  from  the  Depart- 
ment addressed  to  those  ofiicers,  asking  the  specific  information, 
would  produce  it;  and  the  Department  at  the  solicitation  of  this 
body,  presented  through  our  Eepresentatives,  would  not  hesitate,  I 
.  am  confident,  to  issue  such  a  circular.  If  action  be  taken  now,  the 
information  can  be  received  by  this  organization  by  the  time  the 
next  harvest  is  fully  secured,  and  before  the  work  for  the  following- 
year  is  laid  out. 

The  facts  of  the  situation  can  be  laid  before  every  producer  in  the 
State,  and  he  will  go  to  work  with  his  eyes  open.  Later  in  the  sea- 
son, as  the  reports  of  the  condition  and  prospects  of  the  continental 
crops  are  received,  their  full  signification  will  be  understood,  and 
producers  will  act  understanding^  in  the  disposal  of  their  crops.  I 
believe  the  prospect-  to  be,  that  a  surplus  of  half  a  million  tons  of 
wheat  in  California  in  1874  will  not  repay  the  cash  outlay  of  making 
it;  and  I  therefore  feel  that  this  organization  cannot  do  a  more  use- 
ful thing  than  lay  before  the  class  whom  it  represents,  the  facts 
which  will  either  confirm  that  belief  or  show  it  to  be  unfounded. 


4 


SUDDEN  RISE  IN  SACKS.  103 

Prof.  E.  S.  Carr  offered  the  following  resolution: 

Eesolved,  That  a  diminished  demand  for  our  cereals  in  foreign 
markets  being  a  reasonable  expectation,  that  the  Farmers'  Union 
authorize  the  preparation  of  a  report  by  a  suitable  committee  upon 
the  relative  profits  of  other  agricultural  products  suitable  to  our 
climate  with  a  view  to  the  encouragement  of  manufactures,  a  better 
home  market,  a  more  diversified,  and  consequently  a  more  independ- 
ent system  of  industry. 

Prof.  Carr  spoke  to  his  resolution,  calling  attention  to  the 
necessity  of  diversifying  agricultural  products  to  prevent  deple- 
tion of  the  soil  and  to  create  home  consumption,  invite  immi- 
gration, and  work  up  home  products. 

r"  Mr.  Baxter  was  invited  to  address  the  Convention  on  the  sub- 
ject of  the  Order  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry;  and,  as  if  to  enforce 
the  views  he  laid  down  of  the  advantages  of  a  secret  organiza- 
tion, the  sack  committee,  whose  instructions  had  been  to  ascer- 
tain and  report  the  best  terms  upon  which  sacks  could  be  ob- 
tained for  the  coming  crop,  reported  that  no  sacks  could  that 
day  be  obtained  at  the  rates  offered  on  the  first  day  of  the  ses- 

Ision.  The  proceedings  of  the  Convention  becoming  known,  some 
--combination  had  been  effected  by  which  a  very  material  advance 
in  the  price  of  sacks  had  been  reached,  and  the  farmers  were 
again  at  the  mercy  of  the  operators.  All  the  sacks  in  the  east-  a 
ern  markets  were  but  an  item  in  the  large  prospective  demand.  /*> 
The  Convention  at  once  passed  a  resolution  authorizing  the 
Executive  Committee  to  incorporate  a  part  or  the  whole  of  itself 
as  a  Branch  Association,  cooperative  with  the  Farmers'  Union, 
county  and  local  incorporations,  and  proceeded  to  elect  the  fol- 
lowing officers:  President,  John  Bidwell;  Secretary,  I.  N. 
Hoag;  Treasurer,  A.  T.  Dewey;  Executive  Committee,  C.  J. 
Cressey,  of  Stanislaus,  J.  V.  Webster,  of  Oakland,  J.  D.  Fowler, 
of  Hollister,  Prof.  E.  S.  Carr,  of  the  State  University,  Prof. 
Lippett,  of  Sonoma.     The  Convention  then  adjourned. 

The  " Farmers'  Union"  never  met  again,  except  for  a  final 
settlement  of  its  affairs.  President  Bidwell  said  on  that  oc- 
casion, that  its  one  year  of  existence  had  marked  an  era  in 
California  agriculture;  the  lesson  of  combination  and  coopera- 
tion  had  been  learned,  with  a  benefit  to  the  farmers  of  not  less 
thanthree  million  ot  dollars.  The  continuance  of  this  work^ 
was  formally  turned  over  to  the  Granges,  and  the  Union  ceased 
to  exist 


104         THE  ORDER  OF  PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

CHAPTEE  X. 

THE  ORDER  OF  PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

How  Established— Messes.  Kelley  and  Saunders — A  Cloud  no  Bigger  than  a 
Man's  Hand— Significance  op  Names,  "Grange"  and  "Patron"— Eligibility: 
Organization  and  First  Officers:  First  Four  Dispensations — Growth 
on  the  Upper  Mississippi:  Eighty  Granges  a  Day  in  Iowa — Third  An- 
nual Session — What  the  Patrons  Propose  to  Do — Official  Declara- 
tion of  Purposes — Constitution  and  By-Laws. 

"  Industry  requires  its  captains  as  well  as  war."  During  the 
last  twenty  years,  the  observant  and  philosophical  watchman 
upon  the  walls  of  privilege,  might  have  observed  in  various 
quarters  the  gathering  of  the  clans  of  discontented  laboring 
men.  The  doctrine  of  equal  rights  under  the  law,  the  power 
to  enforce  this  doctrine  through  the  ballot,  had  been  gained; 
there  was  needed  an  organization  through  which  these  could 
manifest  themselves.  Political  or  financial  combinations  had 
felt  secure  during  all  the  historical  struggle  between  wealth 
and  power  on  the  one  side,  and  numbers  on  the  other,  because, 
wherever  combinations  of  workmen  were  not  interdicted  by  law, 
advantage  was  taken  of  the  diversity  of  interests  among  them, 
to  neutralize  their  influence. 

In  France  the  antagonism  of  certain  industrial  interests  was 
stimulated  to  an  unnatural  degree;  in  America,  the  same  thing 
was  accomplished  by  ranging  the  great  body  of  agriculturists 
in  separate  political  camps.  The  need  of  a  great  conciliating, 
centralizing  influence  was  felt,  before  the  civil  war.  It  soon 
afterward  became  an  imperative  necessity,  for  the  industry  of 
the  South  was  utterly  paralyzed,  while  that  of  the  North  was 
staggering  under  burdens  too  great  to  be  borne.  The  associa- 
tions hitherto  organized  for  the  improvement  of  the  farm,  were 
utterly  inadequate  to  cope  with  the  monster  monopolies  which 
had  taken  a  firm  grasp  of  Congress  and  upon  capital. 

It  was  very  natural  that  the  great  awakening  should  begin 
where  the  magnitude  of  the  dangers  was  most  apparent,  viz :  at 
the  seat  of  government. 

In  January,  1866,  under  an  order  from  President  Andrew 
Johnson,  Mr.  O.  H.  Kelley,  of  the  Agricultural  Bureau,  com- 
menced a  tour  of  inspection  of  the  Southern  States,  during 
which  he  conversed  freely  with  the  farmers  and  planters,  and 


MESSRS.    KELLEY  AND  SAUNDERS.  105 

came  to  tii3  conclusion  that  the  industrial  reconstruction  of  that 
section  would  require  the  mutual  aid  and  cooperation  of  the 
whole  country.  The  political  Union  which  had  cost  so  much; 
which  had  watered  the  whole  breadth  of  the  land  with  tears; 
which  the  agriculture  of  the  country  had  got  to  pay  for  with  so 
many  years  of  toil,  required  for  its  security  a  social  and  indus- 
trial union  and  harmony  of  interests,  only  to  be  reached  by  a 
close  bond  of  association. 

Mr.  William  Saunders,  of  the  Bureau  of  Agriculture,  an  in- 
telligent and  thoughtful  Scotchman,  whose  extensive  corre- 
spondence had  made  him  familiar  with  the  struggles  of  the 
farmers  in  all  sections  of  the  country,  entered  warmly  into  the 
views  expressed  by  Mr.  Kelley  on  his  return.  Mr.  Kelley  had 
proposed,  through  some  organizations  like-  that  of  the  Free- 
masons, to  link  the  farmers  into  a  solidarity.  The  originators 
of  the  movement  were  Mr.  Kelley,  Mr.  "William  Saunders,  then 
and  at  present  jSuperintendent  of  the  garden  and  grounds  of 
the  Department  of  Agriculture;  Mr.  William  M.  Ireland,  Chief 
Clerk  of  the  Finance  office  of  the  Postoffice  Department;  Mr. 
John  R.  Thompson,  of  the  Treasury  Department;  Rev.  Dr.  John 
Trimble,  of  the  Treasury  Department,  and  Rev.  A.  B.  Grosh, 
of  the  Department  of  Agriculture.  On  the  5th  of  August, 
1867,  they  compiled  the  first  degree  of  the  Order  of  Patrons  of 
Husbandry. 

Eight  days  after,  Mr.  Saunders  left  Washington  for  St. 
Louis,  with  the  purpose  of  establishing  the  Order  in  the  West, 
thus  opening  the  way  for  the  labors  of  the  chief  apostle,  Mr. 
Kelley,  during  the  following  year. 

The  generic  name  of  the  Order  explains  itself,  and  covers  in 
a  general  way  the  requirements  for  membership.  The  word 
"Grange"  is  pure  old  English,  used  by  the  older  as  well  as 
recent  writers  and  poets,  in  the  sense  of  a  farm-stead  or  rural 
residence.  In  its  symbolical  application  it  meansHElie  hall  or 
place  of  assembly  of  Grangers  or  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  what- 
ever their  degree. 

The  National  Grange  was  organized  at  Washington,  at  the 
residence  oi  Mr.  Saunders,  on  the  evening  of  December  4, 
1867^by  the  election  of  the  following  officers :  Master,  William 
Saunders,  of  the  District  of  Columbia;  Lecturer,  J.  R.  Thomp- 
son, of  Vermont;  Overseer,  Anson  Bartlett,  of  Ohio;  Steward, 
William  Muir,  of  Pennsylvania;  Assistant  Steward,  A.  S.  Moss, 


106         THE  ORDER  OF  PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

of  New  York;  Chaplain,  Kev.  A.  B.  Grosli,  of  Pennsylvania; 
Treasurer,  "William  M.  Ireland,  of  Pennsylvania;  Secretary,  O. 
H.  Kelley,  of  Minnesota;  Gate  Keeper,  Edward  F,  Farris,  of 
Illinois. 

The  next  step  was  to  test  the  workings  of  the  ritual  in  a  sub- 
ordinate Grange.  One  was  therefore  formed,  consisting  of 
about  sixty  members.  The  first  dispensation  for  a  subordinate 
Grange  was  granted  to  an  application  from  Harrisburg,  Penn- 
sylvania; the  second  to  one  from  Fredonia,  New  York;  the 
third  to  a  Grange  at  Columbus,  Ohio,  and  the  fourth  to  one  in 
Chicago.  Only  ten  Granges  were  organized  during  the  first 
year;  at  the  end  of  the  second,  they  numbered  thirty-one. 

The  great  center  of  the  growth  of  the  order  was  in  the  States 
bordering  the  Mississippi.  In  Iowa,  subordinate  Granges  were 
formed  in  the  spring  of  1873,  at  the  rate  of  from  sixty  to  eighty 
a  day.  With  irresistible  power  the  great  wave  has  increased 
and  swelled  in  volume,  until  it  has  reached  both  oceans.  It 
lifted  the  bowed  head  of  the  South;  it  included  both  sexes;  it 
became  a  powerful  educator.  The  only  element  to  which  any 
objection  could  be  made,  viz,  that  of  secrecy,  could  not  com- 
promise  it,  while  the  work  to  which  it  was  solemnly  pledged, 
was  pure  and  honorable.  It  was  not  a  political  organization; 
but  in  the  words  of  the  New  York  Tribune,  it  "  altered  the 
political  equilibrium  of  the  most  steadfast  States."  Its  objects 
and  plans  are  well  expressed  in  an  address  by  Worthy  Master 
Saunders,  at  the  third  annual  session  of  the  National  Grange, 
February  4,  1870: 

To  increase  the  products  of  the  earth,  by  increasing  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  producer,  is  the  basis  of  our  structure;  to  learn  and 
apply  the  relations  of  science,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  various  prod- 
ucts of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  to  diffuse  the  truths  and  gen- 
eral principles  of  the  science  and  art  of  agriculture,  are  ultimate 
objects  of  our  organization.  We  fully  avail  ourselves  of  the  valu- 
able results  of  scientific  investigations  in  establishing  principles 
(which,  although  sometimes  difficult  of  discovery,  are  generally  of 
easy  application  when  properly  understood),  and  seek  to  disseminate 
knowledge  upon  every  subject  that  bears  upon  the  increase  of  the 
productions  and  wealth  of  the  nation. 

One  of  the  first  duties  of  every  Grange  is  to  form  a  good  library. 
This  should  be  well  supplied  with  elementary  works  in  the  various 
branches  of  natural  history;  standard  works  on  agriculture,  horti- 
culture, pomology,  physiology,  rural  architecture,  landscape-garden- 
ing, breeding  and  raising  of  live-stock,  and  those  of  similar  import. 
It  is  suggested  that  treatises  on  principles  and  fundamental  laws 


WOMEN  IN  THE  GRANGE.  107 

should  have  special  preference.  The  practices,  more  varied  in  their 
details,  will  be  found  from  time  to  time  in  the  periodicals  devoted 
to  these  subjects. 

The  social  relaxation  from  every -day  duties  and  toils,  inculcated 
and  encouraged  in  the  Order,  is  keenly  appreciated  by  its  members. 
The  barriers  to  social  intercourse  that  are  thrown  around  society 
by  despotic  fashion,  are  ruthlessly  thrown  down  with  us,  and  we 
meet  on  a  common  footing,  with  a  common  object  in  view,  viz,  of 
receiving  and  contributing  the  highest  enjoyments  of  civilized  society. 
To  make  country  homes  and  country  society  attractive,  refined,  and 
enjoyable;  to  balance  exhaustive  labors  by  instructive  amusements 
and  accomplishments,  is  part  of  our  mission  and  our  aim. 

The  admission  of  women  to  full  membership,  and  their  assistance 
in  the  workings  of  the  Order,  is  proving  of  incalculable  value;  it  is, 
indeed,  doubtful  whether  the  objects  of  the  institution,  especially  in 
regard  to  the  refinements  of  education,  and  all  that  tends  to 
brighten  hearths  and  enliven  homes,  could  have  been  accomplished 
without  their  presence  and  aid% 

In  establishing  an  organization  of  this  kind,  we  must  noi;  allow 
our  energies  to  relax  by  an  apparent  indifference,  or  even  avowed 
hostility  to  our  cause.  This  we  must  expect,  as  there  is  no  popular 
movement  exempt  from  opposition.  There  is  always  a  class  of 
doubters  who  predict  failures;  others  misconstrue  motives,  and  still 
others  who  freely  give  opinions  without  investigating  the  objects 
sought  to  be  attained,  or  the  methods  by  which  they  are  to  be  ac- 
complished. 

The  secret  ceremony  of  initiation  of  members  has  been  objected 
to  by  a  few  persons;  but  we  are  already  well  convinced  that  the  effi- 
cient discipline  necessary  to  secure  permanent  organization  could 
not  be  attained  by  any  other  means,  thus  completely  realizing 
the  only  object  that  suggested  its  adoi>tion;  and  it  meets  the  warm 
approval  of  all  those  who  have  experienced  the  transitory  existence 
of  rural  clubs  and  societies,  and  who  recognize  in  our  simple,  but 
efficient  rules,  elements  of  success,  based  upon  a  solid  and  lasting 
foundation. 

The  Patrons  of  Husbandry  propose:  1.  To  secure  for  themselves, 
through  the  Granges,  social  and  educational  advantages  not  other- 
wise attainable,  and  thereby,  while  improving  their  condition  as  a 
class,  ennoble  farm  life,  and  render  it  attractive  and  desirable. 

2.  To  give  a  full  practical  effect  to  the  fraternal  tie  which  unites 
them,  in  helping  and  protecting  each  other  in  case  of  sickness,  be- 
reavement, pecuniary  misfortune,  want,  and  danger  of  every  kind. 

3.  To  make  themselves  better  and  more  successful  farmers  and 
planters,  by  means  of  the  knowledge  gained,  the  habits  of  industry, 
and  method  established,  and  the  quickening  of  thought  induced  by 
intercourse  and  discussion. 

4.  To  secure  economies  in  the  purchase  of  implements,  fertilizers, 
and  family  supplies,  and  in  transportation,  as  well  as  increased  prof- 
its in  the  sale  of  the  products  of  their  labor,  at  the  same  time  les- 
sening the  cost  to  the  consumer. 

5.  To  entirely  abolish  the  credit  system,  in  their  ordinary  trans- 
actions, always  buying  and  selling  on  a  cash  basis,  both  among 
themselves  and  in  their  dealings  with  the  outside  world. 


108  THE  ORDER  OF  PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY, 

6.  To  encourage  co-operation  in  trade,  in  farming,  and  in  other 
branches  of  industry,  especially  those  most  intimately  connected 
with  agriculture. 

7.  To  promote  the  true  unity  of  the  Bepublic,  by  drawing  the 
best  men  and  women  of  all  parts  of  the  country  together  in  an  organ- 
ization which  knows  no  sectional  bounds — no  prejudices — and  owes 
no  party  allegiance. 

DECLARATION  OF  PURPOSES. 

Declaration  of  purposes  of  the  National  Gnmg&jtdopted  at 
StTEouis,  FebruaryTJ874;  also  by  theState  Grange- of  Califor- 
nia, October  10,  1874:      '       ~  '" 

Profoundly  impressed  with  the  truth  that  the  National  Grange  of 
the  United  States  should  definitely  proclaim  to  the  world  its  general 
objects,  we  herftby  unanimously  make  this  Declaration  of  Purposes 
of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry: 

1.  United  by  the  strong  and  faithful  tie  of  agriculture,  we  mu- 
tually resolve  to  labor  for  the  good  of  our  Order,  our  country,  and 
mankind. 

2.  We  heartily  indorse  the  motto:  "  In  essentials,  unity;  in  non- 
essentials, liberty;  in  all  things,  charity." 

3.  We  shall  endeavor  to  advance  our  cause  by  laboring  to  accom- 
plish the  following  objects: 

To  develop  a  better  and  higher  manhood  and  womanhood  among 
ourselves.  To  enhance  the  comforts  and  attractions  of  our  homes, 
and  strengthen  our  attachments  to  our  pursuits.  To  foster  mutual 
understanding  and  co-operation.  To  maintain  inviolate  our  laws, 
and  to  emulate  each  other  in  labor  to  hasten  the  good  time  coming. 
To  reduce  our  expenses,  both  individual  and  corporate.  To  diversify 
our  crops,  and  crop  no  more  than  we  can  cultivate.  To  condense  the 
weight  of  our  exports,  selling  less  in  the  bushel  and  more  on  hoof  and 
in  fleece;  less  in  lint,  and  more  in  warp  and  woof.  To  systematize 
our  work,  and  calculate  intelligently  on  probabilities.  To  dis- 
countenance the  credit  system,  the  mortgage  system,  the  fashion 
system,  and  every  other  system  tending  to  prodigality  and  bank- 
ruptcy. We  propose  meeting  together,  talking  together,  working 
together,  buying  together,  selling  together,  and  in  general  acting 
together  for  our  mutual  protection  and  advancement,  as  occasion 
may  require.  We  shall  avoid  litigation  as  much  as  possible  by  ar- 
bitration in  the  Grange.  We  shall  constantly  strive  to  secure 
entire  harmony,  good-will,  vital  brotherhood  among  ourselves,  and 
to  make  our  Order  perpetual.  We  shall  earnestly  endeavor  to  sup- 
press personal,  local,  sectional,  and  national  prejudices,  all  un- 
healthy rivalry,  all  selfish  ambition.  Faithful  adherence  to  these 
principles  will  insure  our  mental,  moral,  social,  and  material 
advancement. 

4.  For  our  business  interests,  we  desire  to  bring  producers  and 
consumers,  farmers  and  manufacturers,  into  the  most  direct  and 
friendly  relations  possible.  Hence  we  must  dispense  with  a  sur- 
plus of  middle-men;  not  that  we  are  unfriendly  to  them,  but  we  do 


r   A3  <-. 
oar 


DECLARATION  OF  PURPOSES.  ^s-"  109 

not  need  them.  Their  surplus  and  their  exactions  diminish  our  prof- 
its. We  wage  no  aggressive  warfare  against  any  other  interests 
whatever.  On  the  contrary,  all  our  acts  and  all  our  efforts,  so  far  as 
business  is  concerned,  are  not  only  for  the  benefit  of  the  producer 
and  consumer,  but  also  for  all  other  interests  that  tend  to  bring 
these  two  parties  into  speedy  and  economical  contact.  Hence  we 
hold  that  transportation  companies  of  every  kind  are  necessary  to 
our  succesS7"that  tne"rFlnterests  are  intimately  connected  with  our 
interests,  and  harmonious  action  is  mutually  advantageous,  keeping 
in  view  the  first  sentence  in  our  declaration  of  principles  of  action, 
that  "Individual  happiness  depends  upon  general  prosperity." 
We  shall,  therefore,  advocate  for  every  State  the  increase  in  every 
practicable  way,  of  all  facilities  for  transporting  cheaply  to  the  sea- 
board, or  between  home  producers  and  consumers,  all  the  produc- 
tions of  our  country.  We  adopt  it  as  our  fixed  purpose  to  "  open 
out  the  channels  in  nature's  great  arteries  that  the  life-blood  of 
commerce  may  flow  freely."  We  are  not  enemies  of  railroads,  navi- 
gation and  irrigation  canals,  nor  of  any  corporation  that  will  advance 
our  industrial  interests,  nor  of  any  laboring  classes.  In  our  noble 
Order  there  is  no  communism,  no  agrarianism.  We  are  opposed  to 
such  spirit  and  management  of  any  corporation  or  enterprise  as  tends 
to  oppress  the  people  and  rob  them  of  their  just  profits.  We  are 
not  enemies  to  capital,  but  we  oppose  the  tyranny  gf  mrmnpnl^o 
We  long  to  see  the  antagonism  between  capital  and  labor  removed 
by  common  consent,  and  by  an  enlightened  statesmanship  worthy  of 
the  nineteenth  century.  We  are  opposed  to  excessive  salaries t  high 
rates  of  interest,  and  exorbitant  per  cent,  profits  of  producers.  We 
desire  6hly  sell-protection  and  the  protection  of  every  true  interest 
of  our  land  by  legitimate  transactions,  legitimate  trade,  and  legiti- 
mate profits.  We  shall  advance  the  cause  of  education  among  our- 
selves and  for  our  children,  by  all  just  means  within  our  power.  We 
especially  advocate  for  our  agricultural  and  industrial  colleges  that 
practical  agriculture,  domestic  science,  and  all  the  arts  which  adorn 
the  home,  be  taught  in  their  courses  of  study. 

5.  We  emphatically  and  sincerely  assert  the  oft-repeated  truth 
taught  in  our  organic  law,  that  the  Grange,  National,  State,  or  Sub- 
ordinate, is  noft  a  political  or  party  organization.  No  Grange,  if 
true  to  its  obligations,  can  discuss  political  or  religious  questions, 
nor  call  political  conventions,  nor  nominate  candidates,  nor  even 
discuss  their  merits  in  its  meetings.  Yet  the  priciples  we  teach  un- 
derlie all  true  politics,  all  true  statemanship,  and,  if  properly  carried 
out,  will  tend  to  purify  the  whole  political  atmosphere  of  our  coun- 
try. For  we  seek  the  greatest  good  to  the  greatest  number.  We 
must  always  bear  in  mind  that  no  one,  by  becoming  a  Patron 
of  Husbandry,  gives  up  that  inalienable  right  and  duty  which  be- 
longs to  every  American  citizen,  to  take  a  proper  interest  in  the 
politics  of  his  country.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  right  for  every  mem- 
ber to  do  all  in  his  power  legitimately  to  influence  for  good  any 
political  party  to  which  he  belongs.  It  is  his  duty  to  do  all  he  can 
in  his  own  party  to  put  down  bribery,  corruption,  and  trickery;  to 
see  that  none  but  competent,  faithful,  and  honest  men,  who  will  un- 
flinchingly stand  by  our  industrial  interests,  are  nominated  for  all 


110  THE  ORDER  OF  PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

positions  of  trust;  and  to  have  carried  out  the  principle  which  should 
always  characterize  every  Patron,  that  the  office  should  seek  the 
man,  and  not  the  man  the  office.  We  acknowledge  the  broad  prin- 
ciple that  difference  of  opinion  is  no  crime,  and  hold  that  "  progress 
toward  truth  is  made  by  difference  of  opinion,"  while  "the  fault 
lies  in  bitterness  of  controversy."  We  desire  a  proper  equality, 
equity,  and  fairness;  protection  for  the  weak,  restraint  upon  the 
strong ;  in  short,  justly  distributed  burdens  and  justly  distributed 
power.  These  are  American  ideas,  the  very  essence  of  American 
independence,  and  to  advocate  the  contrary  is  unworthy  of  the  sons 
and  daughters  of  an  American  republic.  We  cherish  the  belief  that 
sectionalism  is,  and  of  right  should  be,  dead  and  buried  with  the 
past.  Our  work  is  for  the  future.  In  our  agricultural  brotherhood 
and  its  purposes,  we  shall  recognize  no  North,  no  South,  no  East, 
no  West.  It  is  reserved  by  every  patron,  as  the  right  of  a  freeman, 
to  affiliate  with  any  party  that  will  best  carry  out  his  principles. 

6.  Ours  being  peculiarly  a  farmers'  institution,  we  cannot  admit 
all  to  our  ranks.  Many  are  excluded  by  the  nature  of  our  organiza- 
tion, not  because  they  are  professional  men,  or  artisans,  or  laborers, 
but  because  they  have  not  a  sufficient  direct  interest  in  tilling  the 
soil,  or  may  have  some  interest  in  conflict  with  our  purposes.  But 
we  appeal  to  all  good  citizens  for  their  cordial  co-operation  to  assist 
in  our  efforts  toward  reform,  that  we  may  eventually  remove  from 
our  midst  the  last  vestige  of  tyranny  and  corruption.  We  hail  the 
general  desire  for  fraternal  harmony,  equitable  compromises,  and 
earnest  co-operation,  as  an  omen  of  our  future  success. 

7.  It  shall  be  an  abiding  principle  with  us  to  relieve  any  of  our 
oppressed  and  suffering  brotherhood  by  any  means  at  our  command. 
Last,  but  not  least,  we  proclaim  it  among  our  purposes  to  inculcate 
a  proper  appreciation  of  the  abilities  and  sphere-af  woman,  as  is  in- 
dicated by  admitting  her  to  membership  and  position  in  our  Order. 
Imploring  the  continued  assistance  of  our  Divine  Master  to  guide 
us  in  our  work,  we  here  pledge  ourselves  to-  faithful  and  harmonious 
labor  for  all  future  time,  to  return  by  our  united  efforts  to  the 
wisdom,  justice,  fraternity,  and  political  purity  of  our  forefathers. 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  NATIONAL  GRANGE  OF  THE  ORDER  OF 
PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

, — '  PREAMBLE. 

Human  happiness  is  the  acme  of  earthly  ambition.  Individual  happiness  de- 
pends upon  general  prosperity. 

The  prosperity  of  a  nation  is  in  proportion  to  the  value  of  its  productions. 

The  soil  is  the  source  from  whence  we  derive  all  that  constitutes  wealth ,  with- 
out it  we  would  have  no  agriculture,  no  manufactures,  no  commerce.  Of  all  the 
material  gifts  of  the  Creator,  the  various  productions  of  the  vegetable  world  are  of 
the  first  importance.  The  art  of  agriculture  is  the  parent  and  precursor  of  all  arts, 
and  its  products  the  foundation  of  all  wealth. 

The  productions  of  the  earth  are  subject  to  the  influence  of  natural  laws,  inva- 
riable and  indisputable;  the  amount  produced  will  consequently  be  in  proportion 
to  the  intelligence  of  the  producer,  and  success  will  depend  upon  his  knowledge 
ot  the  action  of  these  laws,  and  the  proper  application  of  their  principles. 

Hence,  knowledge  is  the  foundation  of  happiness. 


PKEAMBLE  AND  CONSTITUTION.  Ill 

The  ultimate  object  of  this  organization  is  for  mutual  instruction  and  protec- 
tion; to  lighten  labor  by  diffusing  a  knowledge  of  its  aims  and  purposes;  expand 
the  mind  by  tracing  the  beautiful  laws  the  Great  Creator  has  established  in  the 
universe,  and  to  enlarge  our  views  of  creative  wisdom  and  power. 

To  those  who  read  aright,  history  proves  that  in  all  ages  society  is  fragmentary, 
and  successful  results  of  general  welfare  can  be  secured  only  by  general  effort. 
Unity  of  action  cannot  be  acquired  without  discipline,  and  discipline  cannot  be 
enforced  without  significant  organization;  hence,  we  have  a  ceremony  of  initia- 
tion which  binds  us  in  mutual  fraternity  as  with  a  band  of  iron;  but  although  its 
influence  is  so  powerful,  its  application  is  as  gentle  as  that  of  the  silken  thread 
that  binds  a  wreath  of  flowers. 

The  Patrons  of  Husbandry  consist  of  the  following  organization : 

Subordinate  Granges. 
First  Degree:  Maid,  (woman,)  Laborer,  (man.) 
Second  Degree:  Shepherdess,  (woman,)  Cultivator,  (man.^ 
Third  Degree:  Gleaner,  (woman,)  Harvester,  (man.) 
Fourth  Degree :  Matron,  (woman,)  Husbandman,  (man.) 

State  Grange. 

Section  1.  Fifth  degree.  Pomona,  (Faith.)  Composed  of  the  Masters  of 
Subordinate  Granges  and  their  wives,  who  are  Matrons,  provided  that  when  the 
number  of  Subordinate  Granges  in  any  State  becomes  so  great  as  to  render  it 
necessary,  the  State  Grange  may,  in  such  manner  as  it  may  determine,  reduce  its 
representatives  by  providing  for  the  election  of  a  certain  proportion  of  those  en- 
titled to  membership  in  the  State  Grange  from  each/ county;  and  the  members  so 
chosen  shall  constitute  the  State  Grange. 

Sec.  2.  There  may  be  established  District  or  County  Granges  in  the  fifth  de- 
gree, not  to  exceed  one  in  each  county,  composed  of  Masters  and  Past  Masters  of 
Subordinate  Granges,  and  their  wives,'  who  are  Matrons,  and  such  fourth  degree 
members  (not  to  exceed  -three),  as  may  be  elected  thereto  by  the  Subordinate 
Granges,  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  established  by  State  Granges.  Such 
District  or  County  Granges  shall  have  charge  of  the  educational  and  business  in- 
terests of  the  Order  in  their  respective  districts,  and  shall  encourage,  strengthen 
and  aid  the  Subordinate  Granges  represented  therein.  Dispensations  for  such 
District  or  County  Granges  shall  issue  from  the  State  Grange,  and  under  such 
regulations  as  the  State  Grange  may  adopt. 

National  Grange. 

Sixth  Degree:  Flora,  (Charity.) 

Composed  of  Masters  of  State  Granges  and  their  wives  who  have  taken  the  de- 
gree of  Pomona,  and  the  officers  and  members  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the 
National  Grange. 

Seventh  Degree :  Ceres,  (Faith.) 

Members  of  the  National  Grange  who  have  served  one  year  therein,  may  be- 
come members  of  this  degree  upon  application  and  election.  It  has  charge  of  the 
secret  work  of  the  Order,  and  shall  be  a  court  of  impeachment  of  all  officers  of 
the  National  Grange. 

Members  of  this  degree  are  honorary  members  of  the  National  Grange,  and  are 
eligible  to  offices  therein,  but  not  entitled  to  vote. 

CONSTITUTION. 

Article  I.— Section  1.  The  officers  of  a  Grange,  either  National,  State,  or 
Subordinate,  consist  of  and  rank  as  follows:  Master,  Overseer,  Lecturer,  Steward, 
Assistant  Steward,  Chaplain,  Treasurer,  Secretary,  Gate-keeper,  Ceres,  Pomona, 
Flora,  and  Lady  Assistant  Steward.  It  is  their  duty  to  see  that  the  laws  of  the 
Order  are  carried  out. 

Sec.  2.  In  the  Subordinate  Granges  they  shall  be  chosen  annually' at  the 
regular  meeting  in  December,  and  installed  at  the  regular  meeting  in  January,  or 
as  soon  thereafter  as  practicable;  in  the  State  Granges,  once  in  two  years,  and  in 
the  National  Grange  once  in  three  years.     All  elections  to  be  by  ballot. 

Vacancies  by  death  or  resignation  to  be  filled  at  a  special  election  at  the  next 
regular  meeting  thereof — officers  so  chosen  to  serve  until  the  annual  meeting. 

Sec.  3,  The  Master  of  the  National  Grange  may  appoint  members  of  the  Order 
as  deputies  to  organize  Granges  where  no  State  Grange  exists. 


112         THE  ORDER  OF  PATRONS  OP  HUSBANDRY. 

See.  4.  There  shall  be  an  Executive  Committee  of  the  National  Grange,  con- 
sisting of  five  members,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  three  years. 

Sec.  5.     The  officers  of  the  respective  Granges  shall  be  addressed  as  "  worthy ." 

Article  II.— Section  1.  Subordinate  Granges  shall  meet  at  least  once  each 
month,  and  may  hold  intermediate  meetings. , 

Sec.  2.  State  Granges  shall  meet  annually  at  such  time  and  place  as  the 
Grange  shall,  from  year  to  year,  determine. 

Sec.  3.  The  National  Grange  shall  meet  annually  on  the  third  Wednesday  in 
November,  at  such  place  as  the  Grange  may,  from  year  to  year,  determine. 
Should  the  National  Grange  adjourn  without  selecting  the  place  of  meeting,  the 
Executive  Committee  shall  appoint  the  place  and  notify  the  Secretary  of  the  Na- 
tional Grange  and  the  Masters  of  the  State  Granges  at  least  thirty  days  before 
the  day  appointed. 

Article  III. — The  National  Grange,  at  its  annual  session,  may  frame,  amend, 
or  repeal  such  laws  as  the  good  of  the  Order  may  require.  All  laws  of  State  and 
Subordinate  Granges  must  conform  to  this  Constitution  and  the  laws  adopted  by 
the  National  Grange. 

Article  IV. — The  Ritual  adopted  by  the  National  Grange  shall  be  used  in  all 
Subordinate  Granges,  and  any  desired  alteration  in  the  same  must  be  submitted 
to,  and  receive  the  sanction  of  the  National  Grange. 

Article  V. — Any  person  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  and  having  no  in- 
terest in  conflict  with  our  purposes,  of  the  age  of  sixteen  years,  duly  proposed, 
elected,  and  complying  with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Order,  is  entitled  to 
membership  and  the  benefit  of  the  degrees  taken.  Every  application  must  be  ac- 
companied by  the  fee  of  membership.  If  rejected  the  money  will  be  refunded. 
Applications  must  be  certified  by  members,  and  balloted  for  at  a  subsequent  meet- 
ing.   It  shall  require  three  negative  votes  to  reject  an  applicant. 

Article  VI. — The  minimum  fee  for  membership  in  a  Subordinate  Grange  shall 
be,  for  men,  five  dollars,  and  for  women,  two  dollars,  for  the  four  degrees,  except 
charter  members,  who  shall  pay — men,  three  dollars,  and  women,  fifty  cents. 

Article  VII. — Section  1.  The  minimum  of  regular  monthly  dues  shall  be  ten 
cents  from  each  member,  and  each  Grange  may  otherwise  regulate  its  own  dues. 

Sec.  2.  The  Secretary  of  each  Subordinate  Grange  shall  report  quarterly  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  Grange  the  names  of  all  persons  initiated  during  the  quar- 
ter, and  pay  to  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange  one  dollar  for  each  man,  and 
fifty  cents  for  each  woman  initiated  during  the  quarter.  Also  a  quarterly  due  of 
six  cents  for  each  member,  said  report  to  be  approved  and  forwarded  at  the  first 
session  of  the  Grange  in  each  quarter. 

Sec.  3.  The  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange  shall  pay  to  the  Treasurer  of  the 
State  Grange  all  moneys  coming  into  his  hands,  at  least  once  every  ten  days,  tak- 
ing his  receipt  therefor;  and  shall  report  quarterly  to  the  Secretary  of  the  National 
Grange  the  membership  in  the  State. 

Sec.  4.  The  Treasurer  of  each  State  Grange  shall  deposit  to  the  credit  of  the 
National  Grange  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  with  some  Banking  or  Trust  company, 
to  be  selected  by  the  Executive  Committee,  in  quarterly  instalments,  the  annual 
due  of  five  cents  of  each  member  in  his  State,  and  forward  the  receipts  of  the 
same  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  National  Grange. 

Sec.  5.  All  moneys  deposited  with  said  company  shall  be  paid  out  only  upon 
the  drafts  of  the  Treasurer  approved  by  the  Master  and  countersigned  by  the 
Secretary. 

Sec.  6.  No  State  Grange  shall  be  entitled  to  representation  in  the  National 
Grange  whose  dues  are  unpaid  for  more  than  one  quarter. 

Article  VIII. — Section  1.  All  charters  and  dispensations  issue  directly  from 
the  National  Grange. 

Sec.  2.  Nine  men  and  four  women  having  received  the  four  Subordinate 
degrees,  may  receive  a  dispensation  to  organize  a  Subordinate  Grange. 

Sec.  3.  Applications  for  dispensations  or  charters  shall  be  made  to  the  Sec- 
retary of  the  National  Grange,  and  be  signed  by  the  persons  applying  for  the 
same,  and  be  accompanied  by  a  fee  of  fifteen  dollars. 

Sec.  4.  Charter  members  are  those  persons  only  whose  names  are  upon  the 
application,  and  whose  fees  were  paid  at  the  time  of  organization.  Their  number 
shall  not  be  less  than  nine  men  and  four  women,  nor  more  than  twenty  men  and 
twenty  women. 

Sec.  5.  Fifteen  Subordinate  Granges  working  in  a  State  can  apply  for  author- 
ity to  organize  a  State  Grange. 


AMENDMENTS  TO  CONSTITUTION.  113 

Sec.  6.  "Where  State  Granges  are  organized,  dispensations  for  the  organization 
of  the  Subordinate  Granges  heretofore  issued  shall  be  replaced  by  Charter  from 
the  National  Grange  without  further  fee;  and  thereafter  all  applications  for  Char- 
ters for  Subordinate  Granges  shall  pass  through  the  office  of  the  Master  of  the  State 
Grange,  and  must  be  approved  by  him  before  they  are  issued  by  the  National 
Grange.  When  so  issued,  the  Charter  shall  pass  through  the  office  of  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  State  Grange  and  receive  the  signature  and  official  seal  of  that  office. 
.  Sec.  7.  No  Grange  shall  confer  more  than  one  degree  on  the  same  person  at 
the  same  meeting. 

Aeticle  IX.— The  duties  of  the  officers  of  the  National,  State-and  Subordinate 
Granges  shall  be  prescribed  by  the  laws  of  the  same. 

Aeticle  X. — Section  1.  The  Treasurers  of  the  National,  State  and  Subordi- 
nate Granges  shall  give  bonds,  to  be  approved  by  the  officers  of  their  respective 
Granges. 

Sec.  2.  In  all  Granges  bills  must  be  approved  by  the  Master,  and  counter- 
signed by  the  Secretary,  before  the  Treasurer  can  pay  the  same. 

Aeticle  XI. — Religious  or  political  questions  will  not  be  tolerated  as  subjects 
of  discussion  in  the  work  of  the  Order,  and  no  political  or  religious  tests  for 
membership  shall  be  applied. 

Aeticle  XIII. — The  Master  of  the  National  Grange  and  the  members  of  the 
Executive  Committee  shall  be  empowered  to  suspend  from  office  any  officer  of  the 
National  Grange  who  may  prove  inefficient  or  derelict  in  the  discharge  of  his 
duty,  subject  to  appeal  to  the  next  session  thereafter  of  the  National  Grange. 

Aeticle  XIV. — This  Constitution  can  be  altered  or  amended  by  a  two  thirds 
vote  of  the  National  Grange  at  any  annual  meeting,  and  when  such  alteration  or 
amendment  shall  have  been  ratified  by  three  focirths  of  the  State  Granges,  and 
the  same  reported  to  the  Secretary  of  the  National  Grange,  it  shall  be  of  full 
force. 

[Our  readers  will  observe,  by  comparing  it  with  the  Constitution  as 
it  existed  before  the  meeting  at  St.  Louis,  that  the  new  Constitution, 
as  herewith  given,  changes  entirely  the  status  of  Past  Masters  and 
their  wives,  as  members  of  the  National  Grange  and  of  State  Granges. 
Formerly,  as  honorary  members  of  these  bodies,  they  could  attend 
at  their  own  expense,  take  part  in  debate,  serve  on  committees,  be 
eligible  to  office,  in  short,  be  active  members  in  every  way,  except 
to  vote.  In  the  National  Grange,  under  the  old  law,  if  it  was 
deemed  expedient  to  appoint  them  on  standing  committees  to  report 
at  the  next  session,  it  could  be  done,  and  their  expenses  paid  out  of 
the  treasury.  Under  the  new  law  all  this  is  changed.  In  State 
Granges  Past  Masters  and  their  wives  can  now  attend  if  they  wish  to 
and  "  look  on"  as  fifth  degree  members.  In  the  National  Grange, 
ditto,  as  sixth  degree  members.  If  their  past  experience  and  training- 
are  of  any  value,  it  goes  for  naught.  That  is  all.  In  other  words, 
the  National  and  State  Granges  are  now  more  exclusive  in  their  priv- 
ileges than  formerly.  The  changes  in  the  new  Constitution  were  in 
force  at  the  late  session  of  the  National  Grange,  and  will  be  in  force 
at  all  sessions  of  State  Granges  for  the  ensuing  year. 

Of  the  amendments  proposed  at  St.  Louis,  all  were  ratified  and 
became  laws,  except  four,  namely,  those  relating  to — 

1.  The  seven  founders  becoming  life  members. 

2.  Past  Masters  of  National  Granges,  and  their  wives. 

3.  Increase  of  representation. 

4.  Increase  of  membership  fees, 
These  four  were  lost. 

It  is  important  for  our  members,  everywhere,  to  observe  that  as 
the  Constitution  now  stands  (Art.  VIII.,  Sec.  7),  different  degrees  can 
be  conferred  on  different  persons  at  the  same  meeting,  but  not  on 


114  THE  ORDER  OF  PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

the  same  person.  It  is  equally  important  to  observe  that,  according 
to  Art.  V.,  to  be  eligible  to  become  a  member  in  future,  they  must 
be  engaged  in  agriculture  as  a  pursuit,  and  must  have  no  interest 
conflicting  with  the  purposes  of  our  Order.] 

BY-LAWS. 

Aeticle  I. — The  fourth  day  of  December,  the  birthday  of  the  Patrons  of  Hus- 
bandry, shall  be  celebrated  as  the  anniversary  of  the  Order. 

Aeticle  II. — Not  less  than  the  representation  of  twenty  States  present  at  any 
meeting  of  the  National  Grange,  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of 
business. 

Article  III. — Questions  of  law  and  usage  arising  in  Subordinate  Granges,  shall 
be  decided  by  the  Master,  subject  to  an  appeal  to  the  Master  of  the  State  Grange. 
Questions  of  law  and  usage  arising  in  the  State  Grange,  or  brought  by  appeal 
from  the  Subordinate  Grange,  shall  be  decided  by  the  Master  of  the  State 
Grange,  subject  to  an  appeal  to  the  Master  of  the  National  Grange,  whose  decis- 
ion thereon  shall  be  final. 

Aeticle  IV. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Master  to  preside  at  meetings  of  the 
National  Grange;  to  see  that  all  officers  and  members  of  committees  properly 
perform  their  respective  duties;  to  see  that  the  Constitution,  By-Laws  and  reso- 
lutions of  the  National  Grange,  and  the  usages  of  the  Order  are  observed  and 
obeyed,  and  generally  to  perform  all  duties  pertaining  to  such  office. 

Aeticle  V. — It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  to  keep  a  record  of  all  pro- 
ceedings of  the  National  Grange;  to  keep  a  just  and  true  account  of  all  moneys 
received  and  deposited  by  him  in  the  fiscal  agency;  to  countersign  all  drafts 
drawn  by  the  Treasurer;  to  conduct  the  correspondence  of  the  National  Grange; 
and  to  perform  such  other  duties  appertaining  to  the  office  as  may  be  required  by 
the  Master  and  Executive  Committee. 

It  shall  be  his  duty,  at  least  once  each  week,  to  deposit  with  the  fiscal  agency 
holding  the  funds  of  the  National  Grange,  all  moneys  that  may  have  come  into 
his  hands,  and  forward  a  duplicate  receipt  therefor  to  the  Treasurer,  and  to 
make  a  full  report  of  all  transactions  to  the  National  Grange  at  each  annual  ses- 
sion. 

It  shall  be  his  further  duty  to  procure  a  monthly  report  from  the  fiscal  agency, 
with  whom  the  funds  of  the  National  Grange  are  deposited,  of  all  moneys  re- 
ceived and  paid  out  by  them  during  each  month,  and  send  a  copy  of  such  report 
to  the  Executive  Committee  and  the  Master  of  the  National  Grange. 

He  shall  give  bond  in  such  sum  and  with  such  security  as  may  be  approved  by 
the  Executive  Committee. 

Aeticle  VI.— Section  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Treasurer  to  issue  all  drafts 
upon  the  fiscal  agency  of  the  Order,  said  drafts  having  been  previously  approved 
by  the  Master,  and  countersigned  by  the  Secretary  of  the  National  Grange. 

Sec.  2.  He  shall  report  monthly  to  the  Master  of  the  National  Grange,  a  state- 
ment of  all  moneys  deposited  to  his  credit  in  the  fiscal  agency,  and  of  all  drafts 
signed  by  him  during  the  previous  month. 

Sec.  3.  He  shall  report  to  the  National  Grange  at  each  annual  session,  a  state- 
ment of  all  moneys  deposited  in  the  fiscal  agency,  and  of  all  drafts  signed  by  him 
since  his  last  annual  report. 

Sec.  4.  It  shall  be  his  duty  to  collect  all  interest  accruing  on  investments  made 
by  the  Executive  Committee,  and  to  deposit  the  same  in  the  fiscal  agency. 

Aeticle  VII.— It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Lecturer  to  visit,  for  the  good  of  the 
Order,  such  portions  of  the  United  States  as  the  Master  or  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee may  direct,  for  which  services  he  shall  receive  compensation. 

Aeticle  VIII.— Section  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Executive  Committee  to 
exercise  a  general  supervision  of  the  affairs  of  the  Order  during  the  recess  of  the 
National  Grange.  They  shall  have  authority  to  act  on  all  matters  of  interest  to 
the  Order,  when  the  National  Grange  is  not'in  session;  shall  provide  for  the  wel- 
fare of  the  Order  in  business  matters;  and  shall  report  their  acts  in  detail  to  the 
National  Grange,  on  the  first  day  of  its  annual  meeting. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Executive  Committee  to  furnish  to  the 
Masters  of  the  several  State  Granges,  at  the  commencement  of  each  quarter,  a 
statement  of  the  receipts  and  disbursements  of  all  moneys  by  the  National 
Grange  during  the  preceding  quarter. 

Sec.  3.    The  Executive  Committee  shall,  at  the  close  of  each  annual  session  of 


BY-LAWS.  115 

the  National  Grange,  appoint  two  of  their  number,  who,  together  with  the  Worthy 
Master  of  the  National  Grange,  shall  constitute  a  Court  of  Appeals,  to  which 
shall  be  referred  all  appeals  that  may  be  taken  to  the  National  Grange.  The 
Worthy  Master,  as  President  of.  the  Court,  shall  convene  the  Court  whenever  the 
business  in  his  hands  shall  make  it  necessary,  and  when  thus  convened,  the 
Court  shall  try  all  cases  coming  before  it,  or  continue  the  same  as  the  equities  of 
each  case  may  demand. 

It  shall  prescribe  its  own  mode  of  procedure;  its  decisions  shall  be  final  and 
must  be  reported  to  the  next  session  of  the  National  Grange. 

Article  IX.  —  Section  1.  Such  compensation  for  time  and  service  shall  be 
given  the  Master,  Lecturer,  Secretary,  Treasurer,  and  Executive  Committee,  as 
the  National  Grange  may,  from  time  to  time,  determine. 

Sec.  2.  Whenever  General  Deputies  are  appointed  by  the  Master  of  the  Na- 
tional Grange,  said  Deputies  shall  receive  such  compensation  for  time  and  serv- 
ices as  may  be  determined  by  the  Master  and  the  Executive  Committee;  pro- 
vided, in  no  case  shall  pay  from  the  National  Grange  be  given  General  Deputies 
in  any  State  after  the  formation  of  its  State  Grange. 

Article  X. — Section  1.  The  financial  reports  of  Subordinate  Granges  shall  be 
made  on  the  first  day  of  January,  the  first  day  of  April,  the  first  day  of  July,  and 
the  first  day  of  October. 

Sec.  2.  State  Granges  shall  date  their  financial  existence  three  months  after 
the  first  day  of  January,  first  day  of  April,  first  day  of  July,  and  the  first  day  of 
October,  immediately  following  their  organization. 

Sec.  3.  The  financial  year  of  the  National  Grange  shall  close  on  the  30th  day 
of  September. 

Article  XL — Each  session  of  the  National  Grange  shall  fix  the  compensation 
of  its  members. 

Article  XII. — Special  meetings  of  the  National  Grange  shall  be  called  by  the 
Master  upon  the  application  of  the  Masters  of  twenty  State  Granges,  one  month's 
notice  of  such  meeting  being  given  to  all  members  of  the  National  Grange.  No 
alterations  or  amendments  to  the  By-Laws  or  Ritual  shall  be  made  at  any  special 
meeting. 

Article  XIII. Upon  the  demand  of  five  members,  the  ayes  and  noes  may  be 

called  on  any  question,  and  when  so  called,  shall  be  entered  by  the  Secretary 
upon  his  minutes. 

Article  XIV. — Past-Masters  are  Masters  who  have  been  duly  elected  and  in- 
stalled, and  who  have  served  out  the  term  for  which  they  were  elected . 

Article  XV. — Vacancies  in  office  may  be  filled  at  any  regular  meeting  of  the 
Grange. 

Article  XVI. — Two  or  more  Subordinate  Granges  may  be  consolidated  in  the 
manner  following,  to  wit: — 

Application  for  permission  to  consolidate  shall  be  made  to  the  Master  of  the 
State  Grange  and  his  consent  obtained.  One  of  the  consolidating  Granges  shall 
then  vote  to  surrender  its  Charter  and  to  consolidate  with  the  other;  and  the  other 
must  vote  to  receive  all  the  members  of  the  surrendering  Grange. 

A  copy  of  each  vote,  duly  authenticated,  must  be  transmitted  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  State  Grange,  and  the  surrendered  charter  must  be  returned  to  the  National 
Grange,  through  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange,  with  the  fact  and 
date  of  its  surrender  and  consolidation  endorsed  thereon,  authenticated  by  the 
seal  and  signature  of  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange;  provided,  that  nothing 
herein  contained  shall  be  construed  to  authorize  the  surrender  of  the  charter  of  a 
Grange  in  which  nine  men  and  four  women  shall  desire  to  continue  the  organiza- 
tion thereof. 

Article  XVII. — Section  1.  In  case  satisfactory  evidence  shall  come  to  the 
Master  of  a  State  Grange,  that  a  Grange  has  been  organized  contrary  to  the  laws 
and  usages  of  the  Order,  or  is  working  in  violation  of  the  same,  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  the  Master  to  suspend  such  offending  Grange,  and  at  once  forward  to  the 
Master  of  the  National  Grange  notice  of  the  same,  together  with  the  evidence  in 
the  case,  who  shall,  if  in  his  opinion  the  good  of  the  Order  requires  such  action, 
revoke  the  Charter  of  such  offending  Grange. 

Sec.  2.  Granges,  whose  Charters  are  thus  revoked,  may  appeal  to  the  National 
Grange  at  its  next  session  for  the  final  action  of  that  body, 

Article  XVIII. — Members  of  the  State  and  Subordinate  Granges  shall  be  amen- 
able to  their  respective  Granges  under  such  regulations  as  may  be  prescribed  by 
the  State  Granges  for  the  trial  of  causes  in  their  respective  jurisdictions;  provided 


116         THE  ORDER  OF  PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 

that  members  of  the  Subordinate  Granges  shall  be  allowed  the  right  of  appeal  to 
their  State  Granges,  and  members  of  the  State  Grange  shall  be  allowed  the  right 
of  appeal  to  the  Court  of  Appeak. 

Article  XIX.— Each  officer  required  bylaw  to  report  to  the  National  Grange  at 
its  annual  sessions,  shall  furnish,  in  connection  with  his  report,  an  itemized  state- 
ment of  the  expenses  of  his  office  for  the  current  year.  • 

Article  XX.— The  Secretary  of  each  State  Grange  shall  send  to  the  Secretary 
of  the  National  Grange,  two  printed  copies  of  the  proceedings  of  his  State  Grange, 
as  soon  as  practicable  after  each  annual  session,  and  also  copies  of  the  Constitu- 
tion and  By-Laws  of  his  State  Grange,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  National  Grange 
shall  preserve,  in  his  office,  one  copy  of  each  of  these  documents. 

Article  XXI.— All  communications,  circulars,  and  all  other  documents  trans- 
mitted by  the  officers  of  the  National  Grange,  or  any  department  thereof,  to  the 
Subordinate  Granges,  shall  pass  through  the  office  of  the  State  Grange  to  which 

Article11  XXII. —These  By-Laws  may  be  altered  or  amended  at  any  annual 
meeting  of  the  National  Grange  by  a  two  thirds  vote  of  the  members  present. 

ELIGIBILITY. 

Of  all  applicants,  either  for  charter  membership  or  other- 
wise, the  questions  should  be  asked: 

1st — Are  they  "  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits?" 
2d — Have  they  "any  interests  in  conflict  with  our  purposes?" 
If  they  are  not  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits  they  are  not -eli- 
gible.    If  they  have  any  conflicting  interest  they  are  not  eligible. 
Organizing  officers  and  the  members  decide  these  points. 

The  amsndment  which  embodies  the  above  restriction  was 
brought  in  at  the  St.  Louis  meeting  in  1874;  more  explicitly 
defining  the  original  requirement.  Like  all  other  amendments 
it  required  the  ratification  of  twenty-seven  State  and  Territorial 
Granges.  It  is  now  the  law  of  admission,  but  not  an  ex  post 
facto  law;  is  not  retroactive,  and  cannot  affect  any  member  al- 
ready in  the  Grange. 

RULINGS. 

To  the  Rulings  of  our  Worthy  Master  Adams,  masters  and  mem- 
bers in  all  the  States  must  render  a  cheerful  obedience,  until  an 
appeal  may  be  sustained  by  the  National  Grange. 

A  married  woman  derives  her  eligibility  to  become  a  member  of  a 
Grange  from  the  eligibility  of  her  husband,  and  if  he  is  not  eligible 
and  worthy  of  being  admitted  to  the  Grange,  the  wife  should  not  be 
admitted  alone.  It  is  not  safe  or  good  policy  to  admit  married 
women  to  the  Grange  whose  husbands  are  opposed  to  our  Order,  or 
who,  being  eligible,  have  no  disposition  to  join  it.  Unless  the  by- 
laws of  a  Subordinate  Grange  fix  a  time  which  must  elapse  before  a 
new  apx^lication  can  be  made  for  a  rejected  candidate,  there  is  noth- 
ing in  the  National  Constitution  to  prohibit  the  application  being 
renewed  at  any  subsequent  meeting. 

If  the  Master  of  a  Grange  has  good  reason  to  believe  that  some  of 
the  members  have  cast  black  balls  by  mistake,  he  should,  before 
declaring  the  result  of  the  ballot,  make  such  statement  and  recom- 
mend another  ballot.     If,  however,  he  declares  the  ballot,  and  the 


TBEASURER'S  REPORT.  117 

members  themselves  are  satisfied  a  mistake  has  been  made,  it  will 
be  in  order  for  some  one  to  move  for  a  reconsideration.  And  if  a 
majority  of  the  members  vote  to  reconsider,  the  ballot  may  be  taken 
over  again  and  the  result  must  be  final.  A  ballot  can  only  be  recon- 
sidered at  the  same  meeting  the  vote  is  declared. 

The  Treasurer's  report  of  the  National  Grange  for  1874  has 
been  made  public.  The  total  receipts  were  $132,151  28,  of 
which  $129,315  00  was  for  dispensations  to  8,621  Granges; 
$1,261  68  for  dues  from  Iowa,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin.  These 
are  the  only  States  from  which  dues  are  reported,  and  nothing 
was  received  from  Iowa  of  dues  for  1873.  The  expenses  for 
the  year  seem  to  have  been  $79,343  75,  leaving  a  balance  in 
the  treasury  of  $52,807  53.  The  largest  item  of  expense  was 
for  printing— $29,314  40. 

The  salaries  amounted  to  $5,416  67 — of  which  Secretary 
Kelley  received  $3,500.  The  contingent  expenses  were  $13,- 
840  81.  There  was  paid  to  deputies  $5,983  35;  to  Executive 
Committee,  $1,039  00;  traveling  expenses,  $1,188,00;  mileage, 
$546  80.  It  seems  the  treasury  was  empty  at  the  beginning  of 
the  year,  and  owed  Secretary  Kelly,  $3,321  74. 

The  National  Grange  has  seventy  thousand  dollars  invested 
in  registered  sixes.  The  investment  was  made  through  the 
Farmers'  Loan  and  Trust  Company,  in  New  York,  which  acts  as 
financial  agent  for  the  Grange.  This  company  is  one  of  the 
strongest  and  safest  in  the  country,  having  gone  through  all  the 
panics  and  financial  crises  without  suspension  or  question  of 
its  integrity  or  ability  to  meet  every  obligation.  If,  however, 
the  company  should  fail,  remember  that  the  bonds  are  regis- 
tered, and  so  have  the  entire  security  of  the  nation's  good  faith. 
Besides  this  bond  investment,  there  is  a  working  fund,  varyiug, 
of  course,  but  averaging  about  twenty  thousand  dollars.  This 
fund  is  also  on  deposit  with  the  financial  agent  in  New  York, 
and  a  monthly  report  is  made  by  the  agent  to  each  member  of 
the  Executive  Committee,  setting  forth  the  amount  on  deposit 
from  day  to  day,  with  the  receipts  and  disbursements. 

The  Secretary  of  the  National  Grange  also  sends  weekly  to 
each  member  of  the  Executive  Committee  a  full  statement  of 
the  amount  of  money  received  and  disbursed  through  his  office. 
No  money  is  paid  out  by  the  financial  agent  without  the  order 
of  the  Worthy  Master,  countersigned  by  the  Secretary,  the  or- 
ders being  made  at  the  request  of  the  Executive  Committee. 


118  WHAT  HAS  BEEN  ACCOMPLISHED. 

The  Committee  also  directs  all  purchases,  and  audits  all  bills; 
so  that  not  a  dollar  is  expended  without  its  knowledge.  The 
Treasurer  keeps  an  accurate  account  of  all  moneys,  and  counter- 
signs orders  before  they  are  paid  by  the  financial  agent.  Ac- 
counts are  opened  upon  the  books  of  the  Secretary  with  the 
several  State  Granges,  and  each  is  duly  credited  with  all  moneys 
received  from  it,  and  charged  with  whatever  is  disbursed  for 
its  benefit.  The  balance,  less  its  proportional  share  of  the  ex- 
penses of  the  National  Grange,  shows  what  we  will  call  the  de- 
posit of  that  Grange  with  the  National  Grange.  These  balances 
or  deposits  are  held  as  sacred  trusts  for  the  benefit  of  the  State 
Granges,  to  be  used,  as  during  the  past  year,  to  the  amount  of 
more  than  twelve  thousand  dollars,  in  the  relief  of  suffering,  or 
in  such  other  manner  as  may  be  determined  on  hereafter. 
More  than  twelve  thousand  dollars  has  been  expended  during 
the  year  for  the  relief  of  suffering  from  grasshoppers,  from 
floods,  and  from  other  disasters;  the  several  amounts  having 
been  paid  back  to  the  State  Granges,  out  of  their  deposits,  and 
so  far  as  possible  in  proportion  to  those  deposits. 

The  general  disposition  of  the  Order  is  toward  a  reduction  of 
salaries,  the  abolition  of  the  supply  feature,  and,  disregarding 
all  party  ties,  to  act  unitedly  for  the  common  good  of  all  classes, 
and  for  the  whole  country. 


CHAPTEK  XI. 

WHAT  HAS    BEEN    ACCOMPLISHED. 

Growth — Causes  of  Numerical  Strength — Granges  of  the  First  and  Sec- 
ond Growth— Investments  and  Savings— General  and  Incidental  Bene- 
fits— Worthy  Master  Adams'  Address  at  Charleston:  Summary  of  Pro- 
ceedings: What  was  Done  about  the  Texas  Pacific  Railroad,  and  "Why 
it  was  Done. 

In  1873  ten  States  were  represented  in  the  meeting  of  the 
National  Grange.  In  1874  the  number  had  swelled  to  thirty- 
one,  and  the  business  of  the  Central  Bureau,  at  Washington, 
required  a  heavy  staff  for  its  successful  prosecution.  No  great 
enterprises  are  moved  without  a  corresponding  outlay  of  brain 
and  money  power;  but  it  was  marvelous  to  the  uninitiated, 
to   see  what  the    ' '  little  drops   of  water  and  little   grains   of 


CAUSES   OF   GROWTH.  119 

sand,"  falling  so  quietly  from  the  coffers  of  the  Subordinate 
Granges,  were  accomplishing  when  gathered  together.  The 
monopolists  who  had  thought  the  farmers'  movement  unlikely 
to  "prove  much  of  a  shower,"  began  to  lay  in  a  stock  of  um- 
brellas. They  also  began  to  devise  schemes  for  dividing  and 
creating  distrust  within  the  body  of  the  Order.  But  so  thor- 
oughly had  the  organization  prepared  itself  for  any  stress  of 
weather;  so  strong  was  it  on  its  central  principle  that  "the 
good  of  the  whole  could  only  be  reached  by  the  perfection  of 
its  parts,"  that  its  growth  has  scarcely  been  checked  by  even 
momentary  disasters. 

It  was  not  until  the  fall  of  1873,  however,  that,  owing  to  the 
agitation  prevailing  throughout  the  United  States  in  respect 
to  monopolies,  especially  oppressive  in  the  North-west,  the 
power  of  the  Grange  began  to  be  felt  in  the  land.  From  the 
original  centers  of  its  strength,  without  any  effort  at  propo- 
gandism,  it  had  spread  in  all  directions;  in  truth,  it  had  a  cen- 
ter in  every  true  Patron,  from  which  an  unconscious  influence 
proceeded,  until  at  the  opening  of  the  year  1875,  its  member- 
ship was  estimated  at  not  less  than  one'  million  four  hundred  and 
thirty  thousand.  There  were  other  negative  causes  for  this  un- 
precedented growth,  among  which  may  be  named  class-spirit, 
a  debauched  currency,  protective  tariff,  railroad  combinations, 
combinations  of  manufactures,  plow-makers  and  others.  The 
Granges  of  the  first  period  may  be  termed  the  fighting  Granges; 
for  they  bore  the  brunt  of  the  great  conflict  with  monopolies, 
and  led  the  way  to  concession  and  peace.  They  had  unpleas- 
ant things  to  say,  and  they  said  them  in  unmistakable  English. 
Some  excesses  of  zeal  were  exhibited,  and  the  Western  Granges 
narrowly  escaped  the  fate  of  becoming  a  third  political  party. 
It  must  be  admitted  by  all  that  they  possessed  wise  and  tem- 
perate leaders.  Dudley  TV.  Adams,  the  present  TV.  M.  of  the 
National  Grange,  and  Colonel  Cochrane,  Master  of  the  Wis- 
consin State  Grange,  declined  nominations  for  the  highest 
offices  in  their  respective  States. 

The  Order  now  contains,  in  round  numbers,  twenty-two  thou- 
sand Subordinate  Granges,  distributed  as  follows:  Missouri, 
Iowa,  and  Indiana,  each  two  thousand;  Illinois  and  Kentucky, 
each  one  thousand  five  hundred;  Kansas,  one  thousand  three 
hundred;  Ohio  and  Tennessee,  each  one  thousand  one  hundred; 
Texas,  eight  hundred;  Georgia,   seven  hundred;  Alabama   and 


120  WHAT   HAS  BEEN  ACCOMPLISHED. 

Mississippi,  six  hundred  and  fifty;  Minnesota,  Michigan,  Wis- 
consin, Arkansas,  each  five  hundred  and  fifty  to  five  hundred 
and  seventy-five;  Nebraska,  six  hundred;  North  Carolina,  four 
hundred  and  sixty;  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania,  each  four  hun- 
dred; South  Carolina,  three  hundred  and  twenty-five;  New 
York,  two  hundred  and  seventy-three;  California,  two  hundred 
and  fifty;  Louisiana,  two  hundred  and  ten;  Oregon,  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five;  Washington  Territory,  (under  jurisdic- 
tion of  Oregon,)  fifty-two.  Vermont,  West  Virginia,  Maryland, 
Florida,  New  Jersey,  Colorado,  Massachusetts,  Wyoming  Terri- 
tory, Maine,  Dakota,  New  Hampshire,  Canada,  Montana,  Del- 
aware, Idaho,  Nevada,  and  Connecticut,  make  the  grand  total 
at  the  present  time,  not  less  than  a  million  and  a  half.  Com- 
plete statistics  of  each  State,  or  of  the  whole  membership,  are 
not  given  to  the  public,  for  obvious  reasons. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  South  and  the  South-west  are  the 
strongest  in  proportion  to  their  population.  But  at  the  present 
moment  the  Granges  are  multiplying  in  the  Eastern  States  with 
great  rapidity.  North  and  South  are  linked  by  the  Grange 
into  an  industrial  and  fraternal  unity;  and  are  already  proving 
the  benefits  of  cooperation  in  commercial  exchanges. 

The  "Granges  of  the  second  growth,"  Missouri,  Michigan 
and  Wisconsin,  have  especially  devoted  themselves  to  the  pro- 
motion of  business  enterprises;  have  been  careful  and  econom- 
ical, and  have  "held  aloof  from  politics."  In  Missouri,  how- 
ever, so  many  Grangers  found  themselves  in  the  legislature, 
that  it  was  proposed  to  organize  a  Legislative  Grange,  while 
Wisconsin,  under  a  Granger  Governor,  Carried  her  legislative 
war  upon  the  railroads  to  a  successful  termination. 

The  Patrons  have  invested  their  capital  as  follows:  In 
Grange  banks;  in  direct  trade  unions;  in  elevators  and  ware- 
houses; in  grist-mills;  in  pork-packing  houses;  in  bag  facto- 
ries and  brick  yards;  in  blacksmith  shops,  machine  and 
implement  works;  in  broom  factories;  in  cotton-gins,  and 
cotton-yarn  factories,  in  the  South;  in  fruit-canning  establish- 
ments; in  transportation  enterprises  by  rail,  ship,  and  boat;  in 
homestead  associations,  cooperative  land  companies,  immigra- 
tion associations  and  insurance  companies.  Not  less  than 
$18,000,000  is  thus  invested.  The  estimate  of  savings  through 
cooperation  is  $100  per  head  for  Jour  hundred  thousand  active 
Grangers. 


AGRICULTURAL  IMPLEMENTS.  121 

During  the  past  year  one  hundred  and  fifty  headers  have  been 
built  and  sold  in  Nebraska  alone.  The  price  has  been  $150 
each,  while  the  dealers  were  charging  $325 — a  discount  of  54 
per  cent.,  and  a  total  saving  in  first  cost  of  $26,250. 

Over  three  hundred  Werner  harvesters  have  been  built  in  the 
three  States  of  Iowa,  Nebraska  and  Minnesota,  and  sold  at  $140, 
a  saving  on  each  machine  of  $80,  and  a  total  saving  to  the  buy- 
ers of  $24,000.  The  orders  for  the  Werner  this  year  very  far 
exceeded  the  capacity  of  the  factories  to  supply,  and  next  year 
it  is  thought  that  three  thousand  of  them  will  be  called  for. 
They  have  everywhere  given  entire  satisfaction  when  well  made 
and  in  the  hands  of  competent  operators.  In  a  recent  trial  in 
Minnesota  between  the  Werner,  the  Marsh  and  the  Massillon, 
the  Werner  was  adjudged  the  best  of  the  three.  Fully  fifteen 
hundred  cultivators  have  been  made  and  sold  during  the  past 
year,  the  price  being  $18  to  $20  50  for  an  implement  in  every 
way  as  good  as  those  generally  sold  for  $30  to  $35.  The  coming 
season  a  spring-tooth  sulky  rake  will  be  made  and  offered  for 
about  $25,  such  an  one  as  now  brings  $35  to  $45.  These  rakes 
will  be  made  at  Des  Moines  and  Dubuque,  and  probably  at 
other  places  also.  A  seeder  will  also  be  offered  for  about  $40. 
It  is  called  the  gang-plow  seeder,  and  is  equal  in  value  to  those 
now  sold  for  $65  to  $75. 

A  Bessemer  steel  beam  plow  is  now  making  at  Des  Moines, 
at  the  (iiven  plow-works,  wliich  can  be  sold  for  $18.  Mr. 
Given  will  fill  Patrons'  orders  first  at  that  price,  while  others 
must  wait  to  be  served  afterwards,  and  at  a  higher  price.  These 
plows  are  first-class  in  every  respect,  far  superior  and  much 
lighter  than  any  ordinary  iron  beam  plow. 

A  mower  is^  now  making  in  New  York,  of  which  our  Order 
will  have  entire  control.  All  the  parts  usually  made  of  iron 
are  of  Bessemer  steel;  the  movement  is  very  simple,  and  the 
draft  light.  It  is  provided  with  self-oiling  boxes,  which  require 
attention  but  two  or  three  times  a  week,  and  generally  it  is  first- 
class  in  all  its  parts.  It  will  be  sold  in  Iowa,  freight  paid,  for 
not  more  than  seventy-five  dollars. 

Arrangements  will  soon  be  completed  to  get  sugars  and 
syrups  direct  from  members  of  our  Order  in  Louisiana  through 
the  agency  in  New  Orleans.  Samples  and  prices  are  promised. 
Prices  of  syrups,  of  course,  vary  with  the  market;  but  last 
year  the  best  pure  cane  syrups  were  sold  in  New  Orleans  for 
thirty-five  cents  per  gallon. 


122  WHAT  HAS  BEEN  ACCOMPLISHED. 

The  agency  in  New  Orleans  is  now  ready  to  receive  flour, 
corn,  bacon,  and  other  western  products,  in  exchange  for 
sugars,  syrups,  etc.,  which  the  South  has  to  spare. 

In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  the  business  operations  of  the 
Order  have  more  than  tripled  during  the  past  year.  Business 
agencies  are  established  in  more  than  twenty-five  States,  includ- 
ing all  the  Western,  Southern  and  Pacific  States;  and  in  the 
Eastern  States  such  agencies  are  rapidly  multiplying,  and  while 
increasing  in  numbers  they  are  perfecting  their  plans  of  doing 
business.  Col.  Shankland  is  in  constant  correspondence  with 
the  several  agents,  and  is  making  numerous  journeys  to  attend 
their  conventions.  County  and  district  agencies,  auxiliary  to 
the  State  agencies,  are  forming  everywhere,  and  all  are  increas- 
ing in  efficiency  as  they  learn  the  routine  of  business,  and  as 
the  members  of  the  Order  learn  the  facilities  and  savings  of  the 
agencies. 

For  example :  In  Iowa  more  than  half  the  elevators  are  now 
in  the  hands  of  Patrons,  and  elevator  companies,  cooperative 
stores  and  mutual  insurance  companies  are  constantly  increas- 
ing. Some  of  them,  while  saving  largely  for  their  customers, 
are  also  making  large  profits  for  themselves.  Of  course  their 
success  depends  much  on  the  experience,  tact,  zeal  and  honesty 
of  the  agent  in  charge;  but  in  a  general  way  it  may  be  said  that 
all  are  doing  well  and  meeting  the  expectations  of  their  found- 
ers. By  way  of  illustration,  a  fire  insurance  company  in  Wis- 
consin, which  is  carrying  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dol- 
lars of  risks  on  the  following  plan — payment  of  one  dollar  and 
fifty  cents  for  survey  and  policy,  and  one  tenth  of  one  per  cent. 
on  the  risk — has  not  lost  a  dollar  in  a  year. 

A  State  and  National  organization  of  colored  men,  has  been 
formed  at  the  South,  not  political  in  its  character,  which  claims 
to  be  an  auxiliary  to  our  Order  and  which  desires  to  receive  its 
supplies  through  our  agencies.  Indeed,  already  several  car- 
loads of  goods  have  been  furnished  them  in  this  way. 

Under  the  special  charge  of  Col.  Aikin,  of  South  Carolina, 
another  member  of  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  National 
Grange,  the  collating  and  publishing  of  information  about  the 
crops  and  markets  is  a  matter  fast  assuming  vast  consequence. 
His  reports  are  more  complete  in  their  statistics  and  more 
prompt  in  their  issue  than  the  corresponding  reports  of  the 
Government  Bureau  of  Agriculture.      It  is  hoped  to  be  able 


ARBITRATION  VS.  LITIGATION.  123 

soon,  by  means  of  the  accurate  information  which  the  Granges 
furnish  at  home,  and  the  facilities  of  corresponding  agencies 
abroad,  to  lay  before  our  members,  each  month,  a  compre- 
hensive digest  of  the  condition  of  the  markets  and  the  prospects 
of  the  crops  throughout  the  world,  which  will  guide  them  both 
in  their  planting  and  their  sales. 

One  of  the  best  features  of  the  organization  of  the  Patrons  of 
Husbandry  is  the  settlement  of  differences,  whether  pecuniary 
or  otherwise,  between  members,  by  arbitration.  Instead  of 
going  to  law,  and  feeing  lawyers,  officers  and  courts,  and 
spending  time  and  money  to  secure  some  legal  or  technical  ad- 
vantage of  a  neighbor,  by  the  plan  introduced  in  the  Granges 
all  these  little  questions  of  dispute  are  now  settled  in  an  equit- 
able and  generally  in  an  amicable  manner  by  reference  to  com- 
mittees or  arbitrators  consisting  of  mutual  friends.  It  is  true 
that  this  plan  deprives  the  lawyers,  officers  and  courts  of  a 
great  deal  of  business,  and,  consequently,  of  a  great  deal  of 
money;  but,  while  they  are  the  losers  in  a  pecuniary  way,  the 
farmers  are  the  gainers,  not  only  in  a  pecuniary  sense,  but  in 
many  other  ways.  Friendship  between  individuals  is  thus  pro- 
moted and  maintained;  neighborhood  difficulties  are  avoided, 
and  the  whole  community  of  farmers  are  greatly  the  gainers; 
while  outsiders  are  none  the  wiser.  This  is  certainly  a  very 
commendable  and  valuable  feature  of  the  Order. 

Upon  such  articles  as  tea,  sugar,  coffee,  kerosene,  etc.,  the 
average  saving  has  been  from  five  to  fifteen  per  cent. ;  clothing 
from  ten  to  twenty  per  cent. ;  machines  and  implements  from 
thirty -five  to  forty  per  cent.  This  work  is  mostly  done  through 
the  State  agencies;  that  of  Indiana  exceeded  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars  last  year.  The  New  York  Evening  Post 
sums  up  the  general  benefits  of  the  Grangers'  organization,  as 
follows: 

The  railroads  have  been  taught  that  there  is  a  higher  power, 
viz:  public  opinion,  which  they  cannot  wantonly  defy.  A  body  of 
reflating  laws  has  been  collected  and  tested  (in  Wisconsin),  which 
will  serve  as  a  guide  and  foundation  for  all  future  and  more  final 
and  just  legislation. 

The  agriculturists  have  partially  awaked  to  the  fact  that  the  chief 
cause  of  their  troubles  is  "  protection;"  that  they  are  systematically 
and  legally  plundered  for  the  sake  of  the  Eastern  manufacturer; 
that  cheap  transportation,  by  means  of  road-bed,  rails  and  rolling- 
stock,  swollen  in  cost  by  a  high  tariff,  is  an  impossible  thing.     The 


124  WHAT  HAS  BEEN  ACCOMPLISHED. 

high  tariff  makes  the  annual  repairs  on  our  railroads  cost  millions 
of  dollars  more  than  they  should;  and  the  farmers,  in  the  form  of 
dearer  freights,  must  pay  these  needless  millions  forever.  ' '  Whoever 
would  be  free,  himself  must  cast  the  vote." 

The  annual  address  of  Worthy  Master  Adams,  at  the  last 
session  of  the  National  Grange,  held  at  Charleston,  February, 
1875,  will  be  read  with  pleasure  by  every  Patron,  and  received 
as  the  most  authoritative  expression  of  the  sentiments  which 
will  govern  the  future  of  the  Order  in  the  United  States  : 

Patrons  of  Husbandry:  From  the  snow-clad  hills,  the  flowery 
vales,  the  golden  shore,  and  prairie  lands  we  meet  together  by  the 
historic  palmetto.  Not  as  nomads  who  gather  at  a  shrine  in  obedience 
to  a  sentiment  do  we  come,  but  as  chosen  representatives  of  the  fra- 
ternity, whose  object  is  the  moral  and  material  advancement  of  the 
greatest  industrial  interests  of  the  great  republic.  Standing  as  we  do 
to-day  upon  the  narrow  line  which  divides  the  past  from  the  future, 
about  to  step  forward  into  that  time  which  is  all  unseen  by  human  eye, 
it  behooves  us  to  well  scrutinize  the  track  behind  us,  that  we  gain 
thereby  some  clue  to  the  path  before.  One  year  ago,  we  met  be- 
yond the  Father  of  Waters,  and  congratulated  ourselves  on  the 
growth  and  strength  of  our  gigantic  young  Order.  To-day,  by  the 
ever-sounding  seas,  we  proudly  proclaim  that  our  members  have  in- 
creased one  hundred -fold.  Two  more  sister  States  (Maine  and 
Montana),  have  joined  our  ranks,  and  the  few  remaining  ones  are 
joyfully  on  the  way.  The  work  has  spread  from  ocean  to  ocean. 
The  winds  have  wafted  the  sounds  across,  and  now  they  come 
back  like  echoes  from  the  other  shore,  asking  us  to  extend  to  other 
people  a  helping  hand.  This  uprising  and  organizing  of  a  great  and 
scattered  interest  has  not  a  parallel  in  the  history  of  the  world.  The 
magnitude  and  force  of  the  movement  has  surprised  its  friends,  and 
astonished  and  alarmed  its  foes.  It  has  burst  upon  us  with  the 
suddenness  of  the  erratic  comet,  yet  promises  to  remain  with  the  brill- 
iancy and  permanency  of  the  sun.  It  found  the  agriculture  of  the  na- 
tion unorganized,  isolated,  unrecognized,  weak,  plodding,  and  their 
voices  virtually  unheard  in  the  councils  of  the  land.  To-day,  they  are 
organized,  united,  strong,  thoughtful,  and  duly  respected  and  recog- 
nized as  one  of  the  great  powers  that  be.  Though  much  has  now 
been  done  in  awakening  thought  and  clearing  the  field,  yet  we  have 
but  just  stepped  upon  the  mount  and  caught  a  faint  glimpse  of  the 
promised  land.  Right  before  us  it  lies  awaiting  our  possession. 
But  ere  we  fairly  reach  the  goal  and  fully  possess  the  land,  we  see  a 
wide  and  dreary  waste  is  to  be  crossed,  which  will  tax  to  our  utmost 
our  prudence,  our  perseverance,  and  our  valor. 

The  positions  of  honor  and  trust,  the  avenues  to  great  wealth,  the 
molding  of  the  political,  financial  and  educational  institutions  of 
the  nation,  have  long  been  in  the  hands  of  members  of  other  call- 
ings. This  monopoly  will  not  be  given  up  without  a  struggle;  and 
whoever  enlists  in  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  in  the  expectation  of 
an  easy  victory,  reckons  without  his  host.  Our  movement  has  been 
and  will  be  met  by  a  most  determined  and  persistent  warfare— every 


ADDRESS  OF  D.  W.  ADAMS.  125 

means  which  talent,  wealth  and  place  can  command,  will  be  used. 
So,  while  we  believe  in  the  goodness  of  God  and  the  justice  of  our 
cause,  we  must  maintain  unbroken  ranks  and  keep  our  powder  dry. 
In  many  of  the  States,  the  work  of  organizing-  Granges  has  been 
nearly  completed,  and  the  noise  and  enthusiasm  attending  it,  is  suc- 
ceeded by  comparative  silence.  The  Order  is  there  passing  through 
the  ordeal  wThich  shall  reveal  its  weakness  or  display  its  strength. 
Though  enthusiasm  and  noise  were  very  suitable  and  efficient  means 
to  kindle  the  flame,  they  are  not  the  materials  with  which  to  main- 
tain a  steady  and  lasting  heat. 

To  preserve  the  vantage  ground  we  have  gained,  and  ensure  per- 
manence and  further  advancement,  we  must  be  able  to  show  to  our 
members  and  the  world,  that  material  and  moral  gain  does  and  will 
result  from  our  organization.  We  must  keep  our  ranks  full,  our 
faith  strong,  our  work  pure,  and  our  actions  wise.  One  year  ago  I 
called  the  attention  of  this  body  to  the  fact  that  the  Subordinate 
Granges  are  the  foundation  and  life  of  our  Order,  and  urged  the 
necessity  of  aiding  them  by  devising  profitable  and  agreeable  plans 
of  work  and  recreation,  so  that  the  present  membership  and  interest 
would  not  only  be  maintained,  but  increased.  Owing  to  a  press  of 
business,  no  action  was  taken  in  this  matter,  and  the  Subordinate 
Granges  have  been  thrown  on  their  own  resources.  I  am  happy  to 
announce  that  most  of  them  have  been  equal  to  the  emergency,  but 
many  of  the  weaker  have  languished  and  failed  simply  for  want  of  a 
little  paternal  aid  and  counsel  in  their  infancy.  We  cannot  afford 
to  thus  allow  the  weak  (for  whom  especially  we  should  provide),  to 
fall  by  the  wayside.  It  is  our  stern  duty,  and  should  be  an  un- 
mixed pleasure  to  tend,  direct  and  uphold  them.  If  we  fail  in  this, 
we  fail  in  carrying  out  one  of  our  cardinal  principles.  Let  me  then 
most  earnestly  request  you  to  give  this  subject  your  attention  as 
one  of  the  most  important  which  ever  came  before  you.  It  would 
be  impossible,  even  were  it  desirable,  at  this  time  to  discern  all  the 
grave  subjects  which  will  demand  your  attention,  but  there  are 
some  which  I  cannot  pass  without  a  brief  notice. 

Prominent  among  these  is  the  subject  of  transportation,  in  which 
every  citizen  has  an  interest,  either  as  a  producer  or  consumer. 
There  is  a  deep-seated  and  well-founded  conviction  that  the  present 
modes  of  carrying  commodities  are  uselessly  expensive.  The  peo- 
ple and  the  government  have  liberally  aided  in  the  construction  of 
railroads  and  canals  in  the  expectation  that  increased  facilities  would 
result  in  the  cheaper  rates  of  transportation. 

We  relied  implicitly  on  the  idea  that  by  building  numerous  routes 
we  would  attain  the  benefits  of  competition,  and  secure  fair  rates; 
but  sad  experience  has  fully  proven  that  increase  in  number  and 
strength  of  transportation  companies  only  results  in  more  gigantic 
an  1  oppressive  combinations.  Though  we  have  some  powerful  lines 
between  the  north-west  and  north-east,  yet  instead  of  their  competing 
to  reduce  rates,  they  have,  within  a  few  days,  formed  a  new  combi- 
nation, by  which  western  bound  freights  have  been  advanced.  To 
remedy  this  alarming  and  growing  evil  the  people,  in  their  indi- 
vidual capacity,  are  powerless,  and  only  through  their  united  action 
as  sovereigns  can  they  obtain  redress.  In  some  of  the  States  some- 
thing of  this  has  been  done,  but  it  has  been  necessarily  fragmentary 


126  WHAT  HAS  BEEN  ACCOMPLISHED. 

and  wholly  inoperative  on  through  freights.  It  is  utterly  impracti- 
cable for  the  several  States  to  act  in  concert  through  the  different 
legislatures.  I  see,  then,  no  solution  of  this  question,  but  for  the 
people  of  the  several  States,  through  their  representatives  to  the 
General  Government,  to  stretch  out  their  strong  arm  between  the 
people  and  those  corporations.  I  know  I  speak  the  sentiments  of 
the  people,  when  I  say  we  would  do  no  wrong  to  the  capital  nomi- 
nally invested  in  railroads.  We  fully  recognize  their  capacity  for 
good,  and  all  their  just  claims,  but  we  demand  justice  and  protec- 
tion for  the  people. 

But  even  if  railroads  do  carry  at  fair  rates,  still  the  fact  stares  us 
in  the  face,  that  transportation  of  heavy  commodities  is  at  least  an 
expensive  luxury,  and  our  true  policy  is  to  bring  producer  and  con- 
sumer nearer  together,  and  so  lessen  the  transporting.  We,  of  the 
South  and  West  especially,  should  spare  no  pains  to  introduce  and 
foster  manufactures  in  our  midst,  that  we  be  not  obliged  to  trans- 
port our  raw  material  out  and  the  manufactured  article  in.  We  of 
the  East,  where  manufactures  are  many  and  strong,  should,  with 
equal  assiduity,  promote  the  cultivation  of  the  raw  material,  that 
the  terrible  strain  on  transportation  be  lessened. 

I  have  long  ago  said  that  the  history  of  the  world  or  its  present 
condition  does  not  afford  a  single  example  of  a  country  which  has 
remained  permanently  prosperous  by  the  production  and  exporta- 
tion of  the  raw  material,  but  their  tendency  is  all  the  time  toward  a 
condition  of  dependence  and  poverty.  This  position  has  not  been 
disputed,  and  I  believe  cannot  be.  How  important,  then,  that  we 
cultivate  the  most  amicable  relations  between  all  the  productive 
industries,  as  only  by  mutual  development  can  we  be  mutually 
prosperous,  and  the  whole  body  politic  be  maintained  in  vigorous 
health. 

A .  thousand  years  ago  learned  and  thoughtful  chemists  devoted 
the  energies  of  a  lifetime  to  a  vain  search  for  the  wonderful  philos- 
opher's stone,  whose  magic  touch  should  convert  the  baser  metals 
into  purest  gold,  and  thus  fill  the  whole  world  at  once  with  wealth 
and  luxury.  To-day  we  have  numerous  citizens  who  are  eagerly 
pursuing  the  same  phantom.  They  are  torturing  their  poor  brains 
to  devise  some  plan  whose  talismanic  power  vail  transmute  bits  of 
printed  paper  into  countless  millions  of  actual  money  of  such  a  sub- 
tle nature  that  true  as  the  needle  to  the  pole,  it  shall  go  straight  to 
the  pockets  of  the  poor,  and  like  a  subtle  "  Will-o'-the-wisp,"  for- 
ever evade  the  clutches  of  the  rich. 

It  is  an  indisputable  fact  that  our  country  is  now  seriously  suffer- 
ing from  a  derangement  of  finances.  We  need  not  to  be  at  a  loss 
to  know  the  cause.  It  is  a  solemn  reality  that  our  country  has 
passed  through  a  most  wasting  civil  war.  It  cost  us  in  money,  time 
lost,  industry  disturbed,  material  destroyed,  production  stopped, 
more  than  ten  billions  of  dollars.  That  immense  sum  was  in  four 
years  subtracted  from  the  wealth  of  the  country.  It  was  consumed, 
and  is  forever  gone.  It  made  us  comparatively  poor.  To  bridge 
over  the  emergency  of  the  hour,  the  government  issued  great  vol- 
umes of  irredeemable  paper  currency,  which  we  used  as  money,  and 
thus  for  a  time  disguised  and  hid  our  poverty.  By  using  this  cur- 
rency our  judgment  of  values  became  more  and  more  confused  as 


FAVORABLE  REPORT  OF  FINANCES.  127 

we  drifted  further  from  the  world's  standard.  We  totally  failed  to 
realize  our  changed  circumstances  and  to  inaugurate  a  correspond- 
ing system  of  economy  and  industry,  and,  consequently,  with  an 
inheritance  of  debt,  extravagant  habits  and  distorted  judgment  of 
values,  we  have  been  incessantly  drifting  to  leeward.  Out  of  this 
trouble  there  is  no  royal  road.  Only  by  a  return  to  habits  of  indus- 
try and  economy,  guided  by  intelligence,  can  we  regain  our  wealth 
and  remove  our  load  of  debt.  As  an  auxiliary  to  this,  we  wan«t  a 
staple  and  sound  currency,  that  shall  be  a  reliable  measure  of  values, 
and  recognized  as  such  by  all  the  civilized  world.  For  we  may  gain 
this  truth  from  others  and  our  own  history,  that  an  irredeemable, 
fluctuating  currency  always  favors  speculators  and  sharpers,  at  the 
expense  of  those  engaged  in  productive  industry. 

In  an  order  like  ours,  which  is  still  in  the  formative  state,  it  has 
not  seemed  strange  that  many  cases  have  presented  themselves  dur- 
ing the  past  year  which  were  provided  for  by  no  written  law.  To 
meet  these  emergencies  it  has  devolved  upon  me,  as  the  chief  exec- 
utive officer  of  the  Order,  to  make  numerous  rules  for  our  tempo- 
rary guidance.  These  have  been  placed  in  the  hands  of  your  com- 
mittee for  arrangement,  and  will  be  submitted  for  your  consideration. 

Some  cases  have  arisen  involving  points  of  such  doubtful  expedi- 
ency that  I  have  hesitated  about  taking  the  responsibility  of  making 
rulings.  To  cover  these  additional  legislation  will  be  needed.  An 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  has  been  adopted  and  ratified,  pro- 
viding for  County  Granges,  under  the  direction  of  State  Granges. 
I  am  fully  convinced,  from  visiting  several  States,  that  the  widest 
possible  difference  will  exist  in  the  organization  and  management  of 
these  Granges  in  the  different  States.  Under  proper  and  efficient 
rule  they  cannot  fail  to  be  of  eminent  value  to  the  Order,  but  if 
loosely  and  carelessly  constructed  they  will  be  a  source  of  endless 
annoyance  and  confusion.  As  the  Masters  of  all  the  State  Granges 
are  here  together  in  council,  it  might  be  well  for  this  body  to  prepare 
a  complete  system  of  management  of  Fifth  Degree  County  Granges, 
and  send  it  to  the  States.  This  would  not,  of  course,  go  to  the 
States  as  law,  but  recommended  as  a  plan  prepared  by  and  embody- 
ing the  combined  judgment  of  the  Masters  of  all  the  State  Granges. 
I  doubt  not  such  a  plan  would  be  generally  welcomed,  and  would 
tend  to  produce  uniformity  in  the  work  in  the  several  States. 

The  principal  office  of  the  National  Grange,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  our  Worthy  Secretary,  is  each  year  assuming  a  more  system- 
atic and  perfect  shape.  The  amount  of  business  done  and  the  man- 
ner of  doing  it,  will  be  fully  shown  in  his  report. 

It  is  an  agreeable  fact  to  state  that  the  revenues  of  the  National 
Grange  have  been  above  the  expenditures,  thus  leaving  a  balance  in 
the  treasury,  as  will  appear  by  the  report  of  the  Worthy  Treasurer. 

This  subject  of  our  finances  is  one  upon  which  the  members  of 
our  Order  are  particularly  and  very  properly  quite  sensitive,  and  we 
owe  it,  not  only  to  them,  but  to  ourselves,  that  the  receipts  and  dis- 
bursement of  all  moneys  be  conducted  in  a  manner  which  will  com- 
mend itself  to  the  judgment  of  business  men. 

In  our  work  as  a  body,  and  in  our  association  with  each  other  as 
sisters  and  brothers,  let  our  deportment  be  such  as  to  cast  a  halo 
over  the  noble  occupation  we  follow,  unite  in  closer  bonds  our  great 


128  WHAT  HAS  BEEN  ACCOMPLISHED. 

fraternity,  and  intensify  the  patriotic  affection  we  feel  for  our  com- 
mon country. 

Following  is  a  summary  of  the  proceedings  of  the  National 
Grange,  at  its  last  session  as  furnished  by  Bro.  J.  W.  A.  Wright: 

1.  The  emphatic  request  for  Congressional  aid,  with  proper  re- 
strictions, to  the  Texas  Pacific  Railroad. 

2.  Action  favoring  the  construction  of  a  double  steel  track  rail- 
way from  the  Mississippi  river  near  St.  Louis,  to  the  Atlantic  at 
some  north  srn  point. 

3.  Resolutions  favoring  the  speedy  completion  of  the  Spartans- 
burg  and  Asheville  Railroad,  thus  connecting  Chicago  and  other 
western  cities  with  the  Atlantic  at  Charleston,  by  a  route  of  one 
hundred  miles  shorter  than  by  any  other. 

4.  Hearty  approval  of  the  resolutions  of  the  Agricultural  Asso- 
ciation of  Georgia,  which  recommend  the  construction  of  canals  to 
connect  the  Ohio  and  Tennessee  rivers  with  the  Atlantic. 

5.  Recommendation  of  government  aid  to  repair  the  levees-on  the 
Mississippi. 

6.  Advocating  the-  opening,  by  national  aid,  of  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi. 

7.  Request  to  Congress  for  reduction  of  tax  on  tobacco. 

8.  Expressed  opposition  to  an  injurious  extension  of  patent 
rights. 

9.  Recommendations  with  regard  to  the  Centennial  Exposition  at 
Philadelphia. 

10.  Resolutions  favoring  the  early  completion  of  the  Washington 
National  Monument. 

11.  Adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  National  Grange,  as 
amended  at  the  last  session,  and  ratified  by  three  fourths  of  the 
State  Granges. 

12.  Other  important  amendments  to  the  Constitution  and  By- 
Laws. 

13.  Careful  preparation,  for  the  use  of  the  Order,  of  a  Parlia- 
mentary Guide  and  a  Digest  of  Decisions  on  Constitutional  Ques- 
tions. 

14.  Decisions  to  move  the  headquarters  of  the  National  Grange 
from  Washington  to  some  point  in  the  West,  which  the  members 
of  the  Executive  Committee  are  to  select. 

15.  Distribution  of  part  of  the  funds  of  the  National  Grange,  as  a 
loan  without  interest  to  the  different  State  Granges.  This  loan  is 
in  the  proportion  of  two  dollars  and  fifty  cents  to  each  Subordinate 
Grange  in  each  State,  but  it  is  not  intended  to  be  divided  among 
the  Subordinate  Granges. 

16.  Additional  safeguards  have  been  thrown  around  the  expendi- 
ture of  the  funds  of  the  National  Grange  for  the  ensuing  year,  look- 
ing chiefly  to  economy. 

17.  No  one  result  of  this  session  was  more  satisfactory  than  the 
proof  that,  in  spite  of  all  malicious  assertions  of  hostile  papers  to 
the  contrary,  our  worthy  Secretary  and  Treasurer  have  handled  all 
the  funds  entrusted  to  their  keeping,  with  the  most  perfect  in- 
tegrity. 


TEXAS  PACIFIC  RAILROAD.  129 

18.  The  election  of  members  of  the  Executive  Committee  was  an 
important  matter.  At  the  last  session  it  was  determined  to  increase 
the  number  from  three  to  five.  D.  W.  Aiken,  of  South  Carolina, 
is  re-elected  for  three  years,  and  the  two  new  members  are  D.  T. 
Chase,  of  New  Hampshire,  and  John  T.  Jones,  of  Arkansas.  E. 
E.  Shankland,  of  Iowa,  continues  for  two  years,  and  William 
Saunders,  of  Washington  City,  for  one  year. 

19.  The  National  Grange  will  meet  in  San  Francisco  next  Novem- 
ber, if,  on  investigation,  it  is  found  that  the  expense  to  its  Treasury 
will  not  be  too  great. 

20.  An  important  change  made  by  the  ratification  and  final  adop- 
tion of  the  new  Constitution  is,  that  Past  Masters  are  no  longer,  as 
such,  even  honorary  members  of  the  National  or  State  Granges. 

The  following  is  a  report  of  the  Committee  and  the  resolu- 
tions adopted  concerning  the  Texas  Pacific  Railroad : 

Your  committee,  to  whom  was  referred  resolutions  of  the  Texas 
State  Grange,  and  of  numerous  other  bodies  in  different  sections  of 
the  United  States,  to  extend  its  aid  to  the  Texas  Pacific  Eailroad, 
have  had  the  same  under  consideration,  and  ask  to  make  this  report: 

Your  committee  have  viewed  with  great  interest  the  expressions 
of  approval  and  appeals  to  Congress  to  forward  this  great  work, 
emanating  from  the  State  Granges  and  Boards  of  Trade,  from  the 
Pacific  to  the  Atlantic,  and  are  impressed  with  the  great  and  obvi- 
ous benefits  which  would  result  to  this  whole  nation  by  the  speedy 
completion  of  this  road;  and  as  it  is  an  enterprise  too  vast  to  de- 
pend alone  for  its  success  upon  private  capital,  equal  justice  to  all 
sections  of  our  common  country  requires  aid  of  the  National  Gov- 
ernment to  forward  this  work,  under  the  proper  restrictions  and 
safeguards,  insuring  the  Government  against  loss,  and  the  people 
against  unjust  impositions  and  discriminations. 

Your  committee  therefore  submit  the  following  resolution : 

That  this  National  Grange  earnestly  invites  the  attention  of  Con- 
gress to  the  necessity  of  a  speedy  completion  of  the  Texas,  Pacific 
Eailroad,  and  asks  of  that  body  reasonable  aid  to  the  company, 
which  has  inaugurated  this  great  national  enterprise,  under  such  cau- 
tionary restrictions  and  safeguards  as  the  prudence  and  wisdom  of 
Congress  may  devise  to  guarantee  the  Government  against  loss,  and 
protect  the  agricultural  interests  of  every  section  of  the  country 
against  unjust  discriminations  in  the  price  of  transportation. 

The  reasons  for  the  action  of  the  National  Grange  are  thus 
explained  by  Worthy  Master  Hamilton : 

The  friends  of  the  Texas  Pacific,  when  they  came  before  the  Na- 
tional Grange,  never  asked  for  anything  which  might  prove  injuri- 
ous— they  merely  asked  the  endorsement  of  the  agriculturists  of  our 
country  to  a  bill  then  before  Congress,  which  was  intended  and  well 
calculated  to  develop  the  resources  of  millions  of  fertile  acres  of 
our  territory,  open  up  beautiful  homes  for  thousands  of  our  fellow 
citizens,  check  the  monopoly  already  existing  in  the  carrying  trade 
across  this  continent,  between  Asia  and  the  cities  and  sea-board  on 
9 


130  WHAT  HAS  BEEN  ACCOMPLISHED. 

our  Atlantic  coast;  add  to  the  national  population,  the  national  in- 
dustry and  the  national  wealth;  increase  the  taxable  resources  of 
the  country,  add  to  its  revenues  and  lessen  the  public  debt.  They 
urged  it  was  a  public  duty  to  utilize  the  enormous  national  capital 
that  now  lies  idle  in  the  vast  southern  region  between  Texas  and  the 
Pacific  coast.  They  pointed  to  that  vast  national  domain,  capable 
of  producing  untold  quantities  of  corn,  wheat,  wine,  cotton,  wool 
and  stock;  and  which,  from  its  want  of  accessibility  and  distance 
from  market,  could  not  be  profitably  brought  under  cultivation. 
This  wealth,  with  the  rich  mines  of  gold,  silver,  lead,  copper,  and 
coal  in  Southern  Colorado,  New  Mexico,  Arizona,  Southern  Utah, 
Nevada,  and  Southern  California,  was  shown  to  be  unavailable  to 
the  nation  by  reason  of  distance  from  mercantile  centers  and  cost  of 
transportation. 

Justice  to  the  Southern  States  demanded  that  they  should  have 
the  same  rights  and  facilities  to  develop  their  material  wealth  and 
increase  their  productions  as  had  been  extended  to  the  Middle  and 
Northern  States.  Their  products,  cotton,  tobacco,  rice,  and  sugar, 
are  of  great  value  to  the  nation,  and  the  Northern  and  Middle 
States  have  a  direct  interest  in  everything  which  has  a  tendency  to 
stimulate  the  growth  of  agricultural  products  in  the  South. 

Our  military  commanders,  Generals  Grant,  Sherman,  Sheridan, 
Hancock,  Meiggs  and  Ingalls,  have  all  testified  that  the  extension 
of  the  railroad  from  our  south-western  frontier  to  the  Pacific  coast 
is  a  military  necessity,  and  that  it  would  substantially  end  our  In- 
dian troubles  by  the  facilities  it  .would  give  the  military  to  control 
these  wild  and  savage  people. 

The  bill  indorsed  by  the  National  Grange,  and  which  it  recom- 
mended to  the  speedy  action  of  Congress,  does  not  ask  for  one  acre 
of  the  public  domain,  beyond  what  may  be  needed  for  roadway  and 
stations,  nor  one  dollar  as  a  gift  from  the  public  treasury,  nor  any 
bonds,  the  principle  or  interest  of  which  the  government  was  ex- 
pected to  pay, — none  of  these  were  asked  for — but  simply  that  the 
government  would  guarantee  an  interest  of  six  per  cent,  upon  the 
bonds  of  the  road,  to  the  extent  of  $30,000  per  mile,  agreed  that 
every  guard  and  restriction  necessary  to  prevent  extortion,  or  un- 
just discrimination,  or  fraud  of  any  kind,  either  towards  the  people 
or  bond-holders,  should  be  placed  by  Congress  in  the  franchise. 

The  security  offered  against  loss  on  this  guarantee  is  vast  and  com- 
prehensive. First,  the  road  surrenders  every  acre  of  the  valuable 
lands  hitherto  obtained.  Second,  it  gives  the  whole  of  its  earnings 
for  transportation  for  the  government.  Third,  it  gives  ten  per  cent. 
of  the  entire  gross  receipts  of  the  road.  Fourth,  in  default  of  pay- 
ment the  road  itself  becomes  forfeit.  Was  better  security  ever  ex- 
acted by  capitalist  ? 

The  propriety  and  security  of  this  great  work  was  so  apparent  to 
the  members  of  the  National  Grange,  that  the  vote,  in  regard  to  it, 
was  almost  a  unit.  The  Masters  from  Iowa,  Illinois,  Missouri,  and 
other  States,  where  Patrons  have  been  contending  so  earnestly 
against  railroad  monopolies,  were  so  well  satisfied  of  the  benefits 
and  advantages  to  be  derived  from  opening  another  great  thorough- 
fare across  our  country  from  Atlantic  to  Pacific  shore,  and  that 


J.  W.  A.  WRIGHT, 

P.  W.  M.,  and  Present  Lecturer  of  State  Grange  of 

California. 


ORGANIZATION  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA.  131 

all  necessary  guards  and  restrictions  to  prevent  imposition  and 
fraud  would  be  thrown  around  it,  gave  it  their  hearty  support;  and 
not  one  of  tliem  had  an  idea  their  action  was  in  the  least  degree  a 
departure  from  the  principles  which  should  control  the  action  of 
Grangers,  or  a  violation  of  the  objects  and  purposes  of  the  Patrons 
of  Husbandry,  as  fully  set  forth  and  given  to  the  world  in  our 
Platform  of  Principles. 


CHAPTER   XII. 

ANNALS  OF  THE  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

organization  at  napa — representation :  address  of  n.  "w.  garretson: 
Specific  Objects  Stated  Uesolutions  :  State  Book  of  Plans:  Election  of 
Officers  and  Executive  Committee:  Agencies  Peovtded  for — First  An- 
nual Meeting — One  Hundred  and  Four  Granges  in  Three  Months — 
Worthy  Master  Wright's  Address — Report  of  Committee  on  Irrigation: 
Committee  of  Inquiry  into  Agricultural  Department  of  University — 
Election  of  Officers  for  Two  Ensuing  Years — Presentation  to  Bro. 
Gareetson — Installation — Prof.  Carr's  Lecture — Constitution  and  By- 
Laws. 

The  organization  of  the  State  Grange  of  California  took  place 
at  Napa,  on  the  15th  of  July,  1873^  scarcely  three  months  after 
the  adjournment  of  the  Farmers'  Union  Convention.  Mean- 
while, a  special  deputy  from  the  National  Grange  had  been 
busy  organizing  the  necessary  number  of  Subordinate  Granges, 
which  were  now  convened;  the  First  President  of  the  State 
Agricultural  Society,  Hon.  J.  M.  Hamilton,  Worthy  Master  of 
Guenoc  Grange,  appeared  among  the  good  men  and  true,  who 
had  been  active  members  of  the  Union,  and  upon  whose 
shoulders  the  burden  of  responsibility  was  afterward  cast. 

The  following  Granges  were  represented  by  their  proper 
officers: 

W.  H.  Baxter  and  Mrs.  Baxter,  Napa  Grange;  "W.  A.  Fisher, 
Past  Master,  Napa  Grange;  E.  B.  Stiles,  W.  San  Joaquin  Grange; 
J.  D.  Spencer  and  Mrs.  Spencer,  Stanislaus  Grange;  T.  Hart  Hyatt, 
Vacaville  Grange;  W.  M.  Thorp  and  Mrs,  Thorp,  Chico  Grange;  J. 
B.  Jolley  and  Mrs.  Jolley,  Merced  Grange;  J.  D.  Beyburn  and 
Mrs.  Keyburn,  Salida  Grange;  B.  C.  Haile,  Suisun  "Valley  Grange; 
G.  "W.  Henning,  San  Jose  Grange;  J.  D.  Fowler,  Hollister  Grange; 
W.  S.  Manlove  and  Mrs.  Manlove,  Sacramento  Grange;  W.  M. 
Jackson  and  Mrs.  Jackson,  Yolo  Grange;  Nelson  Carr  and  Mrs.  N. 
CaiT,  Bennett  Valley  Grange;  G.  W.  Davis  and  Mrs.  G.  W,  Davis, 
Santa  Rosa  Grange;  T.  H.  Merry  and  Mrs.   T.   H.   Merry,  Healds- 


132  ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF   CALIFORNIA. 

burg  Grange;  J.  A.  Clark,  Elmira  Grange;  J.  C.  Merryfield  and 
Mrs.  Merryfield,  Dixon  Grange;  J.  M.  Hamilton,  Guenoc  Grange; 
J.  M.  Mayfield,  Yountville  Grange;  J.  J.  Hicok,  Grand  Island 
Grange;  L.  W.  Walker,  Petaluma  Grange;  N.  L.  Allen,  Salinas 
•  Grange;  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Turlock  Grange;  G.  B.  Crane  and  Mrs. 
G.  B.  Crane,  St.  Helena  Grange;  I.  G.  Gardner  and  Mrs.  I.  G. 
Gardner,  Grey  son  Grange;  B.  V.  Weeks,  Pescadero  Grange;  J.  H. 
Hegeler  and  Mrs.  J.  H.  Hegeler,  Bodega  Grange;  A.  T.  Dewey  and 
Mrs.  A.  T.  Dewey,  Temescal  Grange. 

N.  W.  Garretson,  representing  the  Worthy  Master  of  the 
National  Grange,  opened  the  session  with  an  eloquent  and  in- 
structive address.     He  said: 

It  seems  but  as  yesterday,  (so  short  is  the  time,)  since  your  now 
fair  and  beautiful  State  was  unreclaimed,  unsought  and  unvalued 
but  for  its  gold.  Its  civilization  was  confined  to  mining  camps,  and 
its  bread  and  fruit  supplied  from  distant  fields.  Very  soon,  how- 
ever, it  was  demonstrated  that  the  capabilities  of  these  valleys  for 
producing  the  cereals  were  great,  and  their  adaptation  to  fruit  cult- 
ure unrivaled.  The  effect  of  this  was,  not  only  to  change  the 
dreams  of  emigrants  to  this  land  of  perpetual  summer  and  sunshine, 
but  it  marked  a  change  also  in  their  character.  Women,  the  refining 
guardians  of  our  race,  now  swelled  the  caravan  that  stretched  across 
the  plains  and  poured  over  the  mountain  ranges  or  that  landed  from 
the  crowded  steamers.  Men  and  women  with  strong  arms  and  brave 
hearts  were  now  coming  to  make  homes  and  plant  upon  the  Pacific 
Coast  a  new  civilization.  Your  experiences  in  reaching  California 
then,  though  bitter  at  the  time,  are  garnered  with  the  traveled  past, 
and  serve  you  now — a  store  of  wonders  to  repeat  to  those  who  now 
cross  the  continent,  borne  in  palaces  of  luxuriant  ease. 

I  am  jpresuaded  that  in  no  State  have  the  industries  found  so 
rapid  a  cterelopment  as  in  California.  At  a  single  bound  she  takes 
rank  as  the  first  wheat-producing  State  in  the  Union,  exporting  last 
year  to  England  alone  not  less  than  five  hundred  thousand  tons. 
While  the  products  of  your  gold  fields  have  been  great,  and  have 
largely  swelled  the  treasuries  of  the  world,  the  product  of  your 
wheat  fields,  under  judicious  tillage,  will  be  far  greater,  affording  a 
more  abiding  wealth,  and  promising  a  far  more  stable  prosperity. 
The  fertility  of  your  soil  is  equalled  only  by  the  enterprise  and  in- 
telligence of  its  tillers. 

I  utter  these  words  as  the  sum  of  my  observations  since  I  have 
come  among  you.  I  think  I  see  in  the  farmers  of  California  a  dis- 
cerning intelligence  not  so  general  elsewhere.  With  this  charac- 
teristic attribute,  these  men  might  have  successfully  prosecuted 
almost  any  business  pursuit;  but  seeing  the  wondrous  capabilities 
for  profitable  production  offered  by  the  diversity  of  soil  and  climate 
in  this  summer-land,  their  hearts  responded  to  the  invitations  of  na- 
ture, to  the  comfort  and  enjoyment  of  farm  life,  to  that  pursuit 
above  all  others,  God-given  and  ennobling — Agriculture. 

Little  did  they  dream  while  their  thoughts  were  given  to  this 
work,  that  many  of  those  they  fed  were  combining  for  the  impover- 


THE  farmers'  burdens.  133 

islimentof  their  benefactors.  Yet  it  is  true  that  these  men,  who 
stand  between  you  and  the  market,  and  whose  duty  it  is  to  transfer 
and  distribute  the  products  of  your  labor  to  and  among  the  con- 
sumers of  the  same,  for  a  reasonable  toll,  have  combined  to  flank 
the  law  of  "demand  and  supply,"  forming  rings  and  corners  at 
your  expense,  and  are  gambling  recklessly  and  wickedly  —  your 
rights  and  your  money  being  their  stakes.  They  have  gotten  to 
themselves  fortunes,  and,  to  complete  their  work,  these  ill-gotten 
gains  are  employed  as  a  corruption-fund,  to  turn  aside  the  arm  of 
justice,  and  buy  the  men  to  whom  you  have  intrusted  your  dearest 
interests  in  the  State  and  National  Legislatures.  Laws  that  have 
sheltered  you  from  the  rapacity  of  these  capital  combinations  are 
quickly  repealed,  and  other  laws  are  enacted  by  which  other  rings 
are  formed  to  prey  as  vampires  upon  your  material  and  industrial 
interests. 

Extravagant  salaries,  without  precedent  elsewhere,  are  fixed  for 
your  public  functionaries,  while  the  system  of  prodigality  is  inau- 
gurated, which,  if  continued,  must  terminate  in  your  bankruptcy; 
for,  to  meet  this  unwise  expenditure  of  public  funds,  heavy  assess- 
ments of  taxes  must  be  made,  in  the  apportionment  of  which  a  dis- 
crimination, as  unscrupulous  as  it  is  invidious,  is  made  against  the 
farmer  in  the  interest  of  the  money  power. 

This  work  of  public  corruption  and  laborjnjpaverishm  ent ,  to 
which  I  have  alluded,  is  by  no  means  confined  to  California,  but  is 
wide-spread  and  threatening  throughout  our  whole  country.  Its 
deadly  leaven  has  been  at  work  in  the  councils  of  our  nation,  and 
threatens  to-day,  more  than  any  other  agency,  the  overthrow  of  our 
free  government.  At  the  sight  of  developments  within  the  few 
months  past  at  "Washington,  good  men  grow  sick  and  turn  away. 

As  unpromising  as  this  picture  makes  our  future,  we  have  grounds 
for  hope,  for  the  people  are  the  source  of  power;  and,  thank  God, 
they  are  waking  up  all  over  the  land — in  almost  every  hamlet  and 
school-house.  The  farmers,  yes,  and  the  farmers'  wives — God  bless 
them — are  in  council.  For  a  like  purpose  you  are  convened  to-day, 
as  American  citizens,  as  representatives  of  the  great  producing  in- 
terests of  California,  and  as  representatives  from  your  respective 
Granges,  to  consider  the  state  of  the  country,  and  to  discuss  the 
necessities  of  the  hour.  We  are  here  to  form  the  California  State 
Grange  of  Patrons  of  Husbandly.  You  will  remember  that  the 
eyes  of  the  oppressed  farmers,  all  over  this  State,  are  turned  to  you 
for  relief,  while  your  enemies  will  most  diligently  scrutinize  your 
every  act.  Conscious,  then,  of  the  weight  and  importance  of  your 
duties  here,  you  will,  as  the  State  Grange,  define  for  the  Order,  in 
this  State,  a  line  of  future  action,  which,  in  your  judgment  will,  at  A  S 
the  earliest  possible  day,  most  surely  emancipate  labor  from  the  des- 
potism of  capital  combinations;  one  that  will  bring  about  the 
needed  reform  in  your  State  and  inter-State  commerce,  and  drive 
from  places  of  honor  and  trust  the  corrupt  horde  who  have  fattened 
upon  your  substance. 

With  clean  hands  and  pure  hearts  should  we  come  to  such  a  work. 
Therefore  let  each  lay  upon  the  common  altar  of  this  new  Order 
whatever  he  may  have  of  selfish  ambition,  or  of  mercenary  motive, 


134  ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

and,  joining  hands,  let  us  covenant,  upon  the  very  threshold  of  our 
organization,  that  the  meetings,  the  counsels  and  the  labors  of*  the 
Order  in  California,  shall  be  dedicated  to  the  cause  of  justice  and 
humanity. 

That  we  pledge  each  to  the  other  that  we  will  labor  faithfully, 
patiently,  earnestly  and  persistently,  to  purify  the  moral,  social, 
business  and  political  atmosphere  of  our  State  and  Nation,  bearing 
ever  in  mind  that  if  we  would  triumph  in  the  unequal  conflict  upon 
which  we  now  enter,  we  must  fear  God,  obey  our  laws  and  maintain 
our  honor,  not  forgetting  that  a  good  Matron,  as  also  a  good  Hus- 
bandman, is  noted  at  all  times  and  everywhere  for  his  or  her  fidelity. 

The  specific  objects  were  declared  to  be: 

1.  To  establish  cooperative  systems  of  trade,  thus  bringing 
producers  and  consumers  as  near  together  as  possible. 

2.  To  establish  banks  from  which  farmers  could  obtain  loans 
at  reasonable  interest. 

3.  To  make  arrangements  for  the  purchase  of  f  arming jmple- 
ments,  sacks  and  machinery,  directly  from  m anuf ac turer s . 

*"  4.  To  obtain  direct  shipments  on  more  favorable  terms,  and 
storage  at  lower  rates :  drawing  upon  their  products  advances 
at  the  lowest  rates  of  interest. 

5.  To  secure  the  establishment  of  Grange-  stores ;  and, 

6.  The  gradual  substitution  of  the  cash  for  the  credit  system ; 
and,  finally, 

7.  The  eventual  introduction  of  shipment  in  bulk. 

-  The  Convention  resolved:  To  labor  for  the  reduction  of 
railroad  fares  and  freights,  by  using  all  legitimate  means  to  ob- 
tain the  necessary  legislation;  for  the  reduction  of  port  charges; 
for  the  introduction  of  European  laborers;  for  an  increase  of 
tonnage  for  "our  own  purposes;"  for  irrigation;  for  the  eleva- 
tion and  increase  of  our  mechanical  industry,  all  of  which  work 
was  distributed  among  proper  committees. 

As  a  record  of  Grange  intelligence,  and  in  order  to  secure  a 
full  expression  of  feeling  upon  the  methods  in  which  these  ob- 
jects were  to  be  carried  out,  every  member  of  Subordinate 
Granges  was  invited  to  present  a  concisely  written  plan,  to  be 
classified  and  kept  as  a  State  Book  of  Plans. 

It  was  also  resolved  to  offer  two  premiums  for  the  best  plan 
for  a  general  system  of  cooperation. 

The  election  of  officers  resulted  as  follows:  J.  "W.  A.  Wright, 
Master;  J.  M.  Hamilton,  Overseer;  Thos.  H.  Merry,  Lecturer; 
N*  L.  Allen,  Steward;  "W.  M.  Jackson,  Assistant  Steward;  W. 


FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING.  135 

A.  Fisher,  Treasurer;  W.  H.  Baxter,  Secretary;  J.  D.  Fowler, 
Gate  Keeper;  T.  H.  Hyatt,  Chaplain;  Mrs.  I.  G.  Gardner, 
Lady  Assistant  Steward;  Mrs.  G.  W.  Davis,  Ceres;  Mrs.  W. 
H.  Baxter,  Pomona;  Mrs.  J.  H.  Hegeler,  Flora. 

Kesolutions  were  passed  authorizing  the  Executive  Committee, 
consisting  of  Brothers  Jolley,  of  Merced  county;  Merryfield,  of 
Solano  county;  Allen,  of  Monterey  county,  Gardner,  of  Stanis- 
laus county;  Thorp,  of  Butte  county,  and  Mayfield,  of  Napa 
county,  to  employ  a  central  Business  Agent  in  the  city  of  San 
Francisco,  under  bonds  and  guaranties  which  should  prevent 
the  use  of  ouch  agency  for  speculative  purposes. 

It  was  furthermore  resolved,  "to  be  expedient  that  the  State 
Grange  should  have  an  agent  or  correspondent  residing  at 
Liverpool,  authorized  to  charter  ships  in  the  proper  season  to 
convey  grain  crops  to  European  or  other  markets;  to  make  ar- 
rangements for  advances  of  money  on  cargoes  of  grain,  and  on 
such  other  securities  as  the  farmer  may  be  able  to  command,  at 
the  lowest  rates  of  interest;  also  to  have  laborers  and  emigrants 
sent  out  to  California  by  ships  coming  hither  for  cargoes,  etc." 

The  fullest  exchanges  of  information  between  the  Subordi- 
nate Granges  and  the  State  Agent,  between  the  latter  and  State 
Agents  of  other  State  Granges,  was  recommended  and  provided 
for.     The  State  Grange  then  adjourned. 

FIRST  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

At  the  first  annual  meeting  of  the  California  State  Grange, 
held  October  14,  1873,  at  San  Jose,  the  following  Granges  were 
represented : 

Alameda  County. — Livermore  Grange,  Daniel  Inman,  Master; 
Temescal  Grange,  Oakland,  Alfred  T.  Dewey,  Master. 

Butte  County. — Chico  Grange,  W.  M.  Thorp,  Master;  Nord 
Grange,  G.  W.  Colby,  Master. 

Colusa  County. — Antelope  Valley  Grange,  H.  A.  Logan,  Master; 
Grand  Island  Grange,  J.  J.  Hicok,  Master;  Plaza  Grange,  Olimpo, 
F.  C.  Graves,  Master;  Princeton  Grange,  Princeton,  A.  D.  Logan, 
Master;  Funk  Slough  Grange,  E.  C.  Hunter,  Master;  Spring  Valley 
Grange,  D.  H.  Arnold,  Master;  Willows  Grange,  J.  W.  Zumwalt, 
Master. 

Contra  Costa  County. — Danville  Grange,  Danville,  Chas.  "Wood, 
Master. 

El  Dorado  County.— Pilot  Hill  Grange,  Pilot  Hill,  P.  D.  Brown, 
Master. 

Humboldt  County. — Kiwelatti  Grange,  Areata,  Lewis  K.  Wood, 
Master;  Table   Bluff  Grange,   Jackson   Sawyer,  Master;   Ferndale 


136  ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE   OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Grange,  F.  Z.  Boynton,  Master;  Elk  Eiver  Grange,  Theodore  Meyer, 
Master. 

Lake  County. — Guenoc  Grange,  Guenoc,  J.  M.  Hamilton, 
Master. 

Los  Angeles  County. — Los  Angeles  Grange,  T.  A.  Garey,  Master. 

Merced  County. — Badger  Flat  Grange,  W.  F.  Clarke,  Master; 
Merced  Grange,  H.  B.  Jolley,  Master. 

Monterey  County. — Hollister  Grange,  J.  D.  Fowler,  Master; 
Pajaro  Grange,  D.  M.  Clough,  Master;  Salinas  Grange,  N.  L.  Allen, 
Master. 

Napa  County. — Napa  Grange,  W.  H.  Baxter,  Master;  St.  Helena 
Grange,  G.  B.  Crane,  Master;  Yountville  Grange,  J.  M.  Mayfield, 
Master. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County. — Cambria  Grange,  Rufus  Rigdon,  Master; 
Moro  City  Grange,  A.  J.  Mothersead,  Master;  Old  Creek  Grange, 
Isaac  Flood,  Master;  San  Luis  Obispo  Grange,  "Win.  Jackson, 
Master. 

Santa  Barbara  County. — Carpenteria  Grange,  O.  N.  Cadwell, 
Master;  Santa  Barbara  Grange,  O.  L.  Abbott,  Master;  Santa  Maria 
Grange,  Joel  Miller,  Master; 

San  Joaquin  County. — Castoria  Grange,  Samuel  Gower,  Master; 
Linden  Grange,  John  Wasley,  "Master;  Lodi  Grange,  J.  W.  Kearny, 
Master;  Liberty  Grange,  Justus  Schomp,  Master;.  Rustic  Grange, 
J.  A.  Shepherd,  Master;  Stockton  Grange,  Andrew  Wolfe,  Master; 
West  San  Joaquin  Grange,  E.  B.  Stiles,  Master;  Woodbridge  Grange, 
J.  L.  Hutson,  Master. 

Stanislaus  County. — Ceres  Grange,  W.  B.  Harp,  Master;  Grayson 
Grange,  I.  G.  Gardner,  Master;  Salida  Grange,  Joseph  Reyburn, 
Master;  Stanislaus  Grange,  J.  D.  Spencer,  Master;  Turlock  Grange, 
J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Master;  Waterford  Grange,  R.  R.  Warder, 
Master. 

Solano  County. — Dixon  Grange,  J.  C.  Merryfield,  Master;  Suisun 
Valley  Grange,  R.  C.  Haile,  Master;  Yacaville  Grange,  E.  R.  Thur- 
bur,  Master. 

Sonoma  County. — Bennett  Valley  Grange,  Nelson  Carr,  Master; 
Bodega  Grange,  J.  H.  Hegeler,  Master;  Cloverdale  Grange,  Chas. 
H.  Cooley,  Master;  Healdsburg  Grange,  T.  H.  Merry,  Master; 
Petaluma  Grange,  L.  W.  Walker,  Master,  D.  G.  Heald,  Secretary; 
Santa  Rosa  Grange,  Geo.  W.  Davis,  Master;  Sonoma  Grange, 
.Leonard  Goss,  Master;  Windsor  Grange,  A.  B.  Nalley,  Master. 

Sacramento  County. — Sacramento  Grange,  W.  S.  Manlove,  Mas- 
ter. 

Santa  Clara  County. — San  Jose  Grange,  G.  W.  Henning,  Mas- 
ter; Santa  Clara  Grange,  Cary  Peebles,  Master. 

San  Mateo  County. — Pescadero  Grange,  B.  V.  Weeks,  Master. 

Sutter  County. — Sutter  Grange,  W.  C.  Smith,  Master;  Yuba  City 
Grange,  T.  B.  Hull,  Master. 

Santa  Cruz  County. — Santa  Cruz  Grange,  Benj.  Cahoon,  Mastsr. 

Ventura  County. — Saticoy  Grange,  Milton  Wasson,  Master. 

Yolo  County. — Antelope  Grange,  W.  G.  Clark,  Master;  Buckeye 
Grange,  Wm.  Sims,  Master;  Capay  Valley  Grange,  R.  R.  Darby, 
Master;   Hungry  Hollow   Grange,    G.    L.    Parker,   Master;    West 


WORTHY  MASTER  WRIGHT'S  ADDRESS.  137 

Grafton  Grange,  A.  W.  Morris,  Master;  Yolo  Grange,  W.  M.  Jack- 
son, Master.     Total,  104. 

Past  Masters  Present. — Napa,  W.  A.  Fisher:  San  Jose,  Oliver 
Cottle. 

Matrons  Present.— Badger  Flat  Grange,  Mrs.  S.  J.  Clarke;  Ben- 
nett Valley  Grange,  H.  L.  Carr;  Bodega  Grange,  E.  L.  Hegeler; 
Chico  Grange,  S.  J.  Thorp;  Cloverdale  Grange,  E.  N.  Cooley; 
Danville  Grange,  C.  A.  Wood;  Elmira  Grange,  A.  Clark;  Grayson 
Grange,  S.  M.  Gardner;  Hollister  Grange,  S.  F.  Fowler;  Healds- 
burg  Grange,  E.  E.  Merry;  Linden  Grange,  C.  E.  Wasley;  Lodi 
Grange,  E.  M.  Kearny;  Liberty  Grange,  H.  J.  Schomp;  Merced 
Grange,  L.  W.  Jolley;  Napa  Grange,  S.  C.  Baxter;  Nord  Grange, 
C.  A.  Colby;  Old  Creek  Grange,  Elizabeth  Flood;  Petaluma  Grange, 
Jane  Walker;  Sacramento  Grange,  F.  L.  Manlove;  Salinas  Grange, 
C.  L.  Allen;  Santa  Barbara  Grange,  L.  E.  Abbott;  Santa  Maria 
Grange,  Charlotte  Miller;  Saticoy  Grange,  S.  E.  A.  Higgins;  Stan- 
islaus Grange,  M.  A.  Spencer;  St.  Helena  Grange,  Mrs.  Frank 
Crane;  Stockton  Grange,  A.  Wolf;  Yolo  Grange,  Kate  Jackson;  San 
Jose  Grange,  Mrs.  O.  Cottle. 


ie>~j 


Committees. — The  following  committees  were-  appointed 
daring  the  session : 

Publication  Committee. — J.  D.  Spencer,  T.  A.  Garey,  A.  J.  Moth- 
ersead. 

Immigration  Committee. — K.  C.  Haile,  W.  A.  Fisher,  Leonard 
Goss. 

Signal  Bureau  Committee. — W.  S.  Mank>ve,  T.  A.  Garey,  J.  W.  A. 
Wright. 

Irrigation  Committee. — H.  B.  Jolley,  E.  B.  Stiles,  Wm.  M.  Jack- 
son, J.  W.  A.  Wright,  T.  A.  Garey. 

Auditing  Committee. — O.  L.  Abbott,  Nelson  Carr,  L.  W.  Walker. 

Committee  on  Constitution  and  By-Laws. — J.  D.  Fowler,  G.  W. 
Henning,  E.  B.  Higgins,  W.  H.  Baxter,  I.  G.  Gardner. 

Committee  on  Resolutions. — W.  S.  Manlove,  G.  W.  Colby,  O.  L. 
Abbott. 

Trade  and  Banks.— 7V.  A.  Fisher,  G.  W.  Davis,  N.  L.  Allen,  J. 
D.  Spencer,  G.  B.  Crane,  A.  T.  Dewey,  J.  J.  Hicok,  Oliver  Cottle, 
R.  C.  Haile. 

Education  and  University. — J.  W.  A.  Wright,  W.  H.  Baxter,  O. 
L.  Abbott. 

On  the  second  day  the  State  Grange  being  opened  in  due 
form,  N.  W.  Garretson,  Deputy  of  the  National  Grange,  and 
Daniel  Clark,  Master  of  the  Oregon  State  Grange,  and  fraternal 
delegate  to  this  Grange,  were  introduced  by  Worthy  Master 
Wright,  as  follows : 

Fellow  Patrons  of  the-  State  of  California :  A  hearty  welcome  to 
our  first  annual  meeting.  And  heartily  do  we  greet  you,  our  brother, 
who  first  gave  life  to  the  body  of  our  Order  on  this  coast.     To  this 


138  ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

household  of  our  brotherhood,  we  welcome  you  cordially,  after  your 
additional  labor  of  love  for  two  months  by  which  you  have  brought 
into  existence  another  State  Grange  out  of  our  lamentable  chaos  of 
farmers,  which,  strange  to  say,  has  existed  from  Adam's  day  to  this. 
And  cordially  do  we  welcome  you,  my  brother,  who  as  the  Worthy 
Master  of  the  new  State  Grange,  represent  among  us,  our  monopoly- 
ridden  brothers  of  Oregon  and  Washington.  We  rejoice  to  have  you 
both  with  us,  that  you  may  share  our  happiness  and  our  work. 

On  the  15th  of  July,  three  months  ago,  the  State  Grange  of  Cali- 
fornia was  organized  with  delegates  from  twenty-eight  Subordinate 
Granges.  To-day  we  meet  for  fraternal  greeting  and  earnest  work, 
as  the  representatives  of  one  hundred  and  four  Granges  throughout 
the  State  of  California,  while  our  visiting  brother  represents  sixty- 
five  Granges  for  Oregon  and  Washington.  Rapid  as  may  seem  the 
growth  of  our  Order  upon  the  Pacific  Coast,  especially  when  we  re- 
member that  the  past  three  months  are  among  the  busiest  of  the 
year,  it  has  been  slow  in  comparison  with  its  progress  throughout 
the  United  States.  Although  our  National  Grange  was  first  organ- 
ized December  4, 1867,  when  it  convened  in  Washington  City,  Janu- 
ary 7,  1873,  for  its  sixth  annual  session,  there  were,  as  officially 
announced,  but  one  thousand  three  hundred  and  fifty-nine  Subor- 
dinate Granges  in  the  United  States,  and  three  in  Canada.  By  our 
latest  official  reports,  there  are  now  seven  thousand  three  hundred 
in  the  United  States,  and  eight  in  Canada.  This  shows  an  increase 
of  some  six  thousand  Granges  in  nine  months  time.  Nearly  half  of 
these,  or  some  two  thousand  eight  hundred,  have  been  added  in  the 
last  three  months;  for  when  our  State  Grange  adjourned  in  July,  the 
number  officially  reported  was  four  thousand  five  hundred  and  thirty- 
four;  In  the  month  of  August  alone,  eight  hundred  and  twenty- 
nine  Granges  were  organized  in  the  various  States  and  Territories, 
and  fifty-one  in  one  day.  In  January  last,  but  ten  State  Granges 
had  been  organized,  although  Subordinate  Granges  existed  in 
twenty-two  States.  To-day  there  are  twenty  State  Granges,  and 
the  Order  is  found  in  thirty-one  States  and  three  Territories.  Nor 
is  it  confined  to  America  alone.  The  farmers  of  Great  Britain  have 
written  to  our  American  Granges  to  know  the  principles  of  our  or- 
ganization. They  tell  us  that  they  too  are  forming  such  associa- 
tions, and  wish  to  make  their  work  conform  with  ours.  Our  Ritual 
is  being  translated  into  German,  that  the  farmers  of  Germany  may 
enjoy  the  benefits  which  our  Order  proposes  to  secure  for  its  mem- 
bers. So  broad  then  are  our  principles  of  unity,  harmony  and 
brotherhood,  so  well  do  they  meet  a  common  want  of  the  human 
race  for  social,  mental  and  moral  advancement,  for  improvements  in 
agriculture  and  in  our  business  transactions,  that  our  noble  institu- 
tion is  not  only  national,  but  is  fast  becoming  international  and  cos- 
mopolitan in  its  character. 

Should  any  still  doubt  the  excellence  of  our  Order  to  meet  the 
farmers'  wants,  or  dread  its  secrecy,  or  fear  that  it  is  political,  or 
may  in  some  way  interfere  with  their  personal  independence,  or  if 
any  of  its  other  features  appear  objectionable,  when  superficially  ex- 
amined, is  not  this  grand  rallying  of  the  tillers  of  the  soil  under  the 
banner  of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  a  sufficient  answer  to  all  such 


WORTHY  MASTER  WRIGHT'S  ADDRESS.  139 

doubts  ?  Has  its  success  ever  been  surpassed  in  the  history  of  any- 
secret  organization  ?  And  this  too  among  farmers,  who,  as  a  class, 
are  extremely  cautious  and  slow  to  move.  Had  we  not  found  in  it 
all  the  elements  of  success,  we  should  long  since  have  abandoned  it. 
But  the  better  it  is  understood,  the  more  popular  it  becomes. 

We  find  one  of  the  most  attractive  features  of  our  Order  in  this 
fact :  its  growth  is  not  confined  to  any  section  of  our  country.  While 
Iowa  takes  the  lead  as  our  banner  State,  with  over  1,800  Granges, 
the  following  figures  show  a  corresponding  increase  of  Subordinate 
Granges  in  various  Northern  and  Southern  States,  since  the  middle 
of  July:  Kansas,  from  315  to  597;  Indiana,  from  238  to  435;  Ohio, 
from  72  to  151;  Missouri,  from  416  to  879;  Tennessee,  from  50  to 
175;  Mississippi,  from  149  to  378;  Alabama,  from  14  to  96.  This, 
recollect,  is  the  increase  during  the  last  three  months.  Yes,  our 
brotherhood  is  equally  valued  in  all  parts  of  our  land.  It  extends 
from  the  granite  hills  of  New  England  to  the  mountain-girt  valleys  of 
the  Pacific.  Our  brothers  and  sisters  are  rallying  from  the  rice  and 
cotton,  and  sugar  lands,  which  are  fanned  by  the  balmy  breezes  of  the 
Atlantic  and  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  as  well  as  from  the  grain  and  stock 
farms  that  are  swept  by  the  bracing  winds  of  our  Northern  lakes. 
And  we  feel  alike  toward  all  the  members  of  our  brotherhood  For 
in  the  handling  of  our  productions,  and  in  supplying  our  wants,  we 
have  suffered  from  like  impositions  and  like  oppression,  and,  on 
common  ground,  we  now  seek  the  same  redress,  the  same  independ- 
ence, to  be  gained  by  lawful,  peaceful  means. 

Let  our  thoughts  dwell  for  a  moment  on  some  of  our  principles 
and  purposes  which  are  liable  to  be  misunderstood  and  misrepre- 
sented. We  do  not  make  war  against  railroads  and  other  internal 
improvements,  but  against  the  spirit  of  their  management.  We 
would  rejoice  to  see  in  our  vallej-s  and  mountains  a  network  of  rail- 
ways, and  a  thorough  system  of  mining,  irrigating  and  navigable 
canals;  they  would  support  and  give  employment  to  millions  of 
happy  people,  and  would,  when  seconded  by  deep  plowing  and 
thorough  cultivation,  give  absolute  certainty  to  calculations  on 
crops  and  investments;  yes,  would  truly  make  an  earthly  paradise 
of  our  parched  and  suffering  valleys.  We  wish  to  see  them  succeed. 
But  we  do  not  wish  to  see  them  so  endowed  and  managed  as  to 
enable  those  controlling  them,  to  grow  rich  by  preying  upon  the 
necessities  of  our  people.  We  want  the  water  of  our  State,  as  well 
as  the  air,  which  the  Creator  has  made  the  freest  of  all  things  on 
earth,  to  be  kept  as  free  as  human  laws  can  make  it,  consistent  with 
the  success  of  human  enterprise,  for  impartial  distribution  to  sup- 
ply the  wants  of  our. producing  classes. 

We  do  not  make  war  upon  mere  concentrated  capital,  called,  un- 
der some  of  its  forms,  monopoly.  Capital  and  labor  must  go  hand 
in  hand  for  the  successful  development  of  any  country.  But  we  op- 
pose the  tyranny  of  all  such  monpolies  as  become  oppressive.  If 
we  cannot  create  a  monopoly  without  making  it  oppressive,  we  say, 
"  Don't  create  it."  If  we  cannot  correct  any  existing  monopoly  so 
that  it  will  cease  to  be  oppressive,  we  say,  "  Put  it  down,  if  it  can 
be  done." 

We  do  not  make  war  upon  just  freights  and  fair  profits,  but  only 


140  ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

upon  those  which  are  made  exorbitant  and  burdensome  by  the  men 
who  handle  our  productions  and  supply  our  wants. 

We  do  not  wage  war  against  fair  rates  of  interest.  But  we  do  not 
think  it  is  right  for  the  moneyed  men  of  our  land  to  get  from  twelve 
to  twenty-four  per  cent,  upon  their  loans,  and  spend  their  days  in 
tapestried  homes  and  luxurious  offices,  while  the  hard-listed  sons  of 
the  soil  cannot  realize  two  per  cent.,  nay,  cannot  realize  any  profits, 
as  the  reward  of  that  earnest  and  unceasing  labor,  which  furnishes 
bread  for  millions  of  our  race. 

We  would  like  to  see  such  a  division  of  profits  made,  that  while 
it  would  take  nothing  from  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  the  capital- 
ist, it  would  enable  our  producing  and  laboring  classes  to  supply 
their  homes  with  more  of  the  comforts  and  enjoyments  of  life. 

We  make  no  war  on  labor,  for  the  whole  Grange  movement  is  in 
friendship  to  our  laboring,  as  well  as  our  producing  classes. 

The  truth  is,  we  wage  war  on  no  other  interests.  We  only  de- 
mand our  rights,  without  wishing  to  trample  on  any  rights  of  our 
most  exalted  or  humblest  citizens.  AVe  are  merely  unwilling  for 
our  farming  interests  to  remain  the  only  ones  unprotected,  while  we 
have  all  the  bills  to  pay.  It  is  the  inequality,  the  want  of  equity, 
the  preferences  and  privileges  of  the  few  over  the  many,  to  which 
we  are  opposed.  A  proper  equality,  equity  and  fairness,  protection 
for  the  weak,  restraint  upon  the  strong,  in  short,  justly-distributed 
burdens  and  justly-distributed  power,  are  American  ideas,  the  very 
essence  of  American  independence,  and  to  advocate  the  contrary  is 
unworthy  of  the  sons  of  an  American  republic. 

Our  Order,  as  has  been  repeated,  is  not  a  political  organization. 
We  do  not  even  allow  the  discussion  of  political  questions  inside  the 
Grange;  but  as  farmers,  who  in  the  past  have  been  an  oppressed 
class,  and  have  borne  our  oppression  too  silently,  we  are  allowed  to 
say  this  much :  If  our  present  system  of  trade  and  our  present  po- 
litical organizations  can  be  so  modified  and  controlled  as  to  secure 
what  we  justly  require  and  demand,  we  shall  be  content:  but  if  we 
find  that  any  system  of  trade  or  any  political  party  stands  between 
us  and  our  rights  as  farmers,  we  say,  in  imitation  of  our  brothers  in 
Illinois,  "  Let  them  all  die."  We  wish  always  to  bear  in  mind  that 
we  do  not  expect  to  accomplish  our  purposes,  as  producers,  by  our 
own  unaided  efforts,  but  we  hope  our  demands  will  appear  so  just, 
when  properly  understood,  that  every  reasonable  and  ungrasping 
capitalist,  banker,  trader,  representative  of  the  press,  railroad  man, 
grain-buyer,  warehouse-keeper,  ship-owner— yes,  all  who  are  en- 
gaged in  the  development  of  our  industries — every  professional  and 
laboring  man;  nay,  more,  every  uncorrupt  and  incorruptible  po- 
litician and  office-holder,  will  heartily  aid  us  in  our  work.  We  need 
their  co-operation;  but  we  candidly  confess  that,  as  ours  is  pecu- 
liarly a  farmers'  institution,  we  want  the  aid  of  most  of  these  classes 
outside  the  gate.  If  they  really  have  the  will  to  help  us,  they  can 
do  so  quite  as  effectually — and  perhaps  more  so — without  being 
allowed  to  enter  the  sacred  portals  of  the  Grange. 

We  wish  to  remove  from  our  hearts  all  jealousies,  and  hatred, 
and  bitterness  of  feeling  toward  others,  and  to  co-operate  cordially 
with  all  associations,  and  men  who  will  sincerely  labor  with  us  for 


WORTHY  MASTER  WEIGHT'S  ADDRESS.  141 

the  accomplishment  of  our  purposes,  to  secure  the  good  of  our  fel- 
low beings.  Especially  are  we  in  sympathy  with  that  enterprising 
representative  of  the  laboring  classes  of  England,  Mr.  Joseph 
Arch.  We  heartily  welcome  him  to  America,  and  hope  he  will  visit 
our  Coast,  that  he  may  learn  whether  the  capacities  of  our  climate, 
soil,  and  other  resources  can  meet  his  wants.  We  should  rejoice  to 
be  able  to  furnish  homes  for  tens  of  thousands  of  his  people. 

Indeed,  Patrons,  pardon  me,  if,  in  view  of  the  silent  work  of  re- 
form which  is  steadily  going  on  throughout  our  land,  I  seem  to  go 
too  far  in  saying,  we  have  lived  to  see  a  day  of  glory  for  the  farmers 
of  America.  It  is  not  here  alone  that  this  good  work  is  going  on, 
but  throughout  the  length  and  breadth  of  our  land,  and  it  is  extend- 
ing to  other  lands.  Yet  let  us  encourage  no  spirit  of  boasting.  In 
all  due  reverence  would  I  remind  you  of  the  sacred  words,  "  Glory 
to  God  in  the  highest,  peace  on  earth,  good  will  toward  men!" 
But  there  is  a  part  that  remains  for  us  to  do.  In  all  its  truth,  let  us 
practice  the  advice  not  to  forget  the  precepts  of  our  Order.  Oh, 
let  us  remember,  at  all  times,  the  fraternal  tie  and  all  the  require- 
ments of  the  sacred  obligations  which  bind  us  together.  Let  it  be 
our  study  to  understand,  and  our  pride  to  obey  them.  WTe  should 
cultivate  a  spirit  of  obedience  toward  those  we  place  in  authority. 
If  we  think  or  know  a  Patron  has  so  far  forgotten  his  duty  as  to  be 
guilty  of  a  wrong,  let  us  throw  a  veil  of  charity  over  all  that  has 
been  done  amiss.  Let  us  not  openly  condemn,  until  he  has  been 
proved  guilty  by  the  proper  authority.  Let  us  remember,  it  is  one 
of  our  first  duties  to  protect  all  our  members,  however  humble  may 
be  their  position  among  us,  from  any  misrepresentations,  especially 
from  the  vile  tongue  of  slander,  which  may  be  used  against  them. 
Let  us  ever  strive  to  put  the  best,  rather  than  the  worst,  construc- 
tion upon  the  acts  of  every  brother  or  sister  of  our  Order.  Let  us 
be  up  and  doing.  Be  firm,  be  prudent,  be  earnest,  be  true,  and 
success  will  as  surely  follow  our  efforts  as  the  mid-day's  sun  shall 
continue  to  shine. 

To  insure  the  highest  degree  of  success  we  must  impress  upon  our 
members  the  vast  importance  of  preserving  the  secrecy  not  only  of 
our  unwritten  work,  but  of  all  our  business  arrangements.  Never 
forget,  these  are  for  Grange  members  only.  Secrecy  is  the  inval- 
uable means  of  keeping  our  own  counsel.  Let  us  continue  to  work 
together  in  harmony,  for  the  accomplishment  of  our  purposes.  Let 
us  act,  rather  than  talk.  Eemember  everything  depends  on  action 
— action — action!  Who  can  tell  the  good  that,  with  the  blessing  of 
Providence,  may  be  accomplished  for  our  race  and  nation,  and  for 
every  race  and  nation  by  our  united  efforts,  with  the  aid  of  all  good 
citizens  !  Who  can  tell  what  the  result  may  be  when  the  nations  of 
the  earth  shall  assemble  in  1876  to  celebrate  in  one  grand  jubilee 
the  hundredth  anniversary  of  American  liberty,  equality,  and  inde- 
pendence— the  children  of  Washington,  Putnam  and  Jefferson,  our 
farmer  leaders,  who  nobly  led  American  farmers  a  hundred  years  ago  ! 

Brothers  and  sisters,  again  congratulating  you  on  the  solid  work 
accomplished  since  we  last  met,  let  me  express  to  you  my  heartfelt 
thanks  for  your  undeserved  kindness  toward  myself  personally.  I 
can  only  assure  you  that  I  have  endeavored  to  labor  faithfully  to 


142  ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

redeem  my  pledge,  that  I  would  perform  the  duties  of  this  respon- 
sible position  to  the  best  of  my  ability  during  my  short  term  of 
office.  Pardon  me  for  any  errors  I  may  have  committed  in  serving 
you.  Believe  my  assurance,  that  my  heart  and  hand  are  fully  with 
my  brother  farmers  in  this  work,  and  ever  shall  be. 

We  declare  to  the  world,  that  "  Human  happiness  is  the  acme  of 
earthly  ambition,"  and  that  ' '  Knowledge  is  the  foundation  of  happi- 
ness." We  should  ask  no  greater  happiness  for  our  future  lives 
than  successful  labor,  wherever  duty  calls,  with  our  fellow  Patrons 
of  Husbandry,  for  the  good  of  all  mankind.  For  my  own  part,  I 
confess  that  never  have  I  enjoyed  the  true  happiness  of  life  more 
fully  than  I  have  in  the  performance  of  the  duties  which  have  fallen 
to  my  lot.  During  the  few  remaining  days  of  my  term  of  office, 
let  me  feel  assured  of  your  kind  forbearance  and  the  constant  as- 
sistance of  3-our  valuable  counsels. 

I  have  the  pleasure  of  introducing  to  you  Bro.  Daniel  Clark, 
Worthy  Master  of  Oregon  and  Washington  State  Grange,  who 
comes  with  Brother  Garretson  as  fraternal  delegate  to  our  present 
session. 

Bro.  Clark  thanked  the  brethren  for  the  hearty  welcome  extended, 
and  congratulated  them  on  their  remarkable  success  in  this  State. 
The  movement  is  a  grand  one,  and  we  hope  to  accomplish  great 
things  for  the  producers  of  this  coast  and  nation.  As  fraternal  del- 
egate from  Oregon  and  Washington  Territory,  he  was  here  to 
cement  yet  more  closely  the  relationship  between  the  farmers  of  the 
different  sections  of  our  great  Pacific  Slope. 

He  will  be  able  to  take  back  a  report  that  shall  make  glad  the 
hearts  of  the  people  up  North.  The  great  wall  of  partition  has  been 
broken  down,  and  henceforth  we  will  all  work  as  one  people.  He 
gave  every  assurance  of  hearty  co-operation  on  the  part  of  the 
Patrons  of  his  jurisdiction  in  all  matters  pertaining  to  the  interest 
of  the  Order. 

Bro.  Clark  was  followed  by  Deputy  Garretson,  who  said : 

It  was  not  necessary  for  him  to  repeat  assurances  of  his  pleasure 
at  meeting  us  again.  He  could  not  express  his  feeling — was  not 
gifted  with  an  eloquent  tongue.  He  rejoiced  in  our  success.  Four 
months  ago  this  movement  in  this  State  was  in  embryo — the  first 
Subordinate  Grange  was  just  organized.  Now,  behold!  Subordinate 
Granges  extend  along  a  line  from  north  to  south  a  distance  of  sev- 
enteen hundred  miles,  from  San  Bernardino  in  Southern  California 
to  Dayton  in  Washington  Territory.  They  are  planted  for  the  re- 
demption of  humanity. 

On  going  to  Oregon  he  found  twenty  Sub-Granges  ready  to  or- 
ganize. They  take  hold  with  a  will — they  are  baptized  with  the 
spirit  of  reform.  He  found,  four  hundred  miles  in  the  interior,  a 
fertile  belt  of  country  well  populated,  with  every  natural  facility  for 
home  making  and  fortune  making,  yet  in  a  most  deplorable  condi- 
tion. The  Columbia  river  is  their  only  outlet  to  the  ocean.  Its 
falls  had  been  seized  upon  "by  a  monopoly,  the  Oregon  Steam  Naviga- 
tion Company,  and  these  farmers  there  were  bottled  up  and  corked 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  TRANSPORTATION.  143 

in.  "While  the  government  has  been  building  railroads  and  princely 
monopolies,  it  has  neglected  the  husbandmen  of  the  north.  They 
look  to  this  jurisdiction  to  help  them  secure  an  appropriation  to 
open  the  Columbia  river,  and  to  relieve  the  Willamette  river  of  the 
obstruction  to  navigation.  He  thanked  the  Grange  again  for  their 
greeting,  and  begged  that,  while  others  were  laboring  in  the  field, 
he  might  be  permitted  to  retire  to  a  fence  corner. 

The  Committee  on  Transportation  and  Legislation  reported  as 
follows : 

Your  committee,  to  whom  was  referred  that  portion  of  the  "Dec- 
laration of  Purposes  of  the  State  Grange"  of  California  having  ref- 
erence to  the  subject  of  transportation  and  legislation,  beg  leave  to 
report,  first :  It  has  been  said  that  ' ■  cheap  transportation  of  persons 
and  property  is  a  national  necessity."  Nowhere  can  the  force  of  this 
axiom  be  more  fully  realized  than  here  in  our  favored  State.  With 
a  territory  great  in  extent,  affording  within  its  limits  the  preductions 
of  both  torrid  and  temperate  zones,  with  a  climate  varied  as  its  pro- 
ductions, and  with  a  population  gathered  from  all  parts  of  the  globe, 
we  can  readily  understand  how  facilities  for  bringing  producer  and 
consumer  together  will  contribute  to  our  comfort  and  convenience. 
Our  wheat,  our  wool,  our  wines,  our  fruit,  our  minerals,  all  sources 
of  wealth,  health  and  luxury,  must  be  transported  either  in  a  raw  or 
manufactured  state;  to  fetch  and  carry  them,  so  that  the  greatest 
good  will  ensue  to  the  greatest  number,  is  a  study  well  worthy  of  the 
political  economist,  and  its  solution  will  remove  an  oppressive 
burden  which  now  hangs  like  a  millstone  around  the  neck  of  the 
producer  of  our  State.  Our  present  avenues  for  transportation  of 
freight  are  either  insufficient  or  do  not  perform  their  proper  work. 
Oar  inland  water  courses  are  blockaded  for  months  during  the  dry 
season  by  sand  bars  and  shoals.  The  exorbitant  rates  in  many  cases 
charged  for  transportation  on  railroads  make  the  cost  of  moving  our 
crops  to  market  almost  prohibitory,  and  in  years  of  plenty  the  pro- 
ducer can  scarcely  realize  the  cost  of  production.  These  things, 
with  the  unjust  discrimination  sometimes  made,  cause  fluctuations, 
which  at  times  unduly  excite,  at  other  times  depress  and  destroy  the 
agricultural  and  manufacturing  interests  of  our  State,  and  have  a 
tendency  even  to  depopulate  it.  a 

WThile  we  recognize  in  the  railway  an  effectual  instrument  to  aid 
in  developing  the  agricultural  resources  of  the  State,  and  believe 
that  the  public  interests  of  the  country  and  its  producers  would  be 
subserved  by  fostering  the  further  development  of  the  railway  sys- 
tem, provided  such  a  judicious  management  can  be  obtained  as  will 
secure  equitable  and  just  treatment  in  the  way  of  fares  and  freight 
to  all  localities  through  which  they  pass,  yet  we  are  satisfied  that  the 
present  system  of  building  and  managing  railroads  is  injurious  to  the 
best  interests  of  the  rn-oducers: 

1st.  In  companies  having  such  special  privileges  granted  them 
as  enable  them,  after  obtaining  large  subsidies  and  stock  subscrip- 
tions from  individuals,  corporations  and  counties,  to  depreciate  the 
value  of  stock  to  such  an  extent  as  to  enable  an  interested  ring  to 
secure  the  entire  control  of  the  road  and  deprive  those  who  aided  in 


144  ANNALS  OF   STATE   GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

its  construction,  by  furnishing  funds,  from  having  any  voice  in  the 
management  of  it.  Then  giving  this  ring  the  power  to  build  and 
equip  the  road  at  a  fictitious  cost,  the  profits  of  which  go  into  their 
own  pockets,  and  farther  permitting  them,  in  order  to  have  large 
dividends,  to  compel  the  producer,  consumer  and  traveler  to  pay 
excessive  fare  and  freight  on  such  road. 

2d.  In  permitting  the  consolidation  of  what  should  be  rival  lines 
in  our  State,  inasmuch  as  such  action  is  contrary  to  public  policy  in 
building  strong  monopolies  which  defy  competition,  facilitates  the 
charging  of  exorbitant  rates  and  discriminates  unjustly  in  favor  of 
or  against  localities,  and  enables  such  monopolies  to  attain  their  ob- 
jects, by  introducing  in  our  legislative  and  judicial  halls,  and  by  the 
use  of  our  safeguards  for  their  own  selfish  ends,  to  carry  out  a  policy 
which  builds  up  the  carrier  at  the  expense  of  the  producer  or  consumer. 
Farmers  should  encourage  the  opening  and  establishing  of  new 
routes,  under  proper  restrictions,  and  retain  controlling  interest  in 
them.  Canals  from  interior  points  to  communicate  with  our  naviga- 
ble streams  should  be  constructed;  narrow-gauge  railways,  so  much 
cheaper  in  construction  and  operation  than  the  present  broad-gauge, 
are  well  adapted  to  cheap  transportation,  and  would  help  meet  the 
exigencies  required.  All  farmers,  as  well  as  Patrons  of  Husbandry, 
should  unite  in  an  effort  to  secure  a  reduction  of  freight  and  fare 
and  charges  on  inland  as  well  as  ocean  routes,  and  withhold  their 
voice,  their  votes  and  subscription  from  all  transporting  corpora- 
tions which  will  not  agree  that  such  uniform,  equitable  rates  shall 
be  fixed  by  the  State  authorities  as  will  afford  a  fair  remuneration  to 
them,  and,  at  the  same  time,  will  not  be  an  oppressive  burden  to  the 
producer  and  consumer. 

Another  and  true  way  to  correct  and  alleviate  the  present  trouble 
and  assist  the  producer  of  this  State,  would  be  to  create  a  home 
consumption  for  our  products  by  encouraging  and  drawing  to  us 
manufactories.  These,  by  affording  us  consumers  at  home,  would 
do  away  with  all  need  of  transportation  of  much  that  is  now  surplus. 
If  a  moiety  of  the  subsidies,  by  farmers  to  railroads  in  this  State, 
had  been  invested  in  manufactories,  our  population  would  have 
been  so  increased  that  the  home  market  for  produce  would  be 
double  what  it  is  now.  If  the  demand  for  transportation  was  cur- 
tailed this  much,  the  surplus  we  have  to  spare  would  find  a  ready 
market  at  compensating  rates. 

The  subject' of  oceanic  and  internal  transportation  is  of  such  a 
varied  nature  and  of  such  vast  importance,  that  your  committee  have 
approached  it  with  reluctance.  Especially  as  the  whole  subject  is 
now  in  the  hands  of  the  special  committee  of  the  United  States  Sen- 
ate, who,  with  a  great  deal  of  care  and  considerable  expense,  are 
now  gathering  facts  and  statistics  to  make  a  report  which  will,  no 
doubt,  be  made  public  in  time  to  enable  us  to  derive  as  much  or 
more  real  information  and  benefit  therefrom,  than  from  any  report 
your  committee,  with  the  limited  means  at  their  command,  could 
possibly  make. 

The  agriculturists  of  this  as  well  as  other  States,  may  justly  com- 
plain of  the  unequal  burdens  imposed  upon  them  for  the  support  of 
State  and  Federal  governments,  while  they  receive  no  more,  and  in 
many  cases  not  near  so  much,  care  and  protection  from  the  Govern- 


INEQUALITY  OF  TAXATION.  145 

xnent  as  other  industries;  yet  the  statistics  show  the  producers  (we 
include  in  this  class,  the  farmer,  the  stockman,  the  fruit-grower  and 
the  mechanic),  eithei  directly  or  indirectly,  pay  nearly  all  the  taxes 
that  are  required  for  the  machinery  of  the  Government.  Our  lands 
are  taxed,  our  stock  is  taxed,  our  crops  are  taxed,  our  improvements 
are  taxed,  and  in  addition  to  this  we  pay  most  of  the  tax  and  tariff 
which  is  required  by  the  Government  from  manufacturers.  We  pay 
in  addition  to  the  cost  of  transportation  on  all  articles  which  are 
brought  from  abroad,  whether  of  luxury  or  comfort,  the  revenue 
which  the  Government  receives  from  their  importation. 

The  capitalist  who  has  money  invested  in  bonds  or  other  securi- v 
ties,  or  is  engaged  in  manufactures,  compels  the  party  who  uses  or 
consumes  the  same  to  pay  all  the  tax  which  is  imposed  on  him,  so 
that  it  matters  not  to  him  how  excessive  or  onerous  the  tariff  may 
be.  All  he  has  to  do  is  to  add  the  percentage  necessary  to  cover 
this  expense  and  collect  it  without  diminishing  his  profits.  The 
Government  has  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  consumers  rather  than 
the  producers  of  the  country,  and  per  consequence  a  system  of  un- 
just discrimination  has  been  adopted  and  carried  out,  which  makes 
the  producers  mere  hewers  of  wood  and  drawers  of  water,  to  their 
more  favored  fellow  citizens. 

This  state  of  affairs  has  been  brought  about  mainly  by  the  fact 
that  the  producers,  as  a  class,  have  had  their  time  so  occupied  with 
the  attention  necessary  to  the  successful  management  of  the  partic- 
ular industry  in  which  they  are  engaged,  that  they  could  not  or  have 
not  taken  that  active  part  in  the  administration  and  control  of  State 
and  National  affairs  which  they  should.  Demagogues  have  usurped 
power;  chicanery  and  fraud  have  been  successfully  used  to  control 
the  masses;  party  tactics  and  selfish  intrigue  have  been  permitted 
to  usurp  the  place  of  brain  and  muscle. 

The  remedy  for  this  is  for  the  producers  to  arouse  from  their 
lethargy,  to  awake  from  their  slumbers,  and  not  only  assist  but 
cany  out  the  measures  necessary  to  reform  these  abuses.  Let  their 
power  be  seen,  and  felt,  and  heard  in  every  part  of  our  Govern- 
ment; in  the  administration  of  their  local  affairs,  in  our  legislative 
forums,  in  our  judicial  halls.  Let  the  mechanics  and  farmers  see  to 
it  that  none  but  good,  honest  and  true  men  fill  our  State  and  county 
offices,  none  but  the  true  representatives  of  our  interests  appear  for 
us  either  in  our  State  or  National  capital,  men  who  are  closely  iden- 
tified with  the  bone  and  sinew  of  the  land,  who  have  suffered  from 
the  same  ills  as  ourselves,  who  have  felt  the  crushing,  grinding 
power  of   the   monopolies  which  have  weighed  us  down. 

We  respectfully  submit  as  the  most  practical  way  to  accomplish 
these  objects  and  secure  the  reforms  we  need,  that  such  legislation 
shall  be  had  as  will  make  in  each  county  the  District  Attorney  ex- 
officio  chairman  of  the  Board  of  Supervisors,  with  the  power  to  veto 
all  appropriations  made  by  the  Board  for  the  payment  of  moneys 
which  in  his  judgment  are  illegal  or  not  actually  necessary  for  pub- 
lic uses.  The  District  Attorney  to  be  liable  on  his  official  bond  for 
any  malfeasance  in  office  while  acting  as  Chairman  of  the  Boards. 
This,  we  believe,  would  effectually  check  the  extravagant  and  illegal 
appropriations  so  often  made,  and  provide  for  the  impartial  action 
of  bodies  which  combine  the  functions  of  the  legislative,  judicial 


■1V 


* 


146  ANNALS  OF  STATE  GEAXGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

and  executive  branches  of  government   without,   in   many  cases, 
being  able  to  properly  discharge  the  duties  of  either. 

Again,  believing  as  we  do,  that  the  subject  of  freights  and  fares 
of  railroads  should  be  controlled  by  the  Legislature,  their  rights  to 
do  so  having  generally  been  admitted  under  those  powers  which 
give  the  States  the  right  to  compel  common  carriers  to  establish 
reasonable  rates  of  freight  or  fare  (the  Supreme  Court  of  Minnesota 
has  so  decided,  and  the  statutes  of  New  York  and  Massachusetts  ex- 
pressly declare  it),  we,  therefore,  propose  that  our  Legislature  at  its 
next  session,  do  establish  a  uniform  standard  of  fares  and  freights 
on  the  railroads  and  steamboats  of  this  State,  which  shall  give  a 
reasonable  and  just  remuneration  for  the  distance  traveled  and 
service  performed.  These  rates  to  be  conclusive  and  absolute,  but 
subject  to  revision  at  specified  times  by  the  Legislature,  and  that  a 
commission  of  three  or  five  tax-paying  citizens  be  appointed  by  the 
Legislature,  whose  duty  shall  be  executive  and  supervisory,  to 
whom  shall  be  referred  all  matters  of  controversy  growing  out  of 
any  illegal  charges,  or  arbitrary  and  oppressive  acts  on  the  part  of 
railways  or  steamers,  and  who  shall  see  that  these  carriers  comply 
with  the  requirements  of  their  charters,  and  perform  all  the  services 
for  which  they  were  created.  The  commission  would  afford  protec- 
tion and  redress  to  every  individual  having  dealings  with  the  com- 
panies, without  obliging  them  to  apply  to  the  courts  at  great  ex- 
pense or  delay. 

In  order  to  secure  more  uniform  and  equal  taxation,  we  recom- 
mend that  the  duties  enjoined  upon  our  assessors  be  more  definite 
and  specific,  and  penalties  be  inflicted  upon  them  when  it  can  be 
shown  that  they  have  made  unfair  or  unjust  discrimination  in  fixing 
valuation  or  assessing  land  and  property  in  the  same  locality,  or 
when  they  consent  to  receive  any  special  favors  from  large  property 
holders  or  tax  payers,  even  if  it  is  but  a  railroad  pass. 

We  recommend  that  our  representatives,  both  at  Sacramento  and 
at  Washington,  be  petitioned  to  interfere  in  our  behalf,  and  redress 
our  grievances  by  carrying  out  the  measures  proposed,  or  if  the 
plans  suggested  are  not  practicable,  or  will  not  have  the  desired 
effect,  let  them  devise  some  other  way  by  which  taxation  shall  be 
reduced  and  made  uniform  and  equal;  freight  and  fares  be  regulated 
so  as  to  prevent  unjust  discrimination  and  oppressive  rates;  addi- 
tional facilities  for  transportation  be  encouraged  and  built  up,  and 
the  agricultural  and  mechanical  industries  of  our  country  receive 
more  fostering  care  from  the  heads  of  our  government. 

Adopted.  J.  Iff.  Hamilton, 

T.  H.  Merry, 
G.  W.  Hennino. 

The  Committee  on  Irrigation  reported  as  follows: 
We  find  it  impracticable  at  this  time,  even  if  we  wished  to  do  so, 
to  report  the  draft  for  a  bill  for  presentation  to  the  Legislature  of 
this  State,  providing  for  a  general  system  of  supplying  water  for 
irrigating,  mining,  and  other  purposes.  The  draft  for  such  a  bill,  is, 
from  the  nature  and  novelty  of  the  subject  to  be  treated,  a  work  dif- 
ficult in  itself,  and  requiring,  in  its  proper  execution,  a  more  accu- 
rate judgment,  greater  skill  and  a  more  thorough  knowledge  of  leg- 


REPORT'  OF  IRRIGATION  COMMITTEE.  147 

islation  than  your  committee  feel  that  they  possess.  After  mature 
deliberation,  we  have  reached  the  conviction  that  a  general  bill,  ap- 
plicable to  the  whole  State,  can,,  and  ought  to  be  prepared,  per- 
fected, and  enacted  into  a  law,  having  for  its  objects  the  utilizing  of 
all  the  inland  waters  of  the  State,  and  their  uniform  and  equitable 
division  and  distribution,  under  the  authority  and  control  of  the 
State,  among  the  actual  land  owners  of  the  State,  regardless  of 
whether  such  lands  yield  to  the  hand  of  industry  precious  metals 
only,  or  the  less  precious,  but  far  more  indispensable  article  of 
bread.  And  to  accomplish  these  ends  we  recommend  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  committee  by  this  State  Grange,  to  be  composed  of  five 
members,  with  authority  to  prepare,  or  cause  to  be  prepared,  the 
draft  for  a  bill  to  be  presented  to  the  next  Legislature,  and  in  that 
regard  to  expend  such  sums  of  money  as  they  shall  deem  to  be  nec- 
essary; and  we  further  recommend  that  the  several  Subordinate 
Granges  of  this  State  shall  petition  the  next  Legislature  of  Califor- 
nia for  the  enactment  of  a  general  law,  having  for  its  design  the  car- 
rying into  effect  the  objects  above  mentioned. 

Recognizing  the  natural  division  of  our  seasons  into  dry  and 
rainy,  and  that  the  farmers  of  the  State  are  wholly  dependent  for 
remunerative  crops  upon  a  sufficient  supply  of  water — and  recogniz- 
ing and  looking  fully  in  the  face  the  further  fact,  that  nearly  all  of 
the  inland  waters  of  the  State,  available  for  the  purposes  of  irriga- 
tion, are  now  under  either  the  practical  or  asserted  control  of  cor- 
porations, or  confederated  capital,  in  some  form,  we  earnestly  rec- 
ommend the  adoption  of  the  following  declaration  of  principles,  as 
expressive  of  our  purposes  in  that  regard : 

1st.  "We  hold  that  the  inland  waters  of  this  State,  not  claimed  by 
the  general  government  for  navigation  purposes,  its  lakes,  rivers 
and  streams,  are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be,  the  property  of  the 
State,  or  of  the  people  thereof,  subject  to  their  use  and  control, 
through  their  creature,  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  and.  that  each 
inhabitant  of  the  State  is  of  right  as  much  entitled  to  the  use  and 
benefit  of  his  equitable  proportion  of  the  inland  waters  of  the  State, 
as  he  is  to  a  sufficiency  of  the  free  air  of  heaven. 

2d.  That  the  asserted  proposition,  that  a  few,  or  any  number  of 
men,  can,  under  the  forms  and  privileges  of  a  corporation,  lay  claim 
io,  and  hold,  as  private  property,  the  first  right,  or  exclusive  priv- 
ilege to  use,  for  their  own  gain,  to  the  impoverishment  of  the  gen- 
eral public,  any  of  the  inland  waters  of  this  State,  is  false.  That  it 
is  indefensible  in  law  or  equity,  and  an  unblushing  outrage  on  the 
people,  and  especially  the  farmers  of  this  State. 

3d.  That  it  is  not  only  the  right,  but  the  duty  of  the  Legislature 
of  this  State,  to  at  once  take  and  retain  the  control  of  all  the  inland 
waters  of  this  State,  and  by  a  general  law,  so  far  as  it  does  not  con- 
flict with  any  of  the  rights  of  the  general  government,  provide  the 
mode  and  means  for  dividing  and  surveying  the  whole  State  into  Ir- 
rigation Districts,  and  of  distributing  under  fixed,  equitable  rules, 
the  waters  of  each  District  among  the  land  and  mine  owners  there- 
of, whose  land  and  mines  are  susceptible  of  being  advantageously 
supplied  with  water.  That  the  State  should  pay  the  cost  of  laying 
out  and  surveying  the  several  districts;  that  the  lands  and  mines  of 
each  district,  susceptible  of  being  advantageously  supplied  with  wa- 


148  ANNALS  OF   STATE  GRANGE  OF   CALIFORNIA. 

ter,  should,  by  a  tax  levied  thereon,  pay  for  the  construction  of,  and 
keeping  in  repair,  the  canals  and  other  means  of  conveying-  the  wa- 
ter, and  for  that  purpose  each  district  should  be  authorized  to  issue 
its  bonds.  And  further,  that  in  order  to  secure  the  inhabitants  of 
this  State  in  their  right  to  the  use  of  the  inland  waters  therein,  the 
Legislature  should,  at  its  next  session,  provide  a  way  for  condemning 
every  and  all  actual  asserted  or  pretended  prior  right,  privilege  or 
franchise  to,  or  in  the  use  of  any  of  the  inland  waters  of  this  State, 
whether  held  or  claimed  by  individuals  or  corporations,  and  the 
same  should  be  condemned  to  the  public  use  of  supplying  the  lands 
and  mines  of  this  State  with  water,  and  the  price  of  the  thing  con- 
demned should  be  paid  out  of  the  District  fund. 
All  of  which  is  respectfully  submitted. 

H.  B.  Jolley, 
Wm.  M.  Jackson, 
Edwin  B.  Stiles. 

Brother  Stiles  offered  the  following  resolutions : 

Besolved — 1st.  That  the  Committee  on  Irrigation  proceed,  im- 
mediately after  the  adjournment  of  this  State  Grange,  to  provide  or 
cause  to  be  provided,  for  presentation  to  the  Legislature  of  the  State 
of  California,  at  its  coming  session,  a  bill  founded  upon  the  general 
principles  laid  down  in  their  report,  this  day  offered  to  the  State 
Grange,  providing  for  a  general  system  of  Irrigation  throughout 
the  State. 

2d.  That  the  said  Committee  be,  and  are  hereby  instructed,  to 
provide  printed  petitions  asking  the  Legislature  to  pass  a  law  for  a 
General  System  of  Irrigation  throughout  the  State,  and  cause  the 
same  to  be  distributed  throughout  the  State  to  the  Subordinate 
Granges,  and  that  each  Subordinate  Grange  be  requested  to  appoint 
a  committee  to  circulate  the  same,  and  obtain  the  largest  amount  of 
signatures  possible  to  the  same,  and  that  the  same  be  returned  to  the 
Worthy  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange,  prior  to  the  25th  day  of 
November,  1873,  and  by  him  returned  to  the  Committee  on  Irriga- 
tion. 

3d.  That  it  be  made  the  special  duty  of  each  Master  of  Subor- 
dinate Granges  to  impress  upon  the  members  of  his  Grange  the 
great  importance  of  immediate  action;  to  the  end  that  any  bill  pre- 
sented to  the  Legislature  may  have  the  full  benefit  of  all  the  influ- 
ence which  this  State  Grange  can  exert,  and  an  influence  which  even 
political  demagogues  dare  not  disregard. 

On  Friday,  17th,  the  election  of  officers  for  the  ensuing  two 
years  was  held,  and  resulted  as  follows : 

Master — J.  M.  Hamilton,  Guenoc,  Lake  County.  Overseer — O.  L. 
Abbott,  Santa  Barbara.  Lecturer — J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Turlock,  Stan- 
islaus County.  Steward — N.L.Allen,  Salinas.  Asssistant  Steward 
— Wm.  M.  Jackson,  Woodland.  Chaplain — I.  C.  Gardner,  Gra3^son. 
Treasurer — W.  A.  Fisher,  Napa.  Secretary — W.  H.  Baxter,  Napa. 
Gate  Keeper — R.  R.  Warder,  Waterford,  Stanislaus  County.  Ceres 
—Mrs.  G.  W.  Davis,  Santa  Rosa.      Pomona— Mrs.  S.  C.  Baxter, 


PRESENTATION  TO  BRO.  GARRETSON.-  149 

Napa.     Flora — Mrs.  E.  S.  Hegeler,  Bodega.     Lady  Assistant  Stew- 
ard— Mrs.  S.  M.  Gardner. 

A  recess  was  ordered,  during  which  Worthy  Master  elect,  on 

behalf  of  committee  appointed  for  that  purpose,  presented  to 

Bro.  N.  W.  Garretson,   Deputy  Master  of  National  Grange,  a 

beautiful  silver  service,  as  a  testimonial   of  appreciation  and 

fraternal  regard.     Bro.  Garretson  responded  briefly  as  follows: 

Accepting  then  this  precious  offering  as  a  testimonial,  not  only  of 
your  loyalty  to  the  principles  that  I  officially  represent,  but  also  of 
your  kind  appreciation  of  my  feeble  services  in  their  establishment 
on  this  coast,  I  tender  you  in  the  name  of  the  National  Grange  of 
our  Order,  and  also  in  my  own  behalf,  unaffected  and  unmeasured 
thanks.  I  shall  preserve  with  care  this  gift,  that  is  rendered  thrice 
precious  by  the  recollections  of  this  day,  and  the  noble  patronhood 
of  California.  With  this  valued  token  of  your  regards  I  shall  soon 
pass  your  great  mountain  chain,  from  the  lofty  summit  of  which  I 
may  for  the  last  time  look  into  the  valleys  of  this  coast;  the  abodes 
of  those  I  have  learned  to  love  so  well.  The  thought  of  parting 
with  them  saddens  me,  even  now,  for  I  shall  leave  my  heart  behind. 
I  shall  go  from  you  to  gather  with  the  patron  hosts  of  the  great 
Mississippi  Valley,  to  join  in  their  harvest  song  and  to  sit  down  at 
their  harvest  feasts.  Then,  I  will  speak  of  you,  and  of  your  loving 
hearts,  and  words  of  cheer.  And  when  old  winter  shall  gather 
about  him  the  northern  winds,  and  sweep  down  in  snowy  tempests 
upon  my  prairie  home,  I  will  gather  my  little  ones  around  the  fire- 
side and  talk  of  this  coast.  I  will  tell  them  of  the  loving  and  gen- 
erous dwellers  here,  and  how  pained  I  was  to  part  with  them.  I 
will  show  them  this  beautiful  cane,  from  the  brothers  of  the  State 
Grange  of  Oregon,  and  also  these  jewels,  the  gift  of  my  sisters 
there.  I  will  then  point  to  this  solid  silver  bar,  the  product  of  your 
own  fair  State  and  the  valued  and  valuable  testimonial  of  your  re- 
gards, and  before  laying  my  little  ones  down  to  sleep,  and  while 
tUeir  infant  lips  are  employed  with  their  evening  prayer  they  will 
think  of  you  (and  lisp  my  father's  friends).  And  when  months  and 
years  shall  have  come  and  gone,  and  I  perchance  shall  be  forgotten 
here,  if  in  the  stillness  of  the  night,  you  should  hear  whispered  at 
your  pillow  in  accents  of  gratitude  and  love  a  friendly  presence 
near — be  not  afraid,  for  it  will  be  me.     God  bless  you. 

The  silver  service  was  all  of  modern  style  and  of  exquisitely 
wrought  patterns,  consisting  of  forty-three  pieces,  the  whole 
laid  in  a  large  and  substantial  leather-bound  case.  In  addition 
to  this  was  a  butter  dish  which  attracted  much  attention  for  its 
elegance  and  novelty  of  construction. 

After  recess  the  Grange  proceeded  to  elect  an  Executive  Com- 
mittee for  the  ensuing  term,  as  follows: 

J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  M.,  chairman,  Lake  county;  J.  G.  Gard- 


150        ANNALS  OF  STATE  GKANGE  OF  CALIFOKNIA. 

ner,  Stanislaus  county;  J.  C.  Merryfield,  Solano  county;  H.  B. 
Jolley,  Merced  county;  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Los  Angeles  county; 
G.  W.  Colby,  Butte  county;  A.  B.  Nally,  Sonoma  county. 

The  following  resolutions,  offered  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  were 
adopted: 

Kesolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  be  appointed  on  the  subject 
of  agricultural  education.  Said  committee  to  inquire  particularly 
into  the  Agricultural  Department  of  the  State  University — what 
improvements,  if  any,  should  be  made,  and  what  legislation,  if  any, 
is  required  to  secure  to  the  farmers  of  the  State  the  full  benefits  of 
the  Agricultural  College  grant. 

Eesolved,  That  the  true  meaning  and  intent  of  the  Congressional 
grant  (see  Act  of  eighteen  hundred  and  sixty-two),  was  to  establish 
primarily,  "  Agricultural"  or  "Mechanics  Arts"  Colleges,  and  that 
the  funds  derived  therefrom  should  be  first  applied  to  these  pur- 
poses, and  that  the  State  should  render  such  aid  as  may  be  necessary. 
Such  colleges  should  be  mainly  under  the  control  of  men  engaged 
in  these  pursuits,  and  should  be  practical  as  well  as  theoretical. 

J.  W.  A.  Wright,  W.  H.  Baxter,  and  O.  L.  Abbott,  were 
appointed  on  this  committee. 

The  Grange  then  proceeded  to  the  installation  of  officers. 

Previous  to  the  ceremony  of  installation,  a  richly-mounted 
gold-headed  cane  was  presented  to  Worthy  Master  Wright,  by 
the  Executive  Committee,  as  a  token  of  fraternal  regard  and 
appreciation  of  his  services. 

In  retiring,  Worthy  Master  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  spoke  as  fol- 
lows: 

Having  been  called  to  labor  in  another  portion  of  the  field,  and 
while  I  am  willing  to  serve  you  wherever  I  can,  I  confess  to  a  feeling 
of  n©  small  relief,  now  that  I  surrender  into  most  competent  hands 
the  very  trying  and  laborious  duties  of  Master  of  the  State  Grange 
of  California. 

And  to  you,  my  brother,  who  relieve  me,  I  would  say:  We  are 
not  yet  safe  beyond  the  dangerous  shores  of  our  harbor.  Keep  a 
sharp  look-out  for  hidden  rocks  and  reefs.  We  are  on  a  treacherous 
coast  for  so  large  a  ship  as  ours.  Storms  may  arise  at  any  hour. 
But  when  they  come,  stand  at  the  helm,  and  see  that  all  our  officers 
and  crew  shall  do  their  duty.     I  am  sure  you  will. 

You  will  find  that  our  ship  is  staunch  and  true.  Be  vigilant  that 
none  come  on  board  who  have  no  right  to  be  in  our  counsels. 
Should  any  come  who  have  no  right  to  be  here,  let  them  under- 
stand that  if  you  find  they  are  the  cause  of  any  storms  likely  to 
prevent  a  safe  voyage,  you  will  make  Jonahs  of  them  all. 

May  success  attend  your  efforts,  our  brother  from  Oregon,  in  the 
new  field  over  which  you  have  been  called  to  preside.  Assure  our 
brothers  of  your  jurisdiction,  when  you  return  to  them,  that  the 


A  LECTURE  ON  EDUCATION.  151 

Patrons  of  California  will  cordially  co-operate  with  them  in  any 
measures  that  can  secure  our  mutual  interests.  Your  welfare  is 
ours.  Success  and  happiness  attend  you,  our  brother  from  Iowa, 
on  your  return  to  a  joyous  home.  May  your  useful  life  long  be 
spared,  that  you  may  continue  to  labor,  as  we  are  sure  you  have 
among  us,  with  an  eye  single  to  the  good  of  our  Order. 

To  you,  brothers  and  sisters  of  San  Jose  Grange,  we  return  our 
thanks  for  the  courtesies  you  have  shown  us  during  our  session. 
With  all  my  heart,  I  thank  you  for  the  handsome  and  valued  testi- 
monial of  your  regard. 

To  all  of  you,  my  brother  officers  and  friends,  at  this  parting  hour, 
my  feelings  go  out  in  earnest  sympathy  and  fraternal  love,  strength- 
ened by  the  memories  of  the  past.  Believe  me,  I  shall  ever  be  will- 
ing to  labor  with  you  in  any  part  of  our  symbolic  field  for  the  suc- 
cessful accomplishment  of  our  purposes.  Let  us  remember,  my 
brothers  and  sisters,  "  a  good  name  is  rather  to  be  chosen  than 
great  riches,  and  loving  favor  rather  than  silver  and  gold." 

Accept  my  thanks  for  all  your  fraternal  kindness  toward  me. 
God  bless  and  preserve  you  all,  and  grant  continued  prosperity  to 
our  cause. 

Brother,  I  cheerfully  transfer  to  you  the  gavel,  as  Master  of  the 
State  Grange  of  California. 

Worthy  Master  Hamilton  made  some  feeling  and  appropriate 
remarks  on  taking  his  seat. 

Dr.  E.  S.  Carr,  Professor  of  Agriculture  of  the-  California 
State  University,  (Worthy  Lecturer  of  Temescal  Grange),  gave 
an  interesting  address,  a  portion  only  of  which  we  are  permitted 
to  present  to  our  readers : 

In  coming  before  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  I  lay  down  the  role 
of  instructor,  and  sit  as  a  learner  in  the  common  school  of  experience 
— as  a  fellow  laborer  with  you  for  a  common  end,  viz:  the  advance- 
ment of  the  industrial  classes.  I  have  been  about  the  State  a  good 
deal  in  pursuance  of  my  duties  as  Agricultural  Professor  in  the 
People's  University,  finding  more  opportunities  to  learn  than  to 
teach,  and  I  have  learned  much  of  the  difficulties  you  have  to  con- 
tend with;  perhaps  I  have  seen  more  plainly  than  you  could  your- 
selves that  the  greatest  was  the  lack  of  ready,  trained  intelligence  in 
meeting  those  difficulties,  or  in  other  words,  allowing  the  brains  of 
others  to  use  your  hands  for  their  own,  rather  than  your  benefit. 
Here  as  elsewhere,  labor  has  been  a  blind  giant,  conscious  of  his 
strength,  yet  impotent  to  use  it  for  his  own  advantage.  And  here 
as  elsewhere,  the  giant's  eyes  are  opened  at  last,  to  see  how  little 
mere  strength  is  worth,  without  skill  to  direct  and  utilize  it. 

Dr.  Carr  then  proceeded  to  show  that  ' '  education "  must  go  into 
the  ballot,  before  the  laboring  man,  even  in  America,  could  maintain 
his  personal  and  industrial  rights;  because  it  is  the  key  to  order  and 
organization.  Intellectual  faculty  is  capital;  it  is  a  blessed  and  most 
hopeful  sign  of  the  times  that  men  are  organizing  everywhere,  not 
only  for  relief  and  protection,  but  for  improvement  and  social  unity. 
The  speaker  drew  a  vivid  picture  of  the  disabilities  of  agricultural 


152  ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

laborers  in  England,  and  showed  how  much  they  had  already  ac- 
complished by  peaceable  co-operation.  Chancellor  Lowe  struck  the 
key-note  of  their  position,  when  he  said  in  the  British  Parliament: 
"Let  us  educate  our  new  masters."  D'Israeli,  speaking  of  the  first 
efforts  of  this  patient,  long-suffering  class  toward  their  own  emanci- 
pation, said:  "We  have  long  been  mortgaging  industry  to  protect 
property,  and  the  hour  of  foreclosure  has  come." 

The  great  watchwords  of  the  time  are  education  and  association. 
Both  these  desiderata  are  fully  recognized  in  this  organization,  so 
unprecedented  in  its  growth,  so  beneficent  in  its  aims,  so  wide 
reaching  in  its  influence.  Of  all  combinations  originating  under 
strong  necessities  for  resistance,  it  is  the  least  revolutionary,  the 
most  patient  and  progressive.  It  is  no  part  of  our  business  to  foster 
enmities  and  widen  differences  between  capital  and  labor — but  on  the 
contrar}'  to  learn  how  these  can  be  associated  into  a  true  equality. 
Capital  in  the  hands  of  educated  labor  is  not  one  tool,  but  many,  the 
grandest  piece  of  its  complex  machinery.  Thejncreasing  subdivision 
and  specialization  of  labor  is  a  sufficient  guaranty  that  the  principles 
of  co-ojoeration  will  never  work  adversely  to  the  interests  of  capital. 

These  views  were  amply  and  variously  presented  and  illustrated 
in  their  educational,  political  and  social  aspects.  "While  the  Granges 
would  never  become  political  in  a  narrow  and  partisan  sense,  any 
more  than  churches  are,  the  speaker  said  he  believed  they  were  des- 
tined to  become  an  immense  power  in  the  purification  of  our  politics 
by  carrying  into  them  a  higher  sense  of  responsibility,  and  the  more 
direct  and  constant  influence  of  our  best  womanhood. 

Resolutions  complimentary  to  Bro.  Daniel  Clark,  W.  M.  of 
Oregon,  and  to  Bro.  N.  W.  Garretson,  Deputy  of  the  National 
Grange,  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  were  unanimously  adopted. 

It  was  moved  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright  that  the  State  Grange  of 
California  include  in  its  memorial  to  Congress  a  petition  for 
the  requisite  appropriations  to  improve  the  navigation  of  the 
Columbia  and  Willamette  rivers,  as  such  improvement  is  ab- 
solutely necessary  to  relieve  the  farmers,  who  depend  upon 
them  as  commercial  avenues,  from  the  oppression  of  existing 
monopolists.     Adopted. 

The  following  resolutions  were  also  offered  by  Bro.  Wright: 

Resolved,  That  the  State  Grange  of  California  is  in  full  sympathy 
with  the  mission  to  this  country  of  Mr.  Joseph  Arch  of  England,  and 
that  we  cordially  invite  him  to  visit  our  Pacific  Coast  with  a  view  to 
bringing  among  us  immigrants  from  the  laboring  classes  of  Europe, 
whom  he  represents. 

Resolved,  That  the  Committee  on  Immigration  be  instructed  to 
communicate  this  invitation  to  Mr.  Joseph  Arch,  and  report  his 
answer  to  the  Executive  Committee.     Adopted. 

State  Agent,   G.  P.   Kellogg,  and  Mr.   Walcott,   of  E.  E. 


CONSTITUTION".  153 

Morgan's  Sons,  were  present,  by  invitation,  during  a  recess  in 
the  evening,  and  enjoyed  a  social  interview,  after  which  the 
State  Grange  was  formally  adjourned. 


CHAPTEE  Xni. 

CONSTITUTION    OP    THE    CALIFORNIA    STATE     GRANGE,    PATRONS     OP 

HUSBANDRY. 

Aeticle  I. — This  Grange  shall  be  known  and  designated  as  the  California  State 
Grange  of  the  Patrons  of  Husbandry. 

Aeticle  II. — The  membership  of  the  State  Grange  shall  consist  of  Masters  of 
the  Subordinate  Granges  and  their  wives,  who  are  Matrons.  Past  Masters  and 
their  wives  who  are  Matrons,  are  honorary  members,  and  are  eligible  to  hold 
office,  but  not  entitled  to  vote. 

Aeticle  III. — Section  1.  The  officers  of  State  or  Subordinate  Granges  shall 
consist  of  and  rank  as  follows:  Master,  Overseer,  Lecturer,  Steward,  Assistant 
Steward,  Chaplain,  Treasurer,  Secretary,  Gate  Keeper,  Ceres,  Pomona,  Flora, 
and  Lady  Assistant  Steward.  It  is  their  duty  to  see  that  the  laws  of  the  Order 
are  carried  out . 

Sec.  2.  In  the  Subordinate  Granges  they  shall  be  chosen  annually;  in  the  State 
Grange  once  in  two  years.  All  elections  to  be  by  ballot,  and  a  majority  shall 
elect.  Vacancies  by  death  or  resignation  to  be  filled  at  a  special  election  at  th  e 
next  regular  meeting  thereof — officers  so  chosen  to  serve  until  the  annual  meet- 
ing. 

Sec.  3.  There  shall  be  an  Executive  Committee  of  the  State  Grange,  consisting 
of  six  members,  whose  term  of  office  shall  be  two  years,  three  of  whom  shall  be 
elected  each  year. 

Sec.  4.  The  officers  of  the  respective  Granges  shall  be  addressed  as  "Worthy." 

Aeticle  IV. — The  State  Grange  shall  hold  its  regular  annual  meetings  on  the 
first  Tuesday  in  October,  at  such  place  as  the  Grange  may  from  time  to  time  de- 
termine. Special  meetings  may  be  called  by  the  Executive  Committee,  by  giving 
written  notice  to  each  Subordinate  Grange,  thirty  days  preceding,  or  by  a  vote  of 
the  Grange  at  a  regular  meeting. 

Aeticle  V. — Section  1.  One  third  of  all  Subordinate  Granges  entitled  to  repre- 
sentation, shall  constitute  a  quorum  tor  the  transaction  of  business. 

Sec.  2.  The  Eitual  adopted  by  the  National  Grange,  shall  be  used  in  all  Sub- 
ordinate Granges,  and  any  desired  alteration  in  the  same  must  be  submitted  to, 
and  receive  the  sanction  of  the  National  Grange. 

Aeticle  VI. — Section  1.  Any  person  interested  in  agricultural  pursuits,  of  the 
age  of  sixteen  years  (female),  and  eighteen  years  (male),  duly  proposed,  elected, 
and  complying  with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Order,  may  be  admitted  to 
membership  and  the  benefit  of  the  degrees  taken.  Every  application  must  be 
accompanied  by  the  fee  of  membership.  If  rejected,  the  money  will  be  refunded. 
Applications  must  be  certified  by  members,  and  balloted  for  at  a  subsequent 
meeting.     It  shall  require  three  negative  votes  to  reject  an  applicant. 

Sec.  2.  No  member  who  is  not  actually  engaged  in  agricultural  pursuits,  shall 
hold  office  in  this  Grange. 

Sec.  3.  No  person  shall  hold  at  one  time  more  than  one  office  provided  for  by 
this  Constitution. 

Aeticle  VII. — The  minimum  fee  for  membership  in  a  Subordinate  Grange 
shall  be,  for  men,  five  dollars,  and  for  women,  two  dollars,  for  the  four  degrees, 
except  charter  members,  who  shall  pay— men,  three  dollars,  and  women,  fifty 
cents. 

Aeticle  VIII. — Section  1.  The  minimum  of  regular  monthly  dues  shall  be  ten 
cents  from  each  member,  and  each  Grange  may  otherwise  regulate  its  own  dues. 

Sec.  2.  The  Secretary  of  each  Subordinate  Grange  shall  report  quarterly  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  Grange,  the  names  of  all  persons  initiated  or  passed  to 
higher  degrees. 

Sec.  3.  The  Treasurer  of  each  Subordinate  Grange  shall  report  quarterly;  and 
pay  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  State  Grange  the  sum  of  one  dollar  for  each  man,  and 


154        ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

fifty  cents  for  each  woman  initiated  during  that  quarter;  also,  a  quarterly  due  of 
six  cents  for  each  member. 

Sec.  4.  The  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange  shall  report  quarterly  to  the  Secre- 
tary of  the  National  Grange  the  membership  in  this  State,  and  the  degrees  con- 
ferred during  the  quarter. 

Sec.  5.  The  Treasurer  of  the  State  Grange  shall  deposit  to  the  credit  of  the 
National  Grange  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry  with  some  Banking  or  Trust  Company 
in  New  York,  (to  be  selected  by  the  Executive  Committee,)  in  quarterly  install- 
ments, the  annual  due  of  ten  cents  for  each  member  in  this  State,  and  forward 
the  receipts  for  the  same  to  the  Treasurer  of  the  National  Grange. 

Sec.  6.  All  moneys  deposited  with  said  company  shall  be  paid  out  only  upon 
the  drafts  of  the  Treasurer  signed  by  the  Master,  and  countersigned  by  the  Secre- 
tary. 

Sec.  7.  No  State  Grange  shall  be  entitled  to  representation  in  the  National 
Grange,  whose  dues  are  unpaid  for  more  than  one  quarter. 

Sec.  8.  The  fiscal  year  of  this  and  Subordinate  Granges  shall  commence  on  the 
first  day  of  January,  and  end  on  the  last  day  of  December  in  each  year. 

Article  IX. — Section  1.  Reports  from  subordinate  Granges  relative  to  crops, 
implements,  stock,  or  any  other  matters  called  for  by  the  National  Grange,  must 
be  certified  to  by  the  Master  and  Secretary,  and  under^seal  of  the  Grange  giving 
the  same. 

Sec.  2.  All  printed  matter  on  whatever  subject,  and  all  information  issued  by 
the  National  or  State  to  Subordinate  Granges,  shall  be  made  known  to  the  mem- 
bers without  unnecessary  delay. 

Sec.  3.  If  any  brothers  or  sisters  of  the  Order  are  sick,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  Patrons  to  visit  them,  and  see  that  they  are  well  provided  with  all  things  need- 
ful. 

Sec.  4.  Any  member  found  guilty  of  wanton  cruelty  to  animals  shall  be  expelled 
from  the  order. 

Sec.  5.  The  officers  of  Subordinate  Granges  shall  be  on  the  alert  in  devising 
means  by  which  the  interests  of  the  whole  Order  may  be  advanced;  but  no  plan 
of  work  shall  bo  adopted  by  State  or  Subordinate  Granges  without  first  submit- 
ting it  to,  and  receiving  the  sanction  of,  the  National  Grange. 

Article  X. — Section  1.  All  charters  and  dispensations  issue  directly  from  the 
National  Grange. 

Sec.  2.  Nine  men  and  four  women  having  received  the  four  Subordinate  De- 
grees, may  receive  a  dispensation  to  organize  a  Subordinate  Grange. 

Sec.  3.  Applications  for  dispensations  shall  be  made  to  the  Secretary  of  the 
National  Grange,  and  be  signed  by  the  persons  applying  for  the  same,  and  be  ac- 
companied by  a  fee  of  fifteen  dollars. 

Sec.  4.  Charter  members  are  those  persons  only  whose  names  are  upon  the  ap- 
plication, and  whose  fees  were  paid  at  the  time  of  organization.  Their  number 
shall  not  be  less  than  nine  men  and  four  women,  nor  more  than  twenty  men  and 
ten  women. 

Sec.  5.  Fifteen  Subordinate  Granges  working  in  a  State,  can  apply  for  authority 
to  organize  a  State  Grange. 

Sec.  6.  When  State  Granges  are  organized,  dispensations  will  be  replaced  by 
charters,  issued  without  further  fee. 

Sec.  7.  All  charters  must  pass  through  the  State  Granges  for  record,  and  re- 
ceive the  seal  and  official  signatures  of  the  same. 

Sec.  8.  No  Grange  shall  confer  more  than  one  degree  (either  First,  Second, 
Third  or  Fourth)  at  the  same  meeting. 

Sec.  9.  After  a  State  Grange  is  organized,  all  applications  for  charters  must  pass 
through  the  same  and  be  approved  by  the  Master  and  Secretary. 

Article  XI. — The  duties  of  the  officers  of  the  State  and  Subordinate  Granges 
shall  be  prescribed  by  the  laws  of  the  same. 

Article  12.— Section  1.  The  Treasurers  of  the  State  and  Subordinate  Granges 
shall  give  bonds  to  be  approved  by  the  officers  of  their  respective  Granges. 

Sec.  2.  In  all  Granges  bills  must  be  approved  by  the  Master,  and  countersigned 
by  the  Secretary,  before  the  Treasurer  can  pay  the  same. 

Article  XIII. — Eeligious  or  political  questions  will  not  be  tolerated  as  subjects 
of  discussion  in  the  work  of  the  Order,  and  no  political  or  religious  tests  for  mem- 
bership shall  be  applied. 

Article  XIV. — Any  brother  or  sister  who  is  in  good  standing,  clear  of  the 
books  of  the  Grange,  and  who  has  attained  *o  the  Fourth  Degree,  is  entitled  to  a 


BY-LAWS  OF  CALIFORNIA  STATE  GRANGE.  155 

withdrawal-card,  upon  the  payment  of  the  sum  of  one  dollar.  Persons  bearing 
such  cards  may  be  admitted,  without  additional  fees,  to  membership  in  another 
Subordinate  Grange,  but  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  form  of  petition,  examina- 
tion and  ballot,  as  those  first  applying  for  membership,  except  that  a  majority 
vote  shall  elect  them. 

Article  XV. — Persons  making  application  for  membership  in  our  Order  shall 
apply  to  the  Subordinate  Grange  nearest  to  them,  unless  good  and  sufficient 
reasons  exist  for  doing  otherwise.  In  such  cases,  the  Grange  to  which  applica- 
tion is  made,  shall  judge  the  reasons,  and  may  consult  the  Grange  ,  nearest  the 
applicant. 

Aeticle  XVI. — It  shall  be  lawful  for  Subordinate  Granges  to  form  themselves 
into  Councils  for  the  purpose  of  facilitating  the  transaction  of  business,  buying, 
selling  and  shipping,  or  such  other  purposes  as  may  seem  for  the  good  of  the 
Order.  They  shall  be  governed,  and  the  membership  regulated,  by  such  laws  as 
the  Council  may,  from  time  to  time,  make,  not  in  conflict  with  the  Constitutions 
of  the  National  and  State  Granges.  They  may  elect  a  business  agent  to  act  in 
concert  with  the  Executive  Committee;  and  it  shall  be  their  duty  to  inform  the 
Master  of  any  irregularities  practiced  by  Deputies  within  their  jurisdiction. 

Article  XVII. — Section  1.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  be  empowered  to 
try  and  suspend  from  office  any  officer  of  the  State  Grange  who  may  prove  in- 
efficient or  derelict  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty— subject  to  appeal  to  the  ensuing 
session  of  the  State  Grange. 

Sec.  2.  A  Master  of  a  Subordinate  Grange  is  amenable  to  a  Court  constituted 
by  the  Grange  of  which  he  is  a  member,  and  an  appeal  lays  from  such  Court  to 
the  State  Grange. 

Article  XVIII.— This  Constitution  may  be  amended  at  any  regular  meeting 
of  the  State  Grange,  provided  that  any  proposed  amendment  shall  have  been 
presented  to  the  Executive  Committee,  and  by  it  reported  to  the  Masters  of 
Subordinate  Granges,  three  months  previous  to  the  meeting  of  the  State  Grange. 


BY-LAWS  OP  THE  CALIFORNIA  STATE  GRANGE. 

Article  I. — Section  1.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Master  to  preside  at  all 
meetings  of  the  Grange ;  to  see  that  all  officers  and  members  of  committees  prop- 
erly perform  their  respective  duties;  to  see  that  the  Constitution  of  the  National 
Grange,  the  By-Laws  of  this  State  Grange,  and  the  usages  of  the  Order,  are  ob- 
served and  obeyed;  to  sign  all  drafts  upon  the  Treasury,  and  to  perform  all  other 
duties  usually  pertaining  to  such  office. 

Sec.  2.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  Masters  of  Subordinate  Granges  to  take  charge 
of  all  books  and  papers  containing  the  work  of  the  Order,  private  instructions, 
etc.,  and  they  shall  not  allow  the  same  out  of  their  possession,  except  for  use  in 
the  Grange. 

Sec.  3.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Overseer  to  assist  the  Master  in  preserving 
order;  to  preside  over  the  Grange  in  the  absence  of  the  Master,  and  in  case  of 
the  vacancy  of  the  office  of  Master,  he  shall  fill  the  same  until  the  next  annual 
meeting. 

See.  4.  The  duties  of  Lecturer  shall  be  such  as  usually  devolve  upon  that 
officer  in  a  Subordinate  Grange.  He  shall  also  visit  Subordinate  Granges  through- 
out the  State,  when  requested  to  do  so  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

Sec.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Steward  to  have  charge  of  the  inner  Gate, 
and  perform  such  other  duties  as  are  required  by  the  Ritual. 

Sec.  6.  The  Assistant  Steward  shall  assist  the  Steward  in  the  performance  of 
his  duties. 

Sec.  7 .  The  Secretary  shall  keep  an  accurate  record  of  all  proceedings  of  the 
Grange,  make  out  all  necessary  returns  to  the  National  Grange,  keep  the  accounts 
of  the  Subordinate  Granges  with  the  State  Grange,  and  pay  over  quarterly  to  the 
Treasurer  all  moneys  coming  into  his  hands  and  take  his  receipt  for  the  same. 
He  shall  also  keep  a  complete  register  of  the  names  and  numbers  of  all  Subordi- 
nate Granges,  and  the  names  and  addresses  of  Masters  and  Secretaries. 

Sec.  8.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Treasurer  to  receive  all  moneys,  giving  his 
receipt  for  the  same;  to  keep  an  accurate  occount  thereof,  and  pay  all  orders  of 
the  Grange  signed  by  the  Master  and  Secretary ;  to  render  a  full  account  of  his 


156        ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

office  at  each  annual  meeting,  and  deliver  to  his  successor  in  office  all  moneys, 
books  and  papers  pertaining  to  his  office;  and  he  shall  give  bonds  in  a  sufficient 
amount  to  secure  the  money  that  may  be  placed  in -his  hands — said  bonds  to  be 
approved  by  the  Executive  Committee. 

Sec.  9.  The  Treasurer  of  each  Subordinate  Grange  shall  report  quarterly,  and 
shall  pay  to  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange  the  sum  of  one  dollar  for  each  man 
and  fifty  cents  for  each  woman  initiated  during  the  quarter;  also  a  quarterly  due 
of  six  cents  for  each  member.  He  shall  send  at  the  same  time  a  duplicate  of  his 
report  to  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange.  The  Treasurer  of  the  State  Grange 
shall  send  a  receipt  to  Treasurers  of  Subordinate  Granges,  and  a  duplicate  to  the 
Secretary  of  the  State  Grange. 

Sec.  10.  The  Treasurer  of  the  State  Grange  shall  keep  his  balance  with  the 
Grangers'  Bank  of  California. 

Sec.  11.  The  Treasurers  and  Secretaries  of  Subordinate  Granges  shall  file 
conies  of  their  quarterly  reports  certified  by  the  Master. 

Sec.  12.  The  Gate  Keeper  shall  see  that  the  Gates  are  properly  guarded,  and 
shall  have  charge  of  all  property  committed  to  his  keeping. 

Aeticle  II. — Section  1.  All  Committees,  unless  otherwise  ordered,  shall  con- 
sist of  three  members,  and  shall  be  appointed — two  by  the  Master  and  one  by  the 
Overseer.  All  Committees  shall  be  composed  of  both  brothers  and  sisters,  unless 
otherwise  specially  provided. 

Sec.  2.  At  the  regular  annual  meeting  a  Committee  on  Finance  shall  be  ap- 
pointed, whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  audit  all  accounts  previous  to  their  being  paid. 
To  them  shall  be  referred  the  reports  of  the  Secretary  and  Treasurer  for  examina- 
tion. 

Sec.  3.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  consist  of  the  Master,  who  shall  be 
Chairman,  and  six  members  elected  by  ballot,  who  shall  hold  office  for  two  years, 
three  being  elected  each  year.  But  no  two  shall  be  elected  from  the  same  county. 
They  shall  have  authority  to  act  on  all  matters  of  interest  to  the  Order,  when  the 
State  Grange  is  not  in  session;  shall  provide  for  the  welfare  of  the  Order  in  busi- 
ness matters,  and  shall  report  their  acts  in  detail  to  the  State  Grange  on  the  first 
day  of  its  annual  meeting.  They  shall  also  make  such  report  at  special  meetings 
of  the  State  Grange  as  the  good  of  the  Order  may  demancl. 

Sec.  4.  The  Executive  Committee  shall  hold  its  regular  meetings  quarterly  on 
the  first  Tuesday  of  January,  April,  July  and  October. 

Article  III. — The  Secretary  shall  see  that  the  quarterly  dues  of  the  Subordi- 
nate Granges  are  promptly  paid,  and  in  case  the  dues  remain  delinquent  two 
quarters,  the  delinquent  Grange  shall  be  reported  to  the  Master  of  the  State 
Grange.  On  receiving  such  notice  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Master  to  warn  the 
delinquent  Grange,  and  if  the  dues  are  not  forwarded  in  thirty  days,  the  Master 
shall  advise  the  Master  of  the  National  Grange  of  such  delinquency,  and  recom- 
mend the  revocal  of  the  charter  of  the  delinquent  Grange ;  and  any  Grange  whose 
charter  has  been  thus  revoked  may  petition  the  State  Grange  for  re-instatement. 

Aeticle  IV. — Subordinate  Granges  shall  defray  the  expenses  of  their  delegates 
to  the  State  Grange. 

Aeticle  V. — The  Master  of  the  State  Grange  shall  appoint  at  least  one  deputy 
in  each  county,  where  a  proper  person  can  be  found,  who  is  a  Master  or  Past 
Master,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  organize  new  Granges,  upon  application  being 
made  to  him  by  proper  persons  residing  in  his  district;  to  install  officers  of 
Granges  when  the  same  have  been  elected;  and  to  be  vigilant  that  no  disorder 
shall  obtain  in  the  Grange  under  his  jurisdiction,  and  to  promptly  report  any 
such  disorder  to  the  Master.  They  shall  have  exclusive  jurisdiction  in  their  re- 
spective districts,  and  their  rulings  on  questions  of  law  and  points  of  order  shall 
be  respected,  until  overruled  by  the  Master  of  the  State  Grange.  They  shall  re- 
ceive for  organizing  new  Granges  their  necessary  expenses.  They  shall  be  ap- 
pointed for  one  year,  subject  to  removal  for  cause  by  the  Master.  No  other 
Granges  shall  hereafter  be  recognized  except  those  organized  by  Deputies  as 
herein  specified,  excepting  only  those  organized  by  the  Master  of  the  State 
Grange,  or  one  especially  deputized  by  him. 

Aeticle  VI. — Section  1.  An  appeal  may  be  taken  from  the  decision  ot  the 
Master  of  a  Subordinate  Grange  to  the  District  Deputy,  and  from  thence  to  the 
Master  of  the  State  Grange. 

Sec.  2.  On  trials,  an  appeal  from  the  judgment  of  a  Subordinate  Grange,  lies 
to  the  State  Grange,  and  must  be  presented  to  the  Executive  Committee  at  least 
ten  days  prior  to  the  meeting  of  the  State  Grange. 


KULES  OF  ORDER.  157 

Article  VII. — Section  1.  Any  member  of  a  Subordinate  Grange,  who  may 
wish  to  change  his  pursuit,  or  enter  into  new  business  relations  which  may  bring 
him  iu  conflict  with  the  interests  of  the  Grange,  must  first  obtain  consent  of  his 
Grange. 

Sec.  2.  Persons  holding  a  membership  in  any  Subordinate  Grange  within  this 
jurisdiction,  who  may  so  change  their  pursuit,  or  become  so  associated  in 
business  relation  that  their  pecuniary  interests  are  in  conflict  with  the  interests 
of  the  Order,  or  with  the  attainment  of  any  of  the  objects  of  this  Order,  shall  be 
deemed  to  have  forfeited  their  membership  in  the  Grange.  And  it  shall  be  the 
duty  of  any  Subordinate  Grange  in  which  such  person  may  hold  membership, 
upon  written  complaint  and  charge  being  made  by  ten  members  of  the  Order,  to 
institute  an  investigation  of  such  sharge;  and  if  upon  investigation  it  shall 
appear  that  it  is  founded  upon  facts,  said  Subordinate  Grange  shall  without 
delay  expel  such  unworthy  person  from  its  fellowship,  giving  thereof  the  notice 
inquired  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  It  is  further  provided  that  if  any  member  of  our  Order  shall  reflect 
disgrace  upon  the  same  by  grossly  immoral  or  improper  conduct,  or  if  his  acts 
shall  show  that  he  is  in  sympathy  with  our  enemies,  and  is  disposed  to  obstruct 
or  defeat  the  work  of  our  Order,  rather  than  aid  in  the  attainment  of  its  objects, 
such  person  shall  be  adjudged  to  have  forfeited  his  membership,  and  upon  proof 
being  made  of  his  guilt,  he  shall  be  expelled  from  the  Grange. 

Sec.  4.  Upon  the  filing  with  the  Master  of  any  Subordinate  Grange  the  com- 
plaint of  ten  members  of  our  Order,  specifically  charging  that  any  member  of 
his  Grange  is  guilty  of  a  violation  of  any  of  the  provisions  of  Sections  1  and  2  of 
this  article,  it  shall  be  his  duty  to  investigate,  without  delay,  the  ground  upon 
which  such  charges  are  made,  using  reasonable  diligence  to  bring  the  offender  to 
trial  thereon,  and  notifying  said  complainants  and  defendants  of  the  time  and 
place  at  which  said  investigation  will  be  had. 

Sec.  5.  It  is  further  provided  that,  should  any  Subordinate  Grange  with  which 
a  complaint  is  filed,  as  provided  in  Section  3  of  this  Article,  refuse  to  entertain 
said  complaint,  or  neglect  to  bring  its  accused  member  to  a  speedy  trial  thereon, 
it  shall  thereby  forfeit  its  membership  in  this  body,  with  all  benefits  accruing 
therefrom ;  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Master  of  the  State  Grange  to  recom- 
mend to  the  Master  of  the  National  Grange,  the  revocation  of  the  charter  of  said 
offending  Grange. 

Sec.  6.  An  accused  party  shall  have  one  week's  notice  of  the  time  at  which  a 
Committee  of  Investigation  will  be  raised,  and  all  such  Committees  shall  be 
elected  by  ballot. 

Sec.  7.  Secretaries  of  Subordinate  Granges  shall  report  to  the  Secretary  of 
this  Grange  the  names  of  all  persons  expelled  from  their  respective  Granges, 
and  he  shall  report  the  same  quarterly  to  all  Subordinate  Granges  in  the  State. 

Article  VIII.  A  ballot  on  application  for  membership  in  a  Subordinate 
Grange,  may  be  reconsidered  at  any  time  prior  to  initiation,  immediately  upon 
application  of  three  members,  or  after  one  week's  notice  by  one  member. 

Article  IX.— These  By-Laws  may  be  amended  at  any  regular  meeting  of  this 
Grange  by  a  vote  of  two  thirds  of  the  members  present. 


RULES   OF  ORDER. 

1.  When  the  presiding  officer  takes  the  chair,  the  officers  and  members  shall 
take  their  respective  stations,  and  at  the  sound  of  the  gavel  there  shall  be  a  gen- 
eral silence.     The  Grange  shall  then  proceed  to  open  in  regular  form. 

2.  No  question  shall  be  stated  unless  moved  by  two  members,  or  be  open  for 
consideration  unless  stated  by  the  Master.  And  when  a  question  is  before  the 
Grange  no  motion  shall  be  received,  unless  to  close;  to  lay  on  the  table;  the  pre- 
vious question;  to  postpone;  to  refer,  or  to  amend.  They  shall  have  precedence 
in  the  order  in  which  they  are  arranged,  the  first  three  of  which  shall  be  decided 
without  debate. 

3.  Any  member  may  call  for  a  division  of  a  question  when  the  sense  of  it 
will  permit. 

4.  The  yeas  and  nays  shall  be  ordered  by  the  Master,  on  the  call  of  any  mem- 
ber, duly  seconded. 


158        ANNALS  OF  STATE  GRANGE  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

5.  After  any  question  (except  of  indefinite  postponement)  has  been  decided, 
any  member  who  voted  in  the  majority  may,  at  the  same  or  next  meeting,  move 
for  a  reconsideration  thereof;  but  no  discussion  of  the  main  question  shall  be 
allowed  unless  reconsidered. 

6.  No  member  shall  speak  more  than  once  on  the  same  subject,  until  all  the 
members  wishing  to  speak  have  had  an  opportunity  to  do  so,  or  more  than  twice 
without  permission  from  the  chair.  And  no  member,  while  speaking,  shall  name 
another  by  his  or  her  proper  name,  but  shall  use  the  appropriate  designation  be- 
longing to  his  or  her  standing  in  the  Grange. 

7.  The  Master  or  any  other  member  may  call  a  brother  or  sister  to  order  while 
speaking;  when  the  debate  shall  be  suspended,  and  the  brother  or  sister  shall  not 
speak  until  the  point  of  order  be  determined,  unless  to  appeal  from  the  chair, 
when  he  or  she  may  use  the  words  following,  and  no  others:  "Master,  I  respect- 
fully appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  chair  to  the  Grange."  Whereupon  the 
Grange  shall  proceed  to  vote  on  the  question:  "Will  the  Grange  sustain  the  de- 
cision of  the  chair?  " 

8.  When  a  brother  or  sister  intends  to  speak  on  a  question,  he  or  she  shall 
rise  in  his  or  her  place  and  respectfully  address  his  or  her  remarks  to  the  Worthy 
Master,  confining  him  or  herself  to  the  question,  and  avoid  personality.  Should 
more  than  one  member  rise  to  speak  at  the  same  time,  the  Worthy  Master  shall 
determine  who  is  entitled  to  the  floor. 

9.  When  a  brother  or  sister  has  been  called  to  order  by  the  Worthy  Master 
for  the  manifestation  of  temper  or  improper  feeling,  he  or  she  shall  not  be  al- 
lowed to  speak  again  on  the  subject  under  discussion  in  the  Grange,  at  that 
meeting,  except  to  apologize. 

10.  On  a  call  of  fivemembers,  a  majority  of  the  Grange  may  demand  that  the 
previous  question  shall  be  put,  which  shall  always  be  in  this  form:  "  Shall  the 
main  question  now  be  put  ?  And  until  it  is  decided  shall  preclude  all  amend- 
ments to  the  main  question  and  all  further  debate. 

11.  All  motions  or  resolutions  offered  in  the  Grange  shall  be  reduced  to  writ- 
ing, if  required. 

12.  When  standing  or  special  committees  are  appointed,  the  individual  first 
named  is  considered  the  chairman,  although  each  has  a  right  to  elect  its  own 
chairman.  Committees  are  required  to  meet  and  attend  to  the  matters  assigned 
to  them  with  regularity,  and  not  by  separate  consultation,  or  in  a  loose  and  in- 
definite manner. 

13.  The  Worthy  Master,  by  virtue  of  his  office,  may  attend  all  meetings  of 
committees,  take  j>art  in  their  deliberations  (without  voting,  however),  and  urge 
them  to  action.  (In  the  appointment  of  committees,  the  Worthy  Master,  who 
should  ever  preserve  a  courteous  and  conciliatory  deportment  to  all,  not  over- 
looking the  humblest  member,  has  many  opportunities  for  bringing  humble  merit 
into  notice,  and  of  testing  and  making  available  the  capabilities  of  those  around 
him.  He  should  carefully  avoid  both  petulancy  and  favoritism,  and  act  with 
strict  impartiality.) 

14.  In  all  cases,  not  herein  provided,  M  Cushing's  Manual  "  shall  be  our 
parliamentary  law. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  AT  WOEK.  159 


CHAPTEE  XIV. 

BUSINESS  OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

Agency  Established  in  San  Francisco — Mb.  A.  F.  "Walcott  Appeaes  fob  E.  E. 
Morgan's  Sons— Firm  Endorsed  by  Prominent  Houses— Agreements  and  Pre- 
cautions— State  Agent — Competition  Produces  Better  Pbices — Savings  of 
the  Fiest  Year— Grangers'  Bank  Meeting— Organization — Dairy  Agency — 
Stanislaus  Savings  and  Loan  Society — Warehouse  at  Modesto — Davisville 
Grange  Incorporates — Colusa  County  Bank — Watebford — Warehouses  and 
Business  Associations. 

Shortly  after  the  adjournment  of  the  State  Grange  the  Exec- 
utive Committee  met  at  the  Buss  House  in  San  Francisco,  to 
carry  out  one  of  the  most  difficult  tasks  ever  undertaken  by  men 
unacquainted  with  each  other,  and  with  the  modes  of  carrying 
out  such  extensive  business  transactions  in  the  great  commer- 
cial centers.  They  considered  it  their  wisest  course  to  form  an 
alliance  with  some  well  established  house,  and  for  this  purpose 
various  firms  were  invited  to  a  friendly  conference. 

Among  these  appeared  the  old  and  well  known  house  of  E. 
E.  Morgan's  Sons,  shipping  merchants  between  New  York  and 
Liverpool,  represented  in  San  Francisco  by  their  local  agent 
and  managing  partner,  Mr.  A.  F.  Walcott. 

The  advantages  offered  by  this  firm  appeared  to  the  Commit- 
tee such  as  to  warrant  a  careful  examination  into  his  standing 
and  references.  A  special  committee,  consisting  of  Brothers 
Merryfield,  Jolley,  and  Mayfield,  after  visiting  the  London  and 
San  Francisco  Bank,  the  Fireman's  Fund  Insurance  Company, 
and  other  responsible  firms,  reported  the  house  of  Morgan's 
Sons  as  sound  and  good,  with  credit  at  the  London  and  San 
Francisco  Bank  for  half  a  million  of  dollars.  The  arrange- 
ments entered  into  were  that  the  Executive  Committee  should 
employ  an  agent  of  their  own,  who  should  have  full  access  to 
the  books  of  the  shipping  firm  to  examine  therein  any  accounts 
with  Patrons  of  Husbandry;  to  all  telegraphic  and  other  com- 
munications from  Liverpool  or  other  markets  relative  to  prices, 
rates,  or  other  matters  bearing  on  the  interests  of  the  farmers, 
in  consideration  of  which,  the  committee  agreed  to  use  their 
influence  throughout  the  State  to  secure  foft  shipping  of  Patrons' 
produce  through  the  above  mentioned  firm.  Great  care  and 
deliberation  was  required  in  the  choice  of  the  Grangers'  agent, 


tf 


160  BUSINESS  OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

who  must  be  a  thorough  business  man,  and  above  suspicion. 
They  did  not  fix  upon  any  one  at  that  session,  nor  until  a  circu- 
lar letter  had  been  sent  to  each  of  the  Subordinate  Granges, 
asking  them  to  name  such  parties  as  were  competent  and  will- 
ing to  serve.  The  election  fell  upon  G.  P.  Kellogg,  of  Salinas, 
who  qualified  by  filing  bonds  to  the  amount  of  two  hundred 
thousand  dollars,  and  entered  at  once  upon  his  varied  and  diffi- 
cult task. 

He  took  rooms  in  the  building  occupied  by  Morgan's  Sons, 
and  immediately  put  the  Granges  in  possession  of  all  the  in- 
formation commanded  by  the  firm.  In  order  to  relieve  patrons 
of  limited  means,  who  were  compelled  to  realize  at  once  on 
their  crop,  the  Executive  Committee  requested  Mr.  Walcott  to 
add  to  his  sole  business  of  shipper,  that  of  purchaser,  which  he 
promised  to  do  to  the  extent  of  twenty  or  thirty  thousand  tons. 
So  lively  was  the  competition  pushed  by  the  old  wheat  ring, 
that  in  a  very  few  weeks  the  prices  went  up  even  higher  than 
the  Liverpool  quotations  would  warrant,  and  Mr.  "Walcott,  hav- 
ing entered  into  this  competition,  extended  his  purchases  from 
thirty  to  nearly  a  hundred  thousand  tons.  The  price  steadily 
rose  from  $1  50  per  cental  to  $2  37J.  Meanwhile,  the  State 
Agent,  watching  closely  to  see  that  his  employers  were  fairly 
dealt  with,  was  making  favorable  terms  with  dealers  in  imple- 
ments and  importers,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  official  reports. 
Mr.  I.  G.  Gardner,  a  member  of  the  Executive  Committee, 
acted  as  assistant  to  Mr.  Kellogg,  until  the  resignation  of  the 
latter  in  January,  1874,  when  the  Committee  placed  Mr.  Gard- 
ner in  full  charge,  tendering  their  own  security  for  the  faithful 
performance  of  his  duties. 

The  efficiency  with  which  these  obligations  were  met,  is  best 
hown  by  the  footing-up  of  the  operations  of  the  first  year,  as 
follows : — 

Amount  saved  on  sacks,  $450,000;  amount  saved  on  tonnage,  at 
$5  per  ton,  $3,000,000;  amount  saved  on  agricultural  implements, 
$160,000;  amount  saved  on  groceries  and  general  merchandise, 
$200,000;  amount  saved  on  grain  of  1873-74,  at  15  cts.  per 
cental— 9,000,000  centals— $1,350,000.     Total,  $5,160,000. 

The  magnitude  of  these  operations,  and  the  growing  confi- 
dence of  the  people  in  the  agency,  already  warranted  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  Grangers'  Bank. 

Early  in  April,  1874,  the  Executive  Committee  issued  a  call 


THE  G-R ANGERS'  BANK;  Offices  of  Fire  Insurance  Association  and 

Executive  Committee,  Corner  California  and  Leidesdorff 

Streets,  San  Francisco. 


THE  GRANGERS'  BUSINESS  ASSOCIATION, 
Corner  of  Market  and  Fremont  Streets,  San  Francisco. 


SHIPPING  IN  BULK.  161 

for  a  convention,  to  consider  ways  and  means  to  give  greater 
unity  and  efficiency  to  their  business  operations.  On  the  21st, 
two  hundred  delegates,  representing  one  hundred  and  thirty-one 
Granges,  met  in  San  Francisco,  for  a  comparison  of  views.  After 
a  full  discussion,  it  was 

"Resolved — That  a  general  system  of  banks  and  warehouses, 
with  a  central  bank  in  San  Francisco,  is  an  absolute  necessity  for 
the  future  success  of  the  Order/' 

A  committee  of  seven  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  plan  of 
organization,  which  was  substantially  the  same  as  that  afterward 
adopted.  $500,000  was  subscribed  to  the  capital  stock,  which 
was  fixed  at  $5,000,000,  in  50,000  shares  of  $100  each.  It  was 
resolved  to  incur  no  expense  until  after  $100,000  should  have 
actually  been  paid  in  by  the  stockholders. 

The  committee  on  warehousing  reported  a  plan  for  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  general  warehouse  or  depot  for  the  sale  of  Gran- 
ger's products,  and  for  branch  warehouses  or  storage  com- 
panies, to  be  established  under  regulations  of  the  Executive 
Committee. 

The  question  of  shipping  in  bulk  also  came  up  for  considera- 
tion.    It  was — 

"  Kesolved,  That  this  Convention  endorse  the  proposition  to 
change  the  system  of  handling  and  shipping  grain  in  sacks,  now  in 
operation  in  this  State,  to  a  system  of  handling  in  bulk. 

"  Resolved,  That  from  this  day,  we,  as  farmers  and  producers  of 
wheat  and  other  produce  in  California,  will  work  for  the  change  of 
the  system  above  referred  to." 

Mr.  A.  F.  Walcott  was  introduced  by  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, and  gave  a  full  explanation  of  the  shipping  interest,  the 
state  of  the  foreign  market,  and  replied  to  inquiries  which 
Patrons  desired  to  make,  in  respect  to  his  agency.  The  con- 
fidence which  Mr.  Walcott  had  inspired  in  the  large  body  of 
farmers  with  whom  he  had  business  relations,  resulted  in  his 
election  to  the  Presidency  of  the  bank,  when  it  went  into  opera- 
tion, some  three  months  later.  The  Secretary  of  the  State 
Grange  was  also  appointed  Secretary  of  the  bank  corporation. 

The  Grangers'  Bank  of  California  is  organized  under  the 
Statute  of  1872,  known  as  the  Civil  Code.  Its  capital  stock  is 
fixed  at  fiveruillion  ($5,000,000)  dollars,  divided  into  fifty  thou- 
sand (50,000)  shares  of  the  par  value  of  one  hundred  ($100)  dol- 
11 


162  BUSINESS  OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

lars  each.  Its  place  of  business  is  in  the  City  and  County  of 
San  Francisco,  State  of  California.  This  bank  has  been  or- 
ganized for  the  purpose  of  enabling  the  Patrons  of  California 
to  secure  to  themselves  such  advantages  in  obtaining  money 
for  use  in  the  agricultural  portions  of  the  State  upon  as  favor- 
able terms  as  it  can  be  obtained  in  the  city .  for  commercial  pur- 
poses; believing  that  the  landed  security  of  the  agriculturist  is 
equal  to,  if  not  better  than  city  property  as  a  basis  of  credit, 
and  at  the  same  time  giving  people  of  every  class  an  oppor- 
tunity of  safely  and  profitably  investing  their  money. 

A  careful  perusal  of  the  By-Laws  will  show  that  they  are  so 
framed  as  to  have  all  the  safeguards,  not  inconsistent  with  law, 
that  it  is  possible  for  them  to  have. 


BY-LAWS  OF  THE  GRANGERS'  BANK  OF  CALIFORNIA. 

Article  1.  The  name  of  this  Corporation  shall  be  "Grangers'  Bank  of 
California." 

Art.  2.  The  principal  place  of  business  shall  be  in  the  City  and  County  of 
San  Francisco,  and  State  of  California. 

Art.  3.  The  bank  shall  have  a  capital  stock  of  five  million  of  dollars,  divided 
into  fifty  thousand  shares,  of  the  par  value  of  one  hundred  dollars  each. 

Art.  4.  None  but  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  or  corporations  composed  exclu- 
sively of  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  shall  be  permitted  to  subscribe  to  the  capital 
stock  of  this  bank,  and  such  persons  or  incorporations  shall  not  be  permitted  to 
subscribe  in  excess  of  five  hundred  shares. 

Art.  5.  Stockholders  of  this  bank  shall  be  such  persons  or  corporations  as 
may  have  executed,  or  shall  hereafter  execute  a  subscription  to  the  capital  stock 
in  form  such  as  the  Board  of  Directors  may  prescribe,  and  shall  pay  to  the  cashier 
of  the  bank  all  called  assessments,  or  any  person  to  whom  said  stock  has  been 
duly  assigned. 

Art.  6.  The  powers  of  the  corporation  shall  be  vested  in  a  Board  of  eleven  (11) 
Directors,  who  shall  be  elected  by  the  stockholders  at  the  annual  meeting,  and 
shall  hold  their  office  for  the  term  of  one  year,  and  until  their  successors  are 
elected  and  qualified. 

Art.  7 .  The  Directors  shall  be  stockholders  of  the  corporation,  and  Patrons  of 
Husbandry,  resident  of  the  State  of  California,  and  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
and  shall  hold  at  least  five  shares  of  the  capital  stoek. 

Art.  8.  A  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Directors  shall  constitute  a  quorum 
for  the  transaction  of  business,  and  every  decision  of  a  majority  of  the  persons 
duly  assembled  as  a  Board  (if  not  in  conflict  with  these  By-Laws),  shall  be  valid 
as  a  corporate  act. 

Art.  9.  Regular  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Directors  shall  be  held  at  the  office  of 
the  corporation,  at  least  once  in  every  two  months,  and  at  such  other  times  as 
the  Board  of  Directoi-s  may  direct,  and  special  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Direct- 
ors shall  be  held  at  the  same  place,  upon  the  call  of  the  President;  and  it  shall  be 
the  duty  of  the  President,  Vice  President,  or  Cashier  to  call  special  meetings 
upon  request  of  five  Directors,  or  upon  request  of  stockholders  representing  one 
quarter  of  the  stock  issued.  No  notice  need  be  given  of  the  regular  meetings,  in 
addition  to  that  furnished  by  this  Article;  but  of  special  meetings,  the  President 
or  Cashier  shall  cause  all  Directors  residing  outside  of  San  Francisco,  to  be  noti- 
fied by  mail  or  telegraph,  mailing  the  same  seven  days  prior  to  such  meeting,  and 
all  Directors  residing  and  being  in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Francisco,  and  to 
any  others  to  whom  it  is  practicable  to  give  such  personal  notice,  to  bo  personally 
notified. 


BY-LAWS  OF  GRANGERS7  BANK.  163 

Art.  10.  Whenever  a  vacancy  shall  occur  in  the  office  of  any  Director,  by 
death,  resignation,  or  other  cause,  the  Board  of  Directors  shall  appoint  a  succes- 
sor for  his  unexpired  term.  Provided,  that  if  more  than  one  vacancy  shall  occur 
in  the  Board  in  any  year,  a  meeting  of  the  stockholders  shall  be  called  by  the 
Board  of  Directors  within  thirty  days,  giving  at  least  twenty  days '  notice  of  such 
meeting,  by  advertising  the  same  in  some  newspaper  published  daily  in  the  city 
of  San  Francisco,  for  the  purpose  of  filling  such  vacancy  or  vacancies. 

Art.  11.  Whenever  any  Director  shall  cease  to  be  a  stockholder,  his  office  be- 
comes ipso  faeto,  vacant;  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  as  provided  in  Article  10. 

Art.  12.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  elect  from  their  number  a  President  and 
Vice  President  of  the  corporation,  who  shall  hold  their  office  for  one  year. 

Art.  13.  The  President  or  Vice  President,  or  either  of  them,  may  be  removed 
from  office  at  anv  time  on  the  vote  of  seven  Directors  in  favor  of  such  removal. 

Art.  14.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  appoint  a  cashier,  an  attorney,  and  such 
other  officers,  agents,  clerks  or  servants,  as  the  business  of  the  bank  shall  require, 
define  their  powers  and  prescribe  their  duties,  subject  to  the  By-Laws,  and  shall 
fix  the  salaries  or  compensation  to  be  paid  all  officers,  agents,  clerks,  or  servants 
of  the  corporation. 

Art.  15.  The  President,  Vice  President  and  Cashier  shall  have  charge  and  cus- 
tody of  the  funds,  property,  books,  papers,  and  other  matters  of  the  corporation, 
under  such  rules,  regulations  and  restrictions  as  the  Board  of  Directors  shall  pre- 
scribe in  the  By-Laws,  or  by  express  resolution  from  time  to  time  made  or 


Art.  16.  The  President,  Vice  President,  and  Cashier,  shall  have  power  to  buy 
and  sell  bills  of  exchange,  to  make  loans  under  such  regulations  and  restrictions 
as  may  be  fixed  by  resolutions  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  to  keep  the  Common 
Seal,  and  each  shall  have  the  power  to  affix  the  same  to  all  papers,  instruments, 
or  documents,  on  behalf  of  the  Corporation,  requiring  the  Seal;  they  shall  each 
have  the  power  to  collect  all  moneys  due  the  Corporation;  to  make,  execute,  and 
deliver  all  receipts,  releases,  acquittances,  or  other  papers,  writings,  documents, 
or  instruments  on  behalf  of  the  Corporation,  proper  or  necessary  in  the  ordinary 
course  of  business  of  the  Bank ;  and  generally  to  carry  on  the  business  of  the  Cor- 
poration, subject  to  the  control  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  expressed  through  the 
By-Laws,  or  such  express  resolutions  as  may  from  time  to  time  be  passed;  and 
they  shall  each  report  to  the  Board  of  Directors,  when  required,  each  and  every- 
thing by  them,  or  either  of  them,  transacted. 

Art.  17.  The  President  and  Vice  President  shall  not  both  be  absent  from  the 
State  at  the  same  time,  and  in  case  of  the  absence  of  either  from  the  Bank,  his 
duties  and  powers  shall  devolve  upon  and  be  performed  by  the  other;  and  each  to 
be  eligible  to  such  office  shall  be  a  stockholder  to  the  amount  of  five  shares. 

Art.  18.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President,  and  in  his  absence  the  Vice 
President,  to  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  and  at  all  meet- 
ings of  the  stockholders  of  the  Corporation. 

Art.  19.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Cashier  to  keep  or  cause  to  be  kept  such 
books  as  the  business  of  the  Bank  may  require,  under  the  control  and  instructions 
of  the  Board  of  Directors.  He  shall  attend  personally  to  the  business  of  the  Bank 
at  such  hours  as  the  Board  of  Directors  may  determine.  He  shall  also  be  required 
to  give  bonds  for  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties,  in  an  amount  to  be  fixed 
by  the  Board  of  Directors. 

Art.  20.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  appoint  from  their  number  a  Finance 
Committee  of  three,  whose  duties  shall  be  defined  by  resolution  of  the  Board  of 
Directors. 

Art.  21.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  appoint  an  Auditing  Committee  of 
three  from  their  number,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  count  the  cash  and  examine 
the  books,  vouchers,  documents,  papers,  and  other  assets  of  the  Bank ;  to  report 
upon  the  same  to  the  stockholders  at  their  annual  meetings,  and  to  the  Board  of 
Directors  from  time  to  time,  as  they  may  direct. 

Art.  22.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  stockholders  for  the  election  of  Directors 
shall  be  held  at  the  office  of  the  Bank,  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October  of  each 
year,  at  one  o'clock  p.  m. 

Art.  23.  The  call  for  the  annual  meeting  of  stockholders,  and  for  the  annual 
election  of  Directors  shall  be  signed  by  the  President,  Vice  President,  or  Cashier, 
and  published  at  least  once  a  week  for  four  consecutive  weeks  next  preceding  the 
day  of  meeting,  in  at  least  three  newspapers  of  general  circulation  throughout  the 
State.  If  from  any  cause  no  quorum  shall  be  present,  the  meeting  may  adjourn 
from  time  to  time  without  further  notice. 


164:  BUSINESS  OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

Abt.  24.  At  all  meetings  of  tlie  stockholders  one  vote  shall  be  counted  for 
each  share  of  stock  not  exceeding  fifty  share,  and  one  additional  vote  shall  be 
counted  for  each  twenty-five  shares,  or  fractional  part  of  twenty-five  shares  in  ex- 
cess of  fifty,  upon  which  all  called  assessments  have  been  paid.  Each  stockholder 
may  be  represented  at  any  meeting  of  the  stockholders  by  a  proxy,  who  must  also 
be  a  stockholder;  provided  said  proxy  shall  have  filed  his  credentials  with  the 
Cashier  at  least  ten  days  next  preceeding  each  meeting;  provided  further  that 
no  person  shall  be  allowed  to  hold  proxies  representing  more  than  one  hundred 
votes. 

Art.  25.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  have  power  to  regulate,  from  time  to 
time,  the  rate  of  interest  to  be  charged  upon  loans  and  allowed  upon  deposits. 

Abt.  26.  All  transfers  of  stock  shall  be  subject  to  all  debts  and  equities  in 
favor  of  the  Corporation,  against  the  person  or  corporations  making  such  trans- 
fer, and  existing  or  arising  prior  to  the  regular  transfer  thereof  upon  the  books 
of  the  Corporation;  and  no  transfer  of  shares  shall  be  made  upon  the  books  of 
the  Corporation,  until  all  dues  and  demands  thereon,  due  to  the  Corporation 
from  the  party  or  parties  representing  such  shares,  shall  have  been  paid. 

Art.  27.  All  transfers  of  stock  shall  be  made  on  the  books  of  the  Corporation, 
and  no  tiansfer  shall  be  binding  on  the  Corporation  until  so  entered,  or  until  all 
assessments  thereon  have  been  paid.  No  stock  that  has  been  transferred  on  the 
books  of  the  Corporation  within  thirty  days  next  preceding  any  meeting  of  the 
stockholders,  shall  be  entitled  to  representation  at  said  meeting. 

Art.  28.  Certificates  of  stock  shall  be  issued  to  the  original  stockholders  ot 
this  Bank,  to  the  number  of  shares  by  each  subscribed  in  the  original  articles  of 
association,  as  evidence  to  each  of  the  number  of  shares  by  him  owned  in  the 
capital  stock,  and  the  manner  of  transferring  shares  shall  be  by  endorsement  and 
delivery  of  the  certificates  thereof,  such  endorsement  being  by  the  signature  of 
the  proprietor,  or  his  or  her  attorney,  or  legal  representative.  No  stock  shall  be 
transferred  without  the  surrender  of  the  certificate,  and  upon  such  surrender  the 
word  "cancelled"  shall  be  written  across  the  face  of  the  certificate  by  the 
Cashier,  and  the  signature  of  the  officers  shall  be  erased,  and  such  certificate  so 
cancelled,  shall  be  preserved  by  pasting  the  same  to  the  stub  from  which  it  was 
torn  in  the  Certificate  Book.  The  transfer  books  shall  be  closed  for  two  days 
prior  to  the  annual  meeting  and  the  payment  of  dividends,  and  the  dividends 
shall  be  paid  to  the  stockholders  in  whose  names  the  stock  shall  stand  when  the 
books  are  closed . 

Art.  29.  The  officers  of  the  Bank  are  stjjictly  prohibited  from  loaning  its 
funds  on  mining  stocks. 

Art.  30.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  the  stock  of 
the  Bank  at  rates  not  less  than  the  par  value,  and  after  the  first  of  October,  1874, 
may  fix  such  premiums  on  the  stock  as  in  their  judgment  may  be  deemed  just. 

Art.  31.  All  persons  subscribing  to  the  capital  stock  of  the  Bank,  are  required 
to  sign  their  names  to  the  By-Laws. 

The  bank  went  into  operation  on  the  first  of  August,  1874,  at 
415  California  street,  San  Francisco.  Beautiful  and  commodi- 
ous rooms,  with  the  necessary  private  rooms  attached,  accom- 
modate both  the  bank,  the  Executive  Committee,  Secretary, 
and  other  officers  of  the  State  Grange.  Amid  the  surging 
throng  of  capitalists,  speculators,  and  schemers,  which  crowd 
the  money-changers'  highway,  is  set  the  financial  headquarters 
of  our  most  important  industry.  It  was  created  for  the  Patrons, 
with  especial  reference  to  small  stockholders;  $2,517,000  of  the 
capital  stock  has  been  taken  up,  $2,000,000  is  on  deposit  in  the 
bank.  Its  stock  is  owned  by  one  thousand  five  hundred  and 
forty-three  Patrons  of  Husbandry,  and  the  number  of  deposit- 
ors is  correspondingly  large.  It  is  managed  by  the  following 
Board  of  Directors: 


OTHER  BUSINESS  ASSOCIATIONS.  165 

J.  V.  "Webster  (President),  of  Alameda  county;  Calvin  J. 
Cressey  (Vice  President),  of  Stanislaus  county;  Thos.  McCon- 
nell,  of  Sacramento  county;  John  G.  Hill,  of  Ventura  county; 
J.  C.  Merryfield,  of  Solano  county;  John  Lewelling,  of  Napa 
county;  Gilbert  "W.  Colby,  of  Butte  county;  J.  P.  Chrisman, 
of  Contra  Costa  county;  F.  J.  Woodward,  of  San  Joaquin 
county;  C.  S.  Abbott,  of  Monterey  county;  P.  A.  Cressey, 
Secretary. 

Current  accounts  are  opened  and  conducted  in  the  usual  way, 
and  interest  at  the  rate  of  one  quarter  of  one  per  cent,  per 
month,  is  allowed  on  the  minimum  monthly  balance.  Deposit 
receipts  in  sums  of  fifty  dollars  and  upwards  received,  and  re- 
ceipts given  for  the  amounts,  payable  on  thirty  days'  notice  of 
withdrawal.  These  deposits  bear  interest  at  rates  varying  with 
the  current  rate  of  discount.  Deposits  for  fixed  periods  are 
received,  and  interest  allowed  at  the  following  rates :  three 
months,  six  per  cent. ;  six  months,  seven  per  cent. ;  one  year, 
eight  per  cent. 

About  this  time,  the  Executive  Committee  deemed  it  advis- 
able to  establish  a  Dairy  Agency  in  San  Prancisco,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  appoint  Mr.  J.  Hegeler,  of  Sonoma  County,  who 
opened  a  depot  for  the  disposition  of  this  class  of  products. 
The  bonds  of  this  sub-agency  were  fixed  at  twenty  thousand 
dollars. 

The  Farmers'  Saving  and  Loan  Society  of  Stanislaus  County 
had  organized  in  March,  1873,  and  incorporated  with  a  capital 
of  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars.  The  spirit  with 
which  the  farmers  were  pushing  these  various  interests  was 
shown  at  the  meeting  in  Modesto,  when  four  of  their  number 
took  fifty  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  stock.  One  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars  was  subscribed  on  the  spot. 

The  Grange  "Warehouse  in  Modesto  was  provided  for  in  the 
same  business-like  manner,  with  a  capital  stock  of  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars. 

Davisville  Grange  decided  to  incorporate  with  a  capital  stock 
of  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

Colusa  County  called  its  Bank  meeting  February  25th,  1874, 
and  incorporated  with  a  capital  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars,  all  of  which  was  subscribed.  As  a  local  institu- 
tion, under  judicious  management,  it  is  a  perfect  success,  and 
has  benefited  its  patrons  by  relieving  them  of  the  necessity  of 


160  BUSINESS  OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

borrowing  money  on  call  of  men  who  were  most  likely  to  call 
just  when  wheat  was  on  the  rise. 

Grand  Island  Grange,  which  had  but  thirteen  members,  in- 
corporated, bought  out  their  only  merchant,  and  established  a 
cooperative  store. 

Waterford  Grange  incorporated  May  23d,  1873.  A  few  days 
later,  articles  of  incorporation  were  filed  at  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  for  Grangers'  warehouses  at  Antelope  Sta- 
tion, and  at  Antioch.  Up  to  the  present  time,  cooperative 
companies  have  been  formed  for  storing  grain,  and  warehouses 
established  as  follows : 

At  Modesto,  Stanislaus  county;  at  Merced  City,  Merced 
county;  at  Yuba  City,  Sutter  county;  at  Woodland,  Yolo 
county;  at  Colusa,  Colusa  county;  at  Dixon,  Solano  county;  at 
Antioch,  Contra  Costa  county.  In  other  places  warehouses 
have  been  leased,  and  in  others  they  are  projected  to  be  built. 
Before  the  close  of  another  season,  we  shall  probably  see 
Granger  warehouses  at  Vallejo,  Collinsville,  Monterey,  and 
other  points  convenient  and  accessible  to  large  ships,  and  also 
at  sundry  stations  along  the  lines  of  railroad  in  the  interior. 
Thus  it  will  be  seen  that  when  the  Grangers  talk  of  "handling 
their  own  products,"  they  do  not  mean  merely  hauling  them  to 
town  in  their  own  wagons  and  selling  them  to  the  first  bidder. 
J  "IThey  mean  a  vast  system  that  will  secure  to  the  producer  a  fair 
price  for  his  crops,  and  to  the  consumer  the  crop  at  a  fair  price 
— mutual  protection  against  the  impositions  and  extortions  of 
middle-men. 

There  is  another  class  of  incorporations,  all  of  which  have 
grown  into  existence  within  the  past  year.  First  among  them 
in  point  of  time,  and  wTe  believe  also  in  magnitude,  is  the  Farm- 
ers' Cooperative  Union  of  San  Jose.  The  capital  stock  is  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars,  of  which  the  entire  amount  is  sub- 
scribed. This  Association  set  out  by  purchasing  the  stock  and 
good  will  of  Pfister  &  Co.  for  thirty  thousand  dollars.  They 
have  since  increased  the  stock  to  perhaps  eighty  thousand  dol- 
lars, have  spread  out  so  as  to  occupy  several  large  store-rooms, 
and  are  in  a  most  flourishing  condition.  They  include  in  their 
invoices  hardware,  agricultural  implements,  and  a  general  line 
of  groceries. 

The  Grangers'  Union  of  Stockton  started  a  little  more  than  a 
year  ago,  with  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  capital, 


CO-OPERATIVE  STORE  AT  LOS  ANGELES.  167 

but  by  careful  management  lias  achieved  a  greater  success  in 
proportion  to  the  actual  investment  than  any  similar  institution 
on  the  coast. 

The  Farmers'  Bank  of  Dixon,  (Solano  county)  went  into  op- 
eration less  than  a  year  ago  with  a  capital  of  two  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  like  the  others,  is  to-day  giving  testimony  to 
the  fact  that  farmers  can  conduct  even  a  banking  business  with 
safety  and  profit.  \^ 

The  Grangers  of  Southern  California  being  comparatively 
isolated,  felt  the  necessity  of  cooperative  exertions  even  more 
than  the  great  wheat-growing  counties  had  done.  A  cooper- 
ative store  at  Los  Angeles,  established  with  a  capital  of  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars,  has  been  satisfactory  beyond  their  ex- 
pectations. The  stock  was  mostly  groceries  and  agricultural 
implements.  The  stockholders  realize  the  difference  in  the  net 
results  of  buying  at  wholesale  for  cash,  and  at  retail  on  time. 
But  they  reach  out  toward  larger  benefits. 

Their  objects  are  stated  to  be: 

1.  The  establishment  of  one  or  more  stores,  warehouses,  etc.; 
the  buying  and  selling  of  goods,  machinery  and  agricultural 
products;  the  borrowing  and  loaning  of  money;  the  buying, 
holding  and  selling  of  such  real  estate  as  may  be  necessary  for 
its  own  use;  and  the  conduct  of  a  general  mercantile  business. 

2.  Principal  place  of  business,  Los  Angeles. 

3.  Capital  stock  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  divided  into 
two  thousand  shares  of  fifty  dollars  each,  five  dollars  per  share 
to  be  paid  on  or  before  April  1st,  1874,  and  the  balance  in  in- 
stallments, as  may  be  called  for  by  the  Board  of  Directors,  not 
to  exceed  ten  dollars  per  share  per  annum. 

4.  None  but  Grange  members  can  hold  stock,  and  no  person 
can  hold  more  than  ten  shares. 

5.  Each  family  containing  one  Grange  member  can  obtain  all 
the  privileges  of  the  company  by  holding  one  share  of  stock. 

6.  Goods  are  to  be  sold  to  stockholders  and  their  families  at 
as  near  cost  as  possible,  and  the  usual  prices  are  to  be  charged 
all  outsiders. 

7.  All  farm  produce  is  to  be  bought  or  handled  on -commis- 
sion by  the  company. 

8.  Money  to  be  loaned  stockholders  for  legitimate  farming 
operations  at  the  lowest  rates  of  interest. 

It  is  also  the  intention  of  the  company  to  assist  stockholders 


168  BUSINESS  OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

in  every  way  it  can  consistently  with  its  own  safety.  It  will,  as 
soon  as  practicable,  borrow  funds  with  which  to  assist  those 
who  are  now  in  the  clutches  of  merchants  or  others,  if  such 
persons  endeavor  to  oppress  our  members  because  they  seek  to 
better  their  condition  by  this  method  of  cooperation.  The 
company  is  organized  for  the  benefit  of  its  stockholders,  and 
any  system  of  relief  to  them  that  can  be  devised  and  safely 
carried  out  will  be  inaugurated  for  the  common  good. 

Encouraged  by  the  success  of  the  experiments  mentioned 
above,  the  Yisalia  Grangers  have  just  opened  a  similar  insti- 
tution with  a  capital  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars.  At 
Grand  Island,  Colusa  County,  one  has  recently  been  inaugu- 
rated, as  also  one  at  Meridian,  Sutter  County;  but  neither  of 
these  has  been  in  operation  long  enough  to  show  a  balance 
sheet.  Santa  Barbara  just  now  announces  an  incorporation 
with  a  capital  of  fifty  thousand  dollars,  and  we  doubt  not  will 
soon  give  a  good  account  of  herself.  San  Buenaventura  is  also 
on  the  way,  and  sundry  other  places  are  discussing  the  matter, 
with  every  probability  of  soon  reaching  the  point  of  incorpora- 
tion. Everywhere  the  local  merchants  have  displayed  more  or 
less  hostility  toward  these  enterprises,  until  they  become  satis- 
fied that,  if  the  Grangers  were  only  let  alone,  they  would  pur- 
sue the  "even  tenor  of  their  way,"  without  making  war  on  any 
legitimate  business;  and  gradually  matters  have  adjusted  them- 
selves so  as  to  work  without  friction. 

In  addition  to  what  has  already  been  mentioned,  the  Grangers 
of  the  Salinas  Valley  have  constructed  a  narrow-gauge  railroad 
from  Salinas  City  to  Monterey,  that  they  might  get  their  grain 
from  the  field  to  the  ship  at  the  nearest  point,  and  at  the  least 
cost.  The  Salinas  is  a  large,  fertile  valley,  opening  out  to  the 
coast  with  a  first-class  harbor,  and  there  is  no  reason  why  its 
products  should  not  be  shipped  direct  to  European  markets, 
thus  avoiding  the  expensive  carrying  and  handling  via  San 
Francisco.  The  Grangers  saw  the  opportunity,  seized  it,  and 
have  made  a  grand  success  of  the  project,  without  detriment  to 
any  other  interest.  Other  projects  of  a  similar  character  are 
under  discussion,  with  promises  of  success,  and  we  see  no 
reason  why  the  Grangers,  if  they  have  the  means,  should  not 
become  railroad  builders  as  well  as  anybody  else. 

The  Farmers'  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Company  is  another 
achievement,  the  present  standing  of  wnich,  after  an  existence 


FIRE  INSURANCE  ASSOCIATION.  169 

of  less  than  a  year,  would  be  ground  of  congratulation  to  any 
incorporation.  It  was  worked  up  to  its  present  efficient  condi- 
tion by  J.  D.  Blanchar,  a  gentleman  of  long  experience  in  in- 
surance, who  had  retired  to  the  quietude  of  a  farm  on  account 
of  ill  health.  He  was  a  member  of  Napa  Grange,  and  entered 
into  the  movement  with  his  whole  soul,  appreciating,  as  most 
farmers  could  not,  the  great  advantages  of  cooperation.  The 
company  was  instituted,  with  a  capital  stock  of  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars,  all  of  which  has  since  been  paid  up,  to  insure 
farm  property  on  the  mutual  plan,  at  its  actual  cost,  thereby 
saving  to  the  farmers  the  amount  they  were  obliged  to  contrib- 
ute in  other  companies  to  cover  losses  on  city  property.  A 
"cash  plan"  was  also  introduced,  so  as  to  enable  the  company 
to  take  risks  on  town  property,  granger  stores,  warehouses,  etc. 
At  the  last  meeting  of  the  Directors,  a  proposition  was  made  to 
further  increase  the  capital  stock  to  three  hundred  thousand  dol- 
lars. The  risks  amount  to  about  one  million  and  a  half,  with  no 
losses^and  the  company  is  classed  A  1,  by  the  Commissioner. 


CONSTITUTION  OFTHE  CALIFORNIA  MUTUAL  FIRE  INSURANCE 
ASSOCIATION. 

"We,  the  undersigned,  citizens  of  California,  and  Directors  of  The  California 
Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Association,  in  pursuance  of  the  insurance  laws  of  Cali- 
fornia, do  hereby  associate  together  for  the  purpose  of  forming  an  incorporated 
association,  to  insure  dwelling  houses,  barns,  or  other  buildings,  and  personal 
property  in  the  same,  belonging  to  farmers,  against  loss  or  damage  by  fire. 

Officers. — J.  D.  Blanchar,  President;  I.  G.  Gardner,  Vice  President;  G.  P 
Kellogg,  Treasurer;  W.  H.  Baxter,  Secretary. 

Directors.— A.  Wolf,  J.  D.  Blanchar,  1.  G.  Gardner,  G.  P.  Kellogg,  W.  H. 

Trustees.— J.  M.  Hamilton,  J.  C.  Merryfield,  G.  W.  Colby,  H.  B.  Jolly,  A. 
Wolf.  I.  C.  Steele,  A.  B.  Nally,  0.  L.  Abbott. 

And  we  declare  this  instrument  to  be  the  Agreement  and  By-Laws  of  the  Asso- 
ciation by  which  it  shall  be  governed,  subject  only  to  the  Constitution  and  laws 
of  the  State. 

Name. — This  Association  shall  be  known  as  the  California  Farmers'  Mutual  Fire 
Insurance  Association;  and  its  principal  place  of  business  shall  be  in  the  City  and 
County  of  San  Francisco,  State  of  California. 

Annual  Meeting. — The  Annual  Meeting  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  of 
October  of  each  year,  at  San  Francisco,  and  may  be  adjourned  from  time  to  time 
until  the  business  is  completed.  No  other  notice  than  these  By-Laws  need  be 
given  for  the  Annual  Meetings.  Special  meetings  may  be  called  by  the  Secre- 
tary or  President,  or  on  the  order  of  two  Directors,  and  notice  given  by  notifica- 
tion by  mail. 

Officers.— The  officers  of  said  Association  shall  consist  of  five  (5)  Directors, 
to  be  elected  by  ballot,  at  the  annual  meeting,  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  stock- 
holders present;  and  the  Directors  shall  elect  a  President,  Vice-President, 
Treasurer  and  Secretary.  Ten  shares  or  over  will  entitle  a  stockholder  to 
one  vote.    Provided,  in  case  there  should  be  no  election,  the  then  incumbents  of 


170  BUSINESS  OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS. 

such  offices  shall  hold  over  respectively  until  there  is  an  election,  and  their  suc- 
cessors have  qualified,  and  any  stockholder  shall  be  eligible  to  hold  office. 

Duty  of  Officebs. — Section  1.  The  Directors  shall  have  power  to  appoint 
such  officers  and  agents  as  they  deem  necessary,  and  to  fix  salaries  and  com- 
missions of  all  officers  and  agents.  They  shall  have  power  to  make  contracts, 
transfer  property,  and  provide  for  a  definite  sum  of  money  for  insurance  therein, 
or  issue  cash  policies  in  lieu  of  being  assessed.  They  shall  audit  all  claims  of  the 
Association  not  otherwise  provided  for;  determine  the  rates  and  time  of  insur- 
ance, amount  of  money  to  be  deposited,  and  by  virtue  of  their  office  shall  become 
agents  of  the  Association. 

Sec.  2.  The  President  shall  sign  all  policies,  inspect  the  books  and  accounts 
of  the  Association,  and  appoint  officers  pro  tern  to  fill  vacancies  occasioned  by 
death,  removal  or  resignation  of  officers;  preside  at  all  meetings  when  present, 
and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  seem  connected  with  his  office,  and  re- 
quired by  the  By-Laws.  He  shall  attend  to  the  commencement  and  prosecution 
of  all  suits  or  actions  in  which  the  Association,  or  any  of  its  officers,  as  such,  may 
or  shall  be  interested,  and  in  like  manner  defend  against  all  such  suits  or 
actions. 

Sec.  3.  The  Vice-President  shall  act  at  the  exclusion  of  the  President,  when- 
ever the  President  shall  be  absent,  unable,  or  neglect  from  auy  cause  whatever, 
to  perform  the  duties  required  of  him.  When  the  President  and  Vice-President 
are  absent  from  a  meeting,  the  members  may  elect  a  President  pro  tempore. 

Sec.  4.  The  Secretary  or  Deputy  shall  keep  a  record  of  the  proceedings  of  all 
meetings,  and  keep  all  necessary  books  and  accounts,  file  and  preserve  all  papers, 
documents  and  instruments  required  to  be  kept  in  his  office.  He  shall  issue  poli- 
cies for  the  insurance  of  the  property  mentioned  in  the  Charter,  and  he  may  cancel 
policies  at  any  time  for  the  non-fulfillment  of  the  requirements  of  this  Associa- 
tion, audit  all  claims  on  the  part  of  the  holder  or  holders  thereof,  and  audit  all 
claims  presented  against  the  Association  for  payment,  and  generally  transact  all 
business  of  tho  Association  in  the  absence  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  not  incon- 
sistent with  the  By-Laws,  and  make  all  assessments  against  the  persons  insured, 
and  draw  all  orders  on  the  banks  for  money  for  losses  and  expenses  of  the  Associ- 
ation, in  accordance  with  the  By-Laws;  and  he  may  appoint  agents  to  receive 
applications  for  h>surance,  and  shall  make  a  report  annually. 

Sec.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Treasurer  to  keep  all  moneys  coming  into 
his  hands,  subject  to  the  order  of  the  Secretary,  for  actual  losses  and  expenses 
of  the  Association.  He  shall  give  bonds,  with  sufficient  sureties,  to  an  amount 
satisfactory  to  the  Directors;  and  he  shall  make  a  report  in  writing  at  any  time 
when  required  by  the  Board  of  Directors. 

Any  officer  may  be  removed  for  neglect  of  duty,  malfeasance,  or  misfeasance  in 
office,  by  a  majority  vote  of  the  Directors. 

Fees  and  Assessments. — All  persons  insuring  shall  pay  a  fee  of  $5  00,  which 
includes  the  issuance  of  the  first  policy  for  five  years;  and  thereafter  all  policies 
issued  or  renewed  shall  be  subject  to,  and  pay  $1  25  in  U.  S.  Gold  Coin. 

And  shall  be  ratably  assessed,  and  are  hereby  bound  to  pay  all  their  proportion 
of  all  losses  and  expenses  happening  to  and  accruing  in  or  to  said  Association. 

Withdrawal. — Any  person  may  withdraw  at  any  time,  by  paying  her,  his  or 
their  proportion  of  indebtedness  to  the  Association,  up  to  the  time  of  their 
withdrawal  and  surrender  of  policy,  when  any  balance  due  such  person  will  be 
refunded. 

Deposit  Money. — Section  1.  Each  person  insuring  in  this  Association  shall 
make  a  deposit  of  two  per  cent,  on  the  amount  for  which  his,  her  or  their  property 
is  insured,  for  the  purpose  of  meeting  assessments  for  losses  and  expenses  of  the 
Association,  and  the  money  so  received  shall  be  deposited  with  the  Grangers'. 
Bank  of  California,  and  a  Certificate  of  Deposit  issued  to  the  depositor  for  the 
amount;  the  money  so  deposited  to  draw  interest  as  may  be  agreed  upon  by 
the  Directors  with  the  Bank.  And  when  the  deposits  in  the  said  Bank  shall 
amount  to  over  fifty  thousand  dollars,  the  President,  Vice-President,  Secretary, 
Treasurer  and  Directors  shall  have  power  to  withdraw  from  said  Bank  the 
excess  of  fifty  thousand  dollars,  and  deposit  the  amount  so  withdrawn  with  local 
banks  in  other  parts  of  the  State,  or  invest  the  same  in  real  estate  securities, 
school  or  county,  or  township  or  county  bonds  of  this  State,  as  they  may  deem 
prudent,  and  for  the  best  interests  of  the  insured. 

Sec.  2.  When  a  promissory  note  is  given  for  the  deposit-money,  the  insurance 
shall  be  good  on  said  note,  provided  the  policy  shall  not  have  been  canceled;  and 


BY-LAWS  OF  INSURANCE  ASSOCIATION.  171 

in  case  a  loss  occurs  previous  to  the  payment  of  the  said  note,  the  Secretary  shall 
retain  out  of  the  amount  allowed  for  loss  when  adjusted,  the  amount  of  said 
note  and  interest. 

Sec.  3.  If,  at  the  expiration  of  a  policy,  there  is  deposit-money  on  hand  it 
will  be  refunded,  by  giving  thirty  days'  notice,  and  also  forwarding  the  certificate 
of  deposit  and  the  policy;  and  if  it  shall  ever  so  happen  that  the  deposit-money 
of  any  person  insured  should  be  insufficient  to  pay  the  proportion  of  losses  and 
expenses  of  the  Association  for  the  time  insured,  the  Secretary  shall  notify  such 
person,  and  he,  she  or  they,  can  withdraw,  or  deposit  such  an  amount  of  money 
as  the  Board  of  Directors  may  deem  sufficient  to  pay  the  proportion  of  losses  and 
expenses  for  the  unexpired  term  of  the  insurance. 

Insurance. — Section  1.  Property  of  those  insuring  may  be  removed  at  the 
pleasure  of  the  owner,  to  any  other  locality  where  such  property  can  be  insured, 
if  not  more  hazardous;  the  party  must  notify  the  Secretary  of  the  removal,  with 
a  description  of  the  new  locality,  and  pay  a  fee  of  one  dollar  and  twenty-five 
cents. 

Sec.  2.  Insurance  in  this  Association  shall  be  effected  for  five  years,  and  all 
policies,  and  alterations  in  policies,  shall  expire  in  five  years  from  date  of  first 
policy. 

Sec.  3.  Any  person  insured  in  this  Association  may  have  the  policy  canceled 
at  any  time,  on  making  application  to  the  Secretary,  and  returning  the  policy  and 
certificate  of  deposit;  and  in  ninety  days  the  money  deposited,  less  the  amount 
of  assessments  and  proportion  of  expenses,  will  be  refunded;  and  the  Secretary 
is  authorized  to  cancel  any  policy  whenever  he  deems  advisable,  after  the  Policy 
Note  given  becomes  due,  unless  said  note  shall  be  renewed  or  paid  within  thirty 
days;  and  for  non-conformance  with  the  rules  and  regulations  of  the  Association. 

Sec.  4.  The  insurance  shall  cease  upon  the  sale  of  the  property  insured,  but 
the  insurer  shall  be  holden  for  all  assessments,  until  the  policies  shall  be  legally 
withdrawn  and  canceled. 

Sec.  5.  If  ashes  are  kept  in  a  wooden  box,  cask  or  vessel  of  any  kind  of 
wood,  in  any  buildings  insured,  that  will  endanger  the  same,  or  when  out  of 
doors,  if  not  deposited  twenty  feet  from  buildings,  the  Association  will  not  be 
responsible  for  any  loss  resulting  therefrom.  No  stove  pipe  must  come  nearer 
than  four  inches  of  wood  or  other  combustible  material,  unless  protected  by  a 
funnel.  Kerosene  or  fluid  lamps  must  never  be  filled  while  burning.  Smoking, 
or  playing  with  matches,  or  carrying  open  or  lighted  lamps  or  candles  in  or  about 
barn,  or  other  places  liable  to  take  fire,  are  prohibited.  Wooden  fire-boards 
must  be  lined  with  zinc,  sheet-iron,  or  tin,  when  a  stovepive  enters  the  chimney. 

This  Association  will  not  be  responsible  for  any  loss  occurring  by  or  through 
the  neglect  of  any  portion  of  this  section. 

Sec.  6,  Altering  or  improving  any  building  does  not  affect  the  policy,  pro- 
vided these  By-Laws  are  not  violated,  nor  the  risk  increased  by  such  alteration 
or  improvement. 

Sec.  7.  Any  person  found  guilty  of  fraud  or  false  swearing,  in  any  manner 
affecting  the  risk,  will  thereby  forfeit  his  insurance. 

Sec.  8.  Upon  the  death  of  any  person  insured,  the  insurance  will  continue  good 
to  the  heirs  or  legal  representatives. 

Sec.  9.  Any  person  insured  wishing  to  insure  the  same  property  in  another 
association,  must  notify  the  Secretary  and  obtain  consent. 

Sec.  10.  If  the  buildings  insured  shall  at  any  time  be  used  for  the  purpose  of 
carrying  on  or  exercising  therein  any  trade,  business  or  vocation  denominated  by 
insurance  companies  as  hazardous,  or  extra  hazardous,  the  insurance  shall  be 
null  and  void. 

Sec.  11.  Whenever  any  person  having  insurance  in  this  company,  shall  mort- 
gage the  property  insured,  the  policy  shall  thereby  terminate  and  become  void, 
unless  upon  written  application  to  the  Secretary  he  waive  the  said  forfeiture,  and 
give  a  written  certificate  of  such  waiver. 

Sec.  12.  This  Association  shall  pay  no  more  than  five  hundred  dollars  on  any 
one  animal. 

Sec.  13.  If  any  person  shall  allow  any  insured  building  to  become  vacated  or 
unoccupied  for  a  period  to  exceed  thirty  days,  without  the  consent  of  the  Secre- 
tary, the  insurance  on  such  building  and  its  contents  shall  be  null  and  void,  until 
said  building  is  again  occupied. 

Sec.  14.  Every  person  applying  for  insurance  shall  make  a  true  statement  of 
the  amount  of  incumbrance,  if  any,  both  real  aud  personal. 


172  BUSINESS  OPERATIONS  AND  ORGANIZATIONS, 

Losses. — Section  1.  In  case  of  loss  or  damage  by  fire,  the  Secretary,  or  Di- 
rector residing  in  the  county  in  which  the  fire  occurred,  or  both,  or  an  agent,  may 
proceed  to  investigate  the  cause  and  origin  of  such  fire  or  damage,  and  ascertain 
by  evidence  the  liability  of  the  Association. 

Sec.  2.  When  any  person  insured  shall  sustain  a  loss  or  damage  by  fire,  he 
shall,  within  thirty  days  after  such  loss,  deliver  to  the  Secretary  a  particular 
statement  in  writing  of  such  loss  or  damage,  signed  by  him,  and  verified  by  his 
oath  or  affirmation,  and  also,  if  required,  by  proper  vouchers,  and  stating  also 
the  whole  cash  value  of  the  property  lost  or  damaged;  how  the  building  was  oc- 
cupied, and  by  whom,  at  the  time  of  the  loss;  how  the  fire  originated  as  far  as  he 
knows  or  believes,  and  that  the  fire  occurred  by  misfortune,  and  without  fraud  or 
evil  practice;  also  declare  whether  any  insurance  existed  thereon  in  any  other 
company,  and  if  so  what  amount;  and  if  required,  submit  to  a  full  examination. 

Sec.  3.  No  person  shall  have  claim  for  more  than  two  thirds  the  value  of 
buildings,  or  household  furniture  and  wearing  apparel,  at  the  time  destroyed,  nor 
more  than  the  amount  of  insurance;  such  loss  to  be  determined  by  the  Directors. 
But  in  case  a  disagreement  shall  arise  between  the  insured  and  the  Directors  in 
regard  to  the  settlement  of  loss  by  fire,  the  same  shall  be  determined  by  three  ref- 
erees, not  interested,  mutually  chosen  by  the  insured  and  Directors,  and  their 
decision  shall  be  final;  and  the  reasonable  expenses  of  such  referees  shall  be 
equally  borne  by  the  Association  and  the  loser. 

Sec.  4.  No  claim  for  loss  or  damage  shall  be  valid  against  the  Association,  un- 
less presented  within  thirty  days  from  the  date  of  loss. 

Sec.  5.  In  case  of  fire  or  loss  or  damage  thereby,  or  by  exposure  to  loss  or 
damage  thereby,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  assured  to  use  all  possible  diligence 
in  saving  and  preserving  the  property;  and  if  they  fail  to  do  so,  this  Association 
shall  not  be  held  answerable  to  make  good  the  loss  or  damage  sustained  in  conse- 
quence of  such  neglect;  or  from  any  loss  occasioned  by  steam  threshers. 

Sec.  8.  In  case  of  any  loss  or  damage  to  the  property  insured,  it  shall  be  op- 
tional with  the  Association  to  replace  the  articles  lost  or  damaged  with  others  of 
the  same  kind  and  equal  quality,  and  to  rebuild  or  repair  the  building  or  build- 
ings, within  a  reasonable  time,  giving  notice  of  their  intention  to  do  so  within 
thirty  days  after  the  preliminary  proofs  shall  have  been  received  at  the  office  of 
the  Association. 

^  Office. — Section  1.  All  policies  issued  shall  be  signed  by  the  President  and 
Secretary,  and  shall  take  effect  at  twelve  o'clock,  noon,  on  the  date  of  the  applica- 
tion. 

Sec.  2.  The  fiscal  year  shall  begin  and  close  at  twelve  o'clock,  noon,  of  the 
same  day  of  the  annual  meeting. 

Sec.  3.  The  books  of  the  office  of  the  Association  shall  be  open  for  inspection 
during  business  hours. 

Sec.  4.  In  case  of  a  deficit  or  deficits  arising  from  the  non-collection  of  any 
assessments  made  for  any  purpose  herein  mentioned,  provided  for  the  assessing 
and  collecting  of  sums  to  pay  losses  or  damage  by  fire,  or  other  purposes, 
another  assessment  can  be  made  for  such  deficit  or  deficits. 


HON.  J.  M.  HAMILTON, 
W.  M.  of  State  Grange  of  California. 


PROGRESS  OF  THE  ORDER.  173 


CHAPTER  XV. 

THE  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

Laege  Attendance — "Woetht  Master  Hamilton's  Addeess — A  Grange  Fu- 
neral— Festival  of  Pomona — Important  Resolutions — Abstract  of  Report 
of  State  Agent:  Of  the  Executive  Committee:  Of  the  Treasurer:  Of 
the  Lecturer:  Of  the  Manager  of  Daib*  Peoduce  Depaetment:  Of 
Committee  on  the  Ageicultural  College  of  the  State  Univeesitt:  Of 
the  Committee  on  Ibeigation:  Of  the  Committee  on  Education  and 
Laboe:  Of  the  Committee  on  the  Good  of  the  Oedee. 

The  State  Grange  of  California  convened  for  its  second  an- 
nual session  in  Stockton  on  the  6th  of  October,  1874,  and  was 
opened  by  Worthy  Master  Hamilton,  in  the  usual  form;  eighty 
Masters,  seven  Past  Masters,  and  twenty-seven  Matrons  were 
present,  and  others  were  added  from  day  to  day,  as  the  meeting 
progressed. 

Not  only  was  the  time  during  three  daily  sessions  crowded 
with  work,  but'a  daily  meeting  of  the  Fruit  Growers  was  held, 
to  dispose  of  questions  affecting  their  interests  alone.  All 
Fourth  Degree  members  were  cordially  invited  to  attend  the 
session  in  that  degree.  The  largest  hall  in  Stockton,  beautifully 
decorated  with  appropriate  emblems  of  the  plenteous  harvest, 
was  prepared  for  the  occasion,  to  which  the  services  of  an  ex- 
cellent choir  gave  an  additional  charm. 

From  the  instructive  address  of  the  Worthy  Master,  we 
gather  the  following  report  of  progress  and  specific  recom- 
mendations : 

One  year  ago  we  numbered  one  hundred  and  four  Granges,  with 
a  membership  of  three  thousand  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight.  To- 
day we  report  two  hundred  and  thirty-one  Granges,  with  a  member- 
ship of  eighteen  thousand  five  hundred,  to  which  may  be  added  a 
membership  of  two  hundred  in  the  State  of  Nevada,  at  present  under 
our  jurisdiction. 

Our  Order  has  been  progressing.  It  has  made  a  steady  and  vigor- 
ous growth.  Our  power  and  strength  have  been  appreciated.  Our 
business  arrangements  have  been  so  conducted  that  we  have  derived 
great  good  from  them,  but  they  have  not  been  as  effective  as  they 
should  have  been.  This  is  from  a  variety  of  causes,  among  which 
may  be  placed  that  misunderstanding  which  seems  to  prevail  in  re- 
gard to  the  duties  of  Patrons  to  each  other  and  to  the  Order.  Our 
organic  law  provides  for  an  association  intended  for  co-operative 
purposes,  each  part  of  which  is  dependent  upon  some  other  to  make 


174  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

it  effective.  These  parts,  taken  singly,  are  but  weak  and  imperfect; 
but  when  all  are  combined,  they  make  a  machine  of  wondrous  power 
and  utility.  When  we  become  Patrons,  we  agree  to  relinquish  many 
individual  rights  we  previously  enjoyed,  and  bind  ourselves  to  co- 
operate for  certain  purposes.  These  purposes  are  plainly  prescribed, 
and,  to  a  great  extent,  the  mode  of  accomplishing  them  is  pointed 
out.  No  Patron,  no  Grange,  no  Council — under  the  arrangement 
of  our  organic  law — has  any  right  to  adopt  any  plan  for  business 
purposes,  without  first  ascertaining  whether  such  plan  is  in  accord 
with  the  general  good  of  the  Order.  No  one  can  be  allowed  to  carry 
out  selfish  views,  and  devise  a  system  which,  although  advantageous 
to  themselves,  may  be  injurious  to  other  members  or  other  parts  of 
the  Order.  Our  strength  lies  in  our  united  action,  and  in  order  to 
carry  out  our  objects  there  must  be  no  jarring,  no  clash,  no  discord; 
but  all  must  work  smoothly  together,  each  must  perform  the  duty 
assigned  to  it. 

The  general  objects  we  have  in  view  are  so  plain  we  need  not 
err  therein,  but,  hand  in  hand  and  shoulder  to  shoulder,  we  should 
keep  step  in  our  onward  march,  and  be  true  to  ourselves  and  to  each 
other.  In  order  to  accomplish  fhis,  it  is  absolutely  necessary  that 
we  must  not  only  be  united  in  our  efforts,  but  we  must  adhere  to 
plans  formed  by  those  we  have  placed  in  position  for  that  purpose. 
If  there  are  any  who  cannot  do  so,  they  are  out  of  place.  They  may 
be  with  us,  but  they  are  not  of  us;  their  presence,  their  voices,  their 
acts,  are  elements  of  weakness  instead  of  strength,  and  we  should 
avail  ourselves  of  the  ample  means  which  have  been  provided  by  our 
laws  to  remove  such  from  among  us. 

A  due  regard  is  not  always  observed  to  our  obligation  to  keep 
secret  the  work  of  our  Order;  our  business  arrangements  are  often 
divulged  without  any  intention  of  wrong  doing.  Patrons  give  some 
friend,  or  perhaps  some  member  of  their  family,  information  as  to 
some  of  the  advantages  we  derive  from  our  connection  with  the 
Order.  This  is  wrong.  Each  one  should  always  remember  that  they 
are  pledged  to  strict  secrecy  in  regard  to  all  information  of  every 
kind  they  receive  in  the  Grange. 

No  one  has  any  right  to  divulge  to  an  outsider  what  occurs  within 
our  gates — not  a  word  spoken  or  an  act  taken  of  any  kind.  The 
business  arrangements  confided  to  us  are  not  our  own.  They  be- 
long to  others,  and  we  have  no  right,  either  morally  or  legally,  to 
use  the  property  of  others  in  such  a  way  that  the  owners  thereof  may 
be  injured  by  our  act. 

The  Grangers'  Bank  is  an  institution  growing  out  of  our  necessities. 
"Without  it  we  are  destitute  of  an  important  auxiliary  to  carry  out 
the  plans  and  purposes  we  have  in  contemplation  in  regard  to  stor- 
ing, shipping,  and  selling  grain  in  the  home  and  foreign  markets,  in 
the  arrangements  contemplated  for  the  future,  for  procuring  direct 
from  manufacturers,  on  the  most  favorable  terms,  such  articles  as 
were  needed  by  Patrons.  With  it,  we  have  financial  facilities 
afforded  by  which  we  can  be  assisted  in  the  operation  of  our.agencies, 
be  aided  in  carrying  our  crops,  and  obtaining  such  money  accom- 
modations as  from  time  to  time  are  almost  indispensable,  without 
having  to  pay  exorbitant  rates  of  interest.     Although  a  difference  of 


THE  BANK  AND  INSURANCE  COMPANY. 

opinion  did  exist  among  Patrons  at  the  inception  of  the  enterprise, 
as  to  the  expediency  of  attempting  to  cany  it  through  at  the  time, 
and  the  jirospect  of  its  final  success,  the  bank  is  now  an  established 
fact.  It  has  been  in  operation  nearly  three  months,  and  the  amount 
of  business  done  through  it,  and  the  superior  facilities  it  affords  for 
the  transaction  of  our  business,  are  so  apparent,  that  these  differences 
have  become  almost  entirely  removed. 

Patrons  are  now  stockholders,  I  believe;  fully  double  the  number 
of  shareholders  in  any  other  bank  in  California,  and  these  are  from 
every  part  of  our  State.  By  far  the  largest  number  of  certificates 
are  for  a  few  shares  of  stock.  Thus  the  responsibility  for  its  proper 
management,  and  the  benefit  to  be  derived  from  it,  are  shared  by  so 
many  members  of  our  Order,  that  it  is  in  reality,  as  well  as  name, 
the  Grangers'  Bank  of  California. 

From  the  opportunity  afforded  me  for  observation,  I  am  able  to 
say  that  all  the  business  transactions  and  all  the  financial  arrange- 
ments are  carried  on  in  such  a  safe  and  conservative  manner,  that, 
as  long  as  the  present  policy  is  pursued,  I  cannot  see  how  any  dis- 
aster can  overtake  it,  or  any  injury  arise  from  it.  The  interests  of 
the  stockholders  are  so  well  guarded,  and  their  control  and  man- 
agement of  it  so  directly  in  their  own  hands,  that  nothing  but  gross 
neglect  on  the  part  of  the  friends  of  the  Bank  will  ever  allow  any 
advantage  to  be  taken  of  it,  or  a  loss  sustained  bjr  those  investing 
money  in  it.  Over  1,300  Patrons  are  now  stockholders  in  the  Bank, 
having  10,802  shares.  This,  I  believe,  is  more  than  double  the 
number  of  stockholders  in  any  other  bank  in  California,  and  they 
are  from  every  part  of  the  State.  Thus  the  impossibility  of  its  im- 
proper management. 

The  Grangers'  Insurance  Company  meets  a  great  want  among  the 
agriculturists  of  this  State;  and  Patrons,  instead  of  having  to  depend 
upon  others  to  assist  them  in  repairing  losses,  which  from  time  to 
time  are  sustained  from  fire,  have  a  friend  of  their  own,  bred  and 
born  in  the  Order,  managed  and  controlled  by  themselves,  of  but  a 
short  existence,  still  fast  assuming  vast  proportions;  and  from  the 
rapidity  with  which  Patrons  are  availing  themselves  of  the  security 
it  affords  them  against  losses,  its  popularity  is  becoming  more  and 
more  manifest,  and  confidence  in  it  is  becoming  stronger  every  day. 
Its  policies  embrace  all  the  most  improved  features  adopted  by  other 
fire  associations;  the  care  exercised  in  taking  only  what  are  termed 
by  all  underwriters  first-class  risks;  the  low  rates  of  premium  re- 
quired— all  recommend  it  strongly  to  the  patronage  of  our  Order, 
and  all  should  unite  in  availing  themselves  of  the  benefits  to  be  de- 
rived. 

And  now,  Patrons,  let  me  again  remind  you,  we  have  our  task  be- 
fore us,  and  all  our  ability  will  be  taxed  to  devise  plans  to  accom- 
plish it;  all  our  energies  will  be  required  to  carry  it  into  effect.  If 
we  are  but  true  to  ourselves  and  the  cause  we  have  espoused,  by  the 
light  of  the  new  era  which  has  dawned,  we  will  secure  better  and 
brighter  days  for  the  tillers  of  the  soil  than  they  have  ever  enjoyed. 
We  will  establish  a  test  of  true  manhood,  and  make  honor,  honesty, 
and  capacity  the  crucible  in  which  to  try  men's  fitness  for  place  and 
power.     "When  this  is  done,  we  will   realize   the  benefits  we  have 


176  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

sought  for,  and  then,  but  not  until  then,  can  we  sit  under  our  own 
vines  and  fig-trees  without  molestation,  and  enjoy  the  fruits  of  our 
labors. 

The  death  of  Sister  Stephens,  one  of  the  charter  members 
of  the  Stockton  Grange,  having  occurred  during  this  session, 
the  State  Grange  adjourned  for  the  purpose  of  attending  her 
funeral,  and  with  the  solemn  and  impressive  service  of  the  Or- 
der, the  remains  of  the  deceased  Sister  were  committed  to  the' 
grave. 

On  the  evening  of  the  third  day,  the  hall  having  been  duly 
prepared,  the  Fifth  Degree  was  conferred  upon  one  hundred  and 
four  Masters  and  thirty-six  Matrons;  when  the  festival  of  Po- 
mona was  celebrated  by  two  hundred  of  her  votaries.  The 
creed  of  the  Patron  requires  that  the  social  features  of  the 
Order  be  ever  held  as  of  the  highest  importance. 

A  great  number  of  resolutions  were  presented  and  discussed 
during  the  session,  which  illustrated  the  benefits  of  the  Grange 
in  calling  attention  to  defects  in  legislation,  and  the  bearings 
of  other  pursuits  and  interests  upon  agriculture.  Among  the 
more  important  resolutions  adopted  were  the  following: 

Whereas,  The  State  Grange  of  California  believes  that  conference 
and  consultation  with  transportation  companies  is  preferable  to  leg- 
islation, when  it  can  accomplish  the  same.     Therefore, 

Resolved,  That  our  Executive  Committee  be  requested  to  confer 
with  the  Directors  of  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company,  and 
see  if  they  cannot  secure  from  them  such  reductions  on  freights  and 
fares  as  may  seem  desirable  and  just;  also,  that  they  confer  with 
other  transportation  companies  of  our  coast  for  similar  reductions. 

Resolved,  That  in  view  of  the  great  scarcity  of  domestic  help  in 
this  State,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Executive  Committee  to  take 
immediate  steps  to  perfect  such  arrangements  with  the  Order  in  the 
Atlantic  States,  as  will  enable  us  to  import  female  help  under  the 
auspices  of  the  Order. 

Resolved,  That  the  attention  of  the  farmers  of  this  State  should 
be  directed  to  the  culture  of  cotton  as  one  of  the  staples,  thereby 
producing  that  diversity  of  products  so  necessary  to  develop  our 
agricultural  wealth. 

Resolved,  That  as  soon  as  the  Secretary  of  the  State  Grange  is 
notified  of  the  ratification  of  the  amendments  to  the  Constitution  of 
the  National  Grange  by  the  proper  authority,  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee of  the  State  Grange  are  hereby  authorized  to  establish  regu- 
lations for  the  organization  of  County  or  District  Granges. 

Resolved,  That  the  Executive  Committee  are  hereby  authorized  to 
immediately  mature  a  plan  for  the  incorporation  of  the  State  Grange 
as  a  corporate  body,  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out  the  demands 
of  our  Order. 


REPORT  OF  THE  STATE  AGENT.  177 

The  various  official  reports  furnished  gratifying  proof  of  the 
earnestness  and  economy  with  which  the  work  of  the  Order  had 
been  prosecuted.  They  are  necessarily  presented  here  in  a 
greatly  abridged  form.  First  in  importance  was  the  report  of 
the  State  Agent,  Bro.  I.  G.  Gardner,  as  follows : 

When  the  office  was  first  opened,  it  had  to  contend  with  men 
brought  up  and  trained  in  mercantile  pursuits,  who  looked  upon 
our  movements  with  suspicion,  well  knowing  that,  should  we  pre- 
serve harmony  amongst  ourselves,  great  innovations  would  neces- 
sarily be  made.  I  have  spared  neither  time  nor  patience  in  the  en- 
deavor to  place  the  office  in  a  position  that  would  compel  the  respect 
of  its  enemies,  and  protect,  to  the  fullest  extent,  the  interests  of  our 
Order. 

The  amount  of  money  saved  to  purchasers,  during  the  short  period 
of  my  agency,  has  reached  the  sum  of  $15,000,  while  the  expense 
of  the  same,  including  salary  of  agent,  clerk-hire,  etc.,  has  been 
$411  GG,  over  and  above  its  earnings,  which  are  derived  from  com- 
mission alone,  at  one  half  the  rate  charged  by  commission  houses. 
During  the  greater  portion  of  the  time  Bro.  Kellogg  was  in  the  of- 
fice, no  commissions  were  charged.  The  business  of  the  agency  is 
increasing,  and  more  confidence  appears  to  exist  in  its  operations  as 
experience  is  acquired. 

The  direct  savings  upon  actual  purchases,  through  the  agency,  are 
insignificant,  compared  with  the  indirect  influence  such  purchases 
have  had  on  the  general  market  throughout  the  State. 

As  the  accompanying  statement  shows  the  amount  of  business  in 
the  matter  of  purchase  done  by  the  agency,  the  general  effect  of  its 
influence  has  produced  the  following  results.  Last  year,  when 
there  were  short  crops,  and  a  large  surplus  of  agricultural  imple- 
ments, the  maximum  discount  that  could  be  obtained  on  such  im- 
plements, for  cash,  was  five  per  cent. ;  and  even  this  concession  was 
made  only  to  those  whose  experience  taught  them  that  a  discount 
was  due.  In  many  cases,  three  per  cent,  was  the  greatest  amount 
allowed. 

This  year,  with  an  abundant  harvest,  causing  a  demand  beyond 
the  supply  of  agricultural  implements,  through  the  operations  of 
this  agency  a  discount  of  fifteen  per  cent.,  for  cash,  on  the  large 
purchases  of  implements  by  said  agency,  has  been  allowed.  I 
estimate  the  reduction  on  groceries  and  general  merchandise,  by 
the  efforts  of  this  agency,  to  be  five  per  cent,  on  $4,000,000 — a  clear 
saving  to  the  Patrons  of  $200,000,  over  and  above  the  present  prices 
paid  by  those  who  do  not  and  cannot  belong  to  our  organization. 

On  sacks,  we  have  caused  a  reduction  of  one  cent  each,  aside  from 
the  still  greater  reduction  caused  by  the  large  importation  thereof 
by  E.  E.  Morgan's  Sons,  as  per  agreement  with  our  Granges.  The 
consumption  of  sacks  this  year  has  been  15,000,000,  on  which  a  clear 
saving  has  been  made  of  one  per  cent.,  or  $150,000  more. 

Through  the  operations  of  E.  E.  Morgan's  Sons,  and  the  various 
other  means  made  use  of  by  the  Executive  Committee,  we  are  en- 
abled to  give  the  following  figures  as  the  result  of  our  operations 
for  the  first  year : 
12 


178  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

Amount  saved  on  sacks,  $450,000;  amount  saved  on  tonnage,  $5 
per  ton,  $3,000,000;  amount  saved  on  agricultural  implements,  $160, 
000;  amount  saved  on  groceries  and  general  merchandise,  $200,000; 
amount  saved  on  our  own  grain  last  year,  15c  per  cental,  9,000,000 
centals,  $1,350,000.     Total,  $5,160,000. 

The  Treasurer,  W.  A.  Fisher,  reported : 

Receipts  to  June  30,  1874 $8,846  14 

For  dues  and  contingent  fund  contribution. .  .$7,598  14 
Commissions  from  agency 1,248  00 


Disbursed  upon  drafts  to  September  17,  1874^$6,891  60 
Cash  on  hand  in  bank 1,954  64 


$8,846  14 
$8,846  14 


Keport  of  Executive  Committee : 

The  efforts  put  forth  by  them,  were  first  directed  toward  carry- 
ing out  your  instructions  with  reference  to  legislative  matters  placed 
in  their  hands,  viz:  Irrigation,  Public  School  Lands  and  the  State 
University,  the  committees  of  which  will  make  detailed  reports. 

The  next,  establishing  an  agency  for  the  sale  of  Dairy  Produce, 
the  report  of  which  will  be  presented  under  its  proper  head. 

Then  came  the  all  absorbing  and  most  vital  of  business  matters 
for  their  consideration,  that  of  providing  sacks  and  tonnage  for  the 
coming  season  and  this  present  crop.  Their  efforts  in  this  direction 
have  been  made  manifest  by  the  circulars  which  have  been  sent  to 
every  Grange  in  the  State,  urging  upon  the  members  of  the  Order 
everywhere,  to  take  such  steps  as  the  Committee  believed  to  be 
necessary  in  order  to  carry  out  the  principles  of  business  for  which 
we  have  combined;  also  in  sending  those  wh<3  were  informed  upon 
the  subjects,  to  visit  and  explain,  so  that  all  might  understand  in 
relation  thereto,  and  understanding,  all  could  work  in  harmony  and 
unison  toward  solving  the  great  and  difficult  problem  of  the  "  capa- 
bility of  the  farmer  to  transact  business  for  himself." 

Then  the  momentous  question  of  a  financial  institution  forced  it- 
self upon  them  for  consideration.  The  popular  feeling  and  dis- 
position seeming  ripe,  and  the  time  propitious  for  its  establishment, 
a  convention  was  called,  and  the  results  are  before  you;  although 
not  under  the  control  of  the  Executive  Committee,  or  the  State 
Grange,  still  inaugurated  by  them  for  the  good  of  the  members  of 
the  Order. 

And,  finally,  they  were  called  upon  to  consider  the  propriety  of 
sanctioning  another  proposition,  pregnant  with  good  to  the  members 
of  the  Order  and  the  farmers  of  the  State;  one  that  will  save  to  them 
hundreds  of  thousands,  aye,  millions  of  dollars  per  annum,  keeping 
in  our  own  hands,  instead  of  flowing  into  the  coffers  of  those  who 
have  become  millionaires  from  the  hard  earned  dollars  of  the  tillers 
of  the  soil,  and  whose  affection  for  us  is  measured  by  the  amount 
they  can  compel  us  to  contribute  to  the  stream  flowing  to  their  ocean 
of  wealth.  That  proposition  was  the  "  California  Farmers'  Mutual 
Fire  Insurance  Association,"  like  the  bank,  not  under  their  control, 


EXPENSES  OF  MANAGEMENT.  179 

but  sanctioned  and  recommended  by  them  for  the  good  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Order,  and  farmers  generally. 

The  actual  cash  expenses  paid  for  railroad  fare  and  hotel  bills 
during  the  past  year  by  the  Executive  Committee,  is  as  follows: 

Individual  expenses:  J.  M.  Hamilton,  $278  65;  I.  G.  Gardner, 
$155  50;  J.  C.  Merryfield,  $176  50.  J.  M.  Mayfield  (Old  Commit- 
tee), $43  25;  G.  W.  Colby,  $320;  H,  B.  Jolley,  $224  50;  N.  L, 
Allen  (Old  Committee),  $84;  W.  M.  Thorpe  (Old  Committee),  $28; 
A.  B.  Nalley,  $163  25;  W.  H.  Baxter,  Secretary,  $135.  Total 
$1,668  65.  Printing  bills,  $34  50;  printing,  $337  51;  Masters'  at- 
tendance at  N.  G.,  $600;  Masters'  printing,  $10  75;  Lecturers, 
$171  50;  Treasurer,  $79  50;  office  of  Secretary,  $207  77;  express 
charges  on  sundries,  $53  60;  State  Grange  agency,  2,318  85;  salary 
of  Secretary,  13  months,  $1,300.  Total  $5,081  03.  Total  expenses 
as  per  account,  $6,724  18. 

The  Lecturer,  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  reported : 

The  first  two  weeks  after  our  adjournment  at  San  Jose,  October 
19th,  1873,  were  spent  chiefly  in  work  connected  with  the  investiga- 
tion and  Memorial  concerning  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts 
College  of  the  State  University,  as  will  appear  in  the  report  of  the 
University  Committee.  Eden  Grange,  Alameda  County,  was  also 
organized  October  25th,  at  Hay  wards,  by  request  of  the  Worthy 
Deputy  of  Alameda  County,  Bro.  Dewey;  Oristimba,  November 
4th,  and  Cottonwood,  November  10th.  From  December  9th  to 
31st,  inclusive,  my  entire  time  was  devoted  to  organizing  Granges 
in  Fresno,  Tulare,  and  Kern  counties.  During  this  time  I  traveled 
seven  hundred  and  fifty  miles,  and  had  the  satisfaction  of  leaving 
fourteen  good  Granges  in  counties  where  our  work  had  not  been 
previously  carried.  The  first  twenty  days  of  the  new  year  were  oc- 
cupied almost  exclusively  in  installations,  chiefly  by  invitation,  in 
Turlock,  Kustic,  Yuba  City,  Colusa,  Meridian,  Woodville,  Napa,  and 
St.  Helena  Granges.  Two  days  of  this  time  were  also  spent  at  Sacra- 
mento, in  conference  with  the  Worthy  Master  and  Executive  Com- 
mittee, and  members  of  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  to  determine  the 
best  mode  of  proceeding  with  our  Memorial  on  the  University. 

The  following  week  was  spent  in  making  preparations  to  attend 
the  meeting  of  the  National  Grange  at  St.  Louis.  As  you  are 
aware,  Past  Masters  of  State  Granges  are  members  of  the  National 
Grange,  but  no  provision  is  made  by  that  body  to  pay  their  ex- 
penses in  attending  its  sessions,  as  they  are  only  honorary  members. 
Yet  by  the  voluntary  contributions  of  some  of  our  fellow  Patrons 
for  the  purpose,  chiefly  in  Napa  and  St.  Helena  Granges,  as  they 
wished  me  to  attend  that  meeting  as  your  Past  Master,  and  by  the 
generous  fees  allowed  by  the  Granges  whose  officers  I  installed,  I 
was  enabled  to  accompany  our  Worthy  Master  in  that  ever  memora- 
ble session. 

The  next  two  months  were  spent  in  Alabama  and  Mississippi  with 
my  friends  and  family.  I  had  thus  an  opportunity  to  confer  with 
our  southern  brethren  about  the  mutual  interests  of  our  Order,  and 
it  is  most  gratifying  to  be  able  to  testify  to  the  fact,  that  nowhere 


180  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

do  you  find  more  devotion  to  the  principles  of  the  Patrons  of  Hus- 
bandry than  among  our  southern  brothers  and  sisters,  and  their 
name  is  legion.  They  hail  with  joy  the  glad  tidings  from  all  parts 
of  our  land,  that  reform  and  harmony  are  fast  becoming  the  watch- 
words of  our  people .  None  believe  more  strongly  than  they  do  the 
great  truth,  based  upon  the  pure  principles  of  the  Grange,  that  "in 
our  Union  is  our  strength."  They  rejoice  that  the  time  has  come, 
wrhen  in  the  work  of  the  Grange,  by  the  aid  of  its  many  outside 
friends,  we  find  promise  of  an  educator,  a  harmonizer,  and  a  peace- 
maker, which,  if  used  in  good  faith  and  with  prudent  action,  can 
eventually  be  the  salvation  of  our  country.  Let  each  of  us  at  all 
times,  fellow  Patrons,  so  act  as  to  lend  whatever  influence  we  may 
have  to  secure  that  great  result  so  devoutly  to  be  wished. 

To  sum  up  my  efforts  for  the  year,  as  it  has  resulted,  allow  me  to 
report  that  since  our  last  session,  I  have  traveled  over  three  thou- 
sand miles  in  our  own  State,  some  six  thousand  miles  in  attending 
the  National  Grange;  have  visited  twenty-seven  out  of  thirty-eight 
counties  in  California  where  Granges  exist;  have  organized  thirty- 
one  Granges  in  addition  to  the  nine  organized  while  Master  of  the 
State  Grange;  have  visited  twenty-five  Granges  already  organized, 
and  there  met  members  of  more  than  one  hundred  neighboring- 
Granges;  have  delivered  seventy-eight  addresses,  of  which  some 
fifty  were  public;  have  rehearsed  our  unwritten  work  some  eighty 
times  in  Granges,  and  hundreds  of  times  in  private;  have  written 
hundreds  of  letters,  and  devoted  in  all  some  two  hundred  days  of 
my  time  to  the  interests  of  the  Grange.  These  labors  of  the  year 
have  been  a  small  tax  upon  the  treasury  of  the  State  Grange,  from 
which  I  have  drawn  less  than  one  hundred  and  twenty  dollars  for 
my  services;  in  addition  to  fees  for  organizing  and  installing,  this 
has  met  my  expenses  and  left  me  a  small  surplus.  The  duties  of 
the  office  have  been  performed  in  the  midst  of  many  private  disap- 
pointments, struggles  and  trials  in  the  management  of  my  own  farm 
and  business. 

Eeport  of  John  H.  Hegeler,  Manager  of  the  Dairy  Produce 
Department : 

In  representing  to  the  Executive  Committee  of  the  California  State 
Grange  this  report,  I  give  the  figures,  suggestions,  etc.,  so  each  may 
draw  their  own  conclusions. 

The  house  was  opened  informally  for  business  on  the  first  of  Janu- 
ary, 1874,  during  which  month  the  sales  amounted  to  $432  03;  in 
February,  to  $2,423  48;  in  March,  to  $8,099  73;  in  April,  to  $9,- 
742  1G;  in  May,  to  $10,033  94;  in  June,  to  $10,209  88.  In  July,  it 
dropped  to  $8,533  21;  in  August,  $11,107  02;  and  in  the  last  month, 
September,  it  ran  up  to  $13,877  94,  making  a  total  for  the  first  nine 
months  of  $74,460  36.  The  total  number  of  shippers  on  the  books 
is  301;  the  total  commissions,  $2,481  12;  the  total  expense  account 
amounts  to  $2,570  36,  of  which  nearly  $1,000  is  for  rents  and  $450 
for  store  fixtures. 

Charged  to  loss  and  gain,  for  bad  debts  and  money  otherwise  lost 
in  the  course  of  business,  $1,222  04,  making  a  loss  to  the  business, 
so  far,  of  $1,311  28. 


MARKET  IN  PHILADELPHIA.  181 

\Thile  I  do  not  expect  that  the  business  will  clear  itself  by  the  end 
of  the  year,  yet  I  hope  and  believe,  from  the  manner  in  which  it  in- 
creases, that  it  will  be  more  than  self-sustaining  in  another  season. 
Everything  seems  to  bid  fair  for  the  Grangers  to  do  the  great  busi- 
ness in  this  line  in  the  future.  In  fact  this  is  now  very  generally 
admitted,  even  by  those  who,  not  many  months  ago,  stigmatized  us 
as  not  understanding  the  business,  and  that  of  necessity  we  would 
freeze  out,  as  we  had  "neither  credit  nor  capital." 

To  show  how  near  freezing  out  we  came,  I  will  state  that  during 
the  month  of  September  there  were  received  in  San  Francisco,  from 
all  sources,  some  eighty-three  thousand  pounds.  Of  this  amount, 
there  were  received  by  us,  nineteen  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
twelve  pounds,  or  nearly  one  fourth  of  the  whole  amount;  and  when 
wo  come  to  know  that  there  are  forty-eight  firms  engaged  in  selling 
dairy  produce  at  wholesale,  we  know  that  we  are  not  going  to  die 
out  yet  awhile. 

The  matter  of  dried  fruits  deserves  more  than  a  passing  notice. 
The  fact  that  California-grown  fruits  are  among  the  finest,  at  once 
gives  us  a  prominent  position  among  the  fruit-growers  of  the  world. 
Bat  the  mere  matter  of  prominent  position  is  not  all  we  want — we 
must  have  a  proper  renumeration  for  our  investment  and  our  labor. 
As  green  fruits  are  so  common  and  cheap  in  this  State,  we  are  com- 
pelled to  look  abroad  for  a  market,  and  since  the  establishment  of 
the  various  drying  machines  and  apparatuses,  this  is  now  not  so  dif- 
ficult as  before.  With  this  end  in  view,  I  have  made  permanent  ar- 
rangements with  the  house  of  Miles,  Carson  &  Co.,  in  Philadelphia, 
who  are  probably  the  heaviest  dealers  in  this  commodity  in  the 
United  States,  to  handle  and  sell  for  our  house  dried  fruits,  honey, 
and  butter.    I  have  every  reason  to  believe  the  business  will  succeed. 

In  speaking  of  the  business  done,  I  speak  usually  of  butter,  as 
that  is  my  principal  business;  yet  there  is  much  done  in  other  com- 
modities. Very  nearly  all  the  cheese  of  the  Petaluma  factory  has 
found  a  market  through  the  Grange  agency,  besides  much  dairy 
cheese;  also  eggs,  poultry,  potatoes,  honey,  and  dried  fruits.  The 
matter  of  potatoes  is  an  important  interest,  and  requires  more  atten- 
tion than  it  now  receives.  But  when  it  comes  to  be  considered  more 
thoroughly,  you  will  find  it  a  very  difficult  thing  to  manage.  For 
the  special  benefit  of  the  potato-growers,  I  have  employed  the  ser- 
vices of  Wm.  H.  Alexander,  who  is  also  a  Patron,  and  member  of 
Tomales  Grange,  and  who  has  had  several  years  of  experience  in 
selling  potatoes. 

As  to  honey,  it  must  find  a  market  out  of  this  State,  to  be  profit- 
able to  the  farmer. 

Now,  let  us  look  at  the  practical  results  of  our  enterprise.  There  are 
now  made  in  California,  as  near  as  can  be  approximated,  about  nine 
million  nine  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  six  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  pounds  of  butter,  besides  cheese.  Of  this,  about  seven  million 
nine  hundred  and  thirty-six  thousand  pounds  finds  a  market  through- 
out the  State.  In  looking  over  my  account  sales  for  the  butter  sold 
in  1872,  which  was  an  average  year  as  to  price,  I  find  the  average 
price  per  pound,  for  the  first  nine  months,  to  be  twenty-five  and  one- 
eighth  cents,  while  this  year,  for  the  same  dairy,  during  the  same 


182  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

time,  I  find  the  price  to  have  been  thirty-three  and  one  sixth  cents  per 
pound,  a  difference  of  eight  and  one  twenty-fourth  cents  per  pound, 
or  a  clear  gain  of  six  hundred  and  thirty-eight  thousand  two  hundred 
and  thirty-three  dollars  to  the  dairy  interests  of  the  State.  This  dif- 
ference is,  to  a  very  great  extent,  traceable  to  the  existence  of  the 
Grange  store  in  San  Francisco,  for  several  reasons :  one  being  that, 
to  a  very  great  extent,  it  prevents  combinations  against  farmers  to 
break  the  market.  On  the  contrary,  it  has  a  tendency  to  create  a 
sharp  competition  between  the  various  dealers  to  get  the  highest 
l^ossible  price  for  their  products. 

One  of  the  greatest  wants  of  the  dairy  farmers  is  a  bank  that  will 
supply  them  with  means  for  prosecuting  their  business,  and,  at  the 
same  time,  leave  them  free  to  sell  their  products  as  best  they  can. 
The  manner  in  which  this  borrowing  business  is  done  in  California 
is  such  that  the  commission  merchants  virtually  own  or  control  the 
entire  products  of  the  State  by  the  advances  they  have  made. 

Banking  and  money  loaning  are  no  part  of  a  legitimate  commis- 
sion business,  and  the  man  who  goes  to  a  merchant  to  borrow 
money  on  the  article  he  is  to  sell,  places  himself  at  the  mercy  of 
that  merchant.  Moreover,  every  commission  merchant  is  the  agent 
of  the  farmer  fori  whom  he  sells,  and  any  business  that  is  con- 
ducted in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  a  farmer's  agent  a  speculator 
in  his  products  must  breed  corruption. 

Now,  the  proofs  and  illustrations.  It  has  been  the  practice,  since 
the  building  of  the  railroad  across  the  continent,  of  our  largest  dairy 
produce  commission  houses,  to  send  car-loads  of  butter  East  each 
season,  about  February,  March,  or  April,  as  the  openness  of  our 
winters  enables  us  to  make  butter  here  much  earlier  than  in  the 
East.  It  always  so  happens  that  the  butter  market  here  ' '  breaks 
up  "  just  about  the  time  our  merchants  get  ready  to  ship  East,  and 
the  price  suddenly  drops  from  forty  or  fifty  cents  per  pound  to 
twenty-five  or  thirty.  And  why  not  ?  The  agent  of  the  dairymen — 
the  commission  man — buys  this  butter,  buys  it  of  whom  ?  Of  the 
dairyman  ?  No,  he  buys  it  of  himself,  to  ship  on  a  speculation  of 
his  own.  This  agent,  then,  fixes  the  price  on  the  very  article  he 
buys.  It  is  simply  this:  Hegeler,  a  commission  merchant,  sells  to 
Hegeler,  a  speculator,  ten  tons  of  butter,  and  Hegeler,  the  merchant, 
fixes  the  price  to  Hegeler,  the  speculator.  If  any  one  thinks  the 
dairymen  profit  by  this  kind  of  an  arrangement,  they  see  things  in 
a  different  light  from  myself. 

During  the  spring  and  summer  much  butter  is  packed,  by  both 
farmers  and  speculating  commission  merchants,  who  pack  much  of 
the  butter  consigned  to  them,  and  the  process  just  explained  of 
buying  of  themselves  is  here  repeated.  If  the  product  is  supposed 
to  be  short,  every  pound  possible  is  bought,  and  prices  are  pur- 
posely held  down  till  all  is  secured,  which  being  done,  the  prices 
are  at  once  put  up.  Yet,  the  dairyman  is  in  no  wise  profited  by  this 
rise,  as  he  has  probably  sold  the  products  of  his  toil,  while  the 
profits  of  all  this,  the  farmers'  hard  toiling,  goes  into  the  hands  of 
middle-men  speculators. 

But  you  say  it  is  not  necessary  always  for  the  farmer  to  sell  while 
prices  are  low — he,  too,  can  hold  on  for  the  usual  rise  in  price. 


HE  WHO   SOWS,    MUST  ALSO  EEAP.  183 

Very  well,  suppose  I  am  a  commission  merchant,  I  bay  all  I  can, 
say  I  buy  two  thirds  of  the  yield,  that  is  of  the  surplus,  the  remain- 
ing one  third  is  held  by  the  farmer;  the  fact  becomes  known  to  me. 
I  am  aware  there  is  a  surplus  in  the  countiy.  Then  what  do  I  do  ? 
I  offer  only  my  own  butter  for  sale,  while  that  which  I  hold  in  trust 
for  the  farmer,  on  consignment,  I  keep  in  the  background,  and  do 
not  offer  for  sale.  I  dispose  of  mine  at  a  fair  figure,  and  when  I 
have  sold  all  I  have  of  my  own,  I  then  offer  yours.  But  the  butter 
market  having  been  supplied,  yours  will  form  the  surplus — the  re- 
sult must  be  as  it  was  last  year — a  tumble  in  the  prices.  The  one 
is  sold  at  a  good  figure,  while  the  other  must  suffer  his  to  be  slaugh- 
tered; as  we  are  all  human,  and  self-preservation  being  the  first  law 
of  nature,  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  the  party  slaughtered  is 
the  farmer.  It  has  been  my  study  to  look  up  the  evils  of  this  sys- 
tem of  trade.  They  are  necessarily  evils  of  a  system — perhaps  there 
is  no  one  who,  under  the  same  circumstances,  would  not  take  ad- 
vantage of  these  business  opportunities;  and,  therefore,  we  should 
not  attack  the  persons  engaged  in  it  half  so  much  as  we  should  at- 
tack the  system  itself. 

The  remedy  for  all  this  is  simple  enough.  It  lies  alone  within 
ourselves — within  the  Grange,  I  mean.  To  this  body,  and  to  this 
body  alone,  will  devolve  this  duty  of  transforming  this  great  evil 
into  a  better  and  healthier  mode  of  business.  It  lies  simply  in  this: 
the  farmer  must  become  his  own  business  man;  he  must  be  his  own 
business  manager;  he  must  be  his  own  salesman;  he  must,  not  only 
sow,  but  he  must  reap;  and  he  must  not  cease  to  garner  his  prod- 
ucts till  he  is  done,  and  he  is  not  done  when  he  places  his  golden 
grain  in  his  barn,  but  he  shall  have  done  when  he  has  reaped  the 
reward  of  his  toil  by  a  proper  remuneration  and  exchange  of  his 
products  for  the  necessaries  of  his  life  and  household.  No  one  can 
be  so  good  an  agent  for  the  farmer  as  the  farmer  himself;  or  at 
least  he  should  be  the  creature  of  the  farmer,  and  not,  as  is  now  the 
case,  the  farmer  the  creature  of  the  agent.  My  idea  is,  that  the 
State  Grange  should  own  the  business,  and  it  is  the  duty  of  every 
Patron  to  patronize  it  to  the  fullest  extent  possible. 

Second  Annual  Report  of  Brothers  Jolley,  Stiles  and  Wright, 
Committee  on  Irrigation : 

"While  the  past  year  has  been  one  of  unexampled  prosperity  in 
most  parts  of  the  State,  it  has  also  demonstrated  the  absolute  neces- 
sity of  the  immediate  adoption  of  some  system  of  irrigation,  which 
will  enable  hundreds  of  the  small  farmers  of  this  State  to  retain 
their  homes,  which  they  cannot  do,  unless  their  farms  afford  them 
the  means  of  support  for  their  families. 

The  San  Joaquin  Valley,  which  seems  destined  to  be  the  Garden 
of  the  Continent,  and  especially  that  part  wost  of  the  San  Joaquin 
Kiver,  has  suffered  to  an  alarming  extent  in  the  last  year  from 
drought,  and  we  feel  safe  in  calculating  the  loss  at  sufficient  to  con- 
struct a  canal  from  Tulare  Lake  to  Antioch. 

In  accordance  with  the  instructions  of  this  State -Grange,  and  the 
Preamble  and  Resolutions  adopted  by  this  Grange  at  its  last  session, 


184  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

we  prepared  and  printed  five  hundred  copies  of  a  petition  to  the 
Legislature  for  an  act  creating'  a  general  system  of  irrigation,  setting 
forth  the  views  in  the  aforesaid  Resolutions,  and  caused  the  same  to 
be  distributed  throughout  the  State  to  every  Grange  then  organized . 
We  also  issued  a  circular  letter  to  each  Master,  asking  in  the  name 
of  this  State  Grange  his  personal  influence  in  furthering  this  enter- 
prise, by  obtaining  signatures  to  these  petitions.  In  such  localities 
as  have  realized,  by  the  saddest  of  experience,  the  great  need  of  this 
measure,  the  petitions  were  very  generally  signed;  and  we  were  en- 
abled to  present  the  petition  to  the  Legislature  backed  by  the  names 
of  several  thousand  petitioners.  We  regret  to  say,  that  in  some  of 
those  localities  where  the  need  of  such  a  system  is  not  as  plainly 
felt,  or  where  it  would  prove  of  less  direct  advantage  than  elsewhere, 
subordinate  Granges  refused  to  give  their  countenance  and  support 
to  the  measure,  and  disregarded  the  fact  that  this  State  Grange  had 
authorized  such  effort,  and  considered  it  to  be  of  vital  importance  to 
the  agriculturists  of  this  State.  We  believe  it  to  be  the  grandest 
scheme,  and  entirely  feasible  withal,  ever  inaugurated  in  this  State, 
and  one  which  would,  if  successfully  carried  out,  bring  to  us  untold 
wealth,  and  fill  our  valleys  with  an  immense  population. 

In  conformity  with  the  instructions  of  this  Grange,  your  Commit- 
tee prepared  a  "bill  to  provide  for  a  general  system  of  irrigation 
throughout  the  State,"  which  system  was  to  have  been  inaugurated 
and  conducted  by  the  State,  authority  vesting  the  rights  to  the  water 
in  the  soil  forever;  and  although  imperfect,  as  human  institutions 
always  are,  it  would  have  been  the  initiative  of  one  of  the  grandest 
enterprises  yet  projected  for  the  benefit  of  the  agriculturists  of  the 
State,  and  one  than  which  no  other  is  more  needed  at  this  day.  As 
can  be  seen  by  reference  to  section  12,  page  4,  of  this  bill,  it  was  re- 
quired that  the  expenses  on  the  part  of  the  State,  in  carrying  out 
the  provisions  of  this  act,  should  "in  no  case  exceed  the  sum  of 
thirty  thousand  dollars  in  any  one  year."  So  that  the  objection 
that  it  would  have  been  a  great  expense  to  the  State  does  not  hold 
good. 

The  deep  interest  felt  in  the  success  of  this  measure  induced  a 
portion  of  your  Committee  to  spend  most  of  their  time  in  Sacra- 
mento, during  the  time  of  preparing  the  bill  and  its  pendency  be- 
fore those  august  bodies,  the  Senate  and  Assembly.  Our  efforts  to 
discharge  our  trust  as  a  Committee  Were  ably  seconded  by  West  San 
Joaquin  Grange,  No.  3,  which  spared  no  expense  in  their  power  to 
secure  the  success  of  the  measure,  sending  to  the  aid  of  your  Com- 
mittee its  Worthy  Overseer,  to  whom  your  Committee  tender  their 
sincere  thanks  for  his  earnest  efforts. 

Our  bill  was  presented  in  the  Assembly  January  21st,  1874,  by 
Brother  Venable,  of  Los  Angeles,  and  was  known  thereafter  as 
"Venable's  Bill."  Your  Committee  would  take  this  opportunity  to 
publicly  return  their  thanks  to  Brother  Venable  for  his  efforts  in  be- 
half of  this  great  enterprise.  After  the  usual  delays  attendant  upon 
all  Legislation,  the  bill  was  passed  by  the  Assembly  by  a  majority  of 
thirty.  The  bill  was  then  introduced  in  the  Senate,  and  although 
there  seemed  to  be  little  direct  opposition  to  it,  did  not  come  up  on 
its  final  passage  until  March  24th,  1874.    The  principle  seemed  gen- 


HOW  VENABLE'S  BILL  WAS  DEFEATED.  185 

erally  accepted  that  something  should  be  done,  and  the  die  seemed 
about  to  be  cast  in  our  favor;  but  on  the  eve  of  our  triumph,  a  new  , 
part}-  appeared  in  the  field.  The  friends  of  that  giant  monopoly 
known  as  the  San  Joaquin  &  Kings  River  Canal  Company,  rushed 
to  the  State  Capital  in  force,  and  in  the  few  hours  whichintervoned 
our  defeat  was  accomplished,  and  olr  fh^r  "next  day  the  labor  of  the 
year  was  ignominiously  defeated.  How  this-  was  accomplished,  we 
leave  you  to  imagine.  Their  influence^  whether  exerted  through 
solid  argument  or  other  wise,  was  more  potent  than  the  prayers  of 
thousands  of  farmers. 

Your  Committee  return  thanks  to  the  Executive  Committee  of 
this  Grange  for  the  aid  extended  by  thenr  enabling  one  of  our 
Committee  to  remain  in  the  capital  during  the  pendency  of  this 
question.  / 

Your  Committee  would  ask  of  this  State  Grange  a  renewed  effort 
to  accomplish  this  great  enterprise,  and  recommend  the  discharge  of 
the  present  Committee  and  the  appointment  of  a  new  Committee, 
who  shall  be  peculiarlv  ""We  to  this  great  subject.  In  conclusion, 
your  Committee  Voluu  recommend  to  every  Patron  a  careful  perusal 
of  the  very  able  address,  delivered  by  Hon.  M.  M.  Estee,  at  the 
opening  of  the  late  State  Fair,  as  being  replete  with  facts  and  infor- 
mation of  great  importance  to  the  farmers  throughout  the  State. 

Keport  of  Committee  on  Good  of  the  Order : 

"Whereas,  It  can  be  shown  from  statistics  accessible  to  every  one, 
that  the  insurance  business  of  the  State  of  California  in  1873 
amounted  to  $184,345,589,  with  a  profit  of  $2,377,970,  out  of  which 
the  foreign  companies  do  business  in  fire  risks  to  the  amount  of  $86,- 
094,960,  with  a  net  profit  of  $970,478;  and  that  marine  risks  amount 
to  a  business  of  $56,823,425,  with  a  profit  of  $973,980,  of  which  busi- 
ness, $24,502,587  is  done  by  foreign  companies,  with  a  net  profit  of 
$359,199,  making  a  total  net  profit  to  the  foreign  companies  doing 
business  in  this  State,  of  $1,329,677;  and, 

Whereas,  It  is  notorious  that  the  whole,  or  a  larger  part  of  this 
immense  sum  is  placed  at  the  disposal  of  our  opponents,  the  grain 
speculators,  and  other  middle-men  of  San  Francisco,  and  their  agents 
in  the  interior  of  the  State;  and, 

Whereas,  The  By-Laws  of  the  California  Farmers'  Fire  Insurance 
Association,  an  institution  formed  in  our  own  Order,  provides  that 
all  funds  shall  be  deposited  in  the  Grangers'  Bank  at  San  Francisco, 
thereby  placing  them  where  they  will  be  used  in  our  favor,  instead 
of  against  us;  and, 

Whereas,  This  Company  proposes  to  take  fire  risks  on  farm  build- 
ings at  lower  rates  than  have  heretofore  obtained,  thus  securing  a 
material  economy,  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  our  Order; 
therefore,  be  it 

Resolved,  That  it  is  the  duty  of  every  member  of  the  Order  to 
forward  the  interests  of  the  Farmers'  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Asso- 
ciation, so  far  as  can  be  done  without  conflicting  with  any  private 
right  or  interest. 

The  efforts  of  the  State  Grange  to  put  the  Agricultural  Col- 


186  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

lege  upon  a  practical  foundation,  are  presented  in  the  report  of 
the  Standing  Committee  on  Education  and  the  University,  J. 
A.  Wright,  W.  H.  Baxter  and  O.  L.  Abbott,  as  follows: 


rving  our  duties  mapped  out  for  us,  by  the  resolution  passed 
at  the\  first  annual  meeting,  requiring  us  "to  inquire  particularly 
into  the\condition  of  the  Agricultural  Department  of  the  State  Uni- 
versity, w4^at  improvements,  if  any,  should  be  made,  and  what  leg- 
islation, if  asv,  is  required  to  secure  to  the  farmers  of  this  State,  the 
full  benefits  of^tiie  Agricultural  College  grant,"  etc.,  etc.,  your  Com- 
mittee went  immediately  to  work,  Brother  Wright  proceeding  to 
Oakland  to  investigate>Jbecame  acquainted  with  the  President  of  the 
University  and  most  of  the  Faculty,  and  collected  as  many  facts  as 
possible  bearing  upon  the  subject  under  consideration.  Learning 
that  the  Mechanics'  Deliberative  Assembly  of  San  Francisco,  had, 
almost  simultaneously  with  the  State  Grange,  appointed  a  commit- 
tee of  three  for  a  similar  purpose,  ana  co  avoid  any  conflict  of  action 
between  the  representatives  of  the  two  great  industrial  classes  of  our 
State,  whose  interests  are  so  clearly  mutual  in  developing  the  agri- 
cultural and  mechanical  departments  of  our  University,  we  deter- 
mined, after  several  conferences,  upon  joint  action  by  the  two 
bodies.  The  result  was  a  most  cordial  and  happy  unity  of  action 
between  these  industrial  elements;  and,  after  much  deliberation  and 
care,  a  joint  memorial  to  the  State  Legislature  was  prepared,  asking 
for  such  timely  enactments  and  appropriations  as  would  tend  to 
properly  develop  and  foster  the  industrial  features  of  our  great  in- 
stitution, in  accordance  with  the  evident  intent  of  the  organic  Acts 
of  Congress  and  the  State  Legislature.  The  Chairman  of  your  Com- 
mittee, in  accordance  with  the  wishes  of  the  other  members,  spent 
the  greater  part  of  two  weeks  in  such  investigations  and  confer- 
ences; and  in  drafting,  with  the  aid  of  Judge  Sawyer,  the  Chairman 
of  the  Mechanics'  Committee,  the  memorial  aforesaid. 

Early  in  January,  he  visited  Sacramento,  and  laid  the  joint 
memorial  before  our  Executive  Committee,  and  they  heartily  en- 
dorsed it,  as  appears  in  the  official  copy.  In  conjunction  with 
Worthy  Master  Hamilton,  and  other  members  of  the  Executive  Com- 
mittee, he  presented  and  explained  the  memorial  to  our  fellow  Pa- 
trons in  the  Senate  and  Assembly,  in  whom  we  found  able  co-work- 
ers for  this  and  all  our  petitions  for  reformatory  legislative  action. 

At  this  memorable  Grange  Conference  in  our  State  Capital,  a 
plan  of  proceedings  was  also  agreed  upon  to  present  this  memorial 
to  the  Legislature,  and  to  prepare  the  necessary  resolutions,  and  a 
bill  to  carry  out  the  provisions  asked  for.  This  memorial  is  here- 
with presented  as  document  "A." 

Care  should  be  taken,  however,  at  all  times,  to  distinguish  be- 
tween the  investigation  which  resulted  from  our  memorial,  and  an- 
other which  was  made  at  the  same  time,  and  which  developed  de- 
plorable irregularities  in  applying  funds  for  University  buildings. 
These  two  investigations  were  entirely  separate,  but  are  too  often 
confounded  by  those  not  fully  posted  as  to  the  facts  in  the  case. 

Most  of  the  after-work  in  the  Legislature,  which  was  brought 
about  by  our  memorial,  was  left  in  the  hands  of  our  Worthy  Bro. 


REPORT  ON  THE  STATE  UNIVERSITY.  187 

Higbie,  of  Los  Angeles,  Chairman  of  the  Assembly  Committee  on 
Education,  who  was  ably  seconded  by  numerous  zealous  members  of 
our  Order,  and  equally  zealous  representatives  of  the  Mechanics' 
Association,  whom  the  people  had  placed  on  guard  in  our  legislative 
halls. 

AVe  must  not,  however,  omit  to  mention,  that  while  subsequent  in- 
vestigations in  the  Legislature  were  going  on,  and  when  Bros.  Ham- 
ilton and  Wright  were  absent  at  the  National  Grange  in  St.  Louis, 
Bro.  Baxter  performed  all  the  duties  of  the  Committee.  He  went  to 
Sacramento  several  times  at  the  summons  of  the  Investigating  Com- 
mittee. During  some  five  or  six  weeks  he  devoted  much  of  his  time 
to  answering  questions  of  the  Committee,  and  of  some  of  the  Kegents 
with  whom  he  was  confronted. 

It  should  be  well  understood  by  all  of  us,  that  none  of  the  acts  of 
this,  or  any  other  of  our  Grange  Committees  that  visited  Sacramento 
last  winter,  partook  in  the  least  of  a  partisan  character;  but  appeals 
in  behalf  of  our  industrial  interests  were  made  impartially  to  our 
friends  of  every  political  party,  and  we  found  they  met  us  without 
any  regard  to  party  distinctions.     Hence  our  strength. 

"VVe  should  not  fail  to  mention  that  our  worthy  brother,  Professor 
Carr,  gave  us  material  aid  in  all  this  work,  whenever  he  was  called 
upon  to  do  so. 

The  result  of  these  many  earnest  efforts  for  the  advancement  of 
the  great  cause  of  industrial  and  practical,  as  well  as  of  theoretical 
education  on  this  Coast,  was  the  hearty  approval  of  the  measures 
recommended  in  our  joint  memorial  by  the  legislative  Committees 
on  Education,  and  the  preparation  of  a  bill  enacting  the  necessary 
reforms,  which  was  within  an  hour  of  the  time  of  passing,  when 
pledges  came,  understood  to  be  authorized  by  the  present  Board  of 
Regents,  that  if  said  bill  was  not  passed,  and  the  matter  was  dropped, 
Brother  Carr,  the  able  and  experienced  Professor  of  Agriculture  in 
the  State  University,  would  not  be  interfered  with,  but  would  be 
permitted,  in  good  faith,  to  carry  out,  under  his  most  competent 
supervision,  and  by  use  of  the  liberal  appropriations  of  the  Legisla-j 
ture,  the  various  ideas  advanced  in  the  joint  memorial. 

All  these,  and  subsequent  facts,  however,  are  so  fully  and  ably 
set  forth  in  the  unanswerable  statements  of  Professor  Carr,  in  his 
recent  history  of  this  entire  struggle,  that  we  deem  it  necessary 
merely  to  refer  to  his  noble  paper,  which  is  filed  herewith  as  docu- 
ment "B." 

Unfortunately  for  the  cause  of  industrial  education,  and  unfortu- 
nately for  the  educational  interests  of  a  vast  majority  of  the  citizens 
of  this  State,  the  pledges  given  were  believed  to  be  reliable,  and  no 
further  effort  was  made  to  pass  the  bill.  Yet  that  bill  would,  unless 
killed  by  the  Senate,  have  been  a  law  within  an  hour  after  these 
pledges  were  made,  and  would  at  once  and  forever  have  removed  the 
only  obstacle  that  exists  to  making  our  valued  University  eventually 
one  of  the  most  complete  embodiments  of  the  true  University  idea 
in  the  world,  an  ornament  to  the  cause  of  modern  education,  and  a 
far  greater  honor  to  our  State  than  we  can  ever  hope  to  see  it  under 
the  blighting  hand  of  a  selfish  and  moneyed  aristocracy  and  monop- 
oly, which,  like  all  its  kindred  "  rings"  everywhere,  has  too  long 


188  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

been  at  once  the  bane  of  our  American  institutions  and  the  vampire 
which  is  slowly  but  surely  withdrawing  for  itself  the  life-blood  of 
our  people. 

The  subsequent  history  of  this  movement,  culminating  in  the  sum- 
mary, and,  we  believe,  unjust  removal  of  Professor  Carr  from  the 
chair  of  Agriculture,  is  too  well  known  to  all  of  you  to  require  repe- 
tition now.  You  are  aware  that  the  only  answer  of  the  Kegents  to 
the  joint  inquiry  of  the  Committee  of  the  State  Grange  and  the 
Mechanics'  Deliberative  Assembly,  as  to  the  reason  for  Professor 
Carr's  removal  is,  "unfitness  and  incompetency."  They  do  not 
deign  to  tell  us  what  they  mean  by  "  unfitness  and  incompetency." 
They  do  not  condescend  to  give  a  single  fact'  to  prove  this  charge. 

Hence,  we  can  but  believe  the  removal  of  our  brother  was  unjust, 
and  would  here  place  on  record  our  solemn  protest  against  that  act 
of  the  Board  of  Kegents  and  the  manner  in  which  it  was  consum- 
mated. 

Our  investigations  for  the  past  year  lead  us  to  believe  that  the 
management  of  the  financial  affairs  of  the  University,  and  especially 
of  its  agricultural  and  mechanical  interests,  has  not  been  for  the  best 
interests  of  this  noble  institution,  in  whose  complete  and  successful 
development  the  people  of  California,  including,  most  certainly,  its 
industrial  classes,  have  a  deep  interest  by  our  inalienable  rights  as 
American  citizens  in  a  representative  government.  In  proof  of  this, 
we  beg  leave  to  call  your  attention  to  the  following  facts  and  figures : 

We  find  that  Congress  "for  the  benefit  of  Agriculture  and  the 
Mechanic  Arts,"  as  indicated  in  the  title  of  the  Act  of  July  2,  1862, 
gave  to  the  State  of  California  one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres 
of  land  for  the  maintainance  "  of  at  least  one  college  whose  leading- 
object  should  be,  without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical 
studies,  and  including  military  tactics,  to  promote  the  liberal  and 
practical  eduation  of  the  industrial  classes  in  their  several  pursuits 
and  professions  in  life." 

That  the  administration  of  this  grant,  both  in  respect  to  the  man- 
agement of  the  fund  and  the  educational  provisions  adopted,  was 
confided  to  twenty-two  Kegents  of  the  University  of  California — 
organized  in  March,  1868.  The  organic  act  of  said  University  re- 
quired that  a  College  of  Agriculture  should  first  be  established,  that 
priority  of  development  and  of  privileges  should  be  accorded  to  it, 
and  next  to  a  College  of  Mechanic  Arts,  around  these  other  colleges 
were  required  to  be  successively  organized.  We  find  that  neither  in 
the  choice  of  Eegents  for  said  University,  nearly  all  of  whom  are 
lawyers  and  capitalists  of  "San  Francisco,  nor  in  the  distribution  of 
its  instructional  force  or  other  educational  facilities,  have  these  plain 
requirements  of  the  law  been  complied  with. 

Your  Committee  are  satisfied  that  the  facts  presented  in  the  me- 
morial to  the  Legislature  with  respect  to  instruction  in  Agriculture 
and  the  Mechanic  Arts,  were  well  and  correctly  stated,  the  theoret- 
ical instruction  in  science  related  thereto  being  such  only  as  is  com- 
mon in  all  colleges  not  industrial  in  their  leading  objects,  with  a 
solitary  exception  of  a  single  professorship,  viz. :  that  of  Agriculture, 
since  made  vacant  by  the  summary  and  as  yet  unexplained  removal 
of  Professor  Carr.     No  practical  instruction,  either  in  Agriculture  or 


regents'  financial  operations.  189 

the  Mechanic  Arts,  has  ever  been  given,  nor  has  the  manual  labor 
system,  required  by  law  in  connection  with  its  construction,  and 
made  a  prominent  feature  in  other  industrial  colleges,  been  encour- 
aged or  practiced. 

We  find  in  the  organic  laws  of  the  University  provisions  which 
virtually  give  absolute  control  of  its  property  to  the  Regents,  allow- 
ing them  to  sell,  invest,  reinvest,  bestow,  etc.,  to  put  their  own  con- 
struction upon  the  meaning  of  grants,  gifts,  and  endowments,  with- 
out requiring  them  to  take  any  oath  of  office,  writh  no  guaranty  for 
the  rightful  exercise  of  these  powers  and  no  redress,  should  they  be 
abused.  The  terms  of  the  organic  act  states  that  their  office  "  shall 
be  held  and  deemed  exclusively  a  private  trust."  The  presentation 
of  the  memorial  of  the  State  Grange  and  Mechanics  to  the  Legis- 
lature, in  compliance  with  the  resolution  at  the  San  Jose  meeting, 
resulted  in  a  fuller  exhibit  of  the  financial  affairs  of  the  University 
than  had  previously  appeared.  A  joint  committee  of  the  Senate  and 
Assembly,  appointed  at  their  request,  received  from  them,  as  testi- 
mony an  official  report  dated  March  3,  1874,  "which  was  carefully 
considered  by  them,  unanimously  adopted,  and  certified  to  as  correct 
in  all  the  particulars." 

We  find  this  report  to  contradict  itself  in  important  particulars,  to 
be  at  variance  with  other  facts  well  attested,  and  documentary  evi- 
dence, especially  in  regard  to  the  sale  of  lands  donated  by  Congress, 
and  the  investment  of  the  proceeds.  The  Eegents  tell  us  (in  page  37 
of  their  Statements)  that  they  have  either  sold  or  contracted  to  sell 
the  entire  grant  of  150,000  acres  at  $5  per  acre  in  gold  coin,  net,  20 
per  cent,  being  paid  down,  and  the  remaining  80  per  cent,  bearing 
interest  at  10  per  cent. ,  which  should  give  a  productive  fund  of 
$750,000,  or  an  income  of  $75,000  per  annum.  With  prudent  man- 
agement, this  would  be  the  value  of  the  Congressional  grant  to-day, 
even  at  the  low  price  (for  California)  of  five  dollars  an  acre.  The 
|aw  of  Congress  requires  the  proceeds  from  the  grant  to  be  invested 
in  United  States,  State,  or  other  safe  stocks. 

Paying  no  attention  to  this  requirement,  the  Eegents  have  invested 
it  as  follows:  Of  the  $114,025  47  received  of  purchasers,  $20,000 
was  invested  in  a  vacant  lot  in  the  city  of  Oakland,  for  wThich  the 
Agricultural  department  had  no  use  whatever;  $11,386  25  in  paying 
interest  on  a  debt  injudiciously  assumed  by  the  Eegents;  $2,929  26 
for  some  purpose  not  explained;  amounting  in  all  to  $34,315  51,  ex- 
pended for  the  purchase  of  the  Bray  ton  estate,  for  which  Eegent 
Tompkins  was  agent.  The  remainder,  $79,709  96,  is  deposited  by 
the  Treasurer  of  the  University,  Eegent  Ealston,  in  the  Bank  of  Cal- 
ifornia, of  which  Eegent  and  Treasurer  Ealston  is  President,  and 
bears  interest  at  six  per  cent  per  annum,  while  the  Eegents  of  the 
University,  on  a  mortgage  of  $50,000,  assumed  in  the  purchase  of 
tbe  aforesaid  Brayton  estate,  are  paying  nine  per  cent,  per  annum. 
The  80  per  cent,  credit  upon  $150,663  58  is  in  the  form  of  notes 
bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  10  per  cent,  per  annum.  Applications 
on  file  with  the  Land  Agent  of  the  University,  and  certificates  of  de- 
posit to  the  amount  of  $94,573  are  now  in  his  hands,  and  this  money 
all  or  mostly  in  the  Bank  of  California.  No  account  for  interest  al- 
lowed appears  in  the  exhibit  of  the  Eegents,  though  we  learn  that 


190  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

in  connection  with  recent  events  interest  has  lately  been  paid.  Four 
dollars  credit  per  acre  on  94,573  acres,  amounting  to  $378,292, 
should  have  been  drawing  interest — otherwise  the  income  from  the 
Land  Fund  is  diminished  at  the  rate  of  $37,829  per  annum. 

A  still  more  serious  evil  appears  in  the  fact  that  the  Regents  have 
so  framed  their  regulations  that  the  purchaser  is  not  obliged  to  pay 
interest  on  the  credit  portion  of  his  purchase-money  until  his  title  is 
obtained.  The  time  intervening  between  the  application  and  render- 
ing of  patent  may  be  extended  for  years  while  the  land  is  occupied 
and  cleared  of  timber.  No  bonds  had  been  given  guarding  against 
such  a  contingency  up  to  the  first  day  of  July  last,  while  on  page 
36  of  the  Regents'  Statements  we  find  that  8,840  acres  have  been 
forfeited  and  returned  to  the  Land  Fund. 

We  have  seen  from  the  Regents'  Statements  that  $79,709  96  of 
the  Agricultural  Land  Fund  was  drawing  six  per  cent,  interest  in 
the  Bank  of  California,  and  $94,573  drawing  no  interest  at  all  up  to 
the  1st  gf  July  last,  as  appears  from  the  books. 

In  the  statements  we  are  informed  that  "the  remainder,  $34,- 
315  51,  was  temporarily  invested  in  the  purchase  of  four  full  blocks, 
with  extensive  improvements,  in  the  heart  of  the  growing  city  of 
Oakland,  being  the  property  formerly  owned  by  the  College  of  Cali- 
fornia, and  the  Brayton  estate.  This  property  is  subject  to  a  mort- 
gage of  $50,000,  bearing  interest  at  the  rate  of  nine  per  cent,  per 
annum,"  (and  they  are  loaning  nearly  twice  the  amount  to  the  Bank 
of  California  at  six  per  cent,  at  the  same  time!)  "  It  has  cost  to  date, 
including  $11,386  25  paid  as  interest  on  the  mortgage,  the  sum  of 
$112,476  25,  and  is  valued  by  the  most  competent  experts  at  a  min- 
imum of  $150,000."  This  statement  is  not  correct.  These  four 
blocks  cost  the  University  far  more  than  is  here  represented.  Block 
No.  1,  known  as  the  College  Block,  cost  the  University  $49,030  04. 
Other  property  was  received  with  this  block,  and  turned  over  to 
Mrs.  Brayton  in  part  payment  for  blocks  Nos.  2  and  3.  Blocks  Nos. 
2  and  3  cost  $94,315  51,  in  this  manner.  The  Regents  assumed  a 
$50,000  mortgage  for  Mrs.  Brayton,  "and  transferred  to  the  vendors 
the  outside  property,  valued  at  about  $30,000,  adjoining  the  Univer- 
sity site  at  Berkeley,  which  had  been  obtained  from  the  College  of 
California.  The  property  (blocks  Nos.  2  and  3)  was  thus  obtained 
without  any  additional  cash  expenditure."  On  the  $50,000  mort- 
gage, $11,386  25  interest  was  paid  by  the  Regents,  and  also,  $2,- 
929  51  for  some  unexplained  purpose,  amounting  to  $94,315  51,  the 
entire  cost  of  blocks  Nos.  2  and  3. 

The  fourth  block,  vacant,  and  of  no  use  to  the  institution,  was 
subsequently  purchased  of  the  Brayton  estate  for  the  sum  of  $20,- 
000.  Block  No.  1  cost  $49,030  04;  block  Nos.  2  and  3  cost  $80,- 
000;  block  Nos.  2  and  3  interest  on  mortgage  $11,386  25;  item  for 
which  no  account  is  given,  $2,929  26;  block  No.  4  cost  $20,000. 
Total  cost  of  four  blocks  ■ '  in  the  heart  of  the  growing  city  of  Oak- 
land," as  shown  by  the  Regents,  $163,345  55. 

On  the  same  statements,  the  following  glaring  misrepresentation 
appears  with  regard  to  these  same  blocks:  "Since  the  removal 
of  the  University  to  Berkeley,  this  proiDerty  is  no  longer  essential. 
It  is  growing  in  value,  however,  year  by  year.     Should  it  be  deemed 


COSTLY  SPECULATIONS.  101 

best  to  dispose  of  it,  it  will  realize  a  sum,  say  $150,000  at  least;  suf- 
ficient to  pay  off  the  mortgage  of  $50,000,  to  repay  the  Land  Fund 
the  §34,315  51  borrowed,  and  leave  a  surplus  of  $65,684  49,  yield- 
ing in  the  shape  of  profit  a  far  larger  interest  upon  the  amount  of 
the  Land  Fund  invested  than  could  possibly  have  been  derived  from 
any  ordinary  safe  investment."  This  statement  was  designed  to  lead 
the  Legislature  of  California  to  infer  that  the  four  blocks  cost  but 
$84,000,  and  that  $65,000  had  been  gained  by  the  speculation,  when 
in  fact  these  four  blocks  cost,  years  ago,  $163,345  55,  which  was 
$13,345  55  more  than  the  Kegents  claim  them  now  to  be  worth, 
although  in  the  heart  of  the  growing  city  of  Oakland. 

If  this  were  all  that  the  Regents  have  so  adroitly  attempted  to 
conceal,  there  would  be  less  cause  of  complaint.  The  "outside 
property,  valued  at  about  $30,000,  adjoining  the  University  site  at 
Berkeley,  which  had  been  obtained  from  the  College  of  California," 
transferred  to  Mrs.  Brayton,  in  part  payment  for  blocks  Nos.  2  and 
3,  was  worth  to  the  Agricultural  Department  of  the  University  for 
experimental  purposes,  at  least  $200,000,  which  is  probably  not  far 
from  its  present  commerical  value.  This  indicates  that  the  Brayton 
job  has  cost  the  institution  about  $175,000,  and  robbed  the  experi- 
mental farm  of  nearly,  if  not  quite,  two  hundred  acres  of  ground 
essential  in  making  up  the  necessary  varieties  of  soil  and  location. 
The  Regents  estimate  the  remaining  two  hundred  acres  directly  ad- 
joining, although  less  valuable,  and  sheltered  for  horticulture,  at 
one  thousand  dollars  per  acre,  while  the  water  rights  parted  with 
are  practically  inestimable. 

Still  further,  your  committee  find  that  the  Regents  obtained 
from  the  College  of  California  and  other  sources,  nearly  four  hun- 
dred acres  of  land  entirely  by  donation.  The  liabilities  of  the  Col- 
lege of  California  assumed  by  the  Regents,  amounted  to  $49,030  04, 
a  debt  not  equal  to  the  amount  realized  on  the  College  property,  or 
Block  No.  1,  in  the  growing  city  of  Oakland,  at  the  recent  sale. 
The  Berkeley  property  was  donated,  and  in  some  cases  the  terms  of 
the  deed  are  explicit,  for  an  Agricultural  College,  and  yet  the 
choicest  lands,  those  nearest  tbe  city  of  Oakland,  lands  rapidly  ad- 
vancing in  value  since  the  removal  of  the  University,  have  been  sold 
for  a  mere  nominal  sum,  while  of  the  two  hundred  acres  remaining, 
only  about  five  have  been  set  apart  for  agriculture  and  horticulture. 
Not  a  spadeful  of  earth  had  been  turned,  or  an  agricultural  experi- 
ment made,  when  the  Committee  appointed  by  the  State  Grange 
commenced  its  labors.  Yet  the  Professor  of  Agriculture  had  been 
persistently  and  repeatedly  calling  attention  to  this,  had  submitted 
plans  for  work  and  for  instruction  by  experts,  plans  for  farm  build- 
ings, with  estimates  of  cost,  and  such  other  information  as  was 
needed  to  secure  intelligent  action.  In  their  reply  to  the  Memorial 
of  Grangers  and  Mechanics,  of  August  8th,  1874,  the  Regents, 
under  date  of  September  1st,  1874,  state  that  "within  the  past  year 
the  Berkeley  property  has  been  surveyed  and  mapped,  and  the  right 
places  marked  out  for  agriculture,  horticulture,  botanical  garden, 
and  forestry."  We  find  that  as  early  as  May,  1870,  the  Professor 
of  Agriculture  was  asking  to  have  these  places  marked  out,  and  a 


192  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

definite  working  plan  adopted,  and  that  these  requests  were  repeated 
year  after  year. 

We  find  that  the  resolution  of  the  Board  authorizing  Professor 
Carr  to  employ  a  gardener,  passed  September  18th,  1872,  was  made 
practically  inoperative  by  failure  to  locate  or  mark  out  these  "right 
places"  for  his  operations,  which  has  only  been  done  "within  the 
past  year."  The  same  is  true  of  their  statement  that  $500  was 
placed  at  the  disposal  of  Professor  Carr  to  secure  the  aid  of  compe- 
tent lecturers  on  special  subjects,  no  such  money  having  been  placed 
at  his  disposal,  while  his  requests  to  have  lectures  from  Dr.  Strent- 
zel  and  other  competent  parties  named  by  him,  with  subjects  and 
number  of  lectures  specified,  was  disregarded. 

On  page  sixty-eight  of  their  Statements,  the  Regents  say  they 
have  been  ' '  desirous  of  securing  progress  in  the  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture, and  have  asked  for  appropriations  which  would  give  it 
more  efficiency.  They  have  requested  means  for  the  improvement 
of  the  grounds."  By  turning  back  to  page  fifty-three  of  this  extraor- 
dinary document,  we  find  that  they  have  expended  $21,151  05  for 
such  improvements,  not  one  feature  of  which  was  agricultural  or 
horticultural,  a  sum  much  larger  than  was  required  to  carry  out  the 
wishes  of  the  Professor  of  Agriculture,  who  was  never  consulted 
with  regard  to  them.  This  sum  was  expended  under  the  direction 
of  Dr.  Merritt,  Chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Buildings  and 
Grounds,  ' '  exclusively  as  a  private  trust." 

Your  Committee  cannot  too  strongly  urge  that  the  interest  of  the 
people  of  the  State,  and  especially  of  the  agricultural  and  other 
laboring  classes,  does  not  end  with  the  administration  of  the  Con- 
gressional grant,  and  the  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Colleges. 
The  Regents  say  that  they  have  received  from  the  State  $412,694  79, 
exclusive  of  the  $300,000  for  building  purposes;  including  this  and 
the  $80,000  appropriated  last  winter,  we  have  the  sum  of  $792,694  79. 
The  income  derived  from  other  sources  of  endowment,  subject  to  the 
disposition  of  the  Regents  as  a  "private  trust,"  are  the  proceeds  of 
seventy-two  sections  of  "  Seminary  lands,"  of  ten  sections,  given  to 
the  State  for  public  buildings,  the  Act  of  endowment  approved  April 
2,  1870,  giving  an  income  of  $50,000  per  annum,  all  of  which  add 
enormously  to  the  resources  of  the  institution,  with  prudent  man- 
agement. But  neither  in  respect  to  the  disposition  of  public  lands, 
the  employment  of  funds  thence  derived,  or  in  the  direction  of  the 
instructional  force  employed  in  the  University,  do  we  find  the  evi- 
dence we  have  diligently  sought  of  the  fitness  or  competency  of  the 
Board  of  Regents  to  manage  an  institution  created  for  the  benefit  of 
the  whole  people.  We  find  that,  in  consequence  of  their  unfitness, 
incompetency,  and  bad  management,  the  interest  of  the  Agricultural 
College  has  been  entirely  subordinated,  instead  of'  being  a  leading 
one  in  the  University,  as  the  law  requires;  its  future  usefulness 
crippled  by  loss  of  lands  of  the  greatest  importance  to  practical  edu- 
cation, and  the  prospect  of  an  additional  grant  from  Congress  jeop- 
ardized, which  would  secure  an  additional  income  of  $30,000  per 
annum. 

In  view  of  all  these  facts,  we  earnestly  recommend  to  the  Patrons 
of  California  and  their  friends  to  adopt  such  measures  as  will  best 


MEMORIAL  OF  GRANGERS  AND  MECHANICS.  193 

remove,  through  the  action  of  our  next  Legislature,  the  wrongs  in 
the  management  of  the  State  University,  of  which  we  think  we  most 
justly  complain. 

The  memorial  above  referred  to  was  also  signed  by  Hon.  E. 
D.  Sawyer,  C.  C.  Terrill,  and  M.  J.  Donovan,  on  the  part  of  the 
Mechanics.    It  presented  the  case  as  follows : 

Your  petitioners,  in  behalf  of  the  industrial  classes  of  California, 
both  agriculturists  and  mechanics,  would  respectfully  call  the  atten- 
tion of  your  honorable  body  to  the  condition  and  wants  of  the  State 
University.  "We  make  this  petition  with  all  due  deference  to  the 
Honorable  Board  of  Regents  and  Faculty  of  our  University,  and  with 
no  desire  to  interfere  improperly  with  any  of  their  rights  or  duties. 
But  we  believe  the  interests  of  the  people  of  the  State,  for  whose 
benefit  especially  this  noble  institution  was  established,  require  that 
greater  efficiency  be  given  to  the  agricultural,  mechanical,  and  other 
industrial  instruction  therein,  without  diminishing  the  usefulness  of 
those  departments  already  in  successful  operation. 

Your  petitioners  find  that  the  State  University  resulted  from  an 
Act  of  Congress  entitled  "An  Act  donating  public  lands  to  the 
several  States  and  Territories  which  may  provide  Colleges  for  the 
benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts."  By  this  Act  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres  (more  or  less)  were  donated  to 
California.  In  accordance  with  this  munificent  provision  of  the 
United  States  Government,  our  Legislature  passed  an  Act  establish- 
ing a  University,  and  prescribing  that  its  most  prominent  features 
should  be  Colleges  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanic  Arts.  By  reference 
to  the  last  report  from  each  of  the  thirty-eight  States  that  shared  in 
this  national  endowment  to  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Wash- 
ington, we  find  nearly  every  one  of  them  carrying  out  both  the 
letter  and  the  spirit  of  the  Act  of  Congress;  "that  they  are  attended 
by  over  three  thousand  students,  most  of  whom  are  practically  pur- 
suing agricultural  and  mechanical  studies,"  with  well  stocked  farms, 
work-shops,  and  all  necessary  appliances  of  instruction. 

In  the  same  report,  we  read  that  "  in  California  a  farm  of  about 
two  hundred  acres  has  been  provided  for  the  Agricultural  Depart- 
ment, but  it  has  not  been  improved,  nor  are  the  students  instructed 
in  agriculture  outside  of  the  school-room.  The  Act  of  Congress  re- 
quires that  the  "  leading  object"  of  the  Industrial  Universiiies  shall 
be  without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and  in- 
cluding military  tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are 
related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  in  such  manner  as  the 
Legislatures  of  the  States  may  respectively  prescribe,  in  order  to 
promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial  classes 
in  their  several  pursuits.  The  organic  Act  creating  the  University 
requires  that  the  College  of  Agriculture  shall  first  be  developed, 
"  and  next,  that  of  the  Mechanic  Arts."  We  find  that  of  the  monthly 
appropriation  (six  thousand  dollars)  for  the  regular  expenses  only  one 
twentieth  is  now  devoted  to  the  Agricultural  Department,  and  that 
one  Professor  is  discharging  all  the  duties  of  instruction  on  the  sub- 
jects related  to  it.  No  technical  instruction  in  the  mechanic  arts 
has  thus  far  been  given. 
13 


194  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

The  instructional  force  of  the  University  (besides  the  President)  is 
as  follows: — One  Professor  of  Latin  and  Greek,  and  two  Assistants; 
one  instructor  in  Hebrew;  one  Professor  of  Mathematics,  and  two 
Assistants;  one  Professor  of  Modern  Languages,  and  two  Assistants; 
one  Professor  of  Chemistry,  and  two  Assistants  (advanced  students;) 
one  Professor  of  Physics  and  Mechanics;  one  Professor  of  Geology 
and  Natural  History;  one  Professor  of  Civil  Engineering  and  As- 
tronomy; one  Professor  of  Rhetoric,  History,  and  English  Lan- 
guage; one  instructor  in  Drawing;  one  Professor  in  Agriculture, 
Agricultural  Chemistry,  and  Horticulture. 

Your  petitioners  do,  therefore,  request,  that  in  accordance  with 
plans  pursued  at  Cornell,  the  Massachusetts  and  Michigan  Agricul- 
tural Colleges,  the  Universities  of  Missouri,  Illinois,  and  many 
others  (as  may  be  seen  from  the  report  already  referred  to) ,  that 
whatever  State  aid  is  granted  for  our  University,  and  as  rapidly  as 
the  income  from  the  land  sales  is  received,  it  may  be  "first  of  all 
applied  to  the  extending  of  the  Colleges  of  Agriculture  and  the  Me- 
chanic Arts,  and  all  the  departments  of  instruction  which  directly 
bear  upon  the  studies  pursued  in  them." 

"With  this  object  in  view,  we  earnestly  recommend  a  sufficient 
appropriation  to  carry  out  the  following  objects: 

First.  The  improvement  of  such  portions  of  the  University  grounds 
as  may  be  required  to  illustrate  practically  the  subjects  taught  in  the 
Department  of  Agriculture,  and  the  adaptation  of  this  State  to 
various  cultures.  The  erection  of  a  plain,  convenient,  and  commo- 
dious farm  house,  with  suitable  outhouses,  to  be  occupied  by  the 
Professor  of  Agriculture,  or  some  practical  farmer  to  act  under  his 
direction.  To  this  an  orchard,  vineyard,  vegetable  and  flower  gar- 
den, and  a  poultry  yard  should  be  attached;  also,  a  propagating 
house,  and,  as  soon  as  practicable,  a  conservatory.  The  culture  of 
cereals,  textiles,  and  other  valuable  vegetable  productions;  the 
rearing  of  stock,  bees,  and  silk  worms  should  be  illustrated,  on  a 
small  scale,  epitomizing  the  entire  range  of  agricultural  industries. 

Second.  The  appropriation  of  a  sufficient  amount  to  secure  the 
necessary  practical  instruction  in  the  mechanic  arts;  to  provide 
blacksmiths',  carpenters',  cabinet  and  machine  shops,  and  printing 
press,  under  the  supervision  of  competent  persons. 

We  by  no  means  expect  to  accomplish  all  this  at  once,  but  we  ask 
means  to  secure  to  the  youth  of  our  State,  with  proper  economy  and 
despatch,  the  advantages  enjoyed  by  students  of  the  best  developed 
institutions  which  owe  their  existence  to  the  same  foundation.  We 
desire  that  the  grounds  of  our  University,  its  museums,  parks  and 
gardens,  may  eventually  become  as  instructive  as  those  of  the  Gar- 
den of  Plants  at  Paris;  and  that  our  College  of  Mechanic  Arts  may, 
without  needless  delay,  rival  the  Technological  School  in  Boston. 
We  ask  that  in  keeping  with  the  educational  standards  of  the  age, 
the  principles  of  object  teaching  and  practical  instruction  be  con- 
ducted in  connection  with  the  ideal  and  theoretical,  and  occupy  in 
the  chief  school  of  the  State,  the  position  which  their  importance 
demands.  We  believe  that  nowhere  will  the  dignity  of  labor  be  so 
strongly  impressed  upon  the  mind  as  in  those  higher  institutions 
of  learning,  organized  for  the  benefit  of  the  most  important  class  of 


CHANGES  RECOMMENDED.  195 

laborers,  where  the  acquisition  of  skill  goes  hand  in  hand  with  the 
acquisition  of  knowledge. 

We  find  that  the  Board  of  Regents,  as  at  present  constituted,  does 
not  sufficiently  represent  the  various  portions  and  interests  of  the 
State.  Though  composed  of  gentlemen  of  the  highest  position  and 
worth,  they  reside,  mainly,  in  San  Francisco  and  Oakland,  and  al- 
though they  have  been  zealous  in  their  efforts  to  secure  the  pros- 
perity of  the  institution,  we  believe  that  the  best  interests  of  educa- 
tion would  be  promoted  by  an  amendment  of  the  Act  so  as  to  unify 
the  University  with  the  other  departments  of  State  education.  We, 
therefore,  respectfully  ask  such  amendment  of  this  Act,  and  of  other 
Acts,  as  shall  constitute  a  State  Board  of  Education,  having  charge 
of  the  University,  the  Normal  School,  and  other  public  schools,  and 
to  consist  of  fifteen  Regents,  viz :  Seven  ex-ofncio — the  Governor, 
Lieutenant  Governor,  Speaker  of  the  Assembly,  State  Superintend- 
ent of  Public  Instruction,  President  of  the  State  Agricultural  So- 
ciety, Master  of  the  State  Grange,  and  President  of  the  Mechanics' 
Institute  of  San  Francisco;  also  two  members  from  each  Congres- 
sional District,  to  be  appointed  from  their  districts  by  the  Governor, 
with  the  consent  of  the  Senate,  for  their  first  terms,  and  afterward 
to  be  elected  by  the  people  as  vacancies  occur.  We  also  recommend 
that  any  nine  members  shall  constitute  a  quorum,  as  the  Board  of 
Education,  or  as  the  Board  of  Regents  for  the  University,  or  as  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  State  Normal  School.  We  ask  that  they 
may  be  so  selected  as  to  represent  the  various  industrial  interests, 
occupations,  and  professions  of  the  citizens  of  the  State. 

The  law  (Article  IV,  section  1,450  of  the  new  Code)  clearly  pro- 
vides that  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Regents  must  be  a  practical 
farmer,  and  must  reside  and  keep  his  office  at  the  site  of  the  Uni- 
versity. These  requirements  having  been  hitherto  disregarded,  we 
recommend  that  the  law  be  either  rigidly  enforced  or  essentially 
modified.  It  is  generally  understood  that  a  portion  of  the  lands 
donated  by  Congress  for  the  purposes  of  industrial  education  in 
California,  have  been  sold  at  five  dollars  per  acre,  one  fifth  of  the 
amount  having  been  paid  down,  and  it  is  understood  that  the  fund 
thus  obtained  has  been  used  in  paying  professorships  and  scholar- 
ships in  our  University.  But  it  is  the  misfortune  of  the  people  of 
California  to  know  very  little  about  these  lands  and  their  present 
condition,  while  they  do  know  that  in  other  States,  in  consequence 
of  mismanagement,  only  a  small  part  of  the  real  value  of  school  and 
University  lands  has  been  realized.  In  some-  instances  timber  lands 
valued  at  thirty  and  fifty  dollars  per  acre  have  been  taken  up,  the 
first  payments  made,  the  timber  removed,  and  the  lands  forfeited. 
It  is  clearly  the  right  of  the  people  to  have  correct  information  on 
this  subject. 

We  do  therefore  petition  your  honorable  body  that  a  University 
Committee  be  carefully  selected  from  your  number  whose  duty  it 
shall  be  to  examine  fully,  minutely,  and  impartially  into  the  location 
and  present  condition  of  all  lands  donated  to  California  for  these 
purposes;  to  ascertain  what  has  accrued  from  the  sales  thereof,  and 
how  the  same  has  been  expended;  and  that  the  necessary  power  be 
granted  them  to  send  for  persons,  books,  and  papers,  to  administer 


/?'■ 


196  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

the  necessary  oaths,  and  take  the  testimony  for  the  thorough  investiga- 
tion of  the  whole  question,  and  that  the  results  of  such  investigation 
be  published  without  unnecessary  delay,  for  the  information  of  the 
people. 

In  view  of  the  important  fact  that  another  bill  was  introduced 
into  Congress,  at  the  late  session  (by  Mr.  Morrill,  the  author  of  the 
original  bill),  which  it  is  expected  will  be  passed  during  the  coming- 
winter,  giving  to  each  of  the  industrial  Universities  in  operation  an 
additional  grant  of  five  hundred  thousand  acres,  we  also  request  that 
our  Legislature  memorialize  Congress  so  to  amend  the  law  regarding 
the  locations  upon  unsurveyed  lands  as  to  protect  actual  settlers  in 
their  improvements  up  to  the  time  that  the  locator  can  make  his 
selection  by  sections  or  subdivisions. 

As  a  means  of  redress  for  seizures  under  the  existing  law,  we  also 
recommend  that  our  Legislature  forthwith  pass  an  Act,  providing 
that  in  all  cases  where  contests  have  arisen,  or  may  hereafter  arise, 
before  the  Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  upon  University 
lands,  and  the  contestant  shall  feel  aggrieved  at  the  decision  of  said 
Board,  he  shall  have  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  District  Court,  by 
giving  the  usual  notice  of  said  appeal.  * 

We  respectfully  recommend  that  all  the  University  funds  be  kept 
in  the  State  Treasury,  subject  only  to  order  in  proper  form  for  Uni- 
versity disbursements.  As  we  are  now  informed  that  the  funds 
hitherto  appropriated  are  exhausted,  and  that  additional  appropria- 
tions will  be  required  at  the  present  session,  to  add  other  and 
needed  improvements,  in  accordance  with  the  original  plan,  your 
petitioners  would  respectfully  ask  that  in  addition  to  the  sum  re- 
quired for  monthly  current  expenses,  the  following  be  specifically 
appropriated:  For  farm,  buildings,  implements,  stock,  etc.,  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars;  for  annual  farm  and  garden  expenses,  pay- 
ment of  students  and  other  labor,  salary  of  farmer  and  gardener, 
expenses  of  lectures  from  experts  in  special  cultures,  agricultural, 
entomology,  veterinary  science,  etc.,  collection  and  preparation  of 
specimens  for  museum  of  agriculture,  and  incidental  expenses,  fif- 
teen thousand  dollars;  for  mechanical  shops,  printing  press,  steam 
engine,  and  their  appurtenances,  fifty  thousand  dollars;  for  annual 
expenses  of  mechanical  shops,  printing  press,  superintendence, 
students  and  skilled  labor,  collections  of  models  and  raw  materials 
for  museum  of  Mechanic  Arts,  lectures  on  technical  subjects  con- 
nected with  mechanical  pursuits  by  skilled  persons,  and  incidental 
expenses,  fifteen  thousand  dollars.  It  is  expected  that  this  will  fur- 
nish the  carpenters',  cabinet  work,  and  printing  for  the  institu- 
tion. It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  these  departments  are  to  be 
created,  and  that  no  part  of  the  twenty  thousand  dollars  already 
expended  for  chemical  and  physical  apparatus,  will  supply  their 
technical  needs. 

The  completion  of  the  central  building,  according  to  the  original 
plan,  is  a  prime  necessity  in  accomplishing  the  great  purpose  of  the 
University;  for,  in  the  absence  of  suitable  rooms  for  the  present 
Museum  and  Library,  it  has  been  considered  necessary  to  occupy 
for  this  purpose,  a  part  of  the  College  of  Agriculture,  a  building  de- 
signed to  supply  the  wants  of  this  department,  as  is  indicated  by 


OBJECTS  TO  BE  ATTAINED.  197 

the  appropriate  and  bountiful  emblems  that  adorn  its  outer  walls. 
In  this  exigency,  the  entire  Agricultural  Department  is  forced  into 
the  limited  space  of  the  north  half  of  the  basement  of  this  splendid 
structure,  thus  placing  in  a  subordinate  position,  which  it  was  never 
intended  to  occupy,  what  should  be  the  most  prominent  department 
of  the  State  University. 

~\Ye  find  that  a  building  containing  an  Assembly  Hall,  Museum, 
etc,,  can  be  erected  of  wood  at  a  cost  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand dollars;  of  brick,  with  granite  facings,  two  hundred  and  fifty- 
six  thousand  dollars.  The  labor  of  students  can  be  utilized  in  the 
construction  of  this  and  other  needed  edifices,  and  deserving  young 
men  can  in  this  way  be  aided  in  paying  a  part  at  least  of  the  ex- 
penses of  their  education.  Suitable  dwellings  should  at  once  be 
erected  for  the  accommodation  of  the  professors  and  club  houses 
for  the  students  upon  the  University  grounds,  for  which  a  moderate 
rent  might  be  charged.  At  present,  both  professors  and  students 
are  compelled  to  live  at  Oakland,  five  miles  distant,  or  to  provide 
themselves  accommodations  in  the  yet  sparsely-settled  neighbor- 
hood of  Berkeley,  at  an  expense  greater  than  their  means  will  jus- 
tify. The  entire  energies  of  the  University  body  should  be  concen- 
trated in  and  around  its  scholastic  home. 

In  conclusion,  we  would  repeat  that  it  is  not  now  our  object  to  un- 
dervalue what  has  been  so  well  done  in  the  erection  of  buildings,  of 
which  the  State  may  be  justly  proud;  in  the  opening  of  the  doors  of 
the  University  to  both  sexes;  in  making  its  instruction  in  all  depart- 
ments free;  in  organizing  the  Military  Department  and  Labor  Corps; 
and  in  securing  a  Faculty  of  zealous  and  able  men.  But,  believing 
that  the  first  and  highest  employment  of  men  is  to  feed,  shelter,  and 
clothe  the  world,  we  ask  that  the  graduates  of  our  industrial  col- 
leges may  be  "peers  of  scholars  in  mental  culture,  and  peers  of 
laborers  in  manual  skill  and  physical  development." 

The  relations  of  labor  to  study  are  admirably  stated  in  the  report 
of  the  Missouri  University.  "The  pupil  must  study  till  he  knows 
what  should  be  done,  why  it  should  be  done,  and  how.  When  this 
is  done,  the  intellectual  division  of  labor  is  finished.  The  pupil  must 
labor  till  he  can  do  work  in  the  farm  and  shop  with  skill;  then  the 
manual  division  *of  an  industrial  education  is  finished.  In  agricult- 
ure, he  should  thus  learn  whatever  is  done  on  the  farm,  in  the  gar- 
den, orchard  and  nursery.  If  it  is  asked:  'Who  shall  direct  the 
labors  of  the  pupils?'  we  answer:  'The  teacher  of  the  principles 
put  in  practice,  that  useless  and  impracticable  theories  may  not  be 
introduced.'"  Agriculture  is  far  from  being  an  exact  science,  and 
its  conditions  on  this  coast  are  peculiar.  We  ask  that  our  University 
be  made  useful  to  the  largest  number  of  our  citizens,  by  accurate 
annual  reports  of  work  done,  experiments  made,  and  results  arrived 
at.  Agriculture,  in  its  various  departments,  should  be  so  taught 
and  practiced  in  our  University  as  to  send  forth  scientific  farmers, 
whose  labor  and  skill  can  utilize  the  soil  and  develop  its  greatest  re- 
sources, while  the  mechanical  department  should  graduate  learned 
and  skilled  mechanics,  who  shall  add  dignity  and  worth  to  labor; 
and  it  is  the  earnest  desire  and  purpose  of  agriculturists  and  me- 
chanics of  this  State  to  make  these  great  departments  of  industry 


198  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

the  leading  features  of  our  State  University,  and  for  this  purpose 
we  expect  your  cordial  co-operation,  and  such  appropriations  as  are 
necessaiy.  Nor  do  we  think  that  any  mechanical  schools  in  San 
Francisco,  valuable  as  they  may  become,  can  supply  the  place  of  the 
College  of  Mechanic  Arts,  as  provided  by  the  original  plan  of  the 
State  University.  We  also  request  the  present  Legislature  to  order 
that  block  letters  be  prepared  and  placed  upon  the  east  and  west 
faces  of  the  main  building  of  the  University,  marking  it  for  all  time 
with  the  words,  * '  Agricultural  College  of  the  University  of  Cali- 
fornia." 

Document  B.  is  omitted,  as  not  properly  belonging  to  the 
annals  of  the  State  Grange.  It  was  a  reply  made  by  Professor 
Carrto  these  committees  for  a  "full  statement  of  the  history  of 
the  Agricultural  College,  with  a  view  to  laying  it  before  the 
people  and  the  next  Legislature."* 

The  following  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Education  and 
Labor,  was  enthusiastically  adopted : 

When  Congress,  at  the  opening  of  its  last  session,  appointed  a 
Committee  on  Education  and  Labor,  it  seemed  a  recognition  by  the 
highest  legislative  body  of  the  country,  that  these  great  interests  are 
indissolubly  connected.  So  we  believe,  and  a  thorough  and  prac- 
tical education  being  the  only  means  by  which  labor  can  be  elevated, 
your  committee  desire  to  present  a  few  suggestions  with  regard  to 
improvements  in  our  public  schools,  high  schools,  and  university. 

Our  schools,  both  higher  and  lower,  have  naturally  grown  up  on 
English  models,  and  were  then  made  to  fit  the  needs  of  the  aristo- 
cratic classes,  rather  than  of  working  men  and  women.  This  is  the 
reason  why  so  much  of  our  elementary  instruction  imparts  a  knowl- 
edge of  words  rather  than  of  things. 

Germany,  France,  and  other  European  countries,  are  far  ahead  of 
England  and  America  in  both  the  quality  and  quantity  of  education 
furnished  to  the  laboring  classes,  for  they  seek  to  impart  skill,  along 

*0n  the  occasion  of  Professor  Carr's  removal  from  the  Agricultural  Professorship  of  the  Uni- 
versity, (August,  1874,)  Worthy  Master  Hamilton,  who  had  been  appointed  a  member  of  the  Board 
of  Kegents,  made  this  protest: 

I  protest  against  the  summary  removal  of  Professor  Carr  at  this  time: 

let— Because  such  removal  will  be  in  direct  violation  of  pledges  made  by  friends  of  the  Uni- 
versity to  the  House  Committee  on  education  of  the  last  Legislature. 

2d— I  believe  such  an  act  is  in  opposition  to  the  wishes  of  a  large  class  of  the  friends  of  the 
University,  viz.,  the  agriculturists  and  mechanics  of  California,  and  will  go  far  to  confirm  the 
belief  that  the  vacating  of  the  Chair  of  Professor  of  Agriculture  at  this  time  is  more  to  gratify 
personal  feeling  than  to  subserve  the  public  interest. 

2d— Because  such  removal  will  have  the  effect  of  strengthening  opposition  to  the  present  man- 
agement, and  give  color  to  the  charge  now  so  openly  preferred:  That  the  President  and  Regents 
are  striving  to  build  up  a  purely  literary  institution  at  Berkeley  at  the  expense  of  the  agricul- 
tural and  mechanical  interests,  and  are  thus  diverting  the  University  from  the  original  purpose 
for  which  it  was  formed,  by  either  ignoring  entirely  or  making  those  objects  secondary  which 
the  org  nic  act  declared  should  be  primary  ones. 

4th— Because  the  summary  dismissal  cf  any  Professor  of  the  University  for  alleged  incompe- 
tency, without  first  granting  the  accused  the  privilege  of  a  hearing,  and  an  opportunity  to  defend 
himself  from  the  charges  made  against  him,  is  demoralizing  in  its  tendency,  and  ia  not  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  principles  of  right  and  equity  which  should  ever  prevail  in  the  management 
of  the  institution. 

A  great  number  of  the  Subordinate  Granges  sustained  the  action  of  their  Worthy  Master,  and 
embodied  their  opposition  to  the  present  management  of  the  University  in  the  strongest  terms. 


REPORT  OF  COMMITTEE  ON  EDUCATION  AND  LABOR.  199 

with  the  merely  mental  training  which  is  given  them .  They  have 
consequently  the  best  trained  workmen  in  the  world,  both  in  agri- 
culture and  the  arts,  as  all  our  best  educators  freely  acknowledge. 

To  get  more  of  this  practical  or  technical  education  into  our  com- 
mon schools,  is  a  great  desideratum,  and  for  it  two  things  are 
necessary.  First,  an  enlightened  public  opinion,  which  will  create 
a  demand  for  improvement;  and,  second,  better  teachers  and  better 
books  to  meet  the  demand.  The  teachers  should  be  able  to  "throw  a 
light"  upon  all  the  subjects  of  common  life,  and  the  books  should 
convey  some  definite  knowledge  adapted  to  the  capacity  of  the 
pupil. 

Eor  instance,  no  study  is  better  adapted  to  the  comprehension  of 
a  child  than  elementary  botany,  which  is  made  practical  by  what  he 
daily  sees  done  in  agriculture  and  horticulture.  Even  young  chil- 
dren should  be  encouraged  to  observe  and  collect  the  useful  and 
wild  plants  of  the  neighborhood,  to  bring  them  to  school,  and  to 
find  out  all  about  them.  This  finding  out  all  about  things  is  the 
alpha  and  omega  of  education.  Putting  the  findings  into  prac- 
tice is  all  there  is  of  labor,  except  its  drudgery. 

These  are  simple  principles  which  every  Patron  can  recognize. 
Our  watchword  is  "Progress."  The  three  K's,  "readin,'  'ritin'  and 
'rithinetic,"  are  no  longer  sufficient  for  us;  especially  if  these  are 
fed  out  to  us  as  dry  husks,  while  all  the  juice  is  kept  for  the  benefit 
of  other  pursuits.  "We,  ourselves,  want  more  knowledge  of  the  nat- 
ural sciences,  and  we  want  our  children  to  have  it  secured  to  them  at 
the  period  of  their  lives  when  such  knowledge  is  gained  most  easily. 
We  want  suitable  books  to  tell  the  children  all  about  the  plants,  an- 
imals and  birds  with  which  they  daily  come  in  contact.  If  they  do 
not  exist,  and  there  is  no  school,  botany,  or  natural  history  for  this 
coast,  let  them  be  made.  In  short,  we  want  our  children  to  grow  up 
around  us  with  a  respect  for  our  calling,  even  if  they  choose  a  dif- 
ferent one,  and  so  to  fit  them  for  it  that  they  may  carry  it  on  by  bet- 
ter methods  to  higher  ends. 

And,  therefore,  while  we  as  Patrons  mean  to  look  very  sharply  at 
all  proposed  changes  in  our  methods  of  instruction,  and  to  "prove 
all  things,"  as  far  as  we  are  able,  we  also  mean  to  change  for  the 
better  whenever  we  can.  We  are  aware  that  text-books,  or  the  im- 
plements of  instruction,  are  to  be  improved  just  as  much  as  the  im- 
plements of  husbandry;  and  we  believe  that  the  new  education  will 
require  them  as  fast  as  it  is  perfected. 

Under  our  laws,  wisely  framed  in  this  respect,  all  such  changes 
must  be  gradual,  thereby  making  them  less  oppressive.  Though  all 
matters  relating  especially  to  this  subject  are  made  the  business  of 
the  State  Board  of  Education,  we  nevertheless  feel  that  it  is  within 
our  province  to  present  to  that  body,  either  through  our  own  Execu- 
tive Committee,  or  such  other  way  as  the  Grange  may  direct,  an  ex- 
pression of  our  sentiments;  and  therefore,  suggest  the  adoption  of 
the  following  resolutions : 

Besolved,  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  State  Grange  of  the  Pa- 
trons of  Husbandry  that  all  our  public  institutions,  from  the  pri- 
mary school  to  the  university,  should  be  developed  also  in  the  di- 
rection of  practical  and  technical  education. 


200  SECOND  ANNUAL  MEETING. 

Resolved,  That  to  this  end  elementary  studies  in  botany  and  other 
branches  of  natural  history,  in  their  relations  to  agriculture  and 
horticulture  should  be  introduced  into  oar  district  schools. 

Resolved,  That  we  desire  the  State  Board  of  Education  to  encour- 
age the  preparation  and  gradual  introduction  of  text-books  which 
are  adapted  to  the  wants  of  this  coast;  and  that,  while  protecting 
the  people  from  unnecessary  expense,  it  is  their  duty,  other  things 
being  equal,  to  foster  home  industries  in  the  selection  of  text-books, 
apparatus  and  furniture  for  our  public  schools. 

Resolved,  That  our  more  advanced  classes  should  be  instructed 
in  the  rights  and  duties  of  American  citizenship,  viz:  The  "duty 
of  earning  a  living,"  of  obedience  to  the  laws,  respect  for  religion, 
the  rights  of  property,  the  privileges  and  responsibilities  of  the 
ballot,  what  monopolies  are,  how  industry  of  one  kind  creates  an- 
other, etc. 

The  standing  committees  for  the  following  year  were  an- 
nounced by  the  Worthy  Master  as  follows : 

Resolutions — J.  W.  A.  Wright,  R.  C.  Haile,  J.  D.  Spencer. 

Constitution  and  By-Laws — A.  T.  Dewey,  G.  W.  Henning,  W.  S. 
Manlove. 

Finance — H.  A.  Oliver,  J.  Earl,  and  Sister  Colby. 

^  Good  of  the  Order— J.  D.  Fowler,  John  Wasley,  Ed.  Hallett, 
Sisters  Manlove  and  Carr. 

Master's  Message  and  other  Reports — G.  W.  Colby,  W.  McPherson, 
J.  M.  Thompson. 

Commercial  Relations- — James  Shinn,  R.  G.  Dean,  H.  M.  Leonard. 

Co-operation  and  Transportation — C.  G.  Bockens,  Wm.  Erkson,  C. 
Cutter,  Andrew  Wolf,  and  Daniel  Inman. 

Education  and  Labor — Sister  E.  S.  Carr,  Brother  Meyer  (Hum- 
boldt,) and  Sister  Dean. 

State  University— O.  L.  Abbott,  W.  H.  Baxter,  J.  W.  A.  Wright. 

Immigration — O.  L.  Abbott,  J.  Earl,  J.  D.  Spencer,  J.  B.  Carring- 
ton,  R.  G.  Dean,  in  addition  to  the  old  committee,  which  was  con- 
tinued. 

Legislation— Thos.  Fowler,  W.  K.  Estelle,  G.  B.  Crane. 

Irrigation— H.  B.  Jolley,  R.  G.  Dean,  Ed.  Evey,  M.  Lammers,.^J. 
A.  Hutton. 

Judiciary— J.  D.  Spencer,  T.  H.  Merry,  R.  C.  Haile,  H.  S.  Case, 
D.  Inman. 

American  Finance — J.  W.  A.  Wright,  E.  S.  Carr,  W.  McPherson 
Hill,  O.  L.  Abbott,  W.  S.  Manlove. 

Grange  Statistics — J.  B.  Carrington,  Thos.  A.  Garey,  J.  D.  Spencer. 

Arrangements  of  Business— J.  D.  Fowler,  Sister  E.  S.  Carr,  Ed. 
Hallett,  Sister  W.  S.  Manlove. 

Centennial  Committee — B.  P.  Kooser,  J. W.  A.Wright,  H.  B.  Jolley, 
Andrew  Wolf,  O.  L.  Abbott. 

Executive  Committee — J.  M.  Hamilton,  Chairman;  J.  C.  Merryfield, 
G.  W.  Colby,  A.  B.  Nalley,  A.  D.  Logan,  H.  M.  Leonard,  J.  M. 
Thompson. 

The  State  Grange  then  adjourned  to  meet  in  San  Francisco 
the  second  Tuesday  in  October,  1875. 


MR,   WALCOTT  AND  THE  WHEAT  KING.  201 


CHAPTER  XYI. 

THE  PATRONS'  TRIALS  AND  TRIUMPHS. 

The  Wheat  Shipping  Business— The  Wheat  King  and  Mr.  Walcott— Advance 
in  freights  in  1872-3— exaggerated  estimates  of  the  crop  of  1874-5 — 
Mr.  Walcott's  Various  Enterprises — The  Sack  Purchase— Failure  of 
Morgan's  Sons  Proves  a  Blessing  in  Disguise — Callkd  Meeting  of  the 
Grange — Practical  Fellowship— All's  Well  that  Ends  Well — Discontin- 
uance of  Dairy  and  Produce  Agency — The  Business  Association  Formed 
— Officers  and  Articles  of  Incorporation  of  the  Grangers'  Business  As- 
sociation. 

The  reader  who  has  patiently  followed  the  history  of  the  farm- 
ers' movement  thus  far,  has  not  failed  to  notice  the  competition 
established  in  the  years  1873  and  1874  between  the  agent  of 
E.  E.  Morgan's  Sons,  Mr.  Alfred  Walcott,  and  the  "Wheat 
King,"  Mr.  Friedlander.  The  latter  gentleman,  of  high  stand- 
ing in  the  business  circles  of  San  Francisco,  had  for  many 
years  controlled  the  grain  shipping  interests  of  the  coast.  He 
had  numerous  agents  along  the  lines  of  railroads,  and  through- 
out the  wheat-growing  districts,  and  was  ready  to  advance 
money  to  the  farmers  for  the  purchase  of  machinery,  or  to  meet 
their  pressing  debts,  to  provide  for  harvesting  expenses,  pur- 
.  chase  of  sacks,  pay  of  help,  etc.  The  difficulties  and  ill-feel- 
ing which  arose  between  the  parties  who  had  thus  mortgaged 
their  crop  and  the  party  who  had  the  power  to  fix  its  value,  was 
incident  to  the  peculiar  condition  of  wheat  culture  on  this 
Coast,  which  had  partaken  largely  of  the  speculative  character 
which  marks  the  transitional  period  of  our  industries. 

So  heavy  were  the  operations  of  the  single  firm  which  com- 
bined the  functions  of  money-lender,  merchant  and  shipper, 
that  any  opposition  which  appeared  was  immediately  absorbed, 
and  the  farmers  were  fully  persuaded  that  firms  purporting  to 
act  independently,  with  branch  houses  in  Liverpool,  were  really 
the  agents  through  whom  the  Wheat  King  received  his  orders 
for  cargoes.  The  advances  in  the  foreign  markets  being  tele- 
graphed to  San  Francisco  three  or  four  weeks  before  the  great 
body  of  the  farmers  could  avail  themselves  of  it,  the  prices  of 
wheat  and  rates  of  freight  were  practically  beyond  their  con- 
trol. 

The  appearance  of  a  competitor  whose  paper  was  good  for  a 


202  THE  patrons'  trials  and  triumphs. 

large  amount  with  the  London  and  San  Francisco  Bank,  and 
whose  policy  had  been  announced  as  the  upbuilding  of  a  "slow, 
safe,  permanent  shipping  business,"  was  naturally  welcomed  by 
the  Patrons.  The  crop  of  1872-3  had  been  a  large  one;  to 
move  it  Mr.  Friedlander  had  chartered  every  available  ship  at 
from  £3  10s.  to  £4  5s.,  and  at  once  rushed  the  freight  market 
up  to  £5  13s.  In  thus  re-letting  his  low-priced  vessels,  a  large 
profit  was  gained.  It  is  a  very  difficult  matter  to  form  a  correct 
estimate  of  the  amount  of  the  wheat  crop,  and  the  shipper  has 
his  risks  as  well  as  the  farmer. 

The  Sacramento  Record  issued  a  circular  of  inquiry  in  1873, 
containing  a  blank  schedule  to  be  filled  up  with  the  acreage  and 
prospective  yield  of  each  of  the  principal  crops,  to  which  the 
leading  farmers  so  generally  responded,  that  this  paper  was 
able  to  lay  before  its  readers  what  proved  to  be  a  correct  esti- 
mate of  the  export  of  that  year.  '  A  similar  circular  issued  in 
May,  1874,  warranted,  on  the  testimony  of  the  farmers,  the 
extraordinary  estimate  of  eight  hundred  and  seventy-five  thou- 
sand tons  for  shipment;  four  hundred  and  fifteen  thousand  tons 
more  than  the  shipment  of  the  previous  year,  including  the 
Oregon  wheat  shipped  from  this  port. 

The  crop  of  1873-4  gave  cargoes  to  two  hundred-  and  forty- 
seven  ships,  and  was  valued  at  $19,400,000. 

The  crop  of  1874-5  would  require  four  hundred  and  thirteen 
ships,  and  at  the  average  prices  of  the  previous  year,  was  worth 
over  $40,000,000.  Mr.  Walcott  had  made  his  own  estimates, 
and  had  chartered  some  seventy  vessels  to  arrive,  at  prices 
varying  from  £4  to  £4  10s.  By  the  time  they  did  arrive,  a  sur- 
plus in  the  foreign  market  had  lowered  the  price  of  wheat  and 
of  rates  in  San  Francisco,  and  consequently  the  crop  came  for- 
ward slowly.  Mr.  Walcott  had  not  only  the  Grangers'  business 
on  his  hands,  but  in  prospect  commissions  from  farmers  outside 
of  the  Order;  nor  was  the  wheat  business  the  only  one  which 
had  attracted  his  attention.  One  of  the  most  important  com- 
plications deserves  to  be  mentioned  here.  We  have  seen  how 
grievous  a  burden  the  farmers  had  felt  the  sack  monoply  to  be 
upon  the  wheat  industry,  and  in  previous  chapters  have  noticed 
their  efforts  to  extricate  themselves.  In  February,  1874,  the 
agent  employed  by  the  Executive  Committee,  Mr.  Gardner, 
called  their  attention  to  the  fact  that  a  corner  was  about  to  be 
made  in  sacks.     A  circular  was  immediately   sent  to  all  the 


THE  GRANGE  FLEET.  203 

Subordinate  Granges,  advising  them  of  the"  fact,  and  requesting 
them  to  signify  whether  they  wished  to  import,  and  what  num- 
ber they  wrere  willing  to  take  and  pay  for  on  delivery.  There 
being  no  time  to  lose,  Mr.  Walcott  took  the  responsibility,  and 
at  once  ordered  two  million  sacks  from  Dundee,  which,  becom- 
ing known  to  the  wheat  ring,  they  at  once  "unloaded,"  in  many 
instances  at  less  than  cost  prices.  When  the  supply  ordered 
by  Mr.  Walcott  arrived,  by  steamship,  thus  further  enhancing  ^ 
its  cost,  the  sack  market  was  at  its  lowest.  >*C 

Meanwhile,  the  admiration  of  eastern  Patrons  was  challenged 
by  the  sailing  of  the  Grange  fleet  of  California,  loaded  by  the 
different  Granges,  some  at  Yallejo,  some  at  Antioch,  where  it 
was  demonstrated  that  vessels  could  be  loaded  without  risk, 
and  others  at  Oakland  and  San  Francisco.  The  "doubting 
Thomases  and  unbelieving  Philips"  in  the  Eastern  Granges 
were  bidden  by  their  masters  tor  "get  up  and  shake  themselves," 
for  while  they  had  been  "napping  and  grumbling,  the  Grange 
fleet  of  California,  where  the  Order  was  little  more  than  a  year 
old,  with  a  membership  of  sixteen  thousand,  had  out-done  Iowa, 
three  and  a  half  years  old,  with  a  membership  of  one  hundred 
thousand."  "Let  us  rejoice,"  they  said,  "that  the  farmers  of 
California  have  courage  and  brains  enough  to  enter  the  markets 
of  Europe  with  their  own  produce,  shipped  on  their  own  ac- 
count. Who  will  now  say  that  the  millenium  is  not  near  at 
hand." 

But  the  Grange  fleet  was  destined  to  encounter  financial 
storms  and  breakers,  and  the  millenium  of  the  monopolists, 
when  "the  lion  and  the  lamb  would  lie  down  peaceably,  wTith 
the  lamb  inside  of  the  lion,"  was  yet  further  off. 

At  the  time  of  the  failure,  the  firm  of  E.  E.  Morgan's  Sons 
had  loaded  and  dispatched  seventeen  cargoes  of  wheat  for  the 
Grangers,  in  1874.  Five  of  these  were  sent  off  in  August,  eight 
in  September,  and  four  in  November.  The  Antioch,  Colusa, 
Collinsville,  Dixon,  Hollister,  Livermore,  Merced,  Modesto, 
Plainsburg,  Stockton,  Turlock  and  Yolo  Granges,  had  engaged 
in  this  trade.  These  seventeen  vessels  carried  over  twenty 
thousand  tons  of  wheat.  With  one  exception,  they  were  all 
chartered  to  arrive  at  <£4  and  upward.  The  firm  had  fifteen 
vessels  then  in  port,  under  charter  to  load  wheat,  chiefly  at 
85s.,  though  two  got  87s.  6d.,  and  one  was  taken  on  the  spot  at 
60s.     It  appears  that  it  was  customary  for  the  shippers  to  ad- 


T 


2 


204  THE  patrons'  trials  and  triumphs. 

vance  twenty  dollars  per  ton  on  all  grain  as  it  was  shipped,  :>r 
received  for  shipment,  the  balance  to  be  paid  to  the  farmers 
when  freight  and  commissions  were  deducted  on  the  sale  of  the 
wheat  in  Liverpool,  but  some  of  the  farmers  had  neglected  to 
obtain  these  advances.  Time  must  necessarily  elapse  before 
the  cargoes  could  be  heard  from.  What  could  be  done  ?  The 
Grange  was  not  a  corporate  body;  the  Executive  Committee 
were  powerless  to  act  in  so  grave  an  emergency.  The  London 
and  San  Francisco  Bank  withdrew  its  support  from  Mr.  Wal- 
cott,  and  though  the  prominent  firm  of  Daniel  Meyer  &  Co. 
came  at  once  to  his  relief,  he  was  forced  into  bankruptcy. 

The  business  of  E.  E.  Morgan's  Sons  was  complicated,  and 
the  Executive  Committee  who  had  access  to  his  books  and 
papers,  found  that  time  was  required  before  definite  statements 
could  be  made  of  losses  and  liabilities.  Mr.  Walcott  had  been 
doing  a  mixed  business,  within  and  outside  of  the  Grange,  and 
individual  Patrons  had  been  doing  business  with  him  on  their 
own  account,  without  consulting  the  State  agent.  The  warfare 
which  Mr.  Walcott  had  waged  with  the  wheat  ring,  had  been 
an  unequal  one,  for  they  could  afford  to  lose  a  season's  profit  in 
breaking  him  down,  trusting  to  an  advance  in  the  foreign  de- 
mand. The  confidence  of  the  Grangers  in  Mr.  Walcott's  busi- 
ness talents  was  more  than  matched  by  that  of  the  most  expe- 
rienced commercial  houses  in  San  Francisco,  upon  whom  the 
weight  of  the  failure  fell  even  more  heavily.  Most  unfortunately 
for  himself,  for  his  financial  backers,  and  for  a  considerable 
number  of  Patrons  who  had  trusted  implicitly  in  his  judgment 
and  integrity,  Mr.  Walcott  failed;  but  most  fortunately  for  the 
success  of  the  farmers'  movement  towards  emancipation.  Now, 
for  the  first  time,  the  farmers  had  a  true  view  of  their  helpless- 
ness, who  knew  how  to  grow  a  crop,  but  not  how  to  dispose  of 
it  to  their  own  advantage.  The  whole  body  of  Patrons  were 
now  ready  to  incorporate,  pay  their  own  agents,  and  employ 
their  own  capital.  The  lesson  was  at  once  improved;  and  those 
who  best  understood  how  the  disaster  had  happened,  were  the 
most  patient  and  unshaken  in  their  confidence  in  their  officers, 
who  labored  day  and  night  to  lessen  the  severity  of  the  loss. 

Another  blessing  in  disguise  included  in  the  failure,  was  that 
it  demonstrated  the  moral  status  of  the  Order. 

When,  in  August  and  September,  it  was  seen  that  ships  c£>uld 
be  obtained  at  a  much  lower  rate  than  that  specified  in  Morgan's 


SPECIAL  MEETING.  205 

Sons'  charters;  that  sacks  had  fallen  also,  and  that  failure  was 
inevitable,  the  Grangers  were  advised  to  repudiate  a  trans- 
action not  binding  in  law,  and  save  themselves;  but  they  did 
nothing  of  the  kind.  As  a  body,  they  stood  by  their  agreements 
and  by  the  firm,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  resolutions  of  the  Stock- 
ton meeting. 

Mr.  Walcott,  who  had  previously  resigned  the  Presidency  of 
the  Bank,  turned  over  his  books  and  unfinished  business  to  the 
Executive  Committee,  who  issued  a  circular  proposing  to  take 
entire  charge  of  the  wheat  and  wool  interests  heretofore  man- 
aged by  him,  and  thus  take  advantage  of  the  low  prices  of  ton- 
nage. A  special  meeting  of  the  State  Grange  was  also  called  to 
convene  at  San  Francisco,  on  the  4th  of  November.  At  this 
meeting,  attended  by  a  large  delegation  from  the  Subordinate 
Granges,  Mr.  Walcott's  books,  accounts,  etc.,  were  presented 
for  examination.  He  was  present  whenever  desired,  to  give  ex- 
planations, and  the  whole  business  interests  of  the  Order  were 
freely  canvassed,  resulting  in  renewed  confidence  in  the  prudence 
and  fidelity  of  the  Executive  Committee.  But  no  other  feature 
of  that  meeting  will  so  long  be  remembered  by  those  who  par- 
ticipated in  it,  as  the  noble  spirit  of  fellowship  which  led  those 
who  had  lost  much  in  the  failure  of  Morgan's  Sons,  to  come  to 
the  relief  of  those  who  had  lost  their  all. 

Costly  as  the  education  in  business  had  proved,  it  was  felt 
to  be  worth  all  it  had  cost,  and  there  was  a  determination  to 
equalize  the  burden  by  substantial  and  immediate  assistance  to 
the  greater  sufferers. 

The  failure  of  Morgan's  Sons  undoubtedly  hastened  the  foun- 
dation of  the  Grangers*  Business  Association,  for  the  members 
were  daily  made  to  feel,  in  attempting  to  repair  their  losses, 
that  faithfulness  and  ability  ftonnWl  for  nothing  without  au- 
thority to  act  as  the  legalized  officers  of  a  corporation.  ' '  Going 
^o^vrar  without  arms,"  was  no  longer  io  be  thought  of.  It 
had  been  proposed  to  incorporate  the  State  Grange,  but  that 
could  not  be  done  under  the  State  laws.  Whether  to  have  one 
or  several  incorporations,  was  a  serious  question.  The  fruit 
growers,  wool  growers,  and  dairy  interest,  all  required  separate 
handling.  It  was  finally  resolved  to  include  them  all  in  one 
incorporation,  in  which  those  interests  should  be  represented 
respectively,  by  men  of  their  own  choosing  as  directors. 

Again,  to  define  the  scope  of  the  organization  was  no  easy 


206  THE  patrons'  trials  and  triumphs. 

task.  Having  determined  the  necessity  and  feasibility  of  doing 
something,  what,  how,  and  how  much,  remained  to  be  settled. 
While  it  was  felt  that  anything  that  might  become  necessary  to 
protect  the  commercial  interests  of  Patrons  was  consistent  with 
the  scheme,  it  was  clear  that  speculation  was  no  part  of  a 
farmer's  business.  It  was,  therefore,  determined  to  limit  the 
functions  of  the  incorporation  to  a  factor's  business,  and  the 
articles  of  agreement  were  framed  accordingly.  As  Grangers, 
it  is  not  intended  to  make  war  upon  any  legitimate  business, 
nor  to  interrupt  commerce  in  any  of  its  established  channels. 
But  they  do  propose  to  protect  themselves  by  all  proper  means, 
and  to  avoid  all  unnecessary  expense  in  the  transportation  of 
their  products,  thereby  securing  better  pay  for  their  labor  and 
the  use  of  their  capital.  They  do  not  object  to  reasonable  com- 
missions, but  to  extortion. 

Another  question  that  has  very  generally  agitated  the  minds 
of  Patrons,  and  that  was  thoroughly  discussed  by  the  conven- 
tion, was  the  relative  importance  of  local  incorporations.  It 
was  deemed  safe  to  leave  it  to  Patrons  to  settle  for  themselves 
according  to  the  circumstances  of  their  respective  localities. 
These  local  incorporations  may  become  important  auxiliaries  to 
the  Business  Association,  and  the  Association  must,  when  once 
established,  contribute  largely  to  their  success,  by  affording 
them  facilities  and  connections  for  trade  at  the  central  market 
of  the  State,  which,  without  it,  they  cannot  have.  While,  there- 
fore, the  benefits  are  reciprocal,  it  seems  more  needful  first  to 
nurture  the  trunk,  whence  the  branches  may  be  sent  out  to  cover 
with  their  beneficent  shade  every  Grange  and  every  Granger  in 
the  land. 

Some  idea  of  the  amount  of  business  that  may  be  reasonably 
expected  to  be  done  by  the  Association  during  the  present  year, 
may  be  formed  "By  considering  the  amount  of  transactions  at 
San  Francisco  in  agricultural  and  dairy  products  during  the 
year  1874,  of  which  the  following  is  a  reliable  statement: 
dairy  products— total  value,  $5,000,000;  wheat— 21, 000, 000 
centals,  at  $1  70,  total  value,  $35,700,000;  wool— 40,000,000 
pounds,  total  value,  $6,800,000;  barley,  oats,  hay,  etc., — total 
value,  $5,000,000;  fruit  crop— total  value,  $2,000,000;  wine 
—total  value,  $4,000,000. 

We  omit  all  mention  of  poultry,  eggs,  beans,  potatoes  and 
other  products,  each  of  which  amounts  to  a  large  business  of 


THE  FINAL  RESULT.  207 

itself!  We  have,  however,  mentioned  enough  to  show  an  ag- 
gregate business  of  nearly  $60,000,000  per  annum.  The  pro- 
portion of  this  vast  business  which  shall  be  diverted  into  this 
channel  will  depend  upon  the  disposition  of  the  members  of 
the  Order — inasmuch  as  the  above  statement  is  but  an  aggre- 
gation of  the  business  done  by  the  farmers  of  the  State. 

At  351  Market  street,  San  Francisco,  conveniently  accessible 
to  the  wharves  and  depots,  the  Grangers'  Business  Association 
now  stands  ready  to  do  its  proper  share  of  the  farmers'  commer- 
cial work.  The  Grange  is  now  for  the  first  time  a  completed  or- 
ganism, with  producing,  distributing  and  assimilating  func- 
tions working  harmoniously  together  for  the  material  and  social 
advancement  of  the  tillers  of  the  soil.  By  resolution  of  the 
Executive  Committee,  the  Dairy  and  Business  Agencies,  which 
have  accomplished  so  much  for  the  benefit  of  the  Patrons,  are 
formally  discontinued,  and  will  hereafter  constitute  depart- 
ments of  the  Business  Association. 

This  Business  Association,  which  promises  to  be  of  such  sub- 
stantial benefit  to  the  farmer,  is  organized  under  the  following 

AKTICLES  OF  INCOKPORATION. 

Know  all  Men  by  these  Presents:  That  we,  the  undersigned,  have  this  day- 
associated  ourselves  together  for  the  purpose  of  incorporating,  under  the  laws  of 
the  State  of  California,  a  corporation  to  be  known  by  the  corporate  name  of 
"Grangers'  Business  Association,  of  California." 

And  we  hereby  certify  that  the  purposes  for  which  this  corporation  is  formed, 
are :  As  factor  and  broker,  and  not  otherwise,  to  deal  in  all  kinds  of  agricultural 
produce,  live  stock,  wool,  agricultural  implements,  and  general  merchandise. 
Also,  to  ship  grain  and  other  merchandise  to  and  from  foreign  and  domestic 
ports,  as  factor  and  broker,  and  not  otherwise.  Also,  to  charter  and  load  vessels 
to  and  from  foreign  and  domestic  ports,  as  factor  and  broker,  and  not  otherwise. 

That  its  principal  place  of  business  shall  be  in  the  city  and  county  of  San  Fran- 
cisco, State  of  California. 

That  the  time  of  its  existence  shall  be  fifty  years  from  and  after  the  date  of  its 
incorporation. 

That  the  number  of  its  Directors  or  Trustees  shall  be  eleven;  and  the  names 
and  residences  of  those  who  shall  serve  until  the  election  of  such  officers  and  their 
qualification,  are: 

J.  M.  Hamilton,  Lake  County,  California;  J.  C.  Merry'neld,  Solano  County, 
California;  G.  W.Colby,  Butte  County,  California;  A.B.  Nalley,  Sonoma  County, 
California;  J.  M.  Thompson,  Napa  County,  California;  A.  D.  Logan,  Colusa 
County,  California;  H.  M.  Leonard,  Santa  Clara  County,  California;  Wm.  McP. 
Hill,  Sonoma  County,  California;  O.  Hubbell,  Marin  County,  California;  G.  P. 
Kellogg,  Monterey  County,  California;  D.  Inman,  Alameda  County,  California. 

That  the  Capital  Stock  of  this  corporation  shall  be  one  million  dollars 
($1,000,000),  in  gold  coin  of  the  United  States,  divided  into  forty  thousand 
shares  of  the  par  value  of  twenty-five  dollars  ($25)  each. 

In  witness  whereof,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  and  seals,  this  16th  day  of 
February,  a.  d.  1875. 

G.  W.  Colby, 

"W.  McPhekson  Hill, 

J.  C.  Mekryfield, 

A.  B   Nalley, 

A.  D.  Logan. 


208  THE  patrons'  trials  and  triumphs. 

At  a  meeting  held  on  February  18th,  1875,  a  complete  organ- 
ization was  effected,  with  the  following  result : 

BY-LAWS. 

Article  I.  The  name  of  this  corporation  shall  be  the  Grangers'  Business  As- 
sociation of  California. 

Article  II.  The  said  Corporation  shall  have  a  capital  stock  of  one  million  dol- 
lars, gold  coin  of  the  United  States,  divided  into  forty  thousand  shares  of  twenty- 
five  dollars  each. 

Article  III.  The  principal  place  of  business  of  said  Corporation  shall  be  at 
the  City  and  County  of  San  Francisco,  State  of  California. 

Article  IV.  None  but  Patrons  of  Husbandry  shall  be  permitted  to  subscribe  to 
the  capital  stock  of  this  Corporation. 

Article  V.  Stockholders  of  this  Corporation  shall  be  such  persons  or  corpora- 
tions, composed  of  Patrons,  as  may  have  executed  or  shall  execute  a  subscription 
to  the  capital  stock — in  such  form  as  the  Board  of  Directors  may  prescribe— and 
shall  pay  to  the  said  Corporation  all  duly  levied  and  called  assessments,  or  such 
persons  or  corporations  as  the  stock  may  be  duly  assigned  to  in  accordance  with 
these  By-Laws. 

Article  VI.  The  powers  of  the  Corporation  shall  be  vested  in  a  Board  of  eleven 
Directors,  who  shall  have  been  elected,  and  who  shall  hold  office  for  the  term  of 
one  year,  or  until  their  successors  should  have  been  elected  and  entered  upon  the 
discharge  of  their  duties. 

Article  VII.  The  Directors  shall  be  citizens  of  the  United  States,  Patrons  of 
Husbandry,  and  Stockholders  in  the  Corporation,  and  hold,  each,  at  least  ten 
shares  of  the  capital  stock. 

Article  VIII.  A  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  Directors  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business,  and  every  decision  of  a  majority  of  the 
persons  duly  assembled  as  a  Board  (if  not  in  conflict  with  these  By-Laws),  shall 
be  valid  as  an  act  of  this  Corporation. 

Article  IX.  Kegular  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Directors  shall  be  held  at  the 
office  of  the  Corporation,  at  least  once  in  every  three  months,  and  at  such 
other  times  as  the  Board  of  Directors  may  prescribe.  Special  meetings  of  the 
Board  of  Directors  shall  be  held,  at  the  same  place,  upon  the  call  of  the  Presi- 
dent or  Vice-President.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President  or  Vice-President, 
in  case  from  any  cause  the  President  cannot  act,  to  call  special  meetings,  either 
of  the  Board  of  Directors  or  of  the  stockholders,  upon  the  written  request  of 
five  directors,  or  upon  the  written  request  of  stockholders  representing  one  tenth 
of  the  stock  issued.  Due  notice  of  such  requested  meeting  of  the  stockholders 
shall  be  given  by  mail,  and  also  by  publication,  as  prescribed  in  Article  xxiv  of 
these  By-Laws;  and  all  business  which  could  be  transacted  at  a  regular  meeting 
of  the  stockholders  may  be  done  at  such  requested  and  specially  called  meeting. 
No  notice  of  the  regular  meeting  of  the  Board  of  Directors  shall  be  requisite 
other  than  that  prescribed  herein;  but  of  all  special  meetings  the  President  or 
Vice  President  shall  cause  all  Directors  residing  out  of  San  Francisco  to  be  noti- 
fied by  mail  or  telegraph;  and  all  Directors  residing  and  being  in  San  Francisco, 
and  any  others  to  whom  it  is  practicable  to  give  such  personal  notice,  shall  be 
personally  notified. 

Article  X.  The  Corporation  shall  have  power,  through  its  officers  and  employes 
to  deal,  as  a  factor,  in  all  kinds  of  agricultural  produce,  live  stock,  wool,  agricult- 
ural implements  and  general  merchandise;  and  also,  as  a  factor,  to  import  and 
export  all  articles  appropriate  or  fitting  to  agricultural  pursuits. 

Article  XI.  Whenever  a  vacancy  shall  occur  in  the  Board  of  Directors  by  death, 
resignation  or  otherwise,  the  Board  of  Directors  shall  fill  the  same  by  appointing 
a  successor  for  the  unexpired  term. 

Article  XII.  Whenever  any  Director  shall  cease  to  be  a  stockholder,  his  office 
shall  become  ipso  facto,  vacant;  and  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  as  provided  in 
Article  xi. 

Article  XIII.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  elect  from  their  number  a  President, 
and  Vice  President  of  the  corporation,  who  shall  hold  their  offices  for  one  year, 
or  until  their  successors  are  elected  and  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  their 
official  duties. 

Article  XIV.  The  President  or  Vice  President,  or  either  of  them,  may  be  re- 
moved from  office  at  any  time  on  the  vote  of  seven  Directors  in  favor  of  removal. 


BY-LAWS.  209 

Article  XV.  The  President  and  Vice  President  and  Teasurer  shall  give  bonds 
for  the  faithful  discharge  of  their  respective  duties,  in  such  sums  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  Board  of  Directors;  and  for  their  services  shall  receive  such  re- 
muneration as  may  be  fixed  by  said  Board. 

Article  XVI.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall  have  power  to  appoint  a  Secretary 
an  Attorney,  and  such  other  officers,  agents,  clerks  and  servants,  as  the  business 
of  the  Corporation  may  require,  define  their  powers  and  prescribe  their  duties,  sub- 
ject to  these  By-Laws,  and  shall  fix  the  salaries  or  other  compensation  to  be  paid 
to  such  officers,  agents,  clerks  and  servants  of  the  Corporation. 

Article  XVII.  The  President  and  Vice  President  shall  have  charge  and  cus- 
tody of  the  funds,  property,  books,  papers  and  other  matters  of  the  Corporation, 
under  such  rules,  regulations  and  restrictions  as  provided  by  these  By-Laws,  or 
the  Board  of  Directors  may  prescribe  by  resolutions  duly  passed  and  entered  upon 
the  minutes  of  said  Board. 

Article  XVIII.  The  President  and  Vice  President  shall  not  both  be  absent 
from  the  State  at  the  same  time,  and  in  case  of  the  absence  of  either,  his  duties 
and  powers  shall  devolve  upon  and  be  performed  by  the  other. 

Article  XIX.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  President,  and  in  his  absence,  the 
Vice  President,  to  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  and  at  all 
meetings  of  the  stockholders  of  the  Corporation. 

Article  XX.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Secretary  to  record  correctly  all  the 
proceedings  of  the  stockholders  at  their  meetings,  and  of  the  Board  of  Directors. 

Article  XXI.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall,  from  their  number,  appoint  an 
Auditing  Committee  of  three,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  count  the  cash,  examine 
the  books,  vouchers,  documents,  papers,  and  other  assets  of  the  Corporation;  to 
report  upon  the  same  to  the  stockholders  at  their  annual  meetings,  and  to  the 
Board  of  Directors  from  time  to  time,  as  they  may  direct. 

Article  XXII.  The  Board  of  Directors  shall,  from  their  number,  appoint  a 
Finance  Committee  of  three,  whose  duties  shall  be  defined  by  resolution  of  the 
Board  of  Directors. 

Article  XXIII.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  stockholders  for  the  election  of 
Directors  shall  be  held  at  the  office  of  the  Corporation,  on  the  third  Wednesday 
of  February  of  each  year,  at  ten  o'clock  a.  m. 

Article  XXIV.  The  call  for  the  annual  meeting  of  stockholders,  and  for  the 
annual  election  of  Directors  shall  be  signed  by  the  President  or  Vice  President, 
and  be  attested  by  the  Secretary,  and  be  published  at  least  once  a  week,  for  four 
consecutive  weeks  next  preceding  the  day  of  meeting,  in  at  least  three  newspapers 
of  general  circulation  throughout  the  State.  If  from  any  cause  no  quorum  shall 
be  present,  the  meeting  may  adjourn  from  time  to  time  without  further  notice. 

Article  XXV. — All  transfers  of  stock  shall  be  subject  to  all  debts  and  equities 
in  favor  of  the  Corporation  against  the  person  or  Corporations  making  such 
transfer,  and  existing  or  arising  prior  to  the  regular  transfer  thereof  upon  the 
books  of  the  Corporation;  and  no  transfer  of  shares  shall  be  made  upon  the 
books  of  the  Corporation,  until  all  dues  and  demands  thereon,  due  to  the  Corpo- 
ration, from  the  party  or  parties  representing  such  shares,  shall  have  been  paid. 

Article  XXVI.— All  transfers  of  "stock  shall  be  made  on  the  books  of  the  Cor- 
poration, and  no  transfer  shall  be  binding  on  the  Corporation  umil  so  entered,  or 
until  all  assessments  thereon  have  been  paid.  No  stock  that  has  been  transferred 
on  the  books  of  the  Corporation  within  thirty  days  next  preceding  any  meeting 
of  the  stockholders,  shall  be  entitled  to  representation  at  said  meeting. 

Article  XXVII. — Certificates  of  stock  shall  be  issued  to  the  original  stock- 
holders of  this  Corporation,  to  the  number  of  shares  by  each  subscribed  in  the 
original  articles  of  association,  as  evidence  to  each  of  the  number  of  shares  by 
him  or  her  owned  in  the  capital  stock;  and  the  manner  of  transferring  shares 
shall  be  by  endorsement  and  delivery  of  the  certificate  thereof,  such  endorse- 
ment being  by  the  signature  of  the  proprietor,  or  his  or  her  attorney  in  fact,  or 
legal  representative.  No  stock  shall  be  transferred  without  the  surrender  of  the 
certificate,  and  upon  such  surrender  the  word  "cancelled  "  shall  be  written  across 
the  face  of  the  certificate  by  the  Secretary,  and  the  signatures  of  the  officers  shall 
be  erased,  and  such  certificate,  so  cancelled,  shall  be  preserved  by  pasting  the 
same  to  the  stub  from  which  it  was  torn,  in  the  Certificate  book.  The  transfer 
books  shall  be  closed  for  two  days  prior  to  the  annual  meetings  and  the  payment 
of  dividends,  and  the  dividends  shall  be  paid  to  the  persons  in  whose  names  they 
stand  as  stockholders  at  the  time  when  the  books  are  closed. 

Article  XXVIIL— All  the  net  earnings  and  profits  in  said  business  of  the  Cor« 

14 


210         THE  PATEONS'  TRIALS  AND  TRIUMPHS. 

poration,  over  and  above  actual  expenses  paid,  or  for  which  the  Corporation  is 
liable,  shall,  by  dividends  duly  declared  by  the  Board  of  Directors,  be  divided 
among  the  stockholders,  pro  rata  their  stock,  and  in  no  event  shall  indebtedness 
be  incurred  other  than  in  the  proper,  legitimate  business  of  the  Corporation; 
provided,  the  amount  of  indebtedness  that  may  be  incurred,  shall  not  exceed  the 
amount  of  stock  actually  subscribed. 

Officers. — President,  Daniel  Inman;  Vice-President,  T.  J.  Brooke;  Treasurer, 
John  Llewellyn;  Attorney,  A.  W.  Thompson;  Secretary,  Wm.  Vanderbilt;  Auditing 
Committee,  R.  C.  Haile,  Thomas  Flint,  I.  C.  Steele.  Finance  Committee,  Amos 
Adams,  Thomas  Upton,  C.  P.  Kellogg. 

Directors. — Daniel  Inman,  of  Alameda  County;  Thomas  Upton,  of  Merced 
County;  T.  J.  Brooke,  of  San  Joaquin  County;  I.  C.  Steele,  of  San  Mateo  County; 
Amos  Adams,  of  Sacramento  County;  Wm.  Vanderbilt  of  Marin  County;  John 
Llewellyn,  of  Napa  County;  Thomas  Flint,  of  San  Benito  County;  A.  W.  Thomp- 
son, of  Sonoma  County:  E.  C.  Haile,  of  Solano  County;  G.  P.  Kellogg,  of  Mon- 
terey County. 


PAKT    THIED. 

Gkange  Directory, 
chapter  xvii. 

THE    NATIONAL    GRANGE. 

OFFICERS: 

plaster — Dudley  W.  Adams,  Waukon,  Iowa. 

Overseer — Thomas  Taylob,  Columbia,  South  Carolina. 

Lecturer — T.  A.  Thompson,  Plainview,  Wabash  county,  Minnesota. 

Steward — A.  J.  Vaughan,  Early  Grove,  Marshall  county,  Mississippi. 

Assistant  Steward — G.  W.  Thompson,  New  Brunswick,  New  Jersey. 

Chaplain — Rev.  A.  B.  Geosh,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

Treasurer — F.  M.  McDowell,  Corning,  New  York . 

Secretary—  O.  H.  Kelley,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

Gate  Keeper — 0.  Dinwiddie,  Orchard  Grove,  Lake  county,  Indiana. 

Ceres — Mbs.  D.  W.  Adams,  Waukon,  Iowa. 

Pomona— Mbs.  O.  H.  Kelley,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

Flora — Mks.  J.  C.  Abbott,  Clarkesville,  Butler  county,  Iowa. 

Lady  Assistant  Steward— Miss  C.  A.  Hall,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE: 

William  Saxtndebs,  Washington,  District  of  Columbia. 

D.  Wyatt  Aiken,  Cokesbury,  Abbeville  county,  South  Carolina. 

E.  R.  Shankland,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

MEMBERS: 
State.  Master.  Address. 

Alabama  .-.- ......... .  W.  H.  Chambers Oswichee,  Russell  county. 

Arkansas John  T.  Jones Helena,  Phillips  county. 

California J.  M,  Hamilton Guenoc,  Lake  county. 

Colorado R.  Q.  Tenney Fort  Collins,  Larimer  county^ 

Delaware (United  with Maryland.) 

Dakota E.  B.  Crew Lodi,  Clay  county. 

Florida B.  F.  Wardlaw Madison,  Madison  county. 

Georgia T.  J.  Smith Oconee,  C.  R.  R.,  Wash'ton  co. 

Illinois Alonzo  Golder Rock  Falls,  Whitesides  county. 

Indiana Henley  James Marion,  Grant  county. 

Iowa A.  B.  Smedley Cresco,  Howard  county. 

Idaho (United  with Oregon. ) 

Kansas M.  E.  Hudson Mapleton,  Bourbon  county. 

Kentucky M.  D.  Davie Beverly,  Christian  county. 

Louisiana H.  W.  L.  Lewis Osyka,  Pike  county. 

Maine Nelson  Ham Lewiston,  Androscoggin  county. 

Maryland Jos.  T.  Moore Sandy  Springs,  Mont,  county. 

Massachusetts Joseph  P.  Felton Greenfield,  Franklin  county. 

Michigan S.  F.  Brown Schoolcraft,  Kalamazoo  county. 

Minnesota S.  E.  Adams Monticello,  Wright  county. 

Mississippi W.  L.  Hemingway Carrollton,  Carroll  county. 

Missouri T.  R.  Allen  Allenton,  St.  Louis  county. 

Montana ^ Brigham  Reed Bozeman,  Gallatin  county. 


212  GRANGE  DIRECTORY. 

State.  Master.  Address. 

Nebraska Win.  B.  Porter Plattsmouth,  Cass  county. 

New  Hampshire    Dudley  T.  Chase Claremont,  Sullivan  county. 

New  Jersey Edward  Howland Hammonton,  Atlantic  county. 

New  York George  D.  Hinckley Fredonia,  Chatauqua  county. 

North  Carolina Columbus  Mills Concord,  Cabarrus  county. 

Nevada (United  with California.) 

Ohio S.  H.  Ellis.  ... Spnngboro,  Warren  county. 

Oregon Daniel  Clark <, Salem,  Marion  county. 

Pennsylvania D.  B.  Mauger .    Douglassville,  Berks  couuty 

South  Carolina Thomas  Taylor Columbia,  Richland  county. 

Tennessee William  Maxwell Humboldt,  Gibson  county. 

Texas William  W.  Lang Marlin,  Falls  county. 

Vermont E.  P.  Col  ton Irasburg,  Orleans  county. 

Virginia J.  W.  White Eureka  Mills,  Charlotte  county. 

West  Virginia B.  M.  Kitchen* Shanghai,  Berkeley  county. 

Wisconsin _.  John  Cochrane Waupun,  Fond  du  Lac  county.  > 

Washington (United  with Oregon.) 


CALIFOKNIA  STATE  GKANGE. 

OFFICEES. 

Master — J.  M.  Hamilton,  Guenoc,  Lake  county. 

Overseer — O.  L.  Abbott,  Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Barbara  county. 

Lecturer — J.  W.  A.  Weight,  Borden,  Fresno  county. 

Steward — N.  L.  Allen,  Salinas,  Monterey  county. 

Assistant  Steward— Wm.  M.  Jackson,  Woodland,  Yolo  county. 

Chaplain — J.  A.  Hutton,  Yolo,  Yolo  county. 

Treasurer— J .  B.  Caebington,  Denverton,  Solano  county. 

Secretary — W.  H.  Baxtee,  6  Leidesdorff  street,  San  Francisco. 

Gate  Keeper — K.  K.  Wakdeb,  Waterford,  Stanislaus  county. 

Geres— Mrs.  G.  W.  Davis,  Santa  Rosa,  Sonoma  county. 

Pomona — Mrs.  S.  C.  Baxtee,  Napa  city,  Napa  county. 

Flora — Mrs.  R.  S.  Hegelee,  Bodega,  Sonoma  county. 

Lady  Assistant  Steward — Mrs.  S.  M.  Gabdneb,  Grayson,  Stanislaus  county. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  : 

J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  M.,  Chairman,  Guenoc,  Lake  county. 

I.  G.  Gabdneb,  Grayson,  Stanislaus  county. 

J.  C.  Mebeyfield,  Dixon,  Solano  county. 

H.  M.  Leonard,  Santa  Clara,  Santa  Clara  county. 

J.  M.  Thompson,  Suscol,  Napa  county. 

G.  W.  Colby,  Nord,  Butte  county. 

A.  B.  Nalley,  Windsor,  Sonoma  county. 

CALIFORNIA  DISTRICT  AND  COUNTY  COUNCILS: 

Alameda  County— Joel  Russell,  Haywood,  M.;  T.  Hellar,  S. 

Los  Angeles  and  San  Bebnaedinc  Distbict — T.  A.  Garey,  Los  Angeles,  M. ;  J. 
F.  Marquis,  Anaheim,  S. 

Mendocino  County — L.  F.  Long,  Ukiah  City,  M.;  J.  A.  Knox,  Sanel,  S. 

Monteeey  and  Santa  Ceuz  Disteict— J.  R/Hebbron,  M. ;  A.  F.  Richardson*  S. 

Napa  Disteict— J.  D.  Blanchar,  M.;  H.  W.  Haskell,  S. 

Saceamento,  El  Doeado  and  Placee  Disteict — Officers  not  reported. 

San  Luis  Obispo  County— A.  J.  Mothersead,  M.;  J.  M.  Mannon,  S. 

Santa  Claea  County — H.  M.  Leonard,  M.;  I.  A.  Wilcox,  S.  Regular  meet- 
ings every  three  mouths,  alternately  at  Santa  Clara  and  San  Jose. 

Santa  Baebaea  and  San  Luis  Obispo  Disteict — Officers  not  reported. 

Solano  County— J.  B.  Carrington,  M.;  J.  M.  Jones,  S. 

Sonoma  County— Wm.  McPherson  Hill,  M.;  S.  T.  Coulter,  S. 


LIST  OF  ORGANIZING  DEPUTIES.  213 

Stanislaus  County — R.  R.  Warder,  M.;  Vital  E.  Bangs,  S. 
Tulake  County— W.  S.  Babcock,  M.;  J.  S.  Urton,  S. 
Ventura  County  Council — Daniel  Rouillish,  M, ;  James  S.  Harkey,  S. 
West  San  Joaquin  District,  (Merced,  San  Joaquin  and  Stanislaus  counties.) 
W.  J.  Miller,  Oristimba,  M.;  Thomas  A.  Chapman,  Oristimba,  S. 

LIST  OF  ORGANIZING  DEPUTIES. 
County.  Deputy.  Vost-office. 

Alameda Thos.  Heller.  . .   Eden. 

Amador H.  Vanderpool Plymouth. 

Butte Ed.  Hallett Chico. 

Butte eo Wm.  M.Thorpe Chico. 

Butte G.  W.  Colby Nord. 

Colusa J.  J.  Hicok Grand  Island. 

Colusa D.  H.  Arnold Spring  Valley. 

Contra  Costa R.  G.  Dean Antioch. 

El  Dorado A.  J.  Cristie Coloma. 

Fresno J.  W.  A.  Wright Borden. 

Humboldt H.  W.  Arbogast Areata. 

Inyo T.  J.  Furbee Bishop's  Creek 

Lake H.  A.  Oliver Guenoc. 

Los  Angeles Thos.  A.  Garey Los  Angeles. 

Los  Angeles Ed.  Evey . Anaheim. 

Mendocino R.  M.  Wilson Cahto. 

Merced H.  B.  Jolley Merced  City. 

Modoc I.  S.  Mathews Fort  Jones- 
Mono T.  J.  Furbee Bishop's  Creek,  uiyo. 

Monterey J.  D.  Fowler Hollister. 

Placer A.  D.  Neher Roseville. 

Sacramento W.  S.  Manlove Sacramento, 

San  Benito J.  D.  Fowler , Hollister. 

San  Francisco I.  G.  Gardner San  Francisco. 

San  Francisco J.  H.  Hegeler San  Francisco. 

San  Joaquin A.  Wolf. Stockton. 

San  Luis  Obispo A.  J.  Mothersead Moro. 

San  Luis  Obispo Isaac  Flood , Old  Creek. 

Santa  Barbara O.  L.  Abbott Santa  Barbara. 

Santa  Clara G.  W.  Henning San  Jose. 

Shasta. J.  T.  Dinsmore Reading.' 

Siskiyou I.  S.  Mathews Fort  Jones, 

Solano J.  B.  Carrington Denverton. 

Solano R.  C.  Haile Suisun. 

Solano J.  C.  Merryfield Dixon. 

Sonoma Geo.  W.  Davis Santa  Rosa. 

Sonoma A.  B.  Nally Windsor. 

Sonoma T.  H.  Merry Healdsburg, 

Stanislaus J.  D.  Spencer Modesto. 

Stanislaus J.  D.  Reyburn Modesto. 

Sutter Geo.  Ohleyer -  Yuba  City. 

Tehama A.  J.  Loomis Farmington. 

Tulare M.  S.  Babcock Kingston,  Fresno. 

Yolo ... .. Wm.  Sims Buckeye. 

General  Deputies. 

Alameda -.„ ....... Ezra  S.  Carr Oakland. 

Fresno J.  W.  A.  Wright  ( W.  L.) Borden. 

Lake J.  M.  Hamilton  ( W.  M.) Guenoc. 

San  Francisco W.  H.  Baxter  ( W.  S.) 6  Liedesdorff  Street. 

San  Francisco John  H.  Hegeler San  Francisco. 

Solano John  B.  Carrington Denverton. 

NEVADA. 

A.  J.  Hatch Reno. 


214 


GRANGE  DIRECTORY. 


CALIFOKNIA    SUBOKDINATE   GRANGES,   ARRANGED   BY  COUNTIES 

This  list  contains  the  names  of  Masters  and  Secretaries  so  far  as  reported, 
elected  to  serve  during  the  year  1875.  In  Granges  not  reported  we  continue  the 
names  of  last  year's  officers  : 

AMADOB  COUNTY. 
Name  of  Grange.  Master.  Secretary.  Post-office. 

Jackson  Valley Jesse  D.  Hamrick. .  Lansing  J.  Dooley      lone  City. 

Plymouth Harding  Vanderpool  S.  C.  Wheeler Plymouth. 

South  Sutter. .......  Thos.  Boyd G.  R.  Richardson  . .  South  Sutter. 


ALAMEDA  COUNTY. 


Centerville. Jas.  Shinn. . . 

Eden Thos.  Hellar. 

Livermore  .... D.  Inman 

Sunol E.  M.  Carr  . . 

Temescal . .... .  J.  V.  Webster 


.  M.  B.  Sturgis Centerville. 

.  Wm.  Pearce Haywards. 

.  F.  R.  Fassett Livermore. 

.  S.  W.  Millard Sunol. 

.  John  Collins Oakland. 


Chico E.  Hallett 

Evening  Star. A.  D.  Nelson. . . 

Hamilton H.  L.  Lasselle  . 

Honcut John  C.  Moore. 

Nord G.  VanWoert.. 


BUTTE   COUNTY. 

H.  W.  Barnes Chico. 

A.  M.  Woodruff Nelson. 

Anson  Brown Biggs'  Station. 

D.  F.  Newbert Moore's  Station, 

Peter  Kern Nord. 


Calaveras.. 


CALAVERAS    COUNTY. 

M .  F.  Gregory Mrs.  Rodgers 


Jenny  Lind 


COLUSA  COUNTY. 


Antelope  Valley. 

Center 

Colusa 

Freshwater 

Funk  Slough 
Grand  Island  . . . 

Newville 

Plaza 

Princeton 

Spring  Valley . . . 

Union 

Willows ... ...... 


John  Sites . . . 
D.  Bebee  .... 
J.  O.  Wilkins 
P.  S.  Perdue. 
L.  D.  McDow 
Wm.  Ogden . . 
B.  N.  Scribner 
M.  Kendrick 
R.  R.  Rush. 
B.  Lucas  . . . 
J.F.Garr... 
J.  W.Zumwalt 


. .  P.  Peterson 

. .  Mrs.  Carrie  Wellay . 

. .  R.  Jones 

..  R.  A.  Wilsey 

..  E.  C.  Hunte.r 

..  J.  H.  Duffield 

. .  S.  Osborne 

. .  J.  W.  Bower 

. .  P.  H.  Scott 

. .  T.  Singleton 

. .  W.  W  Dollings  . . . . 
..  G.  T.  Hicklin 


Antelope~Valley 

Colusa. 

Colusa. 

Colusa. 

Colusa. 

Grand  Island. 

Newville. 

Jacinto. 

Princeton. 

Spring  Valley. 

Princeton. 

Princeton. 


CONTBA   COSTA   COUNTY. 


Alhambra 

Antioch 

Danville 

Point  of  Timber. 
Walnut  Creek . . . 


J.  Strentzell. 
M.  A.  Walton 

C.Wood 

H.  C.  McCabe 
M.  S.  Gray  . . 


. .  W.  A.  Frazer Martinez. 

.    J.  D.  Darby Antioch. 

. .  J.  R.  Sydnor Danville. 

. .  E.  W.  Carey Point  of  Timber. 

. .  R.  M.  Jones Walnut  Creek. 


Clarksville,, 
El  Dorado. . 
Pilot  Hill... 
Placerville . . 
Sutter  Mill.. 


EL  DORADO   COUNTY. 

R.  T.  Mills I.  Maltby Clarksville. 

C.  G.  Carpenter J.  M.  B.Weatherwax  El  Dorado. 

John  Bishop A.  J.  Bayley Pilot  Hill. 

William  Wilfse H.  G.  Hulburd Placerville. 

J.  G.  O'Brien H.  Mahler Coloma. 


Adams 

Borden 

Fresno 

Garretson . . . 
Rising  Star . 
Sycamore. . , 


FRESNO  COUNTY. 

T.  P.  Nelson T.  Wyatt Big  Dry  Creek. 

H.  L.  Patterson J.  Fontaine Borden. 

D.  C.  Libby F.  Dusy Fresno  City. 

Jos.  Burns H.  C.  Higby King's  River, 

W.  W.  Hagar W.  M.  Poage Panochi. 

A.  C.  Bradford .  JLA.  Allen „..«..  Sycamore. 


CALIFORNIA  SUBORDINATE  GRANGES. 


215 


Name  of  Grange 
Elk  River.... 

Ferndale 

Kiwelattah  . . 

Mattole 

Rohnerville. . 
Table  Bluff . . 


HUMBOLDT  COUNTY. 
Master.  Secretary.  Post-office. 

T.  S.  Stewaart D.  A.  DeMerritt. . ...  Eureka. 

F.  Z.  Boynton E.  C.  Damon Ferndale. 

D.  D.  Averill F.  McPhee Areata. 

Jacob  Miner David  Simmons. . . .  Petrolia. 

H.  S.  Case S.  Strong  Kohnerville 

J.  Sawyer E.  Clark Table  Bluff. 


INYO   COUNTY. 


Bishop's  Creek A.  Dell W.  T.  Wiswall Bishop's  Creek. 

Independence J.  W.  Symmes D.  Beurtis Independence. 

Lone  Pine J.  J.  McCall A.  H.  Johnson Lone  Pine* 


KEBN-  COUNTY. 


Bakersfield J.  R.  Riley  . . 

Cummings  Valley..  G.Thompson 

Linn's  Valley S.  W.  Woody 

New  River W.  Norton. . . 

Panama H.  D.  Robb. . 

Rising  Star C.  Valpey . . . . 

Tehaichipa J.  Norboe 

Weldon J.  B.  Bartz. . 


P.  D.  Jewett Bakersfield. 

T.  Yates Tehaichipa. 

S.  E.  Reed Glenville. 

L.  G.  Baker Bakersfield. 

J.  F.  Gordon Bakersfield. 

J.  W.  Craycroft Panoche. 

J.  Prewett Tehaichipa. 

James  Swan  . . .  ^. . .  Weldon. 


Lakeside  - , 


LASSEN  COUNTY. 

Geo.  H.  Bingham. .  John  Theodore Janesville, 


LAKE   COUNTY. 


Guenoc ^ 

Kelseyville 

Lakeport  ...... 

Lower  Lake 

Upper  Lako. . . . 


. . .  T.  Sopher W.  C.  Greenfield. , .  Guenoc. 

. . .  D.  P.  Shattuck T.  Ormiston Kelseyville. 

. . .  J.  W.  Boggs N.  Phelan Lakeport. 

. . .  J.  W.  Howard. . . . , .  Lucy  S.  Wilson Lower  Lake. 

... .  D.   V.  Thompson. . .  D.  Q.  McCarty Upper  Lake. 


LOS  ANGELES  COUNTY. 


Alliance 

Azusa 

Compton 

El  Monte 

Enterprise 

Eureka 

Fairview 

Florence 

Fruitland 

Los  Angeles 

Los  Nietos 

New  River 

Orange , 

Silver 

Spadra 

Vineland 

Westminster 

Wellington 


J.  D.  Durfee 

W.  W.  Maxey 

J.  J.  Morton 

J.  T.  Gordon 

T.  E.  Alexander.... 
C.  Burdick 

E.  Evey 

Philip  How 

N.  O.  Stafford 

T.  A.  Garey 

F.  B.  Granlin 

W.  Newton 

J.  Beach 

H.  L.  Montgomery. 

A.  T.  Currier 

A.  B.  Haywood 

M.  B.  Craig 

A.  H.  Hawley 


J.  W.  Mansfield,... .  El  Monte, 

J.  C.  Preston El  Monte 

T.  V.  Kimble Compton. 

A.H.  Hoyt El  Monte. 

Mrs.  Alexander Los  Angeles. 

P.  C.  Tonner Spadra. 

J.  M.  Guinn Anaheim. 

R.  Ramsey Los  Angeles. 

L.  H.  Collins Santa  Anna. 

S.  A.  Waldron. Los  Angeles. 

W.  S.  Reavis Los  Nietos. 

S.  G.  Baker Los  Nietos. 

L.  J.  Lockhart Orange. 

W.  P.  McDonald.. .  Los  Nietos. 

Jos.  Wright Spadra. 

R.  L.  Freeman Tustin  City. 

W.  F.  Poor Westminster. 

J.  N.  Mann Wellington. 


,  MENDOCINO  COUNTY 

Cahto H.  Braden H.  Clark Cahto. 

Little  Lake A.  P.  Martin W.  A.  Wright Little  Lake. 

Manchester B.  F.  McClure W.  F.  McClure Manchester. 

Porno     J.  Mewhinney G.  B.  Nichols Porno. 

Potter  Valley L.  A.  Preston Mrs.  Slingerland. . .  Potter  Valley. 

Round  Valley P.  Handy William  Ford Covelo. 

Sanel E.  M.  Carr M.  Gregory Sanel. 

Ukiah Thos.  A.  Lucas  ....  A.  0 .  Carpenter Ukiah. 


216  GRANGE  DIRECTORY. 

MAEIN  COUNTY. 
Name  of  Grange.  Master.  Secretary.  Post-office. 

Nicasio P.  K.  Austin J.  W.  Noble Nicasio. 

Point  Reyes N.  H.  Stinson A.  H.  Stinson Point  Reyes. 

Tomales Wm.  Vanderbilt R.  II .  Prince Toinales. 

MEECED  COUNTY. 

Badger  Flat A.  P.  Merrit W.  F.  Clarke Los  Banos. 

Cottonwood J.  L.  Crittenden. . .  J.  M.  Daley Cottonwood. 

Hopeton .  i John  Buddie T.  Egleson Hopeton. 

Los  Banos A.  P.  Merrit W.  F.  Smith Los  Banos. 

Merced W.  E.  Elliot Jas.  B.  Ralston Merced. 

Plainsburg P.  Y.  Welch T.  J.  E.  Wilcox Plainsburg. 

Snelling Erastus  Kelsey . .    . .  Frank  Larkin Snelling. 

MODOC  COUNTY. 

Modoc ...... A.  V.  Coffer M.  Waid Willow-Ranch. 

MONTEBEY   COUNTY. 

Hollister R.  Ruckledge. Mary  E.  Cowan....  Hollister. 

Morning  Star C.  E.  Williams F.  Blake  ..,,.,,.  Castroville. 

Pajaro D.  M .  Clough L.  B.  Johnson.. . , . .  Watsonvilte. 

Saiinas J.  R.  Hebbron Clara  Westlake Salinas. 

NAPA   COUNTY. 

Berryessa J.  W    Smittle L.  H.  Buford Monticello. 

Calistoga W.  B.  Pratt C.  H.  Menefee Calistoga. 

Napa J.  B.  Saul A.  A.  R.  Utting Napa  City. 

Pope  Valley J.  A.  Van  Arsdale . .  C.  A.  Booth     Pope  Valley. 

Rutherford .  G.  S.  Burrege H.  W.  Crabb Yountville. 

St.  Helena J.  Llewellyn Chas.  A.  Story St.  Helena, 

Yountville J.  M.  Mayfield F.  Griffin Yountville. 

NEVADA   COUNTY. 

Indian  Springs T.  J.  Robertson  . . .  L.  Horton Indian-Springs.- 

PXACEB   COUNTY. 

Lincoln John  Lewelling A .  Story Lincoln. 

New  Castlo. John  C.  Boggs B.  P.  Tabor New  Castle. 

Roseville A.  D.  Usher Robert  Ward Roseville 

Sheridan.. D.  H.  Long S,  J.  Lewis Sheridan. 

PLUMAS  COUNTY. 

Plumas.... A.  J.  Spoon H.  F.  Lander Sierra  Valley. 

SACEAMENTO   COUNTY. 

American  River J.  A.  Evans W.  W.  Kilgore Patterson. 

Cosumnes J.  A.  Elder J.  H.  Atkins Sheldon. 

Elk  Grove Julius  Everson Delos  Gage Elk  Grove. 

Enterprise G.  J.  Martin W.  A.  Root Brighton. 

Florin L.  Fuscette J.  J.  Bates Florin . 

Franklin Amos  Adams P.  R.  Beckley Franklin 

Gait J.  C.  Sawyer J.  L.  Fifield Gait. 

Geo.rgiana F.  M.  Kittrell G.  A.  Knott Rio  Vista. 

Sacramento W.  S.  Manlove E.  F.  Aiken Sacramento. 

Sherman  Island J.  M.  Upham W.  M.  Robbins Emmaton. 

Walnut  Grove S.  Runyon J.  V.  Prather Walnut  Grove, 

SAN  BENITO  COUNTY. 

Hollister.. J.  D.  Fowler S.  F.  Cowan Hollister, 

Mountain^  .... . G.  Butterfield J.  W.  Mathews San  Benito. 

SAN  BEBNAEDINO   COUNTY. 

Rincon F.  M.  Slaughter John  Taylor Rincon. 

Riverside W.  B.  Russell G.  W.  Garcelon Riverside. 

San  Bernardino- . .    Geo.  Lord H.  Goodell,  Jr San  Bernardino. 


CALIFORNIA  SUBORDINATE  GRANGES.  217 

SAN  DIEGO  COUNTY. 
Name  of  Grange.  Master.  Secretary.  Post-office. 

Balena CO.  Tucker Mrs.  C.  O.  Tucker..  Balena, 

Bear  Valley W.  H.  H.  Dinwiddie  C.  H.  Moseley Bear  Valley. 

San  Bernardo Z.  Sikes T.  Duncan San  Bernardo. 

San  Luis  Key M.  E.  Ormsby L.  J.  Crombie San  Luis  Key. 

San  Jacinto T.  D.  Henry Mrs.  M.  Collins. . . .  San  Jacinto. 

National  Kanch F.  A.  Kimball S.  T.  Blackmore National  Ranch. 

Poway J.  F.  Cbapin E.  D.  Frank Poway. 

SAN  JOAQUIN  COUNTY. 

Atlanta S .  Myers Mrs.  J.  W.  Moore . .  Morano. 

Castoria F.  J.Woodward Eugene  Kaye Stockton. 

Collegeville P.P.  Ward S.  K.  Chalmers  ....  Collegeville. 

Elliot Henry  H.  West N.  S .  Misiner Elliot. 

Farnrington Wm.  St.  J.  Kodgers  E.  O.Long Fuimington. 

Liberty J.  M.  Wood Victor  Jahant Acampo. 

Linden E.  B.  Cayswell James  Wasley Linden. 

Lockeford .  G.  C.  Holman, S.  S.  Stewart Lockeford. 

Lodi John  Parrott Mrs.  N.  Crouch Lodi. 

Rustic L.  P.  Whitman H.  C.  Willis Lathrop. 

Stockton T.  L.  Ketchim E.  N.  Allen Stockton. 

Washington J.  W.  Sollars M.  L.  Cook Washington. 

West  San  Joaquin. .  C.  E.  Neeham J.  Quackenbush Ellis. 

Wildwood E.  D.  Morrison W.  M.  Muncey Wildwood. 

Woodbridge Ezra  Fiske A.  S.  Thomas Woodbridge. 

SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  COUNTY. 

Arroyo  Grande W.  H.  Nelson B.  J.  Wood Arroyo  Grande. 

Cambria C.  H.  Ivins H.  Olmstead Cambria. 

Moro  City H.  Y.  Stanley Jas.  Allen Moro  City. 

Old  Creek K.  C.Swain Chas.  S.  Clark Old  Creek. 

Paso  Kobles H.  W.  Khyne J.  P.  Mooky Paso  Kobles. 

San  Luis  Obispo. . .  Wm.  Jackson E.  L.  Keed San  Luis  Obispo, 

Summit J.  V.  N.  Young A.  T.  "Foster Paso  Kobles. 

SAN  MATEO  COUNTY. 

Crescent H.  M.  Jewell James  Compton Crescent. 

La  Honda __.  M.  Woodhams Mrs.  Woodhams La  Honda. 

Ocean  View. .    I.  G.  Knowles . .  E.  Robson Ocean  View. 

Pescadero B.  V.  Weeks H.  B.  Sprague Pescadero. 

San  Mateo A.  F.  Green C.  E.  Kowe San  Mateo. 

SANTA  BAKBABA  COUNTST. 

Carpenteria S.  H.  Olmstead Henry  Fish Carpenteria. 

Confidence  A.  Copeland J.  T.  Austin Guadaloupe. 

Santa  Barbara O.  L.  Abbott V.  F.  Kussell Santa  Barbara. 

Santa  Maria S.  G.  Lockwood S.  J.  Nicholson Santa  Maria. 

SANTA  CLABA  COUNTY. 

Gilroy W.  Z.  Angeney H.  Coffin Gilroy. 

Mayfield F.  W.  Weisshaar. . .  J.  Ponce Mayfield. 

San  Jose Wm.  Erkson Kufus  Fish San  Jose. 

Santa  Clara.: S.  J.  Jameson LA.  Willcox Santa  Clara, 

Saratoga.' Willis  Morrison Mrs.  J.  Farwell. ....  Saratoga. 

SANTA   CRUZ  COUNTY. 

Ben  Lomond. .-. ......  John  Burns Jas.  Burns Santa  Cruz, 

Santa  Cruz G.  C.  Wardwell T.  Pilkington Santa  Cruz. 

Watsonviile. .........  J.  McCollin Sarah  Redman Watson ville. 

SHASTA  COUNTY 

Cottonwood G.  G.  Kimball John  Barry Cottonwood. 

Millville J.  P.  Webb Geo.  W.  Welch Millville. 

Reading J.  F.  Dinsmore S.J.  R.  Gilbert Reading. 


218  GRANGE  DIRECTORY. 

SISKIYOU  COUNTY. 
Name  of  Grange.  Master.  Secretary.  Post-office. 

.Etna .~  John  McBride T.  S.  Wilson .Etna. 

Fort  Jones J.  S.  Matthews J.  W.  Tuttle Fort  Jones. 

Mt.  Bolivar R.  M.  Hayden J.  A.  Cole -Callahan's  Ranch, 

SOLANO -COUNTY. 

Binghampton A.  Bennett E.  A.  Beardsiey Binghampton. 

Denverton J.  B.  Carrington G.  C.  Arnold Denverton. 

Dixon J.  C.  Merryfield....  J.  A.  Ellis Dixon. 

Elrnira J.  A.  Clark M.  D.  Cooper  Elmira. 

Montezuma T.  Hooper C.  K.  Marshall Collinsville. 

Rio  Vista A.  B.  Alsip  John  H.  Gardener. .  Rio  Vista. 

Rockville W.  A.  Lattin J .  R.  Morris Cordelia. 

Suisun  Valley J.  M.  Jones Mrs.  R.  B.  Canovan  Suisun  Valley .. 

Vacaville E.  R.  Thurbur Oscar  Dobbins Vacaville. 

Vallejo S.  S.  Drake Chas.  B.  Deming. . .  Vallejo. 

SONOMA-  COUNTY. 

Bennett  Valley.  . . ...  N.  Oarr G.  N.  Whitaker . . . .  Santa  Rosa. 

Bloomfield Wm.  H.  White A.  B.  Glover Bloomfield. 

Bodega E.  S.  Piune        E.  H.  Choney Bodega 

Cloverdale Chas.  H.  Cooley. . . .  F.  W.  Davenport. . .  Cloverdale. 

Geyserville C.  P.  Moore H.  Wiedersheim Geyserville. 

Healdsburg B.  B.  Capell W.  M.  Gladden Healdsburg. 

Petalurna W.  W.  Chapman. .    Freeman  Parker. . . ,  Petaluma. 

Santa  Rosa Geo.  W.  Davis J,  A.  Obreen Santa  Rosa. 

Sebastopol J.  M.  Hudspeth W.  J.  Hunt Sebastopol. 

Sonoma Wm.  McP.  nill T.  S.  Cooper Sonoma. 

Two  Rock John  R.  Doss J.  C.  Purvine Two  Rock. 

Windsor E.  H.  Barns Edgar  Lindsey Windsor. 

STANISLAUS    COUNTY. 

Bonita J.  W.  Treadwell A.  B.  Crook Crow's  Landing. 

Ceres H.  W.  Brouse R.  R.  Whitmore Ceres. 

Grayson Wm.  Love A.  C.Lander Grayson. 

Oak  Dale A.  S.  Emery C.  B.  Ingalls Oak  Dale. 

Oristimba . W.J.  Miller E.  H.  Robison Hill's  Ferry 

Salida P.  Vincent A.  H.  Elmore Modesto. 

Stanislaus V.  E.  Bangs £.  R.  Turner ...  Modesto. 

Turlock C.  S.  Campbell W.  S.  Robinson. . . .  Turlock. 

Waterford S.  M.  Gallup J.  Booth  .  . . , Waterford. 

SUTTEE   COUNTY. 

North  Butte B.  R.  Spillman J.  D.  Dow North  Butte. 

South  Sutter. . Thos.  Boyd Geo.  R.  Richardson.  South  Sutter. 

Sutter W.  C.  Smith J.  M.  Gladden Meridian. 

Yuba  City B.  F.  Walton J.  Hondy Yuba  City. 

TEHAMA  COUNTY. 

Farmington C.  F.  Foster S.  H.  Loomis Farmington. 

New  Salem _„  O.  Harris. W.  T.  Hains Paskento. 

Red  Bluff R.  H.  Blossom C.  E.  Fonda Red  Bluff. 

TULARE  COUNTY. 

Christmas W.  M.  Stuart C.  H.  Robinson Visalia. 

Deep  Creek G.  F.  Jefferds  W.  G.  Pennebaker. .  Farmersville. 

Franklin m. W.  L.  Moreton G.  W.  Camp Grangeville. 

Keystone *. Erastus  Axtell N.  B.  Golden Grangeville. 

Lake M.  S.  Babcock Mrs.  E.  D.  Simmons  Grangeville. 

Mussel  Slough Wisley  Underwood.  Wm.  Land Grangeville. 

Mount  Whitney G.  W.  Duncan A.  Thompson Mount  Whitney. 

Tulare D .  E.  Wilson Victoria  Wright Tulare. 

Tule  River E.  H.  Baker Miss  J.  Gilmer Portsville. 

Visalia T.  Fowler O.  Blakely Visalia. 

Woodville J.  A.  Siover J.  Stewart Woodville. 


GRANGE  DIRECTORY. 

TUOLUMNE   COUNTY. 
Name  of  Grange.              Master.                          Secretary.  Post-office. 

Sonora G.  C.  Soulsby R.  F.  Williams Sonora. 

VENTUBA  COUNTY. 

Ojai C.  E.  Soule J.  Hobart Nordhoff. 

Pleasant  Valley  ...  W.  P.  Kamsener. . .  W.  O.  Wood Pleasant  Valley. 

San  Pedro, W.  H.  Vinyard D.  D.  DeNure Hueneme. 

Saticoy Milton  Wasson Miss  A.  Baker Saticoy. 

Sesipe S.  A.  Guiberson. . . .  T.  Marple San  Buenaventura 

Ventura J.  Willett C.  Preble San  Buenaventura 

YOLO  COUNTY. 

Antelope W.  J.  Clark T.  F.  Hughes Antelope. 

Buckeye Wm.  Sims L.  Moody Buckeye. 

Cache  Creek S.  A.  Howard R.  B.  Butler Cache  Creek. 

Cipay  Valley J.  N.  Rhodes Howland  Bower Capay  Valley 

Davisville J.  C.  Campbell W.  Hand Davisville. 

Hungry  Hollow T.  A.  Gallup Mrs.  Partz Oat  Valley. 

West  Grafton A.  W.  Morris G.  W.  Parks Yolo . 

Yolo J.  A.  Hutton D.  Schindler Woodland. 

YUBA  COUNTY. 

Marysville C.  G.  Bockius Jas.  M.  Cutts^^-.  Marysville, 


NEVADA  SUBOEDINATE  GBANGES. 

Alfalfa,  Reno,  G.  W.  Huffaker,  M.;  T.  B.  Kloher,  S. 
Eagle  Valley,  Eagle  Valley,  G.  W.  Chedig,  M.;  O.  A.  F.  Gilbert,  S. 
Cabson  Valley,  Genoa,  R.  J.  Livingstone,  M.;  J.  S.  Child,  S. 
Washoe  Valley,  Franktown,  Elias  Owens,  M.;  G.  D.  Winters,  S. 
Wellington,  Wellington,  Esmeralda  county,  A.  H.  Hawley.  M.;  J.  N.  Mann,  S. 
Meebitt,   Mason  Valley,  Esmeralda    county,   Kimber    Cleaver,   M.;     Clark 
Cleaver,  S. 

Paeadise.  Paradise  Valley,  B.  F.  Riley,  M. ;  W.  Perkins,  S. 
Winnemucca,  Winnemucca,  Wm.  B.  Haskell,  M.;  Hez.  Barns,  S. 
Elko,  Elko,  Jos.  A.  Tinker,  M.;  Jos.  L.  Keyser,  S. 
Laneville,  Laneville  Valley,  Edwin  Odell,  M. ;  Henry  M.  Freeman,  S, 
Halleck,  Camp  Halleck  Station,  J.  S.  Fenn,  M. ;  Maurice  Geary,  S. 
Stab  Valley,  Humboldt  Wells,  D.  E.  Johnston,  M.;  Chas.  J.  Whitney,  S. 
Cloveb  Valley,  Humboldt  Wells,  F.  Honeyman,  M.;  W.  B.  Raymond,  S. 


The  Grange  Record: 


CONTAINING  A  LIST  OP  CHARTER  MEMBERS  OF  EACH  GRANGE  IN 
CALIFORNIA  AND  NEVADA. 


CALIFORNIA. 

PILOT  HILL  GRANGE,  No.  1. 
Pilot    Hill,  El    Dokado    County. 
Organized  August  10,  1870,  by  A.  A.  Bayley,  General  Deputy. 


P.  D.  Brown,  Master, 

A.  J.  Bayley,  Secretary, 

J.  W.  Davis, 

A.  A.  Bayley, 

John  Bishop, 

Jumes  H.  Rose, 

John  Marshall, 

C.  S.  Rogers, 

Thos.  Owens, 

J.  P.  Bayley, 


S.  S.  Blue, 
A.  Martin, 
Wm.  Norvall, 
J.  R.  Clow, 
Silas  Hayes, 
J.  S.  Martin, 
T.  T.  Lovejoy, 
Wm.  H.  Matherley, 
George  B.  Mudd, 
Mrs.  C.  H.  Jones, 


Mrs.  S.  C.  Owens, 
Mrs.  P.  D.  Brown, 
Mrs.  G.  B.  Mudd, 
Mrs.  U.  J.  Bayley, 
Miss  Jane  Jones, 
Miss  Mary  Jones, 
Miss  A.  R.  Lovejoy, 
Miss  M.  B.  Brown, 
Miss  J.  E.  Bayley. 


NAPA  GRANGE,  No.  2. 

Napa,  Napa  County. 

Organized  March  8,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  General  Deputy. 


W.  A.  Fisher,  Master,  Levi  Hardman, 

J.  Walter  Ward,  Secretary,Paris  Kilbourn, 


W.  H.  Nash, 
Daniel  Gridley, 
L.  W.  Evey, 
James  M.  Thompson. 
T.  H.  Thompson, 
Wm.  Fleming, 


J.  M.  Mansfield, 

C.  A.  Menefee, 
J.  L.  Marshall, 
W.  W.  Smith, 
Jas.  B.  Saul, 

D.  Squib, 


A.  A.  R.  Witting, 
Wm.  H.  Winter, 
G.  W.  Henning, 
Mrs.  W.  H.  Nash, 
Mrs.  C.  Plass, 
Mrs.  Blauchar, 
Mrs.  J.M.  Mansfield, 
James  Hill. 


WEST  SAN  JOAQUIN  GRANGE,  No.  3. 

Ellis,  San  Joaquin  County. 

Organized  April  14,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

E.  B.  Stiles,  Master,  M.  Lammers,  Julia  E.  Fox, 

H.  W.  Fassett,  Secretary,  P.  T.  Gomer,  Savilla  L.  Hatfield, 

A.  P.  Stocking,  Mrs.  P.  T.  Gomer,  Mrs.  Lammers, 

L.  Gish,  Alex.  Girvan,  J.  Chrisman, 

J.  Carroll,  Wm.  B.  Hay,  W.  Haynes, 

CD.  Needham,  Ellen  Hay,  Charles  B.  Geddes, 

J.  Field,  Mary  E.  King,  Amelia  R.  Geddes, 

C.  E.  Needham,  Olive  L.  Needham,  Kate  Girvan. 


THE   GRANGE   RECORD. 


221 


STANISLAUS  GRANGE,  No.  4. 

Modesto,  Stanislaus  County. 


Organized  April  15,  1873,  by  W.  H. 


J.  D.  Spencer,  Master, 

Wm.  S.  McHenry,  Sec'y, 

T.-D.  Harp, 

W.  B.  Wood, 

J.  R.  Briggs, 

Garrison  Turner, 

D.  T.  Curtis, 

Miss  Mary  J.  Webster, 


Mrs.  Luella  Curtis, 
Lizzie  J.  Turner, 
F.  S.  Bentley, 
C.  J.  Cressey, 
Johu  Murphy, 
J.  D.  Hart, 
A.  M.  McHenry, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 

F.  H.  Ross, 
Mrs.  F.  H.  Ross, 
Mrs.  S.  Royes, 
Stephen  Royes, 
James  McHenry, 
B.  Drake, 

G.  B.  Douglass* 


VACAVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  5. 


T.  Hart  Hyatt,  Master, 
T.  Hart  Hyatt,  Jr.,  Sec^y 
W.  J.  Dobbins, 
George  Kay  Miller, 
Mrs.  M.  R.  Miller, 
W.  C.  Harris, 
Mrs.  W.  C.  Harris, 
Wm.  Cantelow, 
Mrs.  Wm.  Cantelow, 


Vacavtlle,  Solano  County. 

Organized  April  18,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

Ozias  Bingham, 
Josephine  W.  Bingham, 
A.  C.  Hawkins, 


Joseph  Longmire, 
Leonice  Longmire, 
Wm.  Butcher,     . 
W.  B.  Dairs, 
Mrs.  Emeline  Dairs, 
Miss  Lula  Hyatt, 
Mrs.  E.  A.  Dobbins, 
M.  R.  Miller, 


E.  R.  Thurber, 
Geo.  N.Weldon, 
Stephen  Hill, 
Mrs.  L.  Decker, 
Mrs.  M.  R.  Decker. 


Wm.  M.  Thorp,  Master, 
Jonathan  Martin,  Sec'y, 
Edward  Hallett, 
George  W.  Colby, 
AUen  Henry, 
George  Van  Wert, 
J.  F.  Jaggerd, 
Jos.  Eddy, 
Mahlon  Grey, 
Willard  Basset*. 


CHICO  GRANGE,  No.  6. 

Chico,  Butte  County. 

Organized  April  30,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Secretary. 

J.  M.  Ball,  Mrs.  W.  M.  Thorp, 

J.  W.  Scott,  Mrs.  I.  Eddy, 

M.  Barnes,  Mrs.  C.  Bowman, 

J.  B.  Swain,  Jr.,  Mrs.  C.  E.  Elliott. 

H.Bay,  R.M.Turner, 

Mrs.  E.  Hallett,  C.  Bowman, 

Mrs.  G.  W.  Colby,  C.  E.  Elliott, 

Mrs.  A.  Henry,  Wm.  Van  Wert, 

Mrs.  G.  Van  Wert,  H.  York. 


H.  B.  Jolley,  Master, 
H.  M.  Hamilton,  Sec'y, 
W.E.Elliott, 
W.  H.  Atkinson, 
Thomas  Upton, 
N.  S.  Rogers, 
.Tames  A,  Kieth, 
M.  D.  Atwater, 


MERCED  GRANGE,  No.  7. 

Mekced  City,  Merced  County. 

Organized  May  3,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

W.  S.  Fowler,  Francis  J.  Kieth, 

E.  R.  Elliott,  Laura  A.  Atwater, 

F.  V.  Harmon,  Fannie  A.  Fowler, 
F.  G.  Poor,  Edward  Clark, 
William  W.  Grey,  Catherine  Clark, 
Clara  M.  Upton  John  A.  Perry, 
Louisa  W.  Jolley,  Orsina  M.  Grey. 
Jennie  Rogers, 


222 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD . 


J.  D.  Reyburn,  Master 
L.  Dickey,  Secretary, 
Henry  Miller, 
A.  J.  Carver, 
Wm.  H.  Chance, 
M.  Byrum, 
George  Sherman, 
Wm.  R.  Scanberg, 


SALIDA  GRANGE,  No.  8. 

Murphy's  Pbecinct,  Modesto,  Stanislaus  County. 

Organized  May  6,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

Wm.  Wilkinson,  Mrs.  M.  Byrum, 

Wm.  Shoemaker,  G.  Usher, 

J.  W.  McDonald,  S.  E.  Scanberg, 

D.  W.  Dickey,  Anabel  Wilkinson, 

C.  E.  McDonald,  Mrs.  Louise  Shoemaker, 

Mrs.  C.  E.  Miller,  Miss  Cora  McDonald, 

M.  E.  Reyburn,  Melinda  Shannon, 

Mrs.  Chance,  John  W.  McCarthy. 


SUISUN  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  9. 


Suisun,  Solano  County. 


Organized 

R.  C.  Haile,  Master, 

A.  T.  Hatch,  Secretary, 

Hattie  Haile, 

L.  S.  Storg, 

J.  B.  Lemon, 

S.  M.  Best, 

J.  S.  Wood, 

J.  M.  Gassin, 

Peter  Long, 

James  L.  Miles, 

Geo.  C.  McMullen, 


May  9,  1873,  by  W.  H. 

R.  E.  McMullen, 
L.  Abernathie, 
J.  H.  Beauman, 
G.  H.  Pangburn, 
Adeline  Pangburn, 
Joseph  Blake, 
Mary  Hatch, 
Adeline  Pangburn, 
Jennie  Lemon, 
Isabella  Best, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 

Ella  J.  Wood. 
Mrs.  A.  Gossin, 
Sarah  A.  Long, 
Sampson  Smith, 
Thomas  M.  Swan, 
J.  G.  Edwards, 
John  C.  Kirby, 
H.  C.  Henderson, 
Ellen  Cannon, 
R.  Keams. 


SAN  JOSE  GRANGE,  No.  10. 

San    Jose,    Santa    Claea    County. 

Organized  May  13,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


Oliver  Cottle,  Master, 
S.  H.  Herring,  Secretary, 
B.  F.  Watkins, 
J.  M.  Battee, 
Hiram  Pomeroy, 
Marshall  Pomeroy, 
J.  W.  Haskell, 
M.  W.  Drinkwater 
A.  J.  Fowler, 
James  McLellan, 


L.  F.  Chipman, 
S.  F.  Ayer, 
H.  C.  Paine, 
E.  M.  Settle, 
C.  A.  Ladd, 
H.  S.  McClay, 
L.  J.  Watkins, 
S.  J.  Watkins, 
Harriett  Pomroy, 
James  Singleton, 


Charles  G.  Thomas* 
Joseph  R.  Holland, 
Edmund  Ladd, 
Caleb  Cad  well, 
D.  Campbell, 
C.  T.  Settle, 
P.  A.  Singleton, 
Stella  Cottle, 
Harriet  R.  CadwelL 


HOLLISTER   GRANGE,  No.    11. 

Hollister,  San  Benito  County. 

Organized  May  14,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy, 

J.  D.  Fowler,  Master,          T.  L.  Williams,  L.  H.  Cook, 

S.  F.  Cowan,  Secretary,      H.  W.  Cothren,  L.  I.  Cook, 

C.  D.  Fowler,                        J.  A.  Evans,  Job  Malsbury, 

Wm.  H.  Oliver,                     C.  S.  Phillips,  Jesse  Ross, 

W.  P.  Phillips,                     F.  B.  Nast,  R.  Rucklidge, 

A.  Sally,                                 Mark  Pomeroy,  E.  Haslan, 

Elizabeth  Sally,                    C.  W.  Pomeroy,  F.  M.  Ware, 

K.  D.  Pearce,                        P.  L.  Nash,  M.  E.  Cowan, 

Mrs.  M.  C.  Pearce,              Mrs.  A.  W.  Nash,  S.  F.  Fowler. 
Patrick  Cullen, 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


223 


SACRAMENTO  GRANGE,  No.  12. 

Sacbamento,  Sacramento  County, 

Organized  May  17,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Secretary. 


W.  S.  Manlove,  Master, 
Wm.  M.  Haynie,  Sec'y, 
Mrs.  F.  L.  Manlove, 
U.S.  Sackett, 
Amos  Adams, 
James  Holland, 
Edward  F.  Aiken, 


Robert  Williamson, 
William  Kendall, 
A.  P.  Smith, 
Theo.  K.  Stewart, 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Haynie, 
I.  N.  Hoag, 
Mrs.  I.  N.  Hoag. 


Maria  L.  Rich, 
George  S.  Rich, 
A.  S.  Greenlaw, 
Mrs.  A.  S.  Greenlaw, 
Mary  L.  Aiken, 
A.  E.  Holland. 


YOLO    GRANGE,  No.  13. 

Woodland,  Yolo- County. 

Organized  May  19,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

Wm.  M.  Jackson,  Master,  R.  B.  Blowers,  Robert  Roberts, 

D.  Schindler,  Secretary,      Mary  Blowers,  D.  A.  Roberts, 
Catherine  Jackson,              C.  Barney,  H.  Deaner, 

E,  R.  Jackson,  Mrs.  M.  Barney,  T.  P.  Pond, 

Kate  Jackson,  J.  J.  Dexter,  Miss  M.  J.  Naison, 

Mary  O,  Schindler,  Mrs.  H.  W.  Dexter,  W.  W.  Harrison, 

W.  S.  Flournoy,  D.  P.  Diggs,  H.  Deaner. 

C.  A.  Flournoy,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Diggs, 

POINT  OF  TIMBER  GRANGE,  No.  14. 

Point    of    Timbeb,    Contra    Costa    County. 

Organized  May  20,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

R.  G.  Dean,  Master,  James  B.  Henderson,  Delia  Carey, 

J.  E.  W.  Carey,  Secretary,  Thomas  McCabe,  Minnie  J.  Carey 

Mrs.  R.  G.  Dean,  H.  C.  GaUagher,  Mark  A.  Walton, 

I.  H.  Baldwin,  A.  Richardson,  P.  A.  Henderson, 

Mrs.  Mary  H.  Baldwin*       C.  H.  Carey,  A.  Plumley. 


ELMIRA  GRANGE,  No.  15. 

Elmiba,  Vaca  Station,  Solano  County. 

Organized  May  27,  1873,  by  T.  H.  Hyatt,  Deputy. 


J.  A.  Clark,  Master, 

M.  D.  Cooper,  Secretary, 

Mrs.  Annette  Clark, 

G.  W.  Frazer, 

Mrs.  A.  E.  Frazer, 

D.  C.  Glen, 

Mrs .  Mary  Glen, 

James  Wells, 

Mrs.  A.  Wells, 

Kenneth  McPherson, 


Mrs.  J.  B.  McPherson, 

S.  T.  Hoyt, 

Mrs.  Mary  Hoyt, 

M.  L.  Williams, 

T.  G.  Frost, 

S.  Rippy, 

Mrs.  L.  E.  Rippy, 

Mrs.  L.  E.  Cooper, 

C.  C.  Turner, 

Jackson  Turner, 


R.  W.  Frost, 
G.  M.  Gates, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Gates, 
W.  H.  Black, 
J.  B.  Mefford, 
F.  M.  Gates, 
George  Ranschart, 
J.  C.  Suggs, 
W.  C.  Swart, 
Miss  Mary  Finley. 


BENNETT  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  16. 

Bennett  Valley,  Santa  Rosa,  Sonoma  County. 

Organized  May  27,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


Nelson  Carr,  Master, 
J.  H.  Plank,  Secretary, 
Mrs.  H.  L.  Carr, 
Isaac  De  Turk, 
B.  Lacque, 
Sarah  A.  Lacque, 
Anna  M.  Lacque> 
Aaron  Lacque, 
G.  Lyman, 


Mrs.  C.  Lyman, 
Holeman  Talbot, 
Mrs.  H.  Talbot, 
E.  Peterson, 
Susanna  R.  Plank, 
John  Bumhani, 
A.  Burnham, 
Joseph  C.  Burnham, 


Mrs.  A.  Burnham, 
G.  W.  Wilks, 
Lovanda  Wilks, 
Walter  Phillips, 
Rettie  P  hillips, 
George  N.  Whitaker, 
Elmira  E.  Whitaker, 
Daniel  E.  Miller, 


224 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


SANTA  ROSA  GRANGE,  No.  17. 

Santa  Rosa,  Sonoma  County. 

Organized  May  28,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


G.  "W.  Davis,  Master, 
J.  A.  O'Brien,  Secretary, 
Ellen  R.  Davis, 
A.  T.  Coulter, 
Rachel  M.  Coulter, 
John  Adams, 


H.  D.  R.  Adams, 
H.  P.Holmes, 
Rebecca  Holmes, 
Willen  W.  Gauldin, 
Richard  Fulkerson, 
Sallie  Fulkerson, 


Theodore  Staley, 
Crawford  P.  League, 
O.  J.  Speenhoff, 
R.  A.  Thompson, 
S.  C.  Gauldin, 


HEALDSBURG  GRANGE,  No.  18. 

Healdsbukg,  Sonoma  County. 

Organized  May  29,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


Thomas  H.  Merry,  Master,  William  S.  Moss, 


L.  M.  Holt,  Secretary, 
Mrs.  T.H.  Merry, 
A.  J.  Spoon, 
L.  Alexander, 
Ira  Proctor, 
Charles  Alexander. 
I.  N.  Stapp, 
Alice  Alexander, 


A.  Wagenseller, 
Robert  Finley, 
D.  Lamb, 
R.  Foster, 
I.  Le  Leymance, 
A.  Bonton, 
Elon  Catlin, 
Philip  S.  Peck, 


H.  C.  Spencer, 
|Sarah  A.  Peck, 
Rachel  S.  Spencer, 
Nettie  Tribbs, 
Mary  Dow, 
Charles  Alexander, 
I.  G.  Dow, 
H.  Hammeken. 


DIXON  GRANGE,  No.  19. 
Dixon,  Solano  County. 


Organized 
J.  C.  Merryfield,  Master, 
James  A.  Ellis,  Secretary, 
Susannah  Merryfield, 
J.  S.  Garnett, 
Margaret  Garnett, 
Jos.  Kline, 
Jane  Kline, 
J.  G.McMahon, 
L.  McMahon, 
H.  E.  McCune, 
B.  S.  McCune, 


June  3,  1873,  by  W.  H. 
Jas.  0.  Johnson, 
Thos.  E.  Kelley, 
Mrs.  E.  Kelley, 
A .  McPherson, 
S.  McBride, 
J.  L.  Read, 
Henrietta  E .  Ellis* 
J.  M.  Dudley, 
Mrs.  Dudley, 
John  Love, 
Ellen  Love, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 
Wm.  Steel, 
Abbie  Steel, 
F.  E.  Russell, 
Mrs.F.  Russell, 
Florence  Johnson, 
Andrew  Marshall, 
Mrs.  Marshall, 
Mrs.  McPherson, 
Mrs.  McBride, 
B.  R.  Newell, 
S.  Radcliffe. 


GUENOC  GRANGE,  No.  20. 

Guenoc,  Lake"  County  (removed  to  Middleton,  Lake  County), 

Organized  June  5,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


J.  M.  Hamilton,  Master, 
A.  A.  Ritchie,  Secretary, 
J.  P.  Brandt, 
"W.  R.  Matthews, 
W,  R.  Coburn, 
Mrs.  C.  Coburn, 
A.  H.  Cheeney, 
Mrs.  A.  H.  Cheeney, 
J.  B.  Greenfield, 


Wm.  C.  Greenfield. 
H.  A.  Oliver, 
W.  Matthews, 
D.  M.  Copsey, 
J.  S.  Capps, 
W.  G.  Cannon, 
Mrs.  L.  S.  Cannon, 
J.  C.  Murphy, 


Mrs.  J.  A.  Murphy, 
John  Good, 
R.  L.  Hicks, 
Jas.  N.  Hamilton, 
S.  A.  Copsey, 
Mrs.  Copsey, 
J.  W.  Brown, 
Mrs.  Brown. 


YOUNTVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  21. 

Yountville,  Napa  County. 
.Organized  June  7,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 
'.  M.  Mayfield,  Master,       J.  Falkenstin,  William  T.Bradley, 

L.  Falkenstin,  Mary  0.  Bradley, 

H.  H.  Harris,  J.  W.  Johnston, 

Mrs.  L.  Harris,  A.  M.  Johnston, 

Mary  E.  Hoppei,  Rosalie  May  field. 


F.  B.  Hopper,  Secretary, 
Charles  Hopper, 
A.  M.  Crow, 
Mrs.  Crow. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


225 


GRAND  ISLAND  GRANGE,  No.  22. 


Sycamobb  (Grand  Island), 

Organized  June  10,  1873,  by  W. 

J.  J.  Hickoc,  Master, 

J.  C.  "Wilkins,  Secretary, 

William  Ogden, 

P.  A.  Earp, 

W.  S.  Green, 

J.  O.  Zumwalt, 

Wm.  Ash, 


Howell  Dasig, 
Mrs.  Jane  Horover, 


Thomas  Phillips, 
Frank  Boardman, 
John  Oman, 
John  Welch, 
Isaac  Howell, 
Ed.  Howell, 
Jacob  Myers, 
C.  Kopf, 
K.  S.  Browning, 
Moses  Stinchfield, 


Colusa  County. 

H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  M.  Stinchfield, 
Mrs.  M.  V.  Welsh, 
Thomas  Eddy, 
Emma  Ogden, 
W.  H.  Pollard, 
Oulda  Pollard, 
Wm.  McClure, 
James  Hearen, 
Gideon  Giles, 
M.  E.  Earp. 


PETAL  UMA  GRANGE,  No.  23. 

Petaluma,  Sonoma  County. 
Organized  June  U,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


L.  W.  Walker,  Master,        Nelson  Wiswell, 
Daniel  G.  Heald,  Secretary, Rosie  C  Wiswell, 
G.  O.  Green,  Wm.  Comstock, 

Alfred  Symonds,  James  W.  Todd, 

D.  S.  Sutton,  Louisa  Skillman, 

Hannah  Sutton, 


Theodore  Skillman, 
Elizabeth  Heald, 
John  Neal, 
H.  Gibbs, 
John  PowelL 


SALINAS  GRANGE,  No.  24. 

Salinas  City,  Montebey  County. 

Organized  June  17,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

N.  L,  Allen,  Master,  Jeason  Parson,  William  Ford, 

Samuel  Cassidy,  Secretary,M.  Hartnell,  J.  H.  Campbell, 

C.  S.  Abbott,  H.  Whisman,  William  Quentell, 

W.  S.  Stephens,  I.  G.  Baxter,  C.  Laird, 

James  R.  Hebbron,  J.  C.  Storm,  Mrs.  H.  Laird, 

J.  W.  Trigh,  Mrs.  C.  L.  Allen,  George  Abbott, 

H.  S.  Bull,  Miss  Clara  Abbott,  Wm.  F.  Ramsey, 

Mrs.  Kate  Bull,  Ida  C.  Hebbron,  Annie  Whisman. 
Ira  Tucker, 


CAMBRIA  GRANGE,  No.  25. 

Cambbia,  San  Luis  Obispo  County. 

Organized  June  19,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


Rufus  Rigdon,  Master, 

C.  F.  Ivins,  Secretary, 

L.  Utley, 

B.  B.  Tripp, 

Alex  Cook, 

N.  Steward, 

J.  D.  Campbell, 

E.  A.  Everett, 

P.  W.  Utley, 

J.  Scott, 

15 


Mary(  Scott, 
J.  C.  Mc  Ferson, 
G.  Van  Gorden, 
Mrs.  A.  Van  Gorden, 
M.  C.  Morris, 
M.  B.  Martin, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Ivins, 
Mrs.  E.  M.  Utley, 
Mrs.  G.  M.  Blunt, 
Mrs.  A.  Everett, 


A.  C.  Buffington, 
Wm.  Cooper, 
J.  L.  Lefnngwell, 
James  M.  Woods, 
O.P.  McFadden, 
Mrs.  V.  J.  McFadden, 
Wm.  Skinner, 
G.  W.  Proctor, 
Ira  Van  Gorden. 


226 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


OLD  CREEK  GRANGE,  No.  26. 

Old  Creek,  San  Luis  Obispo  County. 


Organized 

Isaac  Flood,  Master, 
Richard  M.  Preston,  Sec 
Augus  M.  Hardie, 
Nathaniel  Nickolls, 
Robert  C.  Swain, 
Charles  S.  Clark, 
Travis  Phillips, 
Samuel  Kingery, 


June  20,  1873,  by  W.  H. 

L.  H.  Draper, 
y,  Alexander  Fraser, 
John  Greening, 
James  L.  Kester, 
Elizabeth  Flood, 
Mary  V.  Nuckolls, 
Martha  F.  Phillips, 
Jane  S.  Kingery, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 

Lula  H.  Preston, 
Ruth  A.  Kester, 
Mary  J.  Clark, 
Sarah  A.  Nickolls, 
Agnes  Hardie, 
Mary  Jane  Draper, 
M.  A.  Greening. 


MORO  GRANGE,  No.  27. 
Moro,  San  Luis  Obispo  County. 


Organized  June  21,  1873,  by  W.  H. 


J.  Mothersead,  Master, 
H.  Y.  Stanley,  Secretary, 
G.  S.  Alford, 
Franklin  Riley, 
J.  R.  Cock, 
T.  J.  Stephens, 
G.F.  Austin, 
William  Langlois, 


D.  H.  Whitney, 
G.  C.  Cock, 
C.  V.  Shanver, 
S.  C .  Stephens, 
S.J.  Cock, 
F.  W.  Parker, 
Mrs.  H.  G.  Riley, 
Mrs.  C.  A.  Cock, 


Baxter,  Secretary. 

Miss  Annie-Cock, 
Miss  Lizzie  Riley, 
S,  Langlois, 
James  Allen, 
D.  Taylor, 
Mary  Riley, 
M.  E.  Austin, 
A.  0.  Yates. 


SAN  LUIS  OBISPO  GRANGE,  No.  28. 

San  Luis  Obispo,  San  Luis  Obispo  County. 

Organized  June  23,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Secretary. 


William  Jackson,  Master, 
G.  W.  Smith,  Secretary, 
G.  W.  Hampton, 

D.  M.  Johnson, 
Charles  H.  Johnson, 
Samuel  Cook, 

E.  Leff, 

A.  T,  Brians, 
E.  L.  Reed, 


Joseph  See, 
J.  W.  Slack, 
J.  B.  Hazen, 
W.  A.  Dunbar, 
Ira  Johnson, 
Sarah  M.  Johnson, 
E.  A.  Johnson, 
Nancy  E.  Barnett, 
Mary  M.  Freeborn, 


Mary  C.  Jackson, 
Marie  Leff, 
May  A.  Johnson, 
Elizabeth  See, 
J.  L.  Hazen, 
H.  I.  Smith, 
M.  J.  Reed, 
Theresa  Lent. 


TURLOCK    GRANGE,    No.   29. 

Turlock,  Stanislaus  County. 


J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Master,    Edward  McCabe, 
J.  A.  Henderson,  Secretary,  Pleasant  Henderson, 


B.  H.  Dean, 
M.  J.  Hall, 
S.  H.  Crane, 
John  Warner, 
A.  S.  Fulkerth, 
E.  Warner, 
William  Fulkerth, 
Charles  T.  Campbell, 
John  Fox, 


Organized  July  1st,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  M.  J.  Hall, 
Mrs.  W.  Fulkerth, 
Mrs.  C.  T.  Campbell 
Mrs.  E.  S.  Russell, 
Mrs.  S.H.  Jefferds, 
Miss  Ora  Warner, 
Miss  Lilla  Deane, 
Richard  Brown, 
E.  S.  Russell, 
S.  H.  Jefferds. 


M.  C.  Monroe, 
W.  F.  Huddleston, 
James  Kehoe, 
Michael  Kerrigan, 
Mrs.  J.  Warner, 
Mrs.  A.  S.  Fulkerth, 
Mrs.  S.H.  Crane, 
Mrs.  C.  T.  Campbell, 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


227 


ST.  HELENA  GRANGE,  No.  30. 

St.  Helena,  Napa  County. 

Organized  June  24th,  1873,  by  N.  W.  Garretson,  Deputy. 


G.  B.  Crane,  Master,  Charles  Wheeler, 

J.  L.  Edwards,  Secretary,   H.  M.  Allen, 


It.  M.  Chamberlin 
R.  A.  Haskin, 
William  Denning, 
I.  G.  Norton, 
A.  Clock, 
John  York, 
Guerdon  Backus, 
M.  Vaun, 
J.  G.  Sayward, 


D.  O.  Hunt, 
David  Edwards, 
D.  K.  Rule, 
F.  K.  Rule, 
David  Cole, 
H.  J.  Allison, 
H.  A.  Pellet, 
Richard  Garnett, 


Mrs.  R.  M.  Chamberlin. 
Mrs.  A.  Clock, 
Mrs.  F.  J.  Crane, 
Mrs.  H.  M.Allen, 
Mrs.  G.  Backus, 
Miss  Carrie  Backus, 
Miss  Louisa  Allison, 
Miss  Kate  V.  Edwards, 
Mrs.  C.  Wheeler, 
Mrs.  D.  K.  Rule. 


GREYSON  GRANGE,  No.  31. 
Geetson,  Stanislaus  County. 
Organized  June  6,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 
I.  G.  Gardner,  Master,        L.  Funck,  A.  Bronson, 

J.  H.  Terry,  Mrs.  Julia  Richards, 

M.  Frydendall,  Miss  Jennie  Phelps, 

L.  L.  Brown,  Mrs.  Sarah  M.  Gardner, 

W.  Love,  Mrs.  E.  T.  Phelps. 

Zj.  A.  Richards, 


Geo.  H.  Copeland,  Sec'y, 
R.  B.  Smith, 
N.D.Phelps, 
J.  W.  Beuschoter, 
R.  Garner, 


PESCADERO    GRANGE,  No.   32. 
Pescadeeo,  San  Mateo  County. 
Organized  July  1,  1873,  by  N.  W.  Garretson,  Deputy. 
B.  V.  Weeks,  Master,  L.  Chandler,  Mrs.  Olivia  Morehead, 

H.  B.  Sprague,  Secretary,  S.  Armes,  N.  Corey, 

F.  S.  Morehead,  E.  D.  Moore,  J.  B.  Holinshead, 

I.  H.  Osgood,  R.  W.  Fogg,  M.  D.  Hopkins, 

R.  Knowles,  Mrs.  H.  E.  Reed,  J.  Wilson, 

N.  M.  Brown,  Mrs.  S.  R.  Corey,  J.  Beeding. 

J.  S.  Read,  Mrs.  E.  B.  Moore, 


A.  B.Nafly,  Master, 

J.  H.  McClelland^  Setfy, 

H.  L.  Runyon, 

S.  V.  R.  Klink, 

Ben  Clark, 

H.  I.  Poole, 

Edgar  Lindsey, 

I.  W.  Bailache, 

E.  H.  Barnes. 

R.  A.  Petray, 


WINDSOR  GRANGE,  No.  33. 

Windsor,  Sonoma  County. 

Organized  July  8,  1873. 
H.  Marden, 
E.  Tants, 
I.  W.  Calhoun, 
M.  T.Wallace, 
Henry  Bell, 
Mrs.  Martha  Wallace, 
Charles  Clark, 
Elinor  L.  Lindsey, 
Mary  M.  Clark, 
S.  M.  Calhoun, 


Mrs.  N.  A.  Kenneday, 
Martha  A.  Clark, 
Mrs.  M.E.  Pool, 
George  A.  Morgan, 
John  M.  Laughlin, 
G.  H.  Kennedy, 
William  Brooks, 
Mrs.  Mary  Barnes, 
Mrs.  S.  B.  Klink, 
I.  H.  Loughlin. 


BODEGA  GRANGE,  No.  34. 

Bodega,  Sonoma  County. 
Organized  July  9,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 
John  H.  Hegeler,  Master,   D.  J.  Cunningham,  Mrs.  J.  H.  Hegeler, 

W.  Smith,  Secretary,  James  Kee,  Mrs .  A.  S.  Perrine, 

A.  S.  Perrine,  James  Watson,  Mrs.  E.  H.  Cheney, 

E.H.Cheney,  Henry  Ross,  Mrs.  Theresa  Warnekey. 

Christian  Warnekey, 


228 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


TEMESCAL  GRANGE,  No.  35. 

Oakland  Township,  Alameda.  County. 

Organized  July  10,  1873,  by  N.  W.  Garretson,  Deputy. 


A.  T.  Dewey,  Master,.  E.  D.  Harmon, 
C.  H.  Dwindle,  Secretary,  A.  B.  Dixon, 

Christian  Bagge,  N.  B.  Byrne, 

J.  B.  Woolsey,  W.  Applegarth, 

John  Kelsey,  H.  G.  Babcock, 

J.  V.  Webster,  John  S.  Collins, 

Charles  Bagge,  Emily  Bagge, 
Ezra  S.  Carr, 


Mrs.  A.  T.  Dewey, 
Miss  Elnora  Bagge, 
Mrs.  Jeanne  C.  Carr, 
Mrs.  S.  E.  Dixon, 
Mrs.  Nellie  G.  Babcock, 
P.  H.  Cordez, 
W.  B.  Ewer. 


LOS  ANGELES  GRANGE,  No.  36. 

Los    Angeles,  Los    Angeles    County. 
Organized  August  2,  1873,  by  W.  H,  Baxter,  Deputy. 


Thos.  A.  Garey,  Master, 
H.  S.  Parcels,  Secretary, 
J.  Q.  A.  Stanley, 
Milton  Thomas, 
T.  D.  Hancoclj, 
J.  M.  Stewart, 
R.  M.Town, 


J.  H.  Brewer, 
C.  E.  White, 
E.  M.McCreary, 
J.  W.  Potts, 
A.  N.  Hamilton, 
C.  H.  Hass, 
Mrs.  S.  Hass, 


Mrs.  M.  J.  Stanley, 
Mrs.  E.  C.  Potts, 
Mrs.  E.  E.  Thomas, 
Mrs.  J.  Hamilton, 
Mrs.  M.  McCreary, 
Mrs.  M.  M.  Brewer. 


COMPTON    GRANGE,    No.  37. 

Compton,  Los  Angeles  County. 
Organized  August  4,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


A.  Higbie,  Master, 

J.  A.  Walker,  Secretary, 

J.  E.  McComas, 

H.  Burlingame, 

H.  H.Morton, 

J.  G.  Hathorne, 

Robert  Orr, 

G.  D.  Compton, 

Emily  Compton, 

Timothy  V,  Kimball, 


Sarah  E.  Burlingame, 
Eda  Kimball, 
W.  G.  Goss, 
Lilly  T.  Brower, 
A.  E.  Putney, 
Ada  C.  Steele, 
C.  W.  Coltrin, 
Amanda  Walker, 
Lizzie  McComas, 
J.  J.  Martin, 


C.  Martin, 
Lewis  A.  Carey, 
A.  M.  Peck, 
F.  W.  Steele, 
C.  W,  Turss, 
Martha  Coltrin, 
C.  B.  Wright, 
John  Angelo, 
Rebecca  Angelo. 


ENTERPRISE  GRANGE,  No.  38. 

La  Dow,  Los  Angeles  County. 

Organized  August  5,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


Y.  C.  Alexander,  Master, 

W.  T.  Henderson,  Sec'y, 

J.  A.  Nichols, 

M.  J.  Golden, 

A.  M.  Southworth, 

R.  K.  McGue, 

S.  W.  La  Dow, 

M.  M.  Green, 

E.  S.  Butter  worth, 

CM.  Jenkins, 


B.  F.  Shirley, 
Mrs.  William  Dryden, 
Mrs.  S.  I.  Green, 
Mrs.  S.  W.  La  Dow, 
Mrs.  Susan  Brown, 
Miss  Fanny  Dye, 
Wm.  Dryden, 
J.  H    Snyder, 
Milton  Krytzler, 
David  Foster, 


C.  P.  Switzer, 
J.  F.  Lewis, 
Henry  Vogt, 
John  Erick, 
J.  B.Middleton, 
Mrs.  J.  A-  Nichols,  - 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Alexander, 
Mrs.  E.  S.  Buttersworth, 
Miss  M.  E.  Hall, 
Miss  Fanny  Juden. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


229 


FAIEVIEW  GRANGE,  No.  39. 
Fair vi jsw,  Los  Angeles  Counts. 


Edward  Evey,  Master, 

J.  D.  Taylor,  Secretary, 

J.  J.  Hill, 

B.  F.  E.  Kellogg, 

Andrew  Bittner, 

D.  W.C.  Cowan, 

John  Gwin, 

H.  C.  Kellogg, 

Mrs.  R.  A.  Evey, 

Mrs.  Mary  0.  Kellogg, 


Organized  August  6,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

Miss  Mary  E.  Kellogg,        Rev.  C.  Gridley, 
Mrs.  Marian  Clark,  W'm,  H.  Hill, 

Miss  Mary  E.  Austin,  Wm.  M.  Richter 

Mrs.  Gertrude  Gwin, 
Mrs.  E.  A .  Gridley, 
Byron  Clark, 
B.  Snodgrass, 

F.  A.  Gates, 

G.  A.  Greely, 


Thos.  Boswell, 
Wm.  Neabeck, 
Alex  Henry, 
Erastus  Johnson, 
Miss  M.  J.  Boswell, 
Miss  Jeckie  Snodgrass. 


ORANGE  GRANGE,  No.  40. 

Richland,  Los  Angeles  County. 

Organized  August  7,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


Thomas  Brown,  Master,  Silas  Yearnal, 
J.  W.  Anderson,  Secretary,Mrs.  C.  M.  Hickox, 

Patterson  Bowens,  Mrs.  A.  Davenport, 

C.  M.  Marshall,  Mrs.  C.  MarshaU, 

S.  N.  Falkington,  A.  A.  Falkington, 

J.  H.  Gregg,  A.  Hickox, 
Stephen  McPherson, 


J.  P.  Shaffer, 

E.  W.  Squires, 

W.  G.  McPherson, 

Joseph  Beach, 

Mrs.  S.  V.  Gregg, 

Mrs.  Sarah  M.  Anderson. 


SILVER  GRANGE,  No.  41, 

Los  Nietos  (Town  op  Galattn),  Los  Angeles  County. 

Organized  August  8,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


I.  H.  Burke,  Master, 

E.  R.  Wylie,  Secretary, 
R.  H.  Mayes, 

Mrs.  R.  H.Mayes, 
W.  H.  Pendleton,  Sr., 

F.  M.  Matthew, 
S.  E.  Matthew, 
I.  W.  Doster, 

S.  S.  Thompson, 
Mrs.  M.  Thompson, 
E.  R.  Wylie, 
W.  W.  Standifer, 


I.  T.  Carney, 
J.  W.  Venable, 
Jno.  C.  Ardis, 
Wm.  Wylie, 
Hugh  Forsman, 
Elizabeth  Forsman, 
H.  L.  Montgomery, 
M.  B.  Montgomery, 
L.  L.  Bequette, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Bequette, 
A.  Short, 


Sarah  A.  Short, 
D.  W.  Tuttle, 
T.  D.  Cheney, 
G.  W.  Pallett, 
W.  P.  McDonald, 
I.  H.  Burke, 
Mary  Burke, 
M.  B.  Crawford, 
A.  C.  Crawford, 
S.  G.  Reynolds, 
Dora  Burnett. 


NEW  RP7ER,  No.  42. 
New  Rtvee,  Los  Angles  County. 


Organized  August  9,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

R.  B.  Guthrie,  .Master,        S.  G.  Baker, 
D.  S.  Wardlaw,  Secretary,  E.  J.  Elliott, 


A.  L.  Sutton, 
W.  Newton, 
I.  S.  Elliott, 
T.  J.  Kerns, 
D.  M.  Harlow, 
C.  J.  Meek, 
G.  H.  Sproul, 
H.  Schlesselman, 
M.  G.  SettM, 


M.  F.  Harlow, 
A.  A.  Sutton, 
R.  J.  Meek, 
I.  W.  Settle, 
L.  Wardlaw, 
S.  T.  Coram,' 
D.  B.  Goodwin, 
S.  Holgate, 


J.  A.  Montgomery, 
S.  T.  Moore, 
T.  D.  Sackett, 
W.  A.  Sackett, 
M.  J.  McGaugh, 
Mrs.  C.  Newton, 
Julia  Holgate, 
Susan  A.  Corwin, 
S.  A.  Goodwin, 
N.  A.  Guthrie. 


230 


THE  GKANGE  EECOKD. 


EL  MONTE  GKANGE,  No.  43. 
Lexington  Township,  El  Monte,  Los  Angeles  County. 


Organized  August  11,  1873,  by  W.  H. 


Geo.  C.  Gibbs,  Master, 
J.  H.  Grey,  Secretary, 
Josiah  M .  Grey, 
Geo.  H.  Peck, 
Mrs.  G.  H.  Peck, 
John  T.  Gordon, 
A.  J.  Howard, 
H.  A.  Messenger, 
E.  J.  Floyd, 
George  H.  Clark, 


Sarah  F.  Clark, 
M.  F.  Quin, 
L.  J.  Hix, 
Mrs.  L.  Hix, 
L.  S.  Barnyard, 
F.  W.  Gibson, 
Win.  H.  Winston, 
W.  S.  Arnold, 
Stephen  Penfold, 
Albert  Gibbs, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 

L.  Muth  Bathmussen, 
Peter  Penfold, 
E.  A.  Floyd, 
Mrs.G.  C.  Gibbs, 
Asa  Ellis, 
Mrs.  A.  Ellis, 
E.  Stallcup, 
I.  Avis, 
Mrs.  I.  Avis. 


LOS  NIETOS  GEANGE,  No.  44. 

Old  Los  Nietos,  Los  Angeles  County. 


Organized  August  12,  1873,  by  W. 


E.  B.  Grandon,  Master, 

John  F.  Marquis,  Sec'y, 

J.  E.  Fulton, 

W.  S.  Reavis, 

J.  W.  Cate, 

D.  Y.  Sorensen, 

Jno.  Condra, 

M.  B.  Condit, 

Thomas  Harvey, 

S.  H.  Butterfield, 


James  Stewart, 
Mrs.  J.  F.  Marquis, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Cate, 
Mrs.  Villa  Marquis, 
Mrs.  J.  Mitts, 
A.  J.  Hudson, 
Daniel  Standler, 
E.  Stockton, 
J.  Mitts, 
Elan  Martin, 


H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

Thomas  Isbell, 
W.  H.  Eussell, 
Mrs.  M.  B.  Condit, 
Mrs.  S.  E.  Eea^is, 
Mrs.  M.M.  Fulton, 
Mrs.  E.  Stockton, 
Mrs.  Louisa  Isbell, 
Mrs.  Melissa  Stockton, 
E.  S.  Stroud, 
1.  W.  Perkins. 


SEBASTOPOL  GEANGE,  No.  45- 

Sebastopol,  Sonoma  County. 


Organized  August  15,  1873,  by  George  W. 

J.  M.  Hudspeth,  Master,  William  Bones, 
Joseph  Purrington,  Sec'y,  Mrs.  Elinor  Walker, 

John  Walker,  Mrs.  E.  P.  Berry, 

W.  W.  Petross,  Mrs.  E.  A.  Hicks, 

James  Grigson,  Mrs.  Sidney  Eoss, 

A.  J.  Peterson,  Mrs.  Hattie  Lappum, 

J.  Marshal,  H.  E.  Manifer, 

L.  Eoss,  B.  B.  Berry, 

John  Gallagher,  P.  McChristian, 

A.  Barnes,  M.  C.  Hicks, 


Davis,  Deputy. 

J.  W.  Sullivan, 

Owen  McChristian, 

L.  Harbine, 

George  A.  Fruits, 

H.  Lappum, 

Mrs.  H.  A.  Petross, 

Mrs.  Eliza  Grigson, 

Mrs.  Mary  Sullivan, 

Mrs.  Eliza  Harbine, 

Mrs.  Frances  Purrington. 


FEESHWATEE  GEANGE,  No.  46. 

FBJliSHWATEB,    COLUSA   COUNTY. 

Organized  August  9,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 


I.  H.  Durham,  Master, 
E.  A.  Wilsey,  Secretary, 
J.  P.  Eathbun, 
J.  C.  White, 
W.  C.  White, 
W.  A.  Dunham, 
Mrs.  E.  Graham, 
Mrs.  E.  J.  Dunham, 


Mrs.  E.  A.  Wilsey, 
P.S.  Pardue, 
F.  D.  Graham, 
M.  J.  Britton, 
Mrs.M.  Eathbourn, 
L.  H.  Baker, 
I.  H.  Dunham, 
Mrs.  B.  C.  Dunham, 


James  Catlin, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Catlin, 
William  F.  Lamburth, 
Henry  Marshall, 
William  Fulton, 
William  Bell, 
Miss  M.  Marshall, 
William  Marshall. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


231 


Organized 

J.  TV.  Zumwalt,  Master, 

G.  S.  Hicklin,  Secretary, 

S.  C.  Longmire, 

H.  P.  Grey, 

Joseph  Zumwalt, 

W.  G.  Kung, 

C.  E.  Summers, 

I.  H.  Armfieid, 

P.  H.Scott, 

F.  M.  Luts, 


WILLOWS  GRANGE,  No.  47. 

Monkoe,  Colusa  County. 
August  11,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 


F.  Mclntyre, 

A.  T.  Stubblefield, 

M.  A.  Zumwalt, 

A.  M.  Stone, 

Mrs.  Amanda  Armneid, 

I.  M.  Clark, 

C.  K.  West, 

A.  E,  Duncan, 

J.  D.  Mecum, 


Benjamin  Lee, 
Charles  Strong, 
W,  B.  Small, 
J.  A.  Towle, 
Emily  West, 
Sarah  I.  Scott, 
Adeline  Longmire, 
Mary  Zumwalt, 
Barbara  E.  Duncan. 


COLUSA  GRANGE,  No.  48. 

Colusa,  Colusa  County, 

Organized  August  15,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Secretary. 


I.  F.  Wilkins,  Master, 
E.  B.  Bainbridge,  Sec'y, 
Waller  Colmes, 
John  P.  Bainbridge, 
Stephen  Cooper, 
Sarshel  Cooper, 
T.  S.  Coleman, 
I.  R.  Wiert, 
H.  N.  Yates, 


J.  S.  Scoggins, 
John  K.  Rowland, 
Mrs.  L.  Kilgore, 
Mrs.  J.  F.  Wilkins, 
Mrs.  E.  B.  Bainbridge, 
Peter  Dolan, 
I.  R.  Fryer, 
I.  M,  Culp, 
Logan  Kilgore, 


L.  T.  Stormer, 
I.  W.  Walsh, 
R.  Jones, 
John  Cheney, 
Mrs.  J.  P.  Bainbridge, 
Miss  Mattie  Stormer, 
Mrs.  J.  G.  Stormer, 
I.  F.  Wilkins. 


SATICOY  GRANGE,  No.  49. 
Saticoy,  Ventura  County. 


Organized  August  16,  1873,  by  W.  H. 


Milton  Wasson,  Master, 
E.  A.  Duval,  Secretary, 
Joseph  B.  Kelsey, 
E.  B.  Higgins, 
Joseph  Alderman, 
Abner  Haines, 
Chas.  0.  Hara, 
Mrs.  M.  A.Ellsworth. 


Joseph  L.  Alderman, 
Mrs.  Maria  A.  Wasson, 
Olney  Whitesides, 
Theo.  A.  Kelsey, 
Jno.  F.  Cummins, 
Mrs.  E.  A.  Duval, 
Daniel  Ellsworth, 
G.  W.  Crissman, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 

Wm.  Evans, 
Mahlon  Thome, 
Miss  Mary  E.  Wasson, 
Miss  Helen  D.  Evans, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Kelsey, 
Mrs.  E.  C.  Alderman, 
J.  K.  Gries. 


SANTA  BARBARA  GRANGE,  No,  50. 

Santa  Barbara,  Santa  Barbara  County. 

Organized  August  19,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


O.  L.  Abbott,  Master, 
Robert  W.  Smith,  Sec'y, 
J.  C.  Hamer, 
J.  A.  Johnson, 
W.  E.  Foster, 
D.  C.  May  field, 
M.  H.  Lane, 
Joseph  Pierson, 
Elizabeth  Pierson, 


Sarah  E.  A.  Hiugins, 
W.  F.  Russell, 
Josephine  Harton, 
James  M.  Short, 
M.  Hickok, 
T.  H.  B.  Rosenberg, 
Louisa  Abbott, 
Julia  A.  Foster, 


Mary  F.  Hamer, 
Jane  Rosenberg, 
C.  Kenny, 
Elvira  Kenny, 
Ada  J.  Eaton, 
Virginia  F.  Russell, 
Jesse  Handford, 
George  Williams. 


232 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


CARPENTERIA  GRANGE,  No.  51. 

Carpenteria,  Santa  Barbara  County. 


Organized 
O.  N.  Cadwell,  Master, 
T.  E.  Thurmand,  Sec'y, 
James  A.  Blood, 
Mrs.  C.  L.  Blood, 
Albert  Doty, 
Lucetta  Doty, 
Robert  McAllister, 
Dan  Turner, 
Frank  Hartshorne, 
G.  E.  Thurmand,        x 
E.  W.  Thurmand, 


August  20,  1873 
J.  L.  Crane, 
Jennette  Crane, 
John  Pettigrew 
W.  S.  Callis, 
W.  J.  Bradford, 
James  Ward, 
Theo.  Woods, 
Clara  Woods, 
J.  B.  Wall, 
E.  H.  Pierce, 
M .  A.  Pierce, 


byW 


H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 
John  Walker, 
Juliette  Walker, 
Emilia  Walker, 
H.  D.  Woods, 
L.  L.  Woods, 
T.  A.  Cravens, 
Ben.  Morris, 
Jno.  A.  Walker, 
M.  E.  Pettinger, 
John  Cross. 


SANTA  MARIA  GRANGE,  No.  52. 


Santa  Maria,  (Suez,)  Santa 
Organized  August  22,  1873,  by  W. 


Joel  Miller,  Master, 

M.  D.  Miller,  Secretary, 

J.  Wheeler, 

Mary  D.  Wheeler, 

Sarah  A.  Wheeler, 

Jeannette  F.  Wheeler 

Speer  McElhany, 

Joel  Miller, 

John  J.  Prell, 

Eliza  Prell, 

J.  B.  Linebaugh, 


Susan  M.  Stowell, 
Mary  E.  Stephens, 
Henry  Stowell, 
Maurice  Flynn, 
R.  D.  Cook, 
B.  T.  Wiley, 
W.  T.  Morris, 
J.M.  McElhany, 
Isaac  Miller, 
Annie  Miller, 


Baebara  County. 

H.  Baxter,  Secretary. 

Maggie  C.  McElhany, 
J.  H.  Harris, 
Elizabeth  Harris, 
H.  S.  Sibley, 
Charlotte  Miller, 
S.  E.  Linebaugh, 
Milton  D.  Miller, 
M.  H.  Stephens, 
M.  P.  Nicholson, 
L.  L.  Nicholson. 


PLAZA  GRANGE,  No.  53. 


Monroe  (Olimpo),  Colusa 
Organized  August  23,  1873,  by  J.  J. 


F.  C.  Graves,  Master, 

Wright  F.  Green,  Sec'y, 

M.  Kendrick, 

I.  N.  Mecum, 

J.  W.  Williams, 

M.  R.  Booth, 

M.  E.  Pordyke, 

A.  J.  Harris, 

F.  J.  Kirkpatrick, 

F.  C.  Graves, 

Thomas  E.  Brown, 


Norton  Farnsworth, 
Mrs.  L.  A.  Fields, 
Mrs.  Nancy  Carpenter, 
•  Mrs.  M.  Kirkpatrick, 
Mrs.  E.  Booth, 
Miss  Nellie  Ashurst, 
R.  P.  Gosen, 
W.  H.  Carpenter, 
Edmund  Fields, 
John  Rice, 


County. 

Hicok,  Deputy. 
W.  Norton, 
R.  Creed, 
James  A.  Poague, 
J.  C.  White, 
R.  D.  Jones, 
Mrs.  Susan  Harris, 
Mrs.  A.  C.  Kendrick, 
Mrs.  E.  J.  Brown, 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Williams, 
Mrs.  L.  J.  Graves. 


CASTORIA  GRANGE,  No. 
C astoria  (Ellis),  San  Joaquin 
Organized  August  25,  1873,  by  Edwin  B 
Sewall  Gower,  Master,        J.  W.  Seaver, 
JohnH.  Strahan,Secretary,N.  J.  Sharp, 
H.  W..  Cowell,  James  Carter, 

F.  J.  Woodward,  G.  I.  Chalmers, 

J.  M.  Barber,  Mrs.  Chalmers, 

I.  H.  Wolfe,  S.  A.  Leavy, 

Joshua  Cowell,  Mrs.  M.  Martin, 

E.  Benson,  Mrs.  Loraine  Cowell, 

F.  A.  Graves,  Mrs.  Vinette  Cowell, 


54. 

County. 
.  Stiles,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  Medora  Carter, 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Strahan 

H.  M.  Ellis, 

George  W.  Smith, 

Mrs.  Smith, 

A.  W.  Brush, 

Mrs.  Brush, 

Mrs.  Gower, 

Mrs.  Leavy. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 
SONOMA  GRANGE,  No.  55. 


233 


Sonoma,  Sonoma  County. 

Organized  August  26,  1873,  by  G.  W.  Davis,  Deputy. 

"William  Burris,  J.  R.  Snyder, 

D.  C.  Young, 
H.  Appleton, 
O.  B.  Shaw,  Maria  E.  Young, 

S.  T.  Craig,  Anna  M.  Harding, 

O.  W.  Craig,  Pbebe  Chart. 


Leonard  Goss,  Master, 

Alfred  V.  Lammot,  Sec'y,    Obed  Chart, 

William  McPherson  Hill,    W.  A.  Berry, 

A.  S.  Edwards, 

A.  F.  Haraszthy, 

David  Burris, 


LINDEN  GRANGE,  No.  56. 

Linden,  San  Joaquin  County. 

Organized  August  28,  1873,  by  Edwin  B.  Stiles,  Deputy. 

S.  H.  Boardman, 


John  Wasley,  Master, 

James  W  asley,  Secretary, 

David  Lewis, 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Lewis, 

John  Patterson, 

Mrs.  E.  Patterson, 

J.  W.  Hill, 

Mrs.  Jane  Hill, 

A.  S.  Drais, 

R.  Latham, 


Mrs.  Jane  Latham, 
L.  A.  Morse, 
Mrs.  H.  A.  Morse, 
E.  B.  Cogswell, 
William  F.  Prather, 
Thomas  Wall, 
N.  E.  Ailing, 
William  Snow, 
Mrs.  J.  Snow, 
Mrs.  C.  Wasley, 


Samuel  Titus, 
Mrs.  Helen  Titus, 
P.  Fitzgerald, 
John  Archers, 
William  H.  Russell, 
Mrs.  J.  Russell, 
James  Duncan, 
George  KLinger, 


WATERFORD  GRANGE,  No.  57. 

Watebfokd  (Hoke's  Ranch),  Stanislaus  County. 

Organized  August  25,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A,  Wright,  Deputy. 


R.  R.  Warder.  Master, 

W.  C.  Collins,  Secretary, 

Thomas  Johnson, 

S.  M.  Gallup, 

James  Kincaid, 

R.  H.  Bentley, 

L.  C.  Davis, 

W.  W.  Baker, 

W.  C.  Collins, 

I.  H.  Finney, 

W.  P.  Crow, 


Wm.  Fitzhue, 
John  Wooters, 
J.  W.  Sheldon, 
J.  B.  Booth, 
Mrs.  L.J.  Pinkston, 
Mrs.  Jas.  Kincaid, 
Mrs.  S.  M.  Gallup, 
Mrs.  W.  C.  Collins, 
Miss  L.  A.  Collins, 
Mrs.  L.  C.  Davis, 


H.  B.  Davis, 
L.  H.  Pinkston, 
I.  H.  Barham, 
W.  J.  Warder, 
Wells  Reynolds, 
M.  R.  Harbert, 
Mrs.  I.  H.  Finney, 
Mrs.  J.  Johnson, 
Mrs.  R.  H.  Bentley, 
Mrs.  J.H.  Barham. 


UNION  GRANGE,  No.  58. 

Union  Township  (Princeton),  Colusa  County. 

Organized  August  13,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 

W.  Davis,  Master,  '             S.  Thomas,  Samuel  Peckwell, 

J.  L.  McDaniel,  Secretary,  John  Annond,  S.  N.  Davis, 

M.  Davis,  A.  Beal,  Mrs.  S.  A.  McDaniel, 

E.  McDaniel,  J.  L.  McDaniel,  Mrs.  Sarah  Bassett, 

John  Garr,  J.  H.  Black,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Luman, 

Wm.  Luman,  Stephen  Miller,  Mrs.  Ida  Annond, 

J.  W.  Bassett,  James  Bounds,  Mrs.  E.  McDaniel. 


234 


THE  GRANGE  RECOED. 


SPRING  VALLEY  GEANGE,  No.  59. 

Spring  Valley,  Colusa  County. 

Organized  August  2,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 


D.  H.  Arnold,  Master, 
J.  B.  Lucas,  Secretary, 
T.  S.  Asbreckel, 

F.  W.Lahn, 
J.  M.  McElroy, 

E.  Haskins, 
Wm.  Kaorth, 
L.  T.  Haynian, 
W.  C.  Henny, 
Henry  Davidson, 


A.  E.  Stone, 
Mrs.  H.  J.  Teel, 
Mrs.  E.  W.  Eeed, 
Mrs.  Mary  Hoskins, 
Mrs.  Amelia  Julion, 
Mrs.  A.  M.  McElroy, 
Joseph  Wholform, 
F.  B.  Eeed, 
Thomas  Singleton, 
Samuel  Wattenberger, 


H.  I.  Teel, 
P.  Grenell, 

E.  Weigel, 
C.  Eichey, 

F.  Bushore, 

Mrs.  Sarah  Haymond, 
Mrs.  Julian  Lucas, 
Mrs.  B.  Piechey, 
Mrs.  N.  Arnold. 


SUTTEE  GEANGE,  No.  60. 
Meridian,  Sutter  County. 


Organized 

"W.  C,  Smith,  Master, 
M.  C  Hungerford,  Sec. 
Henry  Burgett, 
"William  Harris, 
J.  S.  Davis, 
J.  G.  Jones, 
Joseph  Johnson, 
J.F.  Fouts, 
M.  C.  Hungerford, 
Jacob  Doty, 


August  8,  1873,  by  J.  J. 

S.  F.  Davis, 

Mrs.  Minnie  Doty, 

Miss  Joanna  Fonts, 

Mrs.  A.  O.  Colclasure, 

Mrs.  S.  E.  Harris, 

Mrs.  E.  Fouts, 

F.  A.  Jones, 

John  Birk, 

John  H.  Colclasure, 

E.  Jones, 


Hicok,  Deputy. 

"William  Johnson, 
A.  Moore, 
H.  C.  Jones, 
"William  Doty, 
Mrs.  Bell  Jones, 
Mrs.  E.  A.  Smith, 
Mrs.  Maria  Jones, 
Mrs.  E.  Birks, 
Nancy  E.  Moore. 


SAN  BEENAEDINO  GEANGE,  No.  61. 

San  Bernardino,  San  Bernardino  County. 

Organized  August  26,  1873,  by  Thomas  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 


E.  G.  Brown,  Master, 
John  F.  Gould,  Secretary. 
A.  B.  Anderson, 
E.  Shelton, 
James  T.  Greves, 
George  D.  Carlton, 
Mrs.  E.  E.  Gould, 
E.  Shelton, 
William  H.  Gould, 


John  F.  Gould, 
Lewis  F.  Cram, 
Mrs.  Carrie  W.  Shelton, 
Mrs.  Ida  Gould, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Wills, 
H.  G.  €lemments, 
George  Lord, 
W  T.  Eussell, 


W.  C.  Wiseman, 
A.  Parker, 
H .  Saverkreup, 
E.Sheldon, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Parks, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Coble. 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Wiseman, 
Miss  Ida  M.  Wills. 


PEINCETON  GEANGE,  No.  62. 
Princeton,  Colusa  County. 


Organized  September  1,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 

A.  D.  Logan, JMaster,  E.  E.  Eolston,  Michael  O'Hore 

Mrs.  Mary  L.  Coldern, 
Miss  Alice  Cartmel, 
Mrs.  A.  S.  Helmstreet, 
Mrs.  F.  M.  Mayfield, 
L.  H.  Helphenstein, 
A.  H.  Helmstreet, 
Charles  High, 


E.  E.  Eush,  Secretary, 
A.  Coldern, 
H.  M.  Moe, 

F.  M.  Mayfield, 
C.  W.  F.  Jemison, 
James  Moe, 
A.  H.  Patterson, 
A.  Oliver, 


Philip  O'Hore, 

H.  Jemison, 

John  Boggs, 

F.  Quint, 

Mrs.  M.  B.  Helphenstein, 

Mrs.  M.  E  Eush, 

Mrs.  C.  High. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


235 


CLOVEKDALE  GRANGE,  No.  63. 
Cloveedale,  Sonoma  County. 


Organized  September  2,  1873,  by  T. 

Charles  H.  Cooley,  Master,M.  E.  Black, 
D.  M.  Wambold,  Secretary, Robert  E.  Lewis, 


H.  Keir, 
Mrs.  Keir, 
J.  G.  Heald, 
Mrs.  R.  Heald, 
William  H.  Black, 
"William  N.  Waite, 
Miss  Mary  Waite, 
D.  M.  Wambold, 
S.  Larsson, 


J.  M.  Hartsock, 
J.  B.  Cooley, 
J.  A.  Carne, 
J.  F.  Elam, 
R.  E.  Lewis, 
Mrs.  E.  N.  Cooley, 
S.  Cook, 
W.  D.  Sink, 
Daniel  Sink, 


H.  Merry,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  P.  Sink, 
Mrs.  Mary  Waite, 
W.  M.  Howell, 
America  Hall, 
John  Edwards, 
A.  Hartsock, 
Samuel  Larroson, 
William  Caldwell, 
S.  D.  Howard, 
D.  W.  Hall. 


CERES  GRANGE,  No.  64. 

Westpobt  (Modesto),  Stanislaus  County. 

Organized  August  31,  1873,  by  J.  D.  Spencer,  Deputy. 


W.  B.  Harp,  Master, 
M.  B.  Kittrell,  Secretary, 
L.  C.  St.  Clair, 
J.  B.  Sanders, 
J.  M.  Berry, 
E.  Hatch, 


S.  W.  Rush, 

J.  M.  Henderson, 

M.  B.  Kittrell, 

L.  L.  Harwick, 

Mrs.  L.  C.  St.  Clair, 

Mrs.  L.  L.  Harwick, 


Mrs.  M.  B.  Kittrell, 
Mrs.  J.  M.  Henderson, 
Mrs.  S.  Ellenwood, 
Mrs.  P.  Harp, 
Miss  M.  Davis, 
Miss  M.  Hatch. 


TUBA  CITY  GRANGE,  No.  65. 
Yuba  City,  Sutteb  County. 


Organized  September  9,  1873,  by  W.  H. 


F.  B.  Hull,  Master. 
S.  R.  Chandler,  Sec'y 

G.  W.  Carpenter, 
Catherine  Carpenter, 
J.  A.  Wilkinson, 
John  C.  Smith, 
James  Littlejohn, 

R.  Barnett, 
Elizabeth  Barnett, 
W.  W.  Ashford, 
Joseph  Hardy, 


Mrs.  M.  C.  Hardy, 
G.  F.  Starr, 
Mrs.  E.  J.  Starr, 
O.  M.  Walton, 
C.  J.  Bockius, 
H.  D.  Littlejohn, 
George  Ohleyer, 
Ellen  Ohleyer, 
Emily  L.  Wilkinson, 
Mrs/S.  E.  Walton, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 

H.  Pinney, 
W.  P.  Harkey, 
Clarinda  E.  Harkey, 
B.  F.  Frisbie, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Frisbie, 
S.  E.  Wilson, 
S.  R.  Chandler, 
T.  B.  Hull, 
James  T.  Smith, 
Mrs.  M.  S.  Smith. 


EUREKA  GRANGE,  No.  66. 

San  Jose  Township  (Spadba),  Los  Angeles  County. 

Organized  September  8,  1873,  by  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 


P.  C.  Touner,  Master, 
Jos.  Wright,  Secretary, 
Cyrus  Burdick, 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Burdick, 
A.  Caldwell, 
Joseph  Fryer, 
R.  C.  Fryer, 
Littleton  Fryer, 
John  Egan, 


S.  Hoolner, 
Mrs.  A.  Humphreys, 
W.  F.  Thompson, 
R.  S.  Arnelt, 
Mrs.  Bella  Fryer, 
Thomas  Wright, 
Miss  Mollie  Wright, 
Miss  Elsie  Wright, 


George  Blake, 
Mrs.  N.  Rlake. 
W.  C.  Martin, 
Mrs.  R.  C.  Martin, 
W.  T.  Martin, 
Mrs.  M.  Martin, 
Samuel  Arnett, 
Miss  Ella  Arnett. 


236 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


GEYSERVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  67. 
Geyserville,  Sonoma  County. 
Organized  September  11,  1873,  by  Thos.  H.  Merry,  Deputy. 


Cal.  M.  Boswortli,  Master, 
R.  R.  Leigh,  Secretary, 
G.  H.  Jacobs, 
N.  H.  Stiles, 
J.  R.  Wisewiver, 
Wm.  S.  Beeson, 
Caroline  W.  Beeson, 
Emmon  Hamilton, 
C.  M.  Bosworth, 
Eli  Cummings, 
William  Low, 


Elizabeth  Low, 
Mrs.  A.  M.Jacobs, 
A.  G.  Geigh, 
Luella  S.  Walcott, 
L.  G.  Ellis, 
A.  S.  Bemick, 
S.  T.  Caldwell, 
G.  H.  Benjamin, 
W.  J.  Powell, 
Marcella  Powell, 


Cyrus  P.  Buckley, 
Louisa  Hamilton, 
Mrs.  CM.  Bosworth, 
William  Ellis, 
Mrs.  M.  L.  Morehouse, 
C.  P.  Moore, 
Electa  Moore, 
Henry  Wiedersheim, 
Kate  Turner, 
William  Hixon. 


SANTA  CRUZ  GRANGE,  No.  68. 
Santa  Cruz,  Santa  Cruz  County. 


Organized  September  13,  1873,  by  J.  D . 


B.  Cahoon,  Master, 
J.  W.  Morgan,  Secretary, 
James  L.  Grover, 
James  Corcoran, 
Henry  Thurber, 
Joseph  Francis, 
D.  W.  Madden, 
D.  0.  Eeeley, 


M.  J.  Leonard, 
Thomas  Leonard, 
Charlotte  Cahoon, 
E.  B.  Cahoon, 
V.  Humphrey, 
Catherine  Humphrey, 
Henry  Daubinbiss, 
Martin  Kinsley, 


Fowler,  Deputy. 

G.  C  Ward  well, 
H.  Winkle, 
John  Doyle, 
Benj.  P.  Kooser, 
P.  Leonard, 
J.  Archibald, 
Mrs.  J.  Archibald. 


LIBERTY  GRANGE,  No.  69. 


Acampo  Township,  San  Joaquin  County. 

Organized  September  11,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.Wright,  Deputy, 

Justus  Schomp,  Master, 
J.  J.  Emlie,  Secretary, 
J.  S.  Crawford, 
N.  A.  Knight, 


Benj.  Fugitt, 
Peter  Jahant, 
T.  M.  Tracy, 
H.  W.  Childs, 
C.G.  Fugitt, 
W.  R.  Pearson, 


J.  Van  Valkenbur^ 
S.  R.  Thome, 
Jno.  Welsh, 
Mrs.  P.  Jahant, 


Mrs.  J.  M.  Tracv, 
Mrs.  H.  W.  Child, 
Mrs.  J.  Schomp, 
Mrs.  R.  Thome, 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Woods, 
Miss  Kate  Childs, 


J.  N.  Woods, 

Victor  Jahant, 

James  Nolan, 

A.  J.  Woods, 

Jno.  Discoll, 

Charles  Neal, 

Thos.  Burns, 

Mrs.  N.  A.  Knight, 

Mrs.  J.  Van  Valkenburg, 

Mrs.  Victor  Jahant. 


Organized 

Andrew  Wolfe,  Master, 
Wm.  G.  Phelps,  Sec, 
W.  L.  Overhizer, 
T.  E.  Ketchum, 
Andrew  Showers, 
J.  Lander, 
T.  J.  Brooke, 
Freeman  Mills, 
I.  Marsh, 
Charles  Sperry, 


STOCKTON  GRANGE,  No.  70. 

Stockton,  San  Joaquin  County. 

August  12,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.Wright,  Deputy. 

John  Taylor,  P.  W.  Dudley, 

W.  D.  Ashley,  I.  F.  Harrison, 

S.  V.  Tredway,  A.  Burkett, 

Mrs.  Chas.  Sperry,  George  West, 

Mrs.  George  West,  Wm.  H.  Fairchild, 

Mrs.  Wm.  H.  Fairchild,  H.  E.  Wright, 

Mrs.  A.  Burkett,  J.  H.  Cole, 

Mrs.  W.  L.  Overhizer,  Mrs.  F.  Mills, 

Mrs.  T.  J.  Brooke,  Mrs.  John  Taylor, 

Mrs.  J.  Marsh,  Mrs.  Andrew  Wolfe, 


THE   GKANGE  RECORD. 


237 


SANTA  CLAKA  GRANGE,  No.  71. 
Santa  Claea,  Santa  Clara  County. 
Organized  August  19,  1873,  by  George  W.  Henning,  Deputy. 
Carey  Peebles,  Master,        B.  F.  Headen,  I.  N.  Senter, 

M.  L.  Grewell,  W.  Oliver, 

E.  Vandine,  Mrs.  J.  A.  Wilcox, 

Frank  Parks,  Benj.  Craft, 

KushMcComus,  A.  Woodham, 

Miss  M.  Watkins,  L.  J.  Grewell, 

Mrs.  L.  Smith,  Henry  Sillick. 

B.  F.  Stinson, 


I.  A.  Wilcox,  Secretary, 

F.  Garrigues, 

J.  J.  Owen, 

H.  Goepper, 

H.  M.  Leonard, 

I.  Knowles, 

Mrs.  A.  Knowles, 


FRUITLAND  GKANGE,  No.  72. 

Tustin  City  Township,  Los  Angeles  County. 

Organized  September  15,  1873. 


A.  B.  Hayward,  Master, 
Elton  R.  Nichols,  Sec, 

D.  H.  Samis, 
Columbus  Tustin, 

E.  R.  Nichols, 
Wm.  A.  Abbott, 
Thomas  Cassad, 
A.D.  Stine, 

I.  T.  Johnson, 
N.  0.  Stafford, 
A.  T.  Armstrong, 


D.  G.  McClay, 
Mrs.  Julia  Hayward, 
Mrs.  Mary  Tustin, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Armstrong, 
Mrs.  S.  N.  Stine, 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Robinson, 
Robert  McFadden, 
Silas  Ritchie, 
Wm.  H.  Tedford, 
J.  J.  Johnson, 


S.  W.  Merritt, 
A.  T.  Bates, 
W.  C.  McClay, 
I.  T.  Tedford, 
Samuel  Robinson, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Nichols, 
Mrs.  Harriet  C.  Abbott, 
Mrs.  Sarah  V.  Cassad, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Merrill, 
Mrs.  A. E.  Tedford. 


DAVISVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  73. 
Davisville,  Yolo  County. 
Organized  September  23,  1873,  by  Wm.  M.  Jackson,  Deputy, 
Chas.  E.  Greene,  Master,    Mrs.  Geo.  W.  Pierce, 
Rodney  M.  Bennett, 
W.  D.  Wistine, 
Mrs.  Chas.  E.  Greene 
Dwight  Cooley, 


John  Krimmer,  Secretary 
H.  P.  Martin, 
Mrs.  H.P.Martin, 
Geo.  W.  Pierce. 


Andy  McClary, 
G.  L .  Luddington, 
J.  C.  Campbell, 
Mrs.  W.  D.  Wistine. 


ARROYO  GRANDE  GRANGE,  No.  74. 
Akboyo  Geande,  San  Luis  Obispo  County, 
Organized  September  20,  1873,  by  A.  J.  Mothersead,  Deputy. 
David  F.  Newsom,  Master,  Jesse  Castael,  Susan  Henry, 

D.  F.  Whittenberg,  Sec'y,    James  Brannan,  Angie  Morse, 

W.  H.  Nelson,  L.  R.  Branch,  H.  H.  Johnston, 

James  Morse,  Angelina  Morse,  Henry  Hess, 

Albert  Fowler,  Susan  Hess,  Daniel  Henry, 

Frank  Branch,  Eli  Edwards,  Edward  Shaw, 

R.  J.  Branch,  Lizzie  Nelson,  Annie  Johnston. 

R.F.Branch,  Sarah  Fowler, 


ALLIANCE  GRANGE,  No.  75, 

Boo  Dale  Disteict  (El  Monte),  Los  Angeles  County. 

Organized  September  22,  1873,  by  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 


S.  S.  Reeves,  Master,  Mrs.  Henrietta  Dukes, 

J.  W.  Marshall,  Secretary,  Mrs.  Lydia  A.  Reeves, 


James  D.  Durfee, 
Charles  Dougherty, 
W,  H.  Guinn, 
S.  S.  Reeves, 
W.D.  Cole, 
George  W.  Durfee, 
Mrs.  Diantha  Durfee, 


Miss  Alice  A.  Reeves, 
Miss  Mary  J.  Reeves, 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Dougherty, 
Alfred  Gibson, 
G.  W.  Mark, 
A.  S.  Harris, 


W.  P.  Cooper, 
E.  S.  Harris, 
J.  A.  Anderson, 
A.  V.  Dunsmore, 
Miss  Fannie  Mark, 
Miss  Jennie  Mark, 
Miss  Martha  Marshall, 
Mrs.  Mary  A.  Marshall. 


238 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


LAKEPORT  GRANGE,  No.  76. 
Lakepoet,  Lake  County. 


Organized  September  18,  1873,  by  J.  M. 


I.  C.  W.  Ingram,  Master, 

N.  Phelan,  Secretary, 

J.  J.  Bruton, 

J.  S.  MeClintock, 

N.  Phelan, 

William  Gesner, 

J.  P.  Denny, 

B.D.  Green, 

I.  F.  Burger, 

C.  Sweigert, 


John  Jones, 

A.  Wittenburger, 

Cyrus  Cutler, 

I.  I.  Hendricks, 

W.  A.  Christy, 

William  Christy. 

Robert  McCullough, 

P.  M.  Daley, 

Mrs.  Louisa  Thompson, 

Miss  Mary  Thompson, 


Hamilton,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  B.  D,  Green, 
Mrs.  J.  F.  Burger, 
Mrs.  J.  MeClintock, 
Miss  M.  P.  MeClintock, 
Mrs.  L.  C.  Burriss, 
Mrs.  P.  M.  Daley, 
Mrs.  E.  A.  Hammock, 
Mrs.  J.  W. 
J.  W.  Boggs, 
J.  C.  Thompson. 


LOWER  LAKE  GRANGE,  No.  77. 

Lower  Lake,  Lake  County. 

Organized  September  20,  1873,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  Deputy. 


Mack  Matthews,  Master, 
G.  H.  Snow,  Secretary, 
W.  H.  Cunningham, 
I.  S.  Fruits, 
H.H.  Wilson, 
J.  W.  Howard, 
Hanson  Hazell, 
James  A.  Harris, 
Mack  Matthews, 
G.H.  Snow, 
I.  D.  Hendricks, 


J.  L.  Jackson, 
C.  L.  Wilson, 
I.  C.  Crigler, 
R.  R.  Nichols, 
M.  H.  Hendricks, 

E.  Armstrong, 
C.  Stubbs, 
M.  M.  Snow, 

F.  M.  Herendon, 
Rough  Matthews, 
A.  E.  Noel, 


Edward  Beckley, 
O.  J.  Copsey, 
Sarah  M.  Howard, 
Nancy  J.  Cunningham, 
S.  T.  Smith, 
Jane  Copsey, 
L.  S.  Wilson, 
Amanda  Crigler, 
A.  R.  Nichols, 
E.  A.  DeWolf. 


BADGER  FLAT  GRANGE,  No,  78. 
Los  Banos,  Mekcet>  County. 


Organized  September  20,  1873,  by  J.  W. 


W.  F.  Clark,  Master, 
Alfred  Merritt,  Secretary, 
W.  W.  Parlin, 
Sam'l  Fowler, 
Wm.  Phillips, 
James  Torey, 
Joseph  Merritt, 
Welcome  Fowler, 
William  Stockton, 
Jo.  Friedman, 


O.  K.  Jones, 
J.  W.  Parker, 
R.  Alford, 
Mrs.  Sam'l  Fowler, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Parker, 
Mrs.  R.  Alford, 
George  Taber, 
Mrs.  W.  F.  Clark, 
Miss  Jane  Fowler, 
Mrs.  W.  Phillips, 


A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  W.  W.  Parlin, 
N.  H.  Spencer, 
John  Fowler, 
A.  J.  Fowler, 
J.  W.  Maples, 
Jesse  Webb, 
I.  B.  Yule, 
Mrs.  O.  K.  Jones, 
Mrs.  Jesse  Webb, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Maples. 


LOS  BANOS  GRANGE,  No.  70. 

Los  Banos,  Mekced  County. 

Organized  September  20,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.Wright,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  C.  H.  Wiley, 


Wm.  M.  Yiney,  Master, 
H.  C.  Wainwright,  Sec'y, 
B.  F.  Davis, 
G.  H.  Wiley, 
William  Jones, 
Mrs.  W.  M.  Yiney, 
Mrs.  A.  F.  Munch, 
Miss  Mary  MitchelL 
W.  G.  Jones, 
Owen  Hughes, 


R.  S.  Vanderburg, 
Henry  Acker, 
John  Shaffer, 
Mrs.  S.  J.  Horner, 
Mrs.  John  McGlashan, 
Mrs.  G.  Shaffer, 
Andrew  McGlashan, 
D.M.Wood, 
G.  F.  Lawrence, 
A.  S.  Munch, 


S.  J.  Horner, 
Jno.  McGlashan, 
Jos .  McCarthy, 
Isaac  Acner, 
George  Shaffer, 
Jay  Brown, 
Mrs.  B.  F.  Davis, 
Mrs.  J.  Shaffer, 
Mrs.  A.  McGlashan. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


239 


HOPETON  GRANGE,  No.  80. 


Hopeton,  Merced  County. 

Organized  September  23,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A. 

John  Ruddle,  Master, 
Thomas  Eagleson,  Sec'y, 
P'red  Danner, 
S.  E.  Smyer, 
W.  L.  Coates, 


Wm.  Little, 
A.  S.  Ellis, 
33.  Delashmutt, 
Mrs.  T.  Eagleson, 
T.  J.  Ramsey, 


J,  M.  Strong, 
John  W.  Collins, 
A-  C.  McSwain, 
Travis  Marshall, 
Mrs.  T.  J.  Ramsey, 
Mrs.  A.  C.  McSwain, 
Mrs .  John  Ruddle, 
G.  R.  Scruggs, 
Mrs.  W.  L.  Silman, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Collins, 


Wright,  Deputy. 

Miss  Laura  Stockard, 
Miss  Alice  Stockard, 
W.  W.  Stockard, 
W .  L.  Silman, 
David  P.  Woodruff, 
J.  M.  Scott, 
J.  H.  Payne, 
Cyrus  Paine, 
Mrs.  J.  M.  Scott, 
Mrs.  V.  Biggs. 


BLOOMFIELD  GRANGE,  No.  81. 

Bloomfield,  Sonoma  County. 


Organized  September  25,  1873,  by  G.  W. 


Wm.  H.  White,  Master, 
D.  Brunei-,  Secretary, 
William  Lacost, 
C.  E.  Colborn, 
Isaac  Kuffel, 
A.  B.  Glover, 
Mrs.  A.  B.  Glover, 
Wm.  D.  Canfield, 
Wm.  S.  Edminster, 


S.  H.  Church, 
A.  A.  Boyington, 
J.  Boyington, 
W.  N.  Wakefield, 
Delia  Edminster, 
C.  Par£s, 
W.  W.  Parks, 
Wm.  P.  Hall, 


Davis,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  A.  P.  Hall, 
Henry  Hall, 
D.  H.  Parks, 
Ollie  White, 
Mrs.  S.  A  Canfield, 
Mrs.  O.M.  Colborn, 
James  Carvey, 
Jesse  B.  Smith. 


D.  B.  Hurlburt,  Master,      Mrs.  A.  Shinn, 
L.D.  Stephen,  Secretary,  C.  Farlin, 


CACHE  CREEK  GRANGE,  No.  82. 

Cottonwood,  Yolo  County. 

Organized  September,  1873,  by  Wm.  M.  Jackson,  Deputy. 

D.  Q.  Adams, 
L.  D.  Stephens, 
H.  Fredericks,  N.  Carbin,  E.  R.  Holton, 

Mrs.  M.  Hurlburt,  B.  W.  Smith,  Mrs.  S.  J.  Holton, 

H.  Saling,  Miss  M.  Frederick,  Mrs.  E.  Holton, 

Mrs.  C.F.  Saling,  G.  N.  Dameron,  E.  Sebald, 

J.  H.  Norton,  R.  G.  Tadlock,  Mrs.  E.  Sebald, 

Mrs.  S.  J.  Norton,  W.  T.  Cottle,  Mrs.  J.  Margel, 

J.  Edger,  G.  Woods,  W.  N.  Mardus. 

G.  Shinn, 


RUSTIC  GRANGE,  No.  83. 

Latheop,    San    Joaquin    County. 

Organized  September  29,  1873. 


J.  A.  Shepherd,  Master, 
Henry  Moore,  Secretary, 
George  W.  Haines, 
W.  R.  Bailey, 
Eugene  Kay, 
O.  F.  Atwood, 
L.  P.  Whitman, 
George  W.  Sperry, 
Samuel  W.  Boice, 
Thos.  Gardner, 


Joseph  Heintz, 
Mrs.  J.  K.  Meyer, 
Mrs.  H.  Moore, 
Miss  S.  E.  Shepherd, 
Miss  E.  E.  Shepherd, 
J.  K.  Meyer, 
Henry  Moore, 
Dennis  Visher, 
Mrs.  S.  W.  Boice, 

Mrs.  J.  Parks, 
Mrs.  D.  Visher, 
Miss  Emma  Sperry, 
H.  S.  Howland, 
Le  Roscoe  Howland, 
Thos.  Parks, 
W.  J.  Reynolds, 
Miss  N.  M.  Haines, 
Miss  P.  A.  Sperry. 

240 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


WOODBRIDGE    GRANGE,    No.    84. 

WOODBRIDGE,    SAN  JOAQUIN   COUNTY. 


Organized  September  30,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A,  Wright,  Deputy. 

Dr.  E.  Dayton, 
Thomas  Henderson, 
J.  L.  Keagle, 
A.  M.  Fastner, 
T.  S.  Moore, 
A.  R.  Elliott, 
I.  Emdy, 
H.C.  Shattuck, 
Mrs.  G.  H.  Ashley, 
Miss  J.  F.  Bressler. 


J.  L.  Hutson,  Master, 

A,  McQueen,  Secretary 

E.  J.  Mcintosh, 

E.  Fisk, 

C.  L.  Robinson, 

G.  H.  Ashley, 

G.  W.  Bressler, 

A.  McQueen, 

H.  G.  Gillingham, 

H.  Beckman, 

W.B.White, 


T.  J.  Pope, 
J.  Hemphill, 
Mrs.  T.  Henderson, 
Mrs.  J.  L,  Keagle, 
Mrs.  H.  Beckman, 
Mrs.  E.  Dayton, 
Mrs.  Perley, 
Mrs.  W.  B.  White, 
Mrs.  H.  G.  Gillingham, 
Mrs.  I.  Emdy, 


DANVILLE  GRANGE,  No,  85. 
Danville,  Contra  Costa  County. 


Organized  October  1,  1873,  by  R.  G. 


Charles  Wood,  Master, 
John  B.  Snyder,  Sec'y, 
John  Stern, 
Jonathan  Hoag, 
David  N.  Sherburn, 
Robert  B.  Love, 
Thomas  Flournoy, 
William  Bell, 
William  W.  Cox, 
Isaac  Russell, 


Albert  W.  Stone, 
Hugh  Wiley, 
Mrs.  Mary  Hoag, 
Miss  Livia  Labaree, 
Mrs .  Francis  Rice, 
Mrs.  Mary  A.  Jones, 
John  Camp, 
James  O.  Boone, 
Leonard  Eddy, 
Wade  Hays, 


Dean,  Deputy. 

Robert  O.  Baldwin, 
Francis  E.  Mattison, 
David  A.  Caldwell, 
John  W.  Kerr, 
Mrs.  Sallie  E.  Boone, 
Miss  Lizzie  Stern, 
Mrs.  Charles  Wood, 
Mrs.  Amelia  Love, 
Miss  Hattie  Van  Patten, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Labaree. 


ELK    GROVE    GRANGE,    No.    86. 
Elk  Geove,  Sacramento  County. 


Organized  October  4,  1873,  by  W.  T. 


0.  S.  Freeman,  Master, 
Delos  Gage,  Secretary, 
Julius  Everson, 
David  Upton, 
Sullivan  Treat, 
Mary  Kerr, 
George  H.  Kerr, 
Martha  Dixon, 


Caroline  M.  Treat, 
Asel  B.  Davis, 
Joseph  H.  Kerr, 
Thomas  McConnell, 
Louisa  C.  McConnell, 
Alfred  Dixon, 
Wm.  Parker, 
Asa  H.  Simons 


Manlove,  Deputy. 

Ezra  W.  Simons, 
Prudence  Simons, 
Alvira  H.  Everson, 
Sobeiska  Brown, 
Agnes  R.  Gage, 
Enoch  Drew, 
James  Kent, 
Milton  Sherwood, 


NORD  GRANGE,  No.  87. 
Nord,  Butte  County. 


Organized  October  6,  1873,  by  W.  M. 

G.  W.  Colby,  Master,  Herman  McCargar, 

Lyman  C.  Cole,  Secretary,  Mrs.  G.  W.  Colby, 
Mrs.  Jane  E.  Ash, 


H.  W.  Steuben, 
Charles  Pettit, 
William  Vettel, 
Alexander  Ash, 
J.  R.  Haughton, 
John  Mclntyre, 
Albert  Carman, 
Philander  McCargar, 
James  McCargar, 


Mrs.  Adaline  McCargar, 
Mrs .  Emeline  Warren, 
James  F.  Wright, 
S.  C.  Bragg, 
Lemuel  Sweeny, 
John  B.  Bragg, 
Eclward  Warren, 


Thorp,  Deputy. 

Robert  McCargar, 
Lyman  L.  Cole, 
Alexander  Thrower, 
John  Thompson, 
William  Jasper, 
Mrs.  Charles  Pettit, 
Mrs.  Eliza  McCargar, 
Mary  Carlisle, 
Mary  Taylor, 
Mrs.  S.  G.  Bragg. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


241 


KIWELATTA  GRANGE,  No.  88. 
Abcata,  Humboldt  County. 


Organized  September  30,  1873,  by  T.  H. 


Lewis  K.  Wood,  Master, 

D.  D.  Averill,  Secretary, 

Clarissa  S.  Wood, 

David  H.  Tower, 

J.  J.  Jule, 

F.  F.  Lansdale, 

H.  L.  Lansdale, 

Naomi  Handy, 

Mary  Handy, 

John  H.  Pratt, 

Calista  Pratt, 


James  F.  Denning, 
S.  Myers, 
J.  G.  Dolson, 
L.  H.  Jansen, 
George  Zehendner, 
Daniel  B.  Judd, 
Lucinda  Averill, 
J.  Sowash, 
Louisa  Sowash, 
David  H.  Tower, 


Merry,  General  Deputy. 

Albert  Hall, 
Sophronia  Hall, 
James  Sinclair, 
Mary  Sinclair, 
James  Burk, 
Frank  McFee, 
G.  B.  Kneeland, 
A.  B.  Kneeland, 
D.  N.  Dilla, 
H.  W.  Arbogast. 


WEST    GEAFTON    GRANGE,    No.    89. 


A.  C.  Morris,  Master, 

G.  W.  Parks,  Secretary 

Jay  Green, 

F.  Schleiman, 

John  McClintock, 

L.  L.  Burr, 

W.  H.  H.  Dinwiddie, 

J.  G.  Ely, 

Mrs.  Mary  Leggett, 


West  Gbafton  (Yolo)  ,  Yolo  County. 

Organized  October  3,  1873,  by  W.  M.  Jackson,  Deputy. 

J.  G.  Bower,  Jr.,  Josiah  Rinsella, 

George Thacher,  W.  S.  Manor, 

J.  F.  Nason,  A.  W.  Morris, 

Mrs.  Susan  Bower, 
Mrs.  C.  Wizard, 
I.  T.  Hadley, 
J.  W.  Brown, 
I.  G.  Bowers, 
Theo.  Wizard, 


Mrs.  Alice  Mapes, 
James  M.  Packman, 
George  W.  Parks, 
Mrs.  Schleiman, 
Mrs .  Sarah  Brown, 
E.  S.  Grey. 


R.  R.  Darby,  Master, 
P.  M.  Savage,  Secretary 
J.  P.  Goodnow, 
Jail  Woods, 
John  M.  Rhodes, 


CAPAY  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  90. 
Capay,  Yolo  County. 
Organized  October  4,  1873,  by  Wm.  M.  Jackson,  Deputy. 
Tillie  Walters,  R.  R.  Darby, 


Wm.  H.  Duncan, 
P.  M.  Savage, 
M.  Lambert, 
D.  C  Rumsay, 


E.  B.  Walters, 
Mrs.  S.  C.  Darby, 
Mrs.  Helen  Duncan, 
Mrs,  L. 


LIVERMORE  GRANGE,  No.  91. 

Liveemoee,  Alameda  County/. 

Organized  October  8,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


Daniel  Inman,  Master, 

F.  R.  Fassett,  Secretary, 

W.  W.  Wynn, 

J.  H.  Taylor, 

J.  T.  Taylor, 

A.  J.  McDavid, 

J.  H.  Mahinney, 

Valentine  Alviso, 

J.  T.  Taylor, 

Arthur  St.  Clair, 

16 


John  Foscalina, 
B.  J.  Salisbury, 
Mrs.  A.  P.  Francis, 
Mrs.  Mattie  R*inaldo, 
Mrs.  Joanna  Brackett, 
Mrs.  Mattie  Bowles, 
Joshua  A.  Neale, 
E.  S.  Allen, 
J.  W.  Clark, 
E.  P.  Bragdon, 


F.  J.  Clark, 

E.  P.  Bragdon, 

E.  M.  Carr, 

J.  H.  Brackett, 

Jesse  Bowles, 

Mrs.  AdeXa  E.  Taylor, 

Mrs.  Helen  A.  Fassett, 

Mrs.  M.  Taylor, 

Mrs.  J.  J.  Inman, 


242 


THE   GRANGE  RECORD. 


LODI  GRANGE,  No.  92. 

Lodi,  San  Joaquin  County. 
Organized  August  29,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


J.  "W.  Kearney,  Master, 
D.  Dickerson,  Secretary, 
A.  J .  Ayres, 
C.  T.  Elliott, 
C.  P.  Allison, 
Samuel  Fredum, 
Mrs.  A.W.Gove, 
Mrs.  C.  P.  Allison, 
J.  M.  Fowler, 
A.  W.  Gove, 


W.  H.  Post, 
R.  Woods, 

D.  Kettleman, 
Mrs.  J.  M.  Fowler, 
Mrs.  O.O.  Norton, 
Mrs.  W.H.  Post, 
0.0.  Norton, 
John  Parrot, 

E.  Lawrence, 
Mrs.  L.  M.  Morse, 


Mrs.  E.  Lawrence, 
John  Gerard, 
L.  M.  Morse, 
J.  Talmadge, 
Stephen  Purdy, 
Frank  Turner, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Kearny, 
Mrs.  J.  Gerard, 
Mrs..  J.  Talmadge. 


PAJARO  GRANGE,  No.  93. 
Watsonville,  Pajabo  Township,  Montebey  County. 
Organized  October  10,  1873,  by  J.  D.  Fowler,  Deputy. 


D.  M.  Clough,  Master,  S.  B.  Marcus, 

G.  W.  Roadhouse,  Sec'y,  Alexander  Keer, 

D.  Crawford,  J.  E.  Trofton, 

Mrs.  D.  Crawford,  J.  J.  Roadhouse, 

D.  M.  Clough,  John  Olinger, 


Peter  Cox, 

Mrs.  Rebecca  Cox, 

Mrs.  N.  A.  Uren, 

N.  A.  Uren, 

Mrs.  C.  E.  Roadhouse. 


AZUSA  GRANGE,  No.  94. 
Azusa  Township  (El  Monte),  Los  Angeles  County. 
Organized  October  3,  1873,  by  Thos.  A. 


W.  W.  Maxey,  Master, 

J.  C.  Preston,  Secretary, 

Thos.  Allen, 

J.  S.  Thompson, 

E.  R.  Thompson, 

C.  Thompson, 

W.  J.  Dougherty, 

I.  C.  Barnes, 

G.  W.  Bohannan, 

Mrs.  Q.  A.  Allen, 

Mrs.  Lucy  W.  Maxey, 


Mrs.  Alvina  Thompson, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Justice, 
Mrs.  M.  O.  Dougherty, 
Mrs.  M.  L.  Preston, 
Callie  L.  Dougherty, 
Miss  Ellen  Barnes, 
E.  T.  Justice, 
D.  L.  Dougherty, 
I.  C.  Preston,  . 
I.  T.  Collins. 


Garey,  Deputy. 

L.  Barnes, 

W.  S.  Neal, 

Jas.  Dougherty, 

A.  J.  Justice, 

J.  H.  Malone, 

J.  M.  Casey, 

D.  G.  Malone, 

"ST.  J.  Deshield, 

Mrs.  E.  Barnes, 

Mrs.  Indiana  Justice. 


FLORENCE  GRANGE,  No.  95. 

Flobence  (Los  Angeles),  Los  Angeles  County. 
Organized  October  6,  1873,  by  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 


H.  Gibson,  Master, 
Wm.  Porter,  Secretary, 
H.  C.  Thomas, 
R.  B.  Russell, 
H.  Gibson, 
Josiah  Russell, 
John  Willey, 
E.  J.  Durell, 
Thomas  Gillette, 
Charles  Hazard, 
H.  P.  Hiett, 


Frank  Farris, 
Mrs.  Janes, 
D.  Farris, 
Mrs.  Mary  Farris, 
Mrs.  H.  0.  Thomas, 
Mrs.  R.  M.  Russell, 
Mrs.  Sue  C.  Spencer, 
I.  D.  Farris, 
William  F.  Farris, 
I.  F.  Durell, 
Louis  L.  Rice, 


A.  Nelson, 

J.  M .  Spencer, 

G.  B.  Farris, 

Wm.  Porter, 

J.  W.  Wilkinson, 

John  Chapman, 

Mrs.  A.  Gibson, 

Mrs.  N.  J.  Russell, 

Miss  L.  J.  Russell, 

Mrs.  P.  D.  H.  Durell, 

Miss  Nannie  Farris. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


243 


BUCKEYE  GRANGE,  No.  96. 

Buckeye,  Yolo  County. 

Organized  October  6,  1873,  by  W.  M.  Jackson,  Deputy 


Wm.  Sims,  Master, 
J.  G.  Allen,  Secretary, 
R.  A.  Daniels, 
Daniel  Robinson, 
I.  P.  Grafton, 
J.  O.  Maxwell, 
Mrs.  Anna  Maxwell, 
I.  W.  Norton, 


Mrs .  Eliza  Norton, 

F.  G.  Russell, 

Miss  Saphrona  Ely, 

T.  C.  Goodwin, 

Mrs.  Susan  C.  Goodwin, 

W.  O.  Campbell, 

Mrs.  C.  Campbell, 


J.  R*  Briggs, 
Mrs.  Julia  Briggs, 
E.  G.  Bray, 
Mrs.  E.  G.  Bray, 
J.  G.  Allin, 
J.  W.  Ely, 
Mrs.  Cornelia  Ely* 


HUNGRY  HOLLOW  GRANGE,  No,  97. 
Yolo,  Yolo  County. 


Organized-October  7,  1873,  by  W.  M. 


G.  L.  Parker,  Master, 
G.  L.  Perkins,  Secretary, 
A.  H.  Nixson, 
T.  J.  Parker, 
T.  J.  Gallup, 
J.  M.  Parker, 
C.  P.  Du  Bois, 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Dutton, 
Mrs.  E.  M.  Young, 
G.  L.  Parker, 


Mrs.  Iff.  C.  Parker, 

P.  Fishback, 

John  A.  Zimmerman, 

C.  O.  Perkins, 

C.  H.  Dresser, 

Mrs.  Alice  W .  Dresser, 

J.  B.  Nixson, 

J.  E.  Young, 

N.  E.  Spaights, 

I.  M.  Dutton, 


Jackson,  Deputy. 

J.  B.  Dungau, 
Miss  C.  II.  Dutton, 
Mrs.  Lizzy  Parker, 
R.  J.  Mattock, 
Frederick  Mast, 
Mrs.  J.  O.  Fishback, 
Gottlieb  Mast, 
Gottlieb  Rath, 
Mrs.  C.  Parker, 
Edwin  Blodgett, 


ANTELOPE  GRANGE,  No.  98. 

Antelope,  Yolo  County. 

Organized  October  8,  1873,  by  W.  M.  Jackson,  Deputy. 

W.  J.  Clark,  Master,  S.  W.  Foster, 
C.  L.  M.  Vaughn,  Sec'y,      L.  B.  Lewis, 

A.  W.  Dunigan,  Mrs.  S.  A.  Lewis, 

Miss  R.  Dunigan,  D.  L.  Ashley, 

L.  Dunigan,  L.  C.  Lane, 

Henry  Yarrick,  J.  Y.  De  Rose, 

W.  O.  Dresser,  Mrs.  B.  De  Rose, 

Wm.  M.  Campbell,  Wm.  Dresser, 

Mrs.  S.  S.  Campbell,  Mrs.  H.  S.  Dresser, 
A.  13.  Richmond, 


J.  D.  Snelling, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Vaughn, 
H.  Garrett, 
Wm.  B.  Carter, 
MissM.  C.Vaughn, 
W.J.Clark, 
Mrs.  C.  Clark, 
Miss  K.  Burgoyne, 
I.  L.  Rollins. 


FUNK  SLOUGH  GRANGE,  No.  99. 

Funk  Slough  (Colusa),  Colusa  County. 

Organized  October  8,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 

E.  C  Hunter,  Master,  C.  A.  Kupper,  J.  D.  Rice, 

Russell  Delapp,  Secretary,  Miss  E.  Benjamin,  W.  S.  McClevy, 

I.  F.  Daley,  Miss  C.  Benjamin,  I.  W.  Daley, 

I.  A.  Sutton,  Mrs.  A.  Alexander,  G.  W.  Sutton, 

T.  Harden,  L.  D.  McDow,  Miss  L.  Daley, 

G.  Harden,  T.  B.  McDow,  Miss  Anne  Sutton, 

Oren  Phelps,  A.  Alexander,  Mrs.  Dodson, 

O.  V.  Daley,  Mark  Hubbard,  Mrs.  L.  J.  McDow, 

G.  H.  Abell,  R.  J.  Barnes,  Mrs.  S.  E.  McDow, 

T.  H.  Dodson,  I.  G.  Wolfe,  Mrs.  T.  Harden. 


244 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


ANTELOPE  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  100. 

Antelope  Valley  (Colusa),  Colusa  County. 

Organized  October  10,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 


H.  A.  Logan,  Master, 

A.  T.  Welton,  Secretary, 

R.  T.  Clark, 

Mrs.  S.  C  Clark, 

P.  Peterson, 

Mrs.  L.  M.  Peterson, 

Mrs.  M.  B.  Aycoke, 

A.  A.  Seheaine, 

Mrs.  Jane  Seheaine, 


D.  T.  Seheaine, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Logan, 
I.  A.  Cleghorn, 
Mrs.  C.  A.  Cleghorn, 
M.  A.  Cleghorn, 
M.  H.  Sechaine, 
Mrs.  R.  B.  Sehaine, 
John  Rosenberg, 


Wm.  Rosenberg, 
Arthur  T.  Welton, 
H.  H.  Graham, 
Mrs.  R.  J.  Graham, 
I.  D.  S.  Taylor. 
G.  W.  Cardwelf, 
Mrs.  Rebecca  Cardwell, 
Elizabeth  Seheaine. 


TABLE  BLUFF  GRANGE,  No.  101. 
Table  Bluff,   Humboldt  County. 


Organized  October  2,  1873,  by  T.  H. 


Jackson  Sawyer,  Master 
B.  H.  C.  Pollard,  Sec'y, 
Edwin  P.  Vance, 
Samuel  Foss, 
Mary  Foss, 
A.  S.  Frost, 
Charles  C.  Foss, 
Patrick  O'Rourke, 
Catherine  O'Rourke, 
Louis  Buyatte, 


Minerva  Buyatte, 
Elaii  B.  Long, 
Elizabeth  Long, 
Jerry  Quill, 
Julia  Quill, 
I.  P.  Walsh, 
Mary  Walsh, 
Hannah  Pollard, 
T.  J.  Knight, 
H.  P.  Dothen, 


Merry,  General  Deputy. 

T.  Y.  Clvde, 

D.  A.  DeMeritt, 
James  Wolgamott, 

0.  McNultv, 
Ellen  McNulty, 
John  McNulty, 
Hannah  Sawyer, 

E.  Tiernay, 

1.  E.  Still. 
Patrick  Quinn. 


FEKNDALE  GRANGE,  No.  102. 

Fekndale,  Humboldt  Countty. 

Organized  October  3,  1873,  by  T.  H.  Merry,  General  Deputy. 


F.  Z.  Boynton,  Master, 
Charles  Barber,  Sec'y, 
Ann  Boynton, 
Addie  Winfield, 
William  Stover, 
James  Smith, 
Jane  Smith, 
Jacob  Criss, 
Martha  J.  Criss. 
J.  C.  Dungan, 


Mary  E.  Spencer, 
William  Williams, 
R.  S.  Tyrrell, 
John  Smith, 
Malvina  Stover, 
L.  C.  Church, 
William  Taylor, 
J.  R.  Kinsley, 
Orrin  Chapman, 
Sarah  Chapman, 


It.  J.  Bugbee, 
G.  G.  Dudley, 
Margaret  Dudley, 
Andrew  Denman, 
Rebecca  Denman, 
William  H.  Spencer, 
George  W.  Griffith, 
James  S.  Freeman, 
Rebecca  Freeman 
Joseph  Davenport. 


ROHNERVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  103. 

Rhoneeville,  Humboldt  County. 

Organized  October  6, 1873,  by  T.  H.  Merry,  General  Deputy. 

B.  T.  Jamison,  Master,  H.  S.  Case,  Wm.  M.  Henry, 

Samuel  Strong,  Secretary,  Mrs.  E.  C.  Case,  A.  H.  Bradford, 

A.D.Sevier,  Homer  Drake,  L.  C.  Beckwith, 

Martha  J.  Jamison,  W.  R.  Worthington,  Matthew  Perrott, 

Sarah  Sevier,  Elizabeth  W. Worthington,  S.  A.  Perrott, 

Maria  G.  Strong,  John  W.  Cooper,  C.  Hanson, 

Sarah  E.  Strong,  C.  S.  Chamberlain,  Rolla  Bryant, 

Mrs.  Caroline  Beckwith,  Job  Tower,  Lizzie  Bryant. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


245 


ELK  RIVER  GRANGE,  No.  104. 

Buckspoet,  Humboldt  County. 

Organized  October  7,  1873,  by  T.  H.  Merry,  General  Deputy. 


Theodore  Meyer,  Master, 

D.  A.  De  Merritt,  Sec'y, 

F.  L.  Meyer, 

Ella  M.  Williams, 

S.  B.  Lane, 

Alex.  Forbes, 

F.  S.  Shaw, 


Sophronia  C.  Shaw, 
Mrs.  D.  E.  De  Merritt, 
Waterman  Fields, 
Ruth.  Ann  Haw, 
S.  N.  Stewart, 
Joseph  Scott  Stewart, 


S.  0.  Showers, 
G.  H.  Shaw, 
Margaret  Shaw, 
William  Orton, 
Jacob  W.  Gardner, 
Sophia  B.  Gardner. 


SNELLING  GRANGE,  No.  105. 

Snelling,  Mekced  County. 

Organized  October  23,  1873,  by  H.  B.  Jolley,  District  Deputy. 


Daniel  Yeizer,  Master,        W.  G.  Hardwick, 
W.L.  Hamlin,  Secretary,  Mrs.  W.L.  Hamlin, 
A.  B.  Anderson,  L.  J.  Burns, 

G.  L.  Baker,  S.  R.  Spears, 


Mrs.  Martha  Spears, 
Mrs.  Mary  E.  Yeizer, 
Erastus  Kelsey, 
Mrs.  Malinda  Kelsey, 


Organized  October  25, 

Thomas  Hellar  Master, 

Wm.  Owen,  Secretary, 

H.  W.  Rice, 

Edwin  Kimball, 

H.  Momsen, 

George  E.  Baxter, 

J.  C.  Ward, 

Thos.  A.  Cunningham, 

J.  Shilling, 

C.  F.  A.  Bagge, 


EDEN  GRANGE,  No.  106. 
Haywakds,    Alameda    County. 
1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  P.  M.  &  L.  Cal.  State  Grange. 


Tim  Houschildt, 
I.  H.  Wisener, 
Charles  Prouse, 
Mrs.  Mary  Kimball, 
Mrs.  H.  W.  Rice, 
Miss  Emma  Templetou, 
Mrs.  E.  Hellar, 
Mrs.  R.  L.  Knox, 
Miss  S.  M.  McCrea, 
Mrs.  J.  C.  Momsen, 


Wm.  F.  Hellar, 
J.  H.  Prouse, 
Joel  Russell, 
H.  F.  Nebas, 
John  Bagge, 
Wm.  Knox, 
John  Donkell, 
Mrs.  J.  Russell, 
Mrs.  Ida  C.  Wielbye, 
Mrs.  Maria  Bagge. 


ROCKVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  107. 

Rockvtlle,  Solano  County. 

Organized  October  29,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


W.  A.  Lattin,  Master, 
J.  R.  Morris,  Secretary, 
R.  H.  McMillen, 
A.  Gambel, 

A.  S.  Gambel, 
J.  M.  Baldwin, 

B.  O.  Foster, 
P.  A.  Russell, 


Rush  Lattin, 
E.  Barbour, 
J.  McMullen, 
Mrs.  E.  Barbour, 
Mrs.  C.  J.  Pitman, 
Mrs.  CM.  Baldwin, 
H.  D.  Tisdale, 
Mrs.  Georgia  Fliggle, 


Mrs.  McMorris, 
Mrs.  Amy  Lattin, 
Mrs.  Kate  Gambel, 
Mrs.  C.  P.  Foster, 
J.  E.  Fliggle, 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Cox, 
P.  G.  Cox. 


KELSEYVILLE  GRANGE,  No>  108. 

Kelseyville,  Lake  County. 

Organized  October  29,  1873,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  M.  Cal.  State  Grange. 


D.  P.  Shattuck,  Master, 

J.  Ormenston,  Secretary, 

G.  W.  Piner, 

Barton  Kelsey, 

Seth  Rickabaugh, 

Z    C.  Beardsley, 

R.  R.  Robinson, 


C.  C.  Barker, 
Anderson  Benson, 
Thomas  Ormenston* 
John  Shirley, 

I.  H.  Renfrow, 
James  Tryon, 

D.  E.  Mills, 


Mrs.  L.  P.  Ormenston, 
Mrs.  S.  F.  Piner, 
Mrs.  F.  M.  Stonebreaker, 
Miss  N.  E.  Stonebreaker, 
Miss  Blanche  Ormenston, 
Miss  E.  A.  Beardsly. 


246 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


UPPER  LAKE  GRANGE,  No.  109. 
Upper  Lake,  Lake  County. 


Organized  October  30, 

D.  V.  Thompson,  Master, 
D.  Q.  McCurty,  Secretary, 
George  A.  Lyon, 
George  Thornington, 
A.  J.  Doty, 
Emry  Townsend, 
Henry  Parmer, 
J.  B.  Robinson, 
M.  Shepard, 
Samuel  Coombs, 


1873,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton, 

M.  Deniston, 

W.  W.  Meredith, 

Mrs.  E.  Ford, 

Mrs.  Lucy  Meredith, 

Nancy  S.  Parmer, 

Miss  E.  Sleeper, 

George  Ford, 

I.  W.  Doty, 

M.  Sleeper, 

J.  B.  Howard, 


W.  M.  Cal.  State  Grange. 

L.  T.  Matcalf, 
Jerome  Sleeper, 
R.  0.  Tallman, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Doty, 
Mrs.  E.  Townsend, 
Mrs.  Mary  Coombs, 
Mrs.  I.  J.  Doty, 
Mrs.  M.  C.  Thompson, 
Miss  Betty  Thompson. 


ORISTIMBA  GRANGE,  No.  110. 

.Hill's  Ferry,  Stanislaus  County. 

Organized  November  4,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

W.  J.  Miller,  Master,  L.  S.  Bennett,  Miss  J.  E.  Newell, 

Thos.  A  Chapman,  Sec'y,  D.  "W.  Eachus,  Arthur  A.  Bithin, 

T.  R.  Hutchinson,  W.  S.  Underwood,  M.  G.  Bennett, 

Tyler  Bithin,  Mrs.  M.  Newell,  S.  V.  Porter, 

E.  P.  Bennett,  Mrs.  M.  Ellen  Underwood,.  S.  J.  Foxe, 

B.  B.  McGuire,  Mrs.  S.  J.  Bithin,  W.  Underwood, 

Mrs.  S.  M.  McGuire,  W.  L.  Pryor,  B.  D.  Noxon, 

Mrs .  C .  F.  Hutchinson,  Peter  Hansen,  Mrs.  Mary  E.  Underwood, 

P.  M.  Peterson,  C.  C.  Eastin,  Mrs.  Susan  Wilkinson, 

William  Wilkinson,  Mrs.  J.  W.  Miller,  Mrs.  Emma  C.  Eastin. 


ATLANTA  GRANGE,  No.  111. 


Atlanta,  San  Joaquin  County. 

Organized  October  30,  1873,  by  E.  B.  Stiles,  Deputy. 

T.  M.  Gardner, 
I .  W.  Moore, 


W.  J.  Campbell,  Master,     Mrs.  LouVischer, 
Wm.  Dempsey,  Secretary,  Mrs.  Margaret  Miller 


A.  W.  Hunsacker, 
Samuel  Myers, 
Levi  Niciwinger, 
Mrs.  N.  P.  Hunsacker, 
Mrs.  T.  M.  Gardner, 
Miss  Emma  T.  Gardner, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Moore, 


Mrs.  Jennie  M.  Lombard,  Ernst  Wagner, 


Mrs.  Samuel  Myers, 
Putnam  Vischer, 
Isaac  Kock, 
David  Lombard, 
T.  W.  Gilbert, 


Joseph  Frost, 

Milton  Miller, 

D.  L.  Campbell, 

H.  H.  Clendennin, 

Mrs.  Caroline  W.  Gilbert. 


BONITA  GRANGE,  No.  112. 

Crow's  Landing,  Stanislaus  County. 

Organized  November  1,  1873,  by  J.  D.  Spencer,  Deputy. 


J.  W.  Treadwell,  Master, 

A.  B.  Crook,  Secretary, 
James  M.  Bond, 

B.  R.  Pierce, 
W.  E.  Garrett, 
W.  C.  Cattron, 
A.  G.  Lucas, 
Edward  Loomis, 
W.  H.  Battenfield, 
Benjamin  Fowler, 


Mrs.  S.  A.  Pierce, 
Mrs.  F.  A.  Loomis, 
Mrs.  M.  P.  Garrett, 
Mrs.  Amanda  Hutton 
Mrs.  S.  T.  Bond,, 
Wm.  Fisher, 
I.  A.  Clark, 
M.  V.  Morin, 
D .  Hayes, 


A.  R.  Kirkwood, 
George  Medrie, 
F.  M.  Smith, 
A.  C.  Hutton, 
Mrs.  L.  A.  Crook, 
Miss  R.  J.  Daniels, 
Mrs.  E.  Treadwell, 
Mi's.  M.  Hayes, 
Mrs.  Margaret  Clark. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


247 


VALLEJO  GRANGE,  No.  113. 

Vallejo,  Solano  County. 

Organized  November  8,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 

G.  C.  Pierson,  Master,        Mrs.  Lavina  Wilson,  B.  B.  Brown, 

Charles  B.  Deming,  Sec'y,  Mrs.  Elizabeth  Greenwood,  John  Fletcher, 


Ira  Austin, 

George  H.  Greenwood, 

William  Carter, 

A.  P.  Ryerson, 

Mrs.  Celia  Hunter, 

Mrs.  Hattie  Pearson, 


John  F.  Deming, 
Cbas.  B.  Deming, 
Mrs.  Annie  G.  Deming. 
John  Wilson, 
James  Hunter, 
Gustavus  C.  Pierson, 


M  M.  Carter, 

S.  S.  Drake,. 

Mrs.  Anna  Carter, 

Joseph  Wilson, 

Mrs.  Hattie  G.  Deming. 

Mrs.  Thirza  Drake. 


Organized 

W.  D.  White,  Master, 
N.  O.  Carpenter,  Sec'y, 
Elisha  Weller, 
John  M.  Morris, 
Mary  Morris, 
J.  B.  Short, 
Thos.  R.  Lucas, 
Martha  Lucas, 
I.  M.  Faught, 
Philip  Howell, 
Mark  York, 


URIAH  GRANGE,  No.  114. 

TJkiah  City,  Mendocino  County. 

November  4,  1873,  by  T.  H.  Merry,  Deputy. 

Elizabeth  Bartlett, 
Helen  Carpenter, 
Samuel  Orr, 
G.  W.  Jackson, 
J.  C.  Cook, 
Frances  Ouseley, 
Nathan  Bartlett, 
Lavinia  G.  White, 
L.  M.  Ruddick, 
Charles  Bartlett. 


Mary  E.  Bartlett, 
J.  R.  Henry, 
S.  C.Henry, 
R.  Clark, 
A.  O.  Carpenter, 
J.  B.  McClum, 
M.  W.  Howard, 
John  Crawford, 
Elizabeth  Howell, 
Clara  S.  Warmseller. 


POTTER  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  115. 
Potteb  Valley,  Mendoctno  County. 

H.  Merry,  Deputy. 


Organized  November  6,  1873,  by  Thos 

John  Mewhinney,  Master,  J.  E.  Carner, 
Thos.  McCowen,  Sec'y,      H.  Slingerland 
Samuel  Mewhinney 


Donah  M,  Mewhinney, 
J.  G.  Bush, 
Thaddeus  Dashiels, 
Samuel  McCulloch, 
J.  R.  Ross, 
Life  Farmer, 
Catherine  Farmer, 


A.  H.  Slingerland, 
J.  B.  Endicott, 
Charles  Raider, 
J.  M.  Elliott, 
Lavinia  Grover, 
Eli  Jones, 
Mary  A.  Smith, 
George  Burkhardt, 


B .  Pemberton, 
R.  Carner, 

S.  H.  McCreary, 
John  Leonard, 
Jos.  Thornton, 
Rebecca  McCulloch, 
Catherine  Endicott, 

C.  J.  H.  Nichols 
G.  B.Nichols,. 
Sarah  Spencer. 


COTTONWOOD  GRANGE,  No.  116. 

Hill's  Febey,  Cottonwood  Township,  Meeced  County. 

Organized  November  10,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  P.  M.,  L.  Cal.  &  G. 


I.  L.  Crittenden,  Master, 

J.  J.  Doyle,  Secretary, 

W.  F.  Draper, 

I.  M.  Daley, 

Jerry  Stergeon, 

C.  S.  Johnson, 

R.  M.  C.  Hale, 

E.  L.  Stergeon, 

G.  E.  Mills, 

I.  T.  Sparks, 


Henry  Whitworth, 
G.  tstes, 
Wm.  Eachus, 
Mrs.  A.  Stergeon, 
Mrs.  M.  E.Coyle, 
Miss  K.  San  ford, 
Mrs.  C.  Draper, 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Crittenden, 
Miss  Belle  Tinnin, 
Miss  H.  Campbell, 


M.  0.  Babcock, 
A.  C   Tinnin, 
Wm.  Ruff, 
Oscar  Babcock, 
R.  Coyle, 
L.  Sweitzer, 
Bates  De  Hart, 
Mrs.  LA.  Mills, 
Mrs.  S.  E.  Tinnin, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Sparks, 


248 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


WILDWOOD  GRANGE,  No.  117. 


Dent  (Atlanta),  San  Joaquin 
Organized  November  12,  1873,  by  Edwin 


Joseph  Leighton,  Master, 

A.  B.  Munson,  Secretary, 

John  Ward, 

J.  W.  Gann, 

A.  H.  D.  Mcintosh, 

Geo.  E.  Blanchard, 

Geo.  N.  Cole, 

Wm.  A.  Bedford, 

G.  W.  Brown, 

J.  H.  Brown, 


E.  J.  F.  Merouse, 
Mrs.  Joanna  Purvos, 
Mrs.  Mary  Brown, 
Georgie  Ella  Leighton, 
Mrs.  Hizziah  Brown, 
Mrs .  Maggie  Pride, 
I.  S.  Muncey, 
Wm.  Allen, 
Samuel  Hall, 
I.  B.  Paynon, 


County. 

B.  Stiles,  Deputy. 

F.  M.  Furman, 
J.  M.  Purbos, 
Frank  Stanley, 
Wm.  H.  Snow, 
Wm.  M.  Muncey, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Stanley, 
Mrs.  Emma  Marvin, 
Albima  Allen, 
Mrs.  A.  S.  Munson, 
,Miss  Laura  Dossey. 


SARATOGA    GRANGE,    No.    118. 

Saratoga,  Santa  Clara  County. 

Organized  November  10,  1873,  by  G.  W.  Henning,  Deputy. 


Francis  Dresser,  Master,      S.  P.  Hutchinson, 
Jennie  Farwell,  Secretary,  Willis  Morrison, 
Abyah  McCall, 
Hobart  N.  Cutler, 
I.  C.  Hutchinson, 
D.  R.  Scott, 
Jas.  W.  Loyst, 
Andrew  J.  Loyst, 


Mrs.  M.  E.  Hutchinson,. 
Mrs.  S.  M.  Morrison, 
Mrs.  J.  Nickle, 
Mrs.  E.  S.  Reid, 
Wm.  Cox, 
F.  B.  Nickle, 


Wm.  Pfeffer, 
Wm.  M.Reid, 
E.  M.  Dresser, 
J.  Cox, 

Mrs.  A.  M.  McCall, 
Mrs.  H.  N.  Cutler, 
Mrs.  CD.  Dresser, 


WALNUT    CREEK    GRANGE,    No,    119. 


Walnut  Crjijek,  Contra  Costa  County. 

Organized  November  15,  1873,  by  R.  G.  Dean,  Deputy. 

Nathaniel  Jones,  Master, 
Wm.  R.  Daley,  Secretary 
John  Larkey, 
D.  F.  McClellan, 
A.  W.  Hammett, 


Edward  Worden, 
F.  Langenkamp, 
James  T.  Walker, 
Orrin  Fales, 


Mrs.  C.  S.  Hollinbeck, 
Mrs.  Mary  A.  Livingston, 
Mrs.  E.  C.  Jones, 
Mrs.  Martha  Renwick, 
Mrs.  Esther  M.  Fales, 


H.  M.  Hollinbeck, 
S.  B.  Hickman, 
John  H.  Livingston, 


Wm.  S.  Huston, 
Walter  Renwick, 
Mrs.  E.  C.  Larkey, 
Mrs.  Lemantha  Hammitt, 
Mrs.  Mary  S.  Hickman, 
Mrs.  M.  L.  Huston, 
Miss  Eliza  J.  Jones, 
Mrs.  Mary  C.  Walker, 


CENTREVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  120. 


Centreville,  Alameda  County. 

Organized  November  18,  1873,  by  Wm.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy, 

M.  J.  Overacker, 
A.  R.  Hall, 
E.  T.  Randall, 
M.  L.  Babb, 
Comfort  Healy, 
Samuel  P.  Marston, 
John  Proctor, 
L.  E.  Osgood, 
N.  L.  Babb, 


James  Shinn,  Master, 

John  L.  Beard,  Secretary 

B.  D.  F.  Clough, 

Wm.  Tyson, 

F.  Perez, 

F.  B.  Granger, 

A.  S.  Clark, 

Wm.  Healy, 

John  Lowrie, 

Howard  Overacker. 


E.  Miehaus, 
Rufus  Denmark, 
J.  R.  Clough, 
E.  Tyson, 
Mary  G.  Healy, 
S.  P.  Osgood, 
Mary  Denmark, 
Mrs.  H.  Overacker, 
Mrs.  C.  S.  Overacker, 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


249 


CONFIDENCE  GKANGE,  No.  121. 
Gaudalupe,    Santa  Baebaba  County. 


Organized 

October  27,  1873,  by  0.  L. 

Abbott,  Deputy. 

A.  Copeland,  Master, 

W.  J.  Cock, 

Mrs.  Nancy  A.  Preston, 

J.  F.  Austin,  Secretary, 

E.J.  Preston, 

Mrs.  S.  Copeland, 

H.  C.  Tenable, 

Azariah  Kennedy, 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Venable, 

J.  S.  Miller, 

John  Biggs, 

Mrs.  S.  E.  Miller, 

Orrin  Miller, 

Elias  Sansome, 

Mrs.  L.  G.  Miller, 

W.  T.  Scott, 

W.  J.  Hudson, 

Mrs.  Ellen  D.  Austin, 

T.  W.  Roberts, 

Charles  Silvarer, 

Mrs.  Ellen  Norris, 

B.  0.  Walker, 

Mrs.  Mary  M.  Johnston, 

,     N.  W.  Best, 

James  A.  Norris, 

Mrs.  Sarah  L.  Walker, 

John  W.  Emrich, 

W.  F.  Johnston, 

Mrs.  Hannah  M.  Cock, 

W.  A.  Templeton. 

GEORGIANA  GRANGE,   No.  122. 
Geoegiana  (Walnut  Gbove),  Sacramento  County. 


Organized  November  19,  1873,  by  W.  S.  Manlove,  Deputy 

Peter  Hanson, 
I.  N.  Holt, 
F.  M.  Pool, 
J.  H.  Slay  ton, 


F.  M.  Kittrell,  Master, 
George  A.  Knott,  Sec'y 
H.  F.  Smith, 
C.  P.  Hensey, 
J.  P.  Norman, 


Mrs.  Mary  A.  Hensey, 
Sarah  A.  Pool, 
Sarah  Raney, 
Louisa  Holt* 


DENVERTON  GRANGE,  No.  123. 


Denveeton,  Solano  County. 


Organized  November  21,  1873,  by  James 

Jno.  B.  Carrington,  Master,  John  Tomlie, 
G.  C.  Arnold,  Secretary,      I.  H.  Bullard, 


Mrs.  H.  P.  Carrington, 
JohnB.  Roper, 
Samuel  Stewart, 
Mrs.  J.  E.  Stewart, 
Wm.  Bacon, 
G.  Y.  Stewart, 
John  Bird, 
Jas.  Jones, 
Mrs.  S.  F.  Jones, 


S.  H.  De  Puy, 
Mrs.  H.  E.  De  Puy, 
James  Blyth, 
O.  D.  Ormsby, 
T.  C.  Stewart, 
Mrs.  Grace  Stewart, 
Miss  Mary  E.  Cook, 
G.  N.  Daniels, 


A.  Clark,  Deputy. 

Nathan  Barnes, 
Mrs.  E.  H.  Barnes, 
C.  E.  Garfield, 
Mrs.  U.  Garfield, 
Wm.  Spencer, 
Mrs.  Rebecca  Spencer, 
G.  B.  Eustace, 
G.  C.  Arnold, 
Mrs.  S.  J.  Arnold, 
R.  H.  Barkeway. 


WATSONVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  124. 

Watsonviixe,  Santa  Ceuz  County. 

Organized  November  22,  1873,  by  J.  D.  Fowler,  Deputy. 


Joseph  McCollum,  Master,  Mrs.  Louisa  Martin, 
A.  F.  Richardson,  Sec'y,    A.  Cox, 


E.  A.  Kuowles, 

R.  T.  Gallagher, 

T.  Martin, 

A.  Hanson, 

J.  C.  Drew, 

J.  Strove, 

Mrs.  Adelia  Ripley, 


Mrs.  R.  W.  Cox, 
Miss  L.  C.  McNealy, 
B   Gallagher, 
V.  Westcott, 
M.  Gagner, 
A.  McNealey, 


J.  C.  White, 
L.  A.  Lee, 
J.  M.  Ripley, 
A.  F.  Richardson, 
Mrs.  E.  McCollum, 
Miss  Lottie  Knowles, 
Mrs.  H.  M.  Westcott, 
Miss  Mary  Wiley. 


250 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


CALISTOGA  GRANGE,  No.  125. 

Calistoga,  Napa  County. 

Organized  November  25,  1873,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  M.  Cal.  S.  G. 


I.  N.  Bennett,  Master,        Sebastian  Martz, 


L.  Hopkins,  Sec'y, 
Andrew  Safely, 
James  M.  Wright, 
J.  C.  Wright, 
T.  T.  Walker, 
John  Martz, 


Martin  Martz, 
Mrs.  Lovina  Cyrus, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Martz, 
John  Hoover, 
W.  B.  Pratt, 
Peter  Teal, 


John  Cyrus, 

Isaac  Bradley, 

John  C.  Willoughby, 

L.  H.  Hopkins, 

Mrs.  Catherine  Bennett, 

Miss  Alice  Bennett. 


BED  BLUFF  GRANGE,  No.  126. 

Red  Bluff,  Tehama  County. 

Organized  November  26,  1873,  by  W.  M.  Thorp,  Deputy. 


R.  H.  Blossom,  Master, 
John  Curtis,  Secretary, 
J.  C.  Tyler, 
Mrs.  J.  C.  Tyler, 
Mrs.  R.  H.  Blossom, 
I.  S.  Cone, 
Mrs.  I.  S.  Cone, 


L.  B.  Healy, 
Mrs.  L.  B.  Healy, 
George  B.  Tabor, 
H.  A.  Rawson, 
Andrew  Jelly, 
N.  Merrill, 
Mrs.  N.  Merrill, 


George  Peels, 
H.  C.  Copeland, 
Mrs.  H.  C.  Copeland, 
Wm.  B.  Parker, 
George  Champlin, 
Mrs.  Geo.  Champlin, 
Samuel  Jennison. 


WESTMINSTER    GRANGE,    No.    127. 

Westminster,  Los  Angeles  County, 

Organized  November  19,  1873,  by  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 


M.  B.  Craig,  Master, 

Henry  Stephens,  Secretary 

L.  P.  Webber, 

Robert  Strong, 

1.  D.  Bowley, 

N.  Frank  Poor, 

John  Anderson, 

John  Mack, 

G.  M.  Crittenden, 

Lot  M.  Jaquette, 


Robert  Eccles, 
George  Danskin, 
Mrs.  George  Danskin, 
Amelia  V.  Lawton, 
Mrs.  V.  C.  Anderson, 
Martha  M.  Edwards, 
Converse  Howe, 
James  Taylor, 
Jesse  Davis, 
J.  A.  Davis, 


D.  W.  Lawton, 
Joseph  Bingham, 
Thos.  Edwards, 
James  McFadden, 
Sarah  L.  Patterson, 
Ella  A.  Jaquette, 
Mrs.  Olive  W.  Stephens, 
Julia  G.  Bowley, 
Mrs.  F.  S.  Bowley, 
Mrs.  W.  C.  McPherson. 


RIVERSIDE  GRANGE,  No.  128. 


Riverside,  San  Bernardino 

Organized  November  25,  1873,  by  Thos. 

E.  G.  Brown,  Master,  C.  E.  Packard, 
W.  W.  Kimball,  Secretary,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Russell, 

P.  S.  Russell,  Mrs.  Eliza  M.  Sheldon, 

W.  B.  Russell,  Mrs.  M.  T.  Shugart, 

J.  P.  Herbert,  Mrs.  Arabella  S.  Lord, 

A.  J.  Twogood,  Miss  Josie  Craig, 

J.  W.  North,  G.  D.  Carleton, 

E.  R.  Pierce,  G.  W.  Garcelon, 

J.  G.  North,  G.  H.  Cleft, 


County. 

A.  Garey,  Deputy 

T.  L.  Abel, 

J.  T.  Tobias, 

K.  D.  Shugart, 

N.  D.  Millard, 

Wm.  Craig, 

Miss  Let  tie  C.  Brown, 

Mrs.  Ann  L.  North, 

Mrs.  A.  A.  Pierce, 

Mrs.  Mary  F.  Garcelon. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


251 


ENTERPRISE  GRANGE,  No.  129. 

Brighton,  Sacramento  County. 

Organized  December  12,  1873,  by  W.  S.  Minlove,  Deputy. 


Jasper  M.  Bell,  Master, 
Maurice  Toomey,  Sec'y, 
Stephen  M.  Haynie, 
A.  A.  Nordyke, 
George  Wilson, 
J.  Campbell, 
H.  A.  Parker, 
A.  M.  Gunter, 
J.  J.  Martin, 


Nelson  Shaver, 
Ada  M.  Shaver, 
Mary  C.  Nordyke, 
Euphernia  Bell, 
Marie  W.  Parker, 
J.  R.  Gilleland, 
R.  S.  Jamison, 
M.  Toomey, 
J.  D.  Bennett, 


R.  J.  Brown, 
T.  L.  Williams, 
John  D.  Morrison, 
Al.  Root, 
Mary  M.  Gunter, 
Margaret  A.  Haynie, 
Sarah  Martin, 
Mary  M.  Brown. 


PLORIN  GRANGE,  No.  130. 

San  Joaquin  Township  (Florin),  Sacramento  County. 

Organized  December  17,  1873,  by  W.  S.  Manlove. 


Caleb  Arnold,  Master, 
Wm.  Scholefield,  Sec'y, 
William  H.  Starr, 
Catharine  A.  Starr, 
D.  H.  Buell, 
Susan  A.  Buell, 
Isaac  Lea, 


Mary  J.  Caottle, 
J.  J.  Bates, 
Charles  Jackson, 
Charles  Lea, 
G.  H.  Jones, 
E.  J.  Taylor, 
Celia  A.  Taylor, 


David  Rees, 
Elizabeth  Rees, 
Daniel  Buell, 
Phebe  Arnold, 
C.A.Phillips, 
Warren  A.  Smith. 


LOCKFORD    GRANGE,    No.    131. 


Lockford,  San  Joaquin 

Organized  December  29,  1873,  by  E 

G.  C.  Holman,  Master,        Phoebe  Stewart, 
Sol.  G.  Stewart,  Secretary,  Thos.  Clement, 
John  Trethaway, 


Jerome  Rider 
B.  P.  Baird, 
W.  Moffatt, 

B.  Thomas, 

J.  F.  McDowell, 

C.  R.  Montgomery, 
Mary  A.  Trethaway, 
E.  P.  Meyerle, 


Mrs.  A.  A.  Meyerle, 
John  Carpenter, 
Thomas  Kenny, 
Mrs.  G.  C.  Holman, 

F.  C.  Meyerle, 

G.  B.  Ralph, 
Elizabeth  Ralph, 


County. 

.  B.  Stiles,  Deputy. 

John  McDowell, 
A.  J.  Williams, 
George  Trethaway, 
Mrs.  Montgomery, 
Mrs.  Meyerle, 
Mrs.  r£.  Clements, 
Mrs.  Williams, 
Jonathan  Andrews, 
Hrs.  Carpenter, 


GARRETSON  GRANGE,  No.  132. 

Centrevllle  (King's  River,)  Fresno  County. 

Organized  December  10,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

W.  D.  May  hew, 
Wm.  Hutchings, 
Joseph  Imrie, 
Robert  Lacy, 
Charles  Hunter, 
Allen  Helm, 
Mrs.  J.  Elliott, 
Mrs.  G.  Hobler, 
Mrs.  A.  Jackson. 


W.  J.  Hutchinson,  Master,  John  Carey, 
W.  W.  Phillips,  Secretary,  Philip  Weebe, 
Joseph  Burns,  Mrs.  J.  Burns, 

W.  L.  Graves,  Mrs.  J.  Stephens, 

Andrew  Jackson,  Mrs.  A.  H.  Strathan, 

George  Hobler,  Mrs.  L.  V.  Graves, 

Joseph  Elliott,  Mrs.  A.  Miles, 

A.  H.  Strathan,  Miss  A.  A.  Hutchinson. 

L.  W.  Jones,  Mrs.  C.  E.  Phillips, 

John  Fuller,  Jerome  Stephens, 


252 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


FRESNO  GRANGE,  No.  133. 

Fresno,  Fresno  County. 

Organized  December  10,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright. 


H.  W.  Fassett,  Master, 

F.  Dusy,  Secretary, 
Wm.  Helm, 

J.  M.  Amsa, 
E.  K.  Estell, 

G.  W.  Gretter, 
G.  A.  Slocnm, 
Otto  Brandt, 
S.  C.  Smith, 
W.  M.  Potter, 


0.  Walters, 
S.  Hamilton, 
J.  H.  Bartlett, 
Mrs.  F.  Dusy, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Potter, 
Mrs.  M.  Conklin, 
Mrs.  B.  P.  Gretter, 
Miss  E.  L.  Smith, 
Mrs.  M.  Ross, 
Mrs.  F.  Helm, 


G.  Dahl, 

D.  C.  Libby, 

W.  M.  Cool'idge, 

C.J.  Hobler, 

G.  Helm, 

F.  E.  Tadlock, 

I.  W.  Tadlock, 

Mrs.  C.  Walters, 

Mrs.  S.  E.  Freeman, 

His.  D.  C.  Libby. 


LAKE  GRANGE,  No.  134. 
Visalia,  Lake  Township,  Tulare  County. 


Organized  December  11,  1873,  by  J. 
M.  S.  Babcock,  Master,      N.  T.  Gardner, 


E.  J.  Bendick,  Sec'y, 

E.  D.  Simmons, 

H.  P.  Grey, 

J.  F.  Phillips, 

H.  W.  Byron, 

11.  J.  Wilson, 

D.  Rhoades, 

J.  Martin, 

Henry  Rhoades, 


Andrew  Foster, 
G.  Foster, 
J.  Robinson, 
Mrs.  J.  Martin, 
Mrs.  N.  J.  Gardner, 
Mrs.  E.  D.  Simons, 
Mrs.  R.  J.  Grey, 
Mrs.  H.  W.  Byron, 
Mrs.  C.  W.  York, 


W.  A.  Wright. 

R.  P.  Grey, 
C.  W.  York, 

W.  R.  Sullinger, 
John  Shores, 
James  Lebbey, 
Jno.  Heinlan, 
Mrs.  W.  R.  Sullinger, 
Mrs.  J.  Shores, 
Mrs.  J.  Sibley, 
Mrs.  H.  Rhoades. 


FRANKLIN  GRANGE,  No.  135. 
Visalia,  Lake  Township,  Tulare  County. 


Organized  December  12,  1873,  by  J.  W. 


F.  Wyruck,  Master, 
A.  B.  Crowell,  Sec'y, 
M.  W.  Bloyd, 
J.  F.  Betts, 
Peter  Kanawyer, 
J.  J.  Kanawyer, 
J.  B.  Fretwell, 
John  Chambers, 
T.  Jenkinson, 
H.  V.  Harkins, 


H.  Johnson, 

Aaron  Jones, 

James  Jones, 

I.  J.  Cole, 

Mrs.  Sarah  Betts, 

Mrs.  M.  B.  Chambers, 

Mrs.  A.  K.  Kanawyer, 

Steven  Hicks, 

Samuel  Doyle, 

A.  B.  Crowell, 


A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  N.  J.  Wyruck, 
Mrs.  A.  Bloyd, 
Mrs.  M.  B.  Chambers, 
Mrs.  N.J.  Cole, 
P.  A.  Kanawyer, 
G.  A.  Hackett, 
Chas.  Hackett, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Fretwell, 
Mrs.  P.  A.  Kanawyer, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Kanawyer. 


DEEP  CREEK  GRANGE,  No.  136. 

Farmersville,  Farmersville  Township,  Tulare  County. 


Organized  December  13,  1873,  by  J.  W 

W.G. Pennebacker,  M.,      A.  H.  Ballard, 
A.  Hinds, 
Mrs.  Carrie  Wood, 
Mrs.  N.  Jeffards, 
Mrs.  A.  A.  Davenport, 
Mrs.  Laura VanValkenburg, 
Mrs.  T.  A.  Allen, 
Miss  Katie  Gilmer, 
Mrs.  S.  J.  Pennebacker, 
W.  J.  Ellis, 


F.  J.  Jefferds,  Sec'y, 
J.  C.  Goad, 

G.  F.  Pennebacker 
D.  Wood, 
Wm.  Davenport, 
J.  League, 
B.Ballard, 

F.  G.  Jeffards, 

G.  B.  Catron, 
Wm.  Ballard, 


.  A.  Wright. 

L.  Teague, 

B.  Miles, 

Geo.  Neilson, 

A.  W.  Matthewson, 

F.  L.  Castael, 

A.  Parker, 

J.  D.  Vaugh, 

Mrs.  C.  Miles, 

Mrs.  G.  B.  Catron,    , 

Mrs.  L.  Matthewson, 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


253 


TULE  RIVER  GRANGE,  No.  137. 

PoRTERVILLE,  TULARE  COUNTY. 

Organized  December  16,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright. 
G.  A.  Williamson,  Master,  W.  S.  Henrahan, 


N.  T.  Blair,  Secretary, 

L.  M.  Bond, 

J.  B.  Rumford, 

L.  P.  Ford, 

C.  W.  McKelvey, 

C.  S.  Brown, 

J.  B.  Hockett, 

J.  F.  Griffin, 

J.  Hurton, 


D.  M.  Vance, 
J.  M.  Owen, 
Mrs.  M.  McKelvey, 
Mrs.  E.  J.  Sorrels, 
Mrs.  J.  A.  Loyd, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Hadley, 
Mrs.  S.  N.  W.  Rumford, 
Miss  Carrie  Helton, 
Miss  L.  A.  Ford, 


Anson  Hadley, 
Andrew  S.  Mapes, 
S.  C.  Sorrels, 
L.  W.  Lloyd, 
J.  W.  Wilcoxon, 
H.  C.  Kelley, 
T.  W.  Hyndman, 
Miss  Caroline  Leeds, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Ford, 
Miss  Carrie  Wilcoxon. 


PANAMA  GRANGE,  No.  138. 

Panama  (Bakersfield),  Keen  County. 

Organized  December  20,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


H.  D.  Robb,  Master, 

J.  F.  Gordon,  Secretary, 

¥.  P.  Mav, 

J.  W.  Ha  worth, 

O.  B.  Ormsby, 

A.  Noble, 

J.  Carlock, 

Geo.  Carlock, 

J.  M.  Lundy, 

C.  B.  Caldwell, 


S.  Baker, 
I.  S.  Ellis, 
O.  Troy, 

Mrs.  P.  E.  Lundy, 
Mrs.  J.  A.  Ormsby, 
Miss  Phebe  Stockton, 
Mrs.  M.  B.  Noble, 
Mrs.  A.  Lundy, 
Mrs.  M.  L.  Caldwell, 
Mrs.  C.  N.  Carlock, 


O.  J.  Lundy, 

J.  D.  Stockton, 

James  Inglis, 

WTm.  N.  Booth, 

A.  Charlton, 

H.  C.  Loomis, 

V.  Barker, 

Mrs.  L.  M.  Stockton, 

Mrs.  A.  H.  May, 

Mrs.  E.  E.  Haworth. 


BAKERSFIELD  GRANGE,  No%  139. 

Bakersfield,  Kern  County. 

Organized  December  22,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


S.  Jewett,  Master, 
Jerome  Troy,  Secretary, 
L.  S.  Rogers, 
J.  S.  Riley, 
L.  L.  Reeder, 
Walter  James, 
Robert  Trewin, 
J.  S.  Anderson 
P.  A.  Stine, 
E.  Tibbett, 


P.  Tibbett, 
S.  I.  Jones, 
D.  W.  Herndon, 
Mrs.  S.  Rose, 
Mrs.  R.  Tibbett, 
Mrs.  P.  Tibbett, 
Mrs.  C.  L.  Rogers, 
Mrs.  A.  Stine, 
Mrs.  L.  James, 
Mrs.  E.  Baker, 


A.  C.  Marid, 

C.  H.Mayo, 
M.  W.  Gates, 
Allen  Rose, 

D.  W.  Walser, 
A.  A.  Cochran, 
P.  D.  Jewett, 
Mrs.  R.  Reeder, 
Mrs.  J.  D.  Jewett, 
Mrs.  E.  C.  Jewett. 


NEW  R1TER  GRANGE,  No.  140. 


New  River  (Bakersfield),  Kern 
Organized  December  23,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A. 
John  G.  Dawes,  Master,     Jas.  J.  Phillips, 


James  Dixon,  Secretary, 

P.  C.  May, 

Wm.  Canfield, 

B.  K.  Said, 

Wm.  H.  Gage, 

I.  R.  Watson, 

F.  A.  Tracy, 

W.  S.  Brown, 

R.  J.  Waldon, 


E.  S.  Henley, 
S.  B.  Henley, 
Mrs.  J.  Said, 
Mrs.  M.  J.Gage, 
Miss  Ella  Said, 
Miss  Belle  Gage, 
Miss  Kate  Said, 
Mrs.  N.  M.  Watson, 
G.  W.  Bevis, 


County. 

Wright,  Deputy. 

Jesse  Cole, 
A.  F.  Gage, 
Robert  Plunkett, 
R.  Swift, 
W.  W.  Drury, 
Dave  Chester, 
Mrs.  E.  J.  Brown, 
Mrs.  W.  Canfield, 
Mrs.  J.  Chester. 


254 


THE  GEANGE  EECOED. 


CHRISTMAS  GEANGE,  No.  141. 


VlSALIA,  TuLAEE  COUNTY. 

Organized  December  25,  1873,  by  J.W.  A.Wright,  Deputy. 

Thos.  Gamlin,  J.  T.  McQuiddy, 

Mrs.  J.  M.  McQuiddy.  William  Farmer, 

Mrs.  L.  Jeffards,  N.  T.  Woodcock, 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Prather,  Wm.  L.  Morton, 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Morton,  J.  Lambert, 

Mr3.  Z.  Lambert,  J.  R.  Doty, 

Mrs.  F.  A.  Hatch,  C.  M.  Hatch, 

Mrs.  E.  E.  Bock,  C.  C.  Lambert, 

Mrs.  T.  L.  Gamlin,  G.  Slight, 

Mrs.  S.  A.  Cotton,  Mrs.  P.  H.  Doty. 


A.  B.  Corey,  Master, 
W.  H.  Stuart,  Secretary, 

A.  C.  Jeffards, 
Josephus  Perrin, 
J.  L.  Prather, 
N.  Archibald, 
C.  W.  Flewellin, 
G.  W.  Cotton, 

B.  F.  McComb, 
E.  Y.  Bock, 


VlSALIA  GRANGE,   No.  142. 

VisALiA,  Tulare  County. 

Organized  December  26,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


Wiley  Watson,  Master, 

H.  C.  Higby,  Secretary, 

J.  P.  Jones, 

W.  M.  Meadows, 

John  Pogue, 

B.  G.  Parker, 

James  Beck, 

J.  E.  Lowry, 

John  Toombs, 

G.  W.  Stephens, 


W.  H.  Peck, 
I.  N.  Peck, 
W.  R.  Owens, 
W.  J.  White, 
Miss  Mary  Toombs, 
Mrs.  W.  Watson, 
Mrs.  Mattie  Harter, 
Mrs.  M.  C.  Parker, 
Mrs.  S.  E.  Peck, 
Mrs.  Belle  Boyer, 


Mrs.  Traverse, 

Wm.  Smith, 

John  Cutler, 

I.  D.  Keener, 

Thos.  Snider, 

R.  Bennett, 

T.  McGee, 

Miss.  S.  R.  Meadows, 

Miss  Mary  N.  Pogue, 

Miss  Alice  Toombs. 


ADAMS    GRANGE,  No.    143. 
Dry  Creek,  Fresno  County. 


Organized  December  27,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

LA.  Jack, 
David  Barton, 
T.  S.Wyatt, 
B.  C.  Wier, 
J.  M.  Hieskell, 
James  Jeans, 
A.  M.  Darwin, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Shipp, 
Mrs.  M.  Jack, 
Mrs.  C.  C.  Wier, 


T.  P  Nelson,  Master, 

Thos.  Wyatt,  Secretary, 

Thos.  J.  Hall, 

Thos.  Jeans, 

J.  P.  Potter, 

Logan  F.  Potter, 

G.  B.  Jack, 

W.  W.  Shipp, 

E.  H.  Patterson, 

R.  B.  Freeman, 

David  Ross, 


P.  0.  McMahon, 
W.  B.  Wyatt, 
Mrs.  Jane  Hogle, 
Mrs.  M.  Hieskell, 
Mrs.  M.  H.  Nelson, 
Mrs.  Mary  Hall, 
Mis.  M.  B.  Ross. 
Miss  Laura  Jeans, 
Mrs.  S.  F.Doak, 
Mrs.  Belle  Jeans, 


BORDEN  GRANGE,  No.  144. 
Borden,  Fresno  County. 


Organized  December  31,  1873,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

Miss  Maggie  Borden, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Crowder, 
L.A.  Sledge, 
W.  B.  Bennett, 
John  B.  Fontaine, 
H.  St.  J.  Dixon, 
I.  Burcham. 


J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Master, 
J.  H.  Pickens,  Secretary, 
LA.  Pickens, 
R.  L.  Dixon, 
H.  S.  Patterson, 
Joseph  Borden,  Jr., 
J.  S.  Pemberton, 


J.  G.  Crowder, 
W.  S.  Patterson, 
Mrs.  C.  Dennett, 
Mrs.  J.  A.  Pemberton, 
Mrs.  J.  Burcham, 
Mrs.  II.  Patterson, 
Mrs.  F.  Borden, 


•THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


255 


ANTIOCH    GRANGE,    No.  145. 

Antioch,  Contea  Costa  County. 

Organized  December  27,  1873,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy, 


J.  P.  Walton,  Master, 
James  D.  Darby,  Sec'y, 
Josiah  Wells, 
Mrs.  Addie  Wells, 
W.J.  Smith, 
Delia  T.  Smith, 
Wm.  Ellsworth, 
Wm.  Gelchrist, 
Thos.  Shannon, 
Wm.  Davison, 
Seth  Davison, 


C.  L.  Donaldson, 

D.  S.  Hawkins, 
Henry  W.  Baker, 
J.  W.  Darby, 
Sarah  A.  Sellers, 
Wm.  Sellers, 

H.  B.  Jewett, 
Phebe  Jewett, 
James  Dukes, 
T.  O.  Carter, 


F.  J.  Quant, 
Amanda  M.  Wells, 
Abbott  Sellers, 
Jance  C.  Smith, 
D.  R.  Benedict, 
Phebe  B.  Benedict, 

G.  W.  Kimball, 
Wm.  Wiggin  Smith, 
I.  P.  Walton, 

A.  G.  Darby, 


MARYSVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  146. 

Mabysville,  Yuba  County. 

Organized  January  9,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


G.  P.  Bockius,  Master, 

James  M.  Cutts,  Secretary, 

L.  P.  Walker, 

N.  Sewell, 

G.  F.  Kelser, 

John  Seaward, 

A.  Eaton, 

H.  S.  Taylor, 

W.  H.  Drum, 

S.  Grant, 

Fred  Grass, 


Peter  Grass, 
Andrew  Grass, 
George  R.  Sanders, 
Mrs.  M.  C.  Brockins, 
Mrs.  M.  Smith, 
Mrs.  A.  W.  Sewell, 
Mrs.  CD.  Kelser, 
Mrs.  M.  E.Walker, 
Miss  Mary  E.  Eaton, 
Miss  Mollie  Sewell, 


Wm.  D.  Smith, 
James  Barry, 

D.  D.  Fox, 
George  Shaw, 
I.  R.  Bates, 

E .  A.  Shepperd, 
Christopher  Westenhavery 
Mrs.  H.  S.  Eaton, 

Mrs.  C.  Taylor, 
Mrs.  J.  Cutts. 


FRANKLIN  GRANGE,  No.  147. 

Fbankltn  (Georgetown),  Sacramento  County. 

Organized  January  10,  1874,  by  W.  S.  Manlove,  Deputy. 

Amos  Adams,  Master,  Thos.  Anderson,  Troy  Dye, 

P.  R.  Beckley,  Secretary,  Martha  Miller,  Fidelia  Dye, 

Isaac  F.  Freeman.  Amanda  Moore,  Sarah  C.  Beckley, 

George  Morse,  Wm.  Johnston,  Eben  Owen. 

J.  M.  Stephenson,  J.  W.  Moore, 


PLEASANT  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  148. 

Pleasant  Valley  (San  Buenaventuba)  Ventura  County. 

Organized  January  10,  1874,  by  Milton  Wasson,  Deputy. 


Dan.  Rondebush,  Master, 

R.  Browning,  Secretary, 

Charles  Brooks, 

Elmer  Drake, 

J.  S.  Harker, 

J.  B.  Robins, 

J.  Sisson, 

W.  H.  Walker, 

John  Mahan, 

A.  S.  Clark, 


N.  O.  Wood, 
Miss  Ollie  Walbridge, 
Miss  Myra  Walbridge, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Walker, 
Miss  Libbie  Sisson, 
Mrs.  Rachel  Rondebush, 
Joseph  Davenport, 
W.  P.  Ramsauer, 
H.  Evans, 
I.  B.  George, 


B.  Z.  Barnette, 
E.  P.  Foster, 
Wm.  Hughes, 
John  Saviers, 
Wm.  Walbridge, 
Mrs.L.  A.  Clark, 
Miss  Annie  Wood, 
Mrs.  Ruth  Brooks, 
Mrs.  N.  R.  George, 
Mrs.  H.  Evans. 


256 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


CLARKSVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  149. 

Clarksvtlle,  El  Dorado  County. 

Organized  January  13,  1874,  by  W.  S.  Manlove,  Deputy, 


Kobert  T.  Mills,  Master,     Peter  R.  Willot, 


J.  Malby,  Secretary, 
Charles  Chapman, 
Nettie  Chapman, 
John  F.  York, 
W.  D.  Rantz, 
Amelia  T.  Rantz, 
J.  E.  Butler, 
Elizabeth  Mills, 


C.  F.  Mnltby, 
Emma  Woodward, 
William  Woodward, 
A.  Morrison, 
Samuel  Kyburz, 
Rebecca  S.  Kyburz, 
Albert  B.  Kyburz, 


George  C.  Fitch, 
Egbert  L.  Wilson, 
Joseph  Jouger, 
Charles  Porter, 
S.  Euer, 
Clara  S.  Euer, 
I.  W.  Wilson, 
Carry  E.  AtwoocL 


MANCHESTER  GRANGE,  No.  150. 

Manchester  (Punta  Arena),  Mendocino  County. 

Organized  January  14,  1873,  by  Thos.  H.  Merry,Deputy. 


Joseph  Wooden,  Master, 

B.  F.  McClure,  Secretary, 

C.  B.  Pease, 
Mrs.  C.  B.  Pease, 
William  Munro, 
Adin  Antrim, 
Mary  Antrim, 

Mrs.  M.  J.  Caughey, 
Wm.  Antrim, 
W.  R.  Lane, 


Mrs.  C.  W.  Lane, 
David  Clanton, 
W.  F.  McClure, 
Joseph  Shepard, 
Mrs.  J.  Shepard, 
Wm.  Shoemaker, 
John  D.  Taughey, 
Hiram  Gilmore, 
Mrs.  C.  R.  Gilmore, 
D.  F.  Cain, 


Mrs.  D.  P.  Cain, 
Clark  Fairbanks, 
G.  W.  Davis, 
Mrs.  A.  A.  Wooden, 
A.  B.  Kendall, 
Mrs.  M.  H.  Kendall, 
H.  Veumngerholz, 
S.  S.  Hoyt, 
S.  C.  Hunter, 
Mrs.  S.  M.  Hoyt. 


LITTLE  LAKE  GRANGE,  No.  151. 

Little  Lake,  Mendocino  County. 

Organized  January  20,  1874,  by  T.  H.  Merry,  Deputy. 


G.  B.  Mast,  Master, 

Wm.  A.  Wright,  Sec'y, 

P.  Muir, 

R.  V.  Doggett, 

I.  S.  Gardner, 

I.  H.  Fettin, 

M.  C.  Fettin, 

W.  V.  Powell, 

Mary  A.  Powell, 

Daniel  Lambert, 


Miranda  H.  Lambert, 
A.  Simonson, 
M.  A.  Simonson, 
Z.  Simonson, 
A.  P.  Martin, 
Hester  Ann  Sawyer, 
Parmelia  Mast, 
E.  J.  Muir, 
T.  Hardwick, 
S.  E.  Gardner, 


F.  L.  Duncan, 
Catherine  Duncan, 
Elijah  Frost, 
James  Frost, 
Jesse  C.  Thompson, 
Peggy  Sawyer, 
S.  Harten, 
M.  K.Sawyer, 
Wm.  A.  Blosser, 
John  Robertson, 


TWO  ROCK  GRANGE,  No.  152. 


Two  Rock,  Sonoma  County. 


Organized 

John  R.  Doss,  Master, 
John  H.  Freeman,  Sec 
W.  D.  Freeman, 
J.  Furgeson, 
Wm.  H.  Thompson, 
Howard  Andrews, 
John  Pervine, 
John  R.  Doss, 
A.  A.  Brown, 
Frank  Freeman, 
M.  Laufenberg, 


December  16,  1873,  by  J.  H. 

Hamilton  Gaston, 
y,    Mrs.  John  Doss, 
Mrs.  H.  E.  Tower, 
Mrs.  Carrie  Ent, 
Mrs.  Annie  Hastead, 
Mrs.  G.  Giberson, 
Wm.  H.  Smith, 
W.  Church, 
F.  A.  Tower-, 
Charles  Giberson, 
Wilbert  Smith, 


Hegeler,  Deputy. 

John  H,  Freeman, 

Frank  Hill, 

N.A.Clark, 

M.  Johnson, 

J.  Malsead, 

Mrs.  Mary  Freeman, 

Mrs.  M.  M.  Freeman; 

Mrs.  Emma  M.  Smith, 

Mrs.  Mary  A.  Brown, 

Miss  Hattie  Ent, 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


257 


TOMALES  GRANGE,  No.  153. 
Tomales,  Marin  County. 


Organized  December,  17,  1873,  by  John  H. 


¥m.  Vanderbilt,  Master, 

R.  H.  Prince,  Secretary, 

S.  C.  Percival, 

A.  Doyle, 

O.  Hubbell, 

Stanford  Duncan, 

Ed.  Ladner, 

John  Buchanan, 

A.  S.  Marshall, 

Wm.  Vanderbilt, 


H.  Guldager, 
Ilenry  Elpich, 
Mrs.  Phebe  J.  Huntley, 
Miss  Amelia  Walters, 
Mrs.  F.  W.  Bemis, 
Mrs.  S.  Duncan, 
Mrs.  D.  B.  Burbank, 
Thos.  J.  Johnson, 
F.  A.  Plank, 
F.  W.  Bemis, 


Hegeler,  Deputy. 

Conrad  Stump, 
Joseph  Huntley, 
D.  B.  Burbank, 
Thos.  M.  Johnston, 
Isaac  Parker, 
John  (luglinelli, 
Mrs.  J.  Parker, 
Mrs.  F.  A.  Plank, 
Mrs.  O.  Hubbell, 
Mrs.  J.  Huntley. 


POINT  REYES  GRANGE,  No.  154. 


Point  Reyes   (Olema),   Marin 

Organized  December  20,  1873,  by  John  H. 

N.  H.  Stenson,  Master,  Mrs.  John  A.  Upion, 

John  A.  Upton,  Secretary,  Mrs.  F.  B.  Crandall, 

T.  B.  Crandell,  Mrs.  Wm.  P.  Buggies, 

Wm.  P.  Buggies,  Mrs.  Wm.  Evans, 

Wm.  Evans,  Mrs.  S.  C.  Perham, 

S.  E.  Perham,  Mrs.  James  Whaley, 

Henry  Clausen,  David  Amos, 

James  Whaley,  Chas.  H.  Johnson, 

Thomas  Whaley,  A.  Huff, 

D.  Hochreuter,  Joseph  Fay 


County. 

Hegeler,  Deputy. 

A.  N.  Cleland, 
A.  H.  Stenson,., 
A.  K.  Keyser, 
N.  Shafter, 
R.  E.  Johnson, 
R.  A.  Upton, 
Mrs.  Peck, 
Mrs.  A.  Huff, 
Mrs.  A.  N.  Cleland, 
Mrs.  Henry  Clausen. 


NICASIO  GRANGE,  No.  155. 

Nicasio,  Marin  County. 

Organized  December  22, 1873,  by  John  H.  Hegeler,  Deputy. 

Thos.  B.  Roy,  M.  McNamara, 

Thos.  Campbell,  Wm.  Reeding, 

Mrs.  H.  Fluis,  C.  J.  Magee, 

Mrs.  C.  W.  Bull,  Wm.  Dixon, 

Mrs.  C.J.  Magee,  Henry  Fluis, 

Mrs.  J.  W.  Noble,  Mrs.  Frank  Nasen, 

Mrs.  B.  F.  Partee,  Mrs.  H.  F.  Taft, 

Richard  Magee,  Mrs.  Wm.  Reeding, 

C.  L.  Estey,  Mrs.  McNamara, 

Thos.  H.  Estey,  Mrs.  John  Shaub. 


H.  F.  Taft,  Master, 

J.  W.  Noble,  Secretary, 

Frank  Nasen, 

George  Boreham, 

John  Shaub, 

Frank  Rogers, 

B.  F.  Partee, 

Wm.  F.  Farley, 

P.  K.  Austin, 

R.  B.  Noble, 


MAYFIELD  GRANGE,  No.  156. 

Mayfield,   Santa  Clara  County. 

Organized  January  31,  1874,  by  George  W.  Henning,  Deputy. 


F.  W.  Wieshaer,  Master, 
James  M.  Pitman,  Sec'y, 
A.  J.  Pitman, 
Nathan  Dawson, 
Thos.  Williams, 
Sarah  H.  Gras, 

17 


R.  L.  Boulware, 
Wm.  Paul, 
Permelia  Boulware, 
G.  D.  Gleason, 
P.  Dowd, 
J.  D.  Dixon, 


Jno.  Bradbury, 
James  A.  Boulware, 
Josephine  E.  Bowles, 
W.  W.  Brown, 
John  Green. 


258 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


OCEAN  VIEW  GRANGE,  No.  157. 

Colma  (School-house  Station),  San  Mateo  County. 
Organized  February  20,  1874,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


J.  G.  Knowles,  Master, 
Edward  Robson,  Sec'y. 
A.  J.  Vanwinkle, 
H.  A.  Knight. 
Edward  Charlton, 
J.  V.  White, 
Mrs.  Vanwinkle, 
Mrs.  Kuine, 
John  Charlton, 
F.E.Pierce, 


13.  Houbrick, 
Robt.  Ashburner, 
Mrs.  Ashburner, 
Mrs.  Knight, 
Win.  Hall, 

D.  Hutchinson, 
H.  Jones, 

J.  Smith, 

E.  Robson, 
J.  Wright, 


Mrs.  J.  Smith, 
Mrs.  Knowles, 
W.  H.  Kuine, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Charlton, 
Ai.  Willard, 
C.  W.  Taber, 
Mrs.  L.  Tabcr, 
H.  Schwerin, 
JE.  Moran. 


MONTEZUMA  GRANGE,  No.  158. 

COLLINSVILLE,  SOLANO  COUNTY. 

Organized  January  23,  1874,  by  Robert  C.  Haile,  Deputy. 


Thos.  F.  Hooper,  Master,  H.  R.  Barker, 

C.  Knox  Marshall,  Sec'y,  E.  P.  Sanborn, 

C .  H.  Rice,  Mrs.  Delia  Rice, 

Wm.  Jubb,  Mrs.  S.  E.  Jubb, 

F.  Unger,  Mrs.  S.  C.  Shedd, 

C.  M.  Ish,  F.  J.  Taylor, 

E.  J.  Upham,  Wm.  Quick, 

M.  Nelson,  D.  Cushman, 


Wm.  Donell, 
W.  D.  Hanson, 
Jas.  Galbraith, 
Mrs.  Augusta  M.  Hooper, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Daniels, 
Miss  Addie  Daniels, 
Mrs.  Mary  Taylor, 
Mrs.  Mira  Barker. 


RIO  VISTA  GRANGE,  No  159. 

Rio  Vista,  Solano  County. 

Organized  January  24,  1874,  by  Robert  C.  Haile,  Deputy. 


A.  B.  Alsip,  Master, 

J.  H.  Gardner,  Secretary, 

R.  Thrush, 

Wm.  Ewing, 

E.  Wilson, 

Wm.  Glenn, 

J.  W.  Connolly, 

I.  T.  Broady, 

Chas.  Peterson, 

Alex.  Curry, 


A.  W.  Ellitt, 
Miss  Alice  Williams, 
Mrs.  L.  L.  Alsip, 
Miss  E.  M.  Thrush, 
Mrs.  L.  M.  Thrush, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Connolly, 
J.  W.  Cameron, 
John  McCrary, 
Wm.  Williams, 
Thos.  Menzies, 


John  Johnson, 
Daniel  Stewart, 
Charles  Howard, 
J.  H.  Hamilton, 
I.  M.  Johnson, 
Mrs.  C.  Cameron, 
Miss  S.  A.  Bicknell, 
Miss  J.  J.  Glenn, 
Miss  Margar  >t  Menzies. 


OAKDALE  GRANGE,  No.  160. 
Oakdale,  Stanislaus  County. 


Organized  February  21,  1874,  by  J.  D. 


A.  S.  Emery,  Master, 
C.  B.  Ingalls,  Secretary, 
Theron  Parker, 
James  Booth, 
R.  Rutherford, 

F.  G.  Whitby, 

G.  F.  La  Clerk, 
Wm.  Lett, 


C.  R.  Callender, 
Mrs.  Wm.  Martin, 
Mrs.  Mary  Crow, 
Mrs.  Mary  Murphy, 
Wm.  Rutherford, 
S.  B.  Callender, 

D .  Monroe, 
Wm.  Clavey, 


Spencer,  Deputy. 

W .  H.  Recker, 
S.  La  Clerk, 
J.  C.  Henderson, 
T.  G.  Murphy, 
Mrs.  S.  B.  Ingalls, 
Mrs.  A.  S.  Emery, 
Mrs.  R.  Lovell. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


250 


ROSEVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  161. 

Roseville,  Placer  County. 

Organized  March  6,  1874,  by  W.  S.  Maulove,  Deputy. 


A.  D.  Neher,  Master, 
J.  N.  Neher,  Secretary, 
George  R.  Grant, 
Mary  H.  Grant, 
I.  G.  Gould, 
Catherine  S.  Gould, 
D.  W.  Lewis, 
G.  W.  Cavitt, 
Rebecca  Cavitt* 


John  McClurg, 
I.  F.  Cross, 
Sarah  J.  Cross, 
L.  L.  Crocker, 
Julia  A.  Crocker, 
S.  De  Kay, 
Mary  L.  Neher, 
S.  P.  Neher, 
Nicholas  Mertes, 


W.  H.  Murray, 
H.  F.  Davis, 
D.  L.Allen, 
H.  Porter, 
Amelia  Porter, 
Margaret  Mertes, 
George  K.  Kirby, 
Daniel  Stephenson, 
Elizabeth  Stephenson. 


SAN  PEDRO  GRANGE,  No.  162. 

Hueneme  (San  Buenaventura) ,  Ventura  County. 

Organized  February  28,  1874,  by  Milton  "Wasson,  Deputy. 


I .  Y.  Saviers,  Master, 
D.  D.  De  Nare,  Sec'y, 
S.  D.  Pinkard, 
Thos.  Alexander, 
William  Alexander, 
Jacob  Maulhardt, 
John  Borchard, 
John  G.  Hill, 
I.  F.  Woolley, 
Walter  H.  Cook, 


Newton  Bagley, 
Mrs.  S.  D.  Pinkard, 
Miss  Minnie  Alexander, 
Miss  Nettie  J.  Hill, 
Mrs.  Mary  Borchard, 
Mrs.  Cassandra  Woolley, 
John  H.  Conrad, 
1.  E.  Borchard, 
Godfrid  Maulhardt, 
G.  G.  Glowner, 


W.  M.  Neece, 
Thos.  H.  Williams, 
Louis  Pfeiler, 
Joseph  S,  Cook, 
Mrs.  Flora  De  Nure, 
Mrs.  N.  W.  Conrad, 
Mrs.  Mary  E.  Glowner, 
Mrs.  Sophia  Maulhardt, 
Mrs.  Martha  K.  Saviers. 


SUNOL  GRANGE,  No.  163. 
Scjnol,  Alameda  County. 


Organized  March  7,  1874,  by  W.  H. 


Elijah  M.  Carr,  Master, 
S.  W.  Millard,  Sec'y, 
B.  F.  Cooper, 
D.  W.  Baker, 
Charles  Duerr, 
L.  Austraumer, 
G.  J.  Vanderwort, 
W.  S.  Alexander, 
Maria  Carr, 
T.  N.  Sunol, 
Elizabeth  A.  Canavan, 


James  Bennett, 
Jos.  F.  Black, 
Mary  E.  Cooper, 
Eliza  A.  Vanderwort, 
Abbie  M.  Blake, 
Dena  Baker, 
James  Trimingham, 
C.  P.  Blake, 
Peter  Canavan, 
S.  W.  Millard, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 

Chas.  Hadsell, 
Michael  Rogan, 
P.  McLachlan, 
George  Gregory, 
John  Arnett, 
Leon  E.  Jones, 
Naomi  J .  Baker, 
Sarah  Carr, 
Augusta  Trimingham, 
Anna  M.  Hadsell. 


SESPI  GRANGE.  No.  164. 

Saticoy  Township  (San  Buenaventura),  Ventura  County. 

Organized  March  13,  1874,  by  Milton  Wasson,  Deputy. 


S.  A.  Guiberson,  Master, 
Thomas  Marpels,  Sec'y, 
T.  A.  Sprague, 
James  Heaney, 
Mrs  T.  Caswel, 


C.  H.  Dickel, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Guiberson, 
Mrs.  Lizzie  Canaway, 
Mrs.  E.  M.  Dickel, 
C.  W.  Edwards, 


I.  A.  Canaway, 
T.  J.  Casner, 
Wm.  Horton, 
Mrs.  E.  C.  Sprague, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Edwards. 


2(50 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


OJAI  GRANGE,  No.  165. 

Ventuea  (San  Buenaventura)  ,  Ventuea  Count*. 

Organized  March  19,  1874,  by  Milton  Wasson,  Deputy. 


C.  E.  Soule,  Master, 
Jos.  Hobart,  Secretary, 
L.  D.  Eoberts, 

F.  M.  White, 

G.  T.  Grow, 
George  L.  Watters, 
H.J.  Dennison, 
Joseph  Hobart, 
Theodore  Todd, 

S.  C.  Gray, 


W.  S.  McKee, 
J.  N.  Jones, 
J.  M.  Charles, 
Rober  Ayres, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Roberts, 


John  Pinkerton, 

Mrs.  Georgie  Jones, 

Mrs.  Adeline  T.  Grow, 

Mrs.  Sarah  E.  McLean, 

Mrs.  H.  E.  McKee, 

Mrs.  Margaret  Dennison,    Mrs.  Adeline  Soule, 

William  Pine,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Watters, 

John  Reeth,  Mrs.  M.  E.  Jones, 

John  Larmer,  Mrs.  Lucinda  Grey^ 

N.  N.  McLean, 


RUTHERFORD  GRANGE,  No.  166. 

RUTHEBFOBD  (YoUNTVIULE),  NaPA-CoUNTT 


Organized  March  14,  1874,  by  W.  H. 


C.  S.  Burrage,  Master, 
H.  W.  Crabb,  Secretary, 
T.  B.  Edington, 
C.  W.  Smith, 
W.  H.  Sanders, 
Adda  Crabb, 
T.  Chopen, 
John  Bateman, 


R.  H.  Garner, 
Elizabeth  Ritchie, 
Amanda  Garner, 
Milla  Crabb, 
Cordelia  Long, 
Elizabeth  Crabb, 
Candace  Ross, 
Malvina  Edington, 


Baxter,  Deputy. 

Mary  A.  Smith, 
Reuben  Long, 
Wm.  T.  Ross, 
M.  G.  Ritchie, 
Frederick  Willoughby, 
Sarah  A.  Saunders, 
Mattie  Willoughby, 
C.  Bateman. 


FARMINGTON  GRANGE,  No.   167. 

Faemington  (Tehama),   Tehama  County. 

Organized  March  19,  1874,  byO.W^  Colby,  Deputy. 


Addison  J.  Loomis,  Mast.,  Mary  L.  Best, 


S.  H.  Loomis,  Secretary, 
Arthur  J.  Chittenden, 
James  M.  Rodgers, 
James  Specks, 
S.  P.  Garvoutt, 
Wm.  Jewett, 
C.  F.  Foster, 
Vina  E.  Jewett, 


Catherine  Specks, 
M.  C.  Loomis, 
R.  Johnson, 
C.  C.  Chittenden, 
William  McDane, 
C.  P.  Rice, 
Z.  Best, 


S.  S.  Stinchaum, 
O.  A.  Loomis, 
N.  Garvoutt, 
Mary  Rice, 
J.  Mullen, 
Martha  J.  "Mullen, 
Chas.  C.  White, 
J.  Boland. 


GILROY  GRANGE,  No.  168. 

Gileoy,   Santa  Claba  County. 

Organized  March  26,  1874,  by  G.  W.-Henning,  Deputy. 


W.  Z.  Augney,  Master, 
H.  Coffin,  Secratary, 
E.  Seaverly, 
Mrs.  E.  Seaverly, 
Hugh  L.  Jones, 
Mrs.  H.  L.  Jones, 


Miss  Corrinne  Jones, 
Frank  M.  Dunning, 
H.  Coffin, 
D.  B.  Lillard, 
W.  Frank  Oldham, 
Ledyard  Fine, 


Miss  — .  Fine, 

J.  F.  Freeman, 

Mrs.  J-  F.  Freeman, 

J.  Begg, 

O.  P.  Reeve. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD 


261 


PLAINSBURG  GRANGE,  No.  169. 

Plainsbubg,  Mebced  County, 

Organized  April  3,  1874,  by  H.  B.  Jolley,  Deputy. 


P.  Y.  Welch.  Master, 

T.  J.  E.  Wilcox,  Sec'y, 

H.  N.  Fish, 

R.  Earl, 

E.  M.  Burchell, 

Wni.  Wynn, 

Mrs.  Wynn, 

Ed  Russell, 

J.  C.  C.  Russell, 

Mrs.  Russell, 

H.  Dewey, 


Mrs.  Dewey,  E.  Mason, 

Mrs.  Fish,  Mrs.  Mason, 

MissJeannette  Spangleburg  S.  C.  Johnson, 


S.  Peak, 

Mrs.  C.  Applegarth, 

H.  E.  McCure, 

N.  S.  Drew, 

J.  A.  Barker, 

Alex.  Taylor, 

A.  Hassell, 


W.  Johnson, 
P.  Y.  Welch, 
Eli  Furman, 
F.  Furman, 
Miss  C.  Anderson, 
Mrs.   Stonewood, 
Miss  Lula  Peck. 


BEN  LOMOND  GRANGE,  No.  170. 

Ben  Lomond  (Santa  Cbuz),  Santa  Cbuz  County. 

Organized  April  4,  1874,  by  Geo.  W.  Henning,  Deputy. 


H.  H.  Buckles,  Master, 
Charles  Craghill,  Sec'y, 
Robert  Canham, 
D.  D.  Tompkins, 
B.  P.  Wright, 
Alex.  Leacht, 
John  Gray, 
Mrs.  E.  F.  Gray, 


James  Jones, 
Fritz  Quistorff, 
Lewis  Bregenza, 
Mrs.  C.  Buckles, 
Levi  P.  Sprague, 
Charles  Craghill, 
Mrs.  Chas.  Craghill, 


Mrs.  Susan  M.  Craghill, 
John  Burns,  Sr., 
John  Burns,  Jr., 
James  Burns, 
Miss  Maggie  Burns, 
Minerva  Canham, 
Alvira  Tompkins. 


CENTRE  GRANGE,  No.  171. 

Central  District  (Colusa), -Colusa  County. 

Organized  November  20,  1873,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 


J.  B.  Kimbull,  Master, 

W.  G.  Saunders,  Secretary, 

James  Dowson, 

E.  Stewart, 

D.  Bebe, 

J.  K.  Duncan, 

Elias  B.  Duncan, 

Henry  Husted, 

P.  H.  Williams, 


Louis  Ganthier, 
H.  C.  Simmons, 
Mrs.  Anna  Husted, 
Miss  Lucy  A.  Gilman, 
Mrs.  Carrie  Webley, 
Miss  Sarah  Becker, 
H.  B.  Gay, 
C.  W.  Marsh, 
J.  M.  Grove, 


W.  G.  Saunders, 
John  Duncan, 
I.  C.  Smith, 
Frank  Becker, 
Mrs.  J.  C.  Smith, 
Mrs.  W.  G.  Saunders, 
Miss  R.  Murphy, 
Miss  Lucy  Duncan, 
Mrs.  Mary  Zumwalt. 


AMERICAN  RIVER  GRANGE,  No.  172. 

Brighton  (Patteeson),  Sacbamento  County. 
Organized  March  23,  1874,  by  William  S.  Manlove,  Deputy. 


E.  G.  Morton,  Sr.,  Master,  Thomas  Cox, 
Cyrus  Wilson,  Secretary,    N.  Kane, 
William  Deterding, 


James  W.  Kilgore, 
George  M.  Kilgore, 
J.  A.  Evans, 
David  W.  Taylor, 
A.  W.  Bryan, 
T.  G.  Saulsburg, 
Carl  Halversen, 
W.  W.  Brison, 


Christina  Deterding, 
Elizabeth  M .  Criswel, 
Metta  Bryan, 
Carrie  Brison, 
Amanda  Kane, 
M.  L.  Smith, 
D.  L.  Williamson, 
Edmund  G.  Morton,  Jr., 


Claus  Jorgenson, 
George  Hanlon, 
George  Saulsburg, 
Claus  Jorgenson, 
Joha  Studerous, 
Emeline  E.  Kilgore, 
Adaline  D.  Morton, 
Addie  Morton, 
Nellie  Williamson, 
Laura  J.  M.  Saulsburg. 


262 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD, 


MOUNTAIN    GEANGE,    No.     173. 

San  Benito,  San  Benito  County 

Organized  April  9,  1874,  by  J.  D.  Fowler,  Deputy. 

S.  Kennedy,  Master,  Miss  Mary  Jane  Kennedy,  B.  Smith, 

J.  W.  Matthews,  Secretary,  Mrs.  E.  K.  Blosser,  G.  M.  Butterfield, 


C.  P.  Bryant, 

D.  M.  Sellick, 
J.  Mantes, 

F.  E.  Meyer, 

Mrs.  C.  C.  Butterfield, 


W.  H.  Blosser, 
John  D.  Justice, 
W.  McCool, 
J.  F.  Taylor, 


Mrs.  E.  J.  Pruett, 
Miss  S.  M.  Bryant, 
Mrs.  C.  S.  Bittey, 
Ella  Justice. 


BINGHAMPTON  GEANGE,  No.  174. 

BlNGHAMPTON,    SOLANO    COUNTY. 

Organized  April  11,  1874,  by  Eichard  C.  Haile. 


Albert  Bennett,  Master, 

Edgar  A.  Beardsley,  Sec'y, 

J.  A.  C.  Thompson, 

E.  A.  Beardsley, 

C.  S.  Cushing, 

G.  C.  McCray, 

C.  E.  Irwin, 

Wm.  Johnson 

H.  C.  Gay 

I.  M.  Bell, 


S.M.  Callton, 
Mrs.E.  L.  McCray, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Eychard, 
Mrs.  F.E.  Gay, 
Mrs.  Helen  Bell, 
Mrs.  Susan  A.  Mack, 
J.  B.  Jameson, 
Sherman  Brown, 
E.  E.  Miles, 
H.  H.  McKinstry, 


C.  E.  Plummer, 

J.  F.  Brown, 

George  C.  Mack, 

J.  Tuck, 

F.  B.  Dodge, 

Miss  Ida  Jameson, 

Mrs.  E.  V.  L.  Bennett, 

Mrs.  Lucy  Plummer, 

Mrs.  Etta  Tuck, 

Mrs.  Ellen  Cushing. 


SAN  MATEO  GEANGE,  No.  175. 
San  Mateo,  San  Mateo  County. 
Organized  April  11,  1874,  by  B.  N.  Weeks,  Deputy. 
A.  F.  Green,  Master,  W.  M.  Newhall,  John  Spaulding, 


W.H.  Laurence, Secretary,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Butler, 
David  S.  McClellan,  Mrs.  Orin  Brown, 

W.  Y.  Price,  James  Byrnes, 

Levi  Flagg,  J.  E.  Butler, 


Orin  Brown, 
Mrs.  W.  Y.Price, 
Mary  P.  McClellan., 


COSUMNES  GEANGE,  No.  176. 

Lee  (Shuldon),  Sacramento  County. 


Organized  April  13,  1874,  by  W.  S.  Manlove,  Deputy. 

James  A.  Elder,  Master,      T.  D.  French,  Emma  J.  Eichardson, 

John  W.Witt, 
Mary  Jane  Witt, 
Seth  Macy, 
Mary  J.  Hass. 


J.  H.  Atkins,  Secretary,. 
W.  H.  Lindsey,  Jr., 
Owen  Ingersoll, 
Gilles  Doty, 


Caroline  L.  French, 
W.  D.  Hass, 
C.  W.  Pierce, 
Alice  Elder, 


EISING  STAE  GEANGE,  No.  177. 

Panoche,  Fresno  County. 
Organized  April  18,  1874,  by  J.  D.  Fowler,  Deputy. 


Calvin  Valpey,  Master,  Mrs.  A.  M.  Keith, 
J.  W.  Craycroft,  Secretary,  Ehodes  Gardner, 

Mrs.  L.  S.  Valpey,  Mrs.  E.  Gardner, 

A.  D.  Smith,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Craycroft, 

Mrs.  Fannie  Smith,  Frank  Enos, 

Wesley  Shaw,  Daniel  Van  Chief, 

E.  S.  Keith,  George  Hinckley, 
H 


I.  W.  Eamsey, 
Mrs.  E.  Eamsey, 
W.  H.  Thornburg, 
Mrs.  O.  S.  Thornburg, 
A.  W.  Hager, 
F.  Bennett. 


THE   GRANGE   RECORD. 


263 


EL  DORADO  GRANGE,  No.  178. 
El  Dorado,  El  Dorado -County. 


Organized  April  27,  1874,  by  W.  S. 


C.  G.  Carpenter,  Master, 
J.M.  B  Wetherwax,  Sec'y, 
Philip  Kramp, 
W.  H.  Kramp, 
Katherine  Kiamp, 
Jacob  Knizeley, 
Fanny  C.  Knizeley, 
C.  D.  Brooke, 


Mary  E .  Brooks, 
M.  S.  Robinson, 
J.  M.  B.  Wetherwax, 
D.  E.  Norton, 
Betsey  A.  Norton. 
Sarah  H.  Carpenter, 
C.  G.  Carpenter, 


Manlove,  Deputy. 

F,  C .  Carpenter, 
John  Bryan, 
C.  T.  Foster, 
Charlotte  Foster, 
Thomas  Burns, 
Cleora  C.  Burns, 
N.  Gilmore. 


SUTTER  MILL  GRANGE,  No.  179. 
Coloma,  El  Dorado  County. 


Organized  April  29,  1874,  by  W.  S. 

A.  J.  Christie,  Master,        Aggie  Mahler, 
Henry  Mahler,  Secretary,  W.  H.  Valentine, 


J.  G.  O'Brien, 
Henrietta  A.  O'Brien, 
Ornst  Martensen, 
Louisa  Martensen. 
W.  D.  Othietz, 
E.  Delory, 
A.  J.  Peterson, 
W.  Stearns, 
Win.  H.  Hooper, 


Mary  Stearns, 
Edith  Vandershefter, 
Anna  A.  Delory, 
G.  Basse, 
E.  M.  Smith, 
Eliza  J.  Dobson, 
Rebecca  A.  Poteel, 
S.  J.  Poteel, 


Manlove,  Deputy. 

Andrew  "White, 
H.  B.  Newell, 
A.  P.   Christie, 
Rosa  McCay, 
Robert  Chalmers, 
G.  H.  Bowser, 
Abe  Chalmers, 
R.  C.  McKay, 
Mary  E.  Delory, 
Francis  Vercamp. 


J.  C.  Sawyer.  Master, 
J.  L.  Fifield,  Secretary, 
John  McFarland, 
B.  F.  Gates, 
A.  B.  Bryant, 
L.  C.  Young, 
James  H.  Ferris, 


GALT    GRANGE,    No.  180 

Galt,  Sacramento  County. 

Organized  May  2,  1874. 

E.  Ray, 
Angie  Fifield, 
E.  M.  Slater, 
Rachel  A.  Wiser, 
J.  H.  Sawyer, 
Hiram  Wiser, 


B.  F.  Slater, 
W.  H.  Young, 
Hiram  Chase, 
Delia  Wiser, 
Fannie  M.  Bryant, 
Augusta  R.  Sawyer. 


NEWVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  181. 

Newvxlle,  Colusa  County. 
Organized  April  25,  1874,  by  J.  J.  Hicok,  Deputy. 


B.  N.  Scribner,  Master. 
Sullivan  Osborne,  Sec'y, 
George  O.  Cobb, 
Mrs.  T.  J.  Cobb, 
John  R.  Cobb, 
James  Tarleton, 


Mrs.  Rachel  Tarleton, 
B.  F.  Foreman, 
Mrs.  Arty  Foreman, 
Charles  Neale, 
Mrs.  Joanna  Osborne, 
Alonzo  Luce, 


Mrs.  Elizabeth  Luce, 
John  A.  Price, 
Mrs.  Ardell  Price, 
Mark  Bailey, 
Mrs.  L.  W.  Bailey. 


264 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


CALAVEEAS  GRANGE,  No.  182. 
Jenny  Lind,  Calaveras  County. 


Organized  May  1,  1874,  by  John  H.  Hegeler,  Deputy 

M .  F .  Gregory,  Master, 
A.  Miles,  Secretary, 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Gregory, 
John  W.  Kirk, 
Mrs.  E.  Kirk, 
Chas.  L.  "Williams, 
Mrs.  G.  A..  Williams, 
Z.  Taylor  Vance, 


John  Baldwin, 
Mrs.  P.  J.  Hightower, 
Louisa  V.  Baldwin, 
Charles  Morrill, 
Miss  Louisa  Hightower. 
Wm.  H.  Harper, 
Mrs.  N.  E.  Harper, 
John  S.  Kirk, 


W.  Carson, 
Christian  Myers, 
Robert  Thompson, 
Charles  Topper, 
Mrs.  Rose  Topper, 
Clinton  GalJ, 
Mrs.  A.  Gall. 


H.  H.  West,  Master, 

A.  S.  Misener,  Secretary, 

J.  B.  Greene, 

D.  W.  Mooney, 

Alex.  Thompson, 

M.  E.  Scott, 

F.  Bitter, 

I.  Wiltsie, 

A.  G.  Dillon, 


ELLIOTT  GRANGE,  No.  183. 

Elliott,  San  Joaquin  County. 

Organized  March  18,  1874,  by  E.  B.  Stiles,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  Armena  Greene,  E.  C.  Greene, 

Miss  Mary  Greene,  M.  Bovard, 

Mrs.  Martha  A.  West,         L.  W.  Pounds 

Mrs.  Caroline  E.  Misener. 

Mrs.  J.  H.  Dillon, 

B.  M.  Greene,      "~ 

M.  Peter, 

W.  L.  Campbell, 


J.  F.  Duntlin, 

Mrs.  Jennie  A.  Bitter, 

Miss  Martha  Scott, 

Miss  Sarahette  Thompson, 

Mrs.  Catherine  Peter. 


COLLEGEVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  184. 

COLLEGEVILLE,  SAN  JOAQULN  COUNTY. 

Organized  March  19,  1874,  by  E.  B 
Alex.  Mayberry,  Master,      J.  F.  Mullen, 


J.  C.  Mcintosh,  Secretary,  Mrs.  Josie  M.  Merwin, 


T.  Minahan, 

S.  K.  Camp, 

W.  S.  Camp, 

W.  T.  Anglin, 

W.  N.  Moss, 

George  F.  Shackford, 

Daniel  Thomas, 

James  M.  White. 


Mrs.  Sarah  Haun, 
Mrs.  M.  L.  Mcintosh, 
Mrs.  P.  Camp, 
Mrs.  E.  Mayberry, 
George  A.  Beach, 
H.  W.  Moss, 
D.  M.  Walrad, 
P.  P.  Ward. 


Stiles,  Deputy. 

B.  McCabe, 

D.  C.  Mcintosh, 

D.  Pollock, 

R.  H.  Walrad, 

Franklin  Faris, 

Mrs.  S.  A.  Connor, 

Mrs.  J.  McKamy, 

Miss  Minerva  McKamy, 

Mrs.  Pollock, 

Mrs.  Belinda  Thomas, 


FARMINGTON  GRANGE,  No.  185. 

Farmington,  San  Joaquin  County. 

Organized  March  20,  1874,  by  E.  B.  Stiles,  Deputy. 


I.  M. 
E.  O. 
C.  H. 
J.  E. 
T.J. 
M.J. 
S.  H. 
G.  W 
C.  L. 
J.  R. 


Groves,  Master, 
Long,  Secretary, 
Patterson, 
Groves, 
Drais, 
Drais, 
Anthony, 
.  Andrews, 
Rodgers, 
Owens, 


Jos.  Manchester, 

Mrs.  E.  M .  Groves, 

Mrs.  E.  Patterson, 

Mrs.  H.  Long, 

Mrs.  C.  Henry, 

Mrs.  S.  N.  Manchester, 

J.  R.  Henry, 

N.  S.  Harrold, 

J.W.Smith, 

J.  G.  Schrcecler, 


H.  J.  Bonham, 

S.  Shackford, 

W.  H.  Derick, 

J.  J.  Cross, 

W.  St.  Rodgers, 

MissM,  Kingsby, 

Mrs.  C.  E.  Schroeder, 

Mrs.  C.  Drais, 

Mrs.  M.  H.  Andrews, 

Mrs.  E.  Harrold. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


26o 


VINELAND  GRANGE,  No.  186. 

Tustin  City,   Los  Angeles  County. 

Organized  April  30,  1874,  by  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 


A.  B.  Hayward,  Master,  Mrs.  S.  J.  Moore, 
R.  L.  Freeman,  Secretary,  Mrs.  M.  Cates, 
Wm.  Nettleton,  Mrs.  S.  A.  Ritchie, 
W.  K.  Robinson,  Mrs.  B.  J.  Martin, 

N.  L.  Harris,  Miss  Jennie  E.  Hayward, 

C.A.Moore,,  C.  Tustin, 

B.  Wright,  M.  Osborn, 

J.  Buck,  W.  W.  Martin, 

Mrs.  C.  A.  Harris,  L.  S.  Robinson, 


G.  W.  Freeman, 
L.  H.  Stine, 
T.  B.  Hulse, 
T.  Jacobs, 
E.  V.  Stine, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Stine, 
Mrs.  M.  Tustin, 
Miss  H.  C.  Freeman, 
Miss  A.  Keim. 


LINCOLN  GRANGE,  No.  187. 
Lincoln,  Placer  County. 


Organized  May  15,  1874,  by  W.  S.  Manlove,  Deputy. 

M.  Waldron,  Master, 
J.  S.  Mariner,  Secretary 
W.  H.  Tierner, 
J.  R.  Nickerson, 
Melvina  Nickerson, 
Anna  Fuller, 
James  M.  Tindall, 
Tennessee  B.  Tindall, 


Jas.  A.  Nickerson, 
Octavia  Nickerson, 
Hans  Anderson, 
Alex.  Cox, 
A.  J.  Soule, 
Sarah  Carter, 
Jacob  Wilty, 
Owen  Clark, 


Richard  Fuller, 
A.  J.  Boy  den, 
Peter  Saling, 
Lucinda  S.  Saling, 
Chriss  Crook, 
Ellen  M.  Crook 
H.  Newton, 
Martha  A.  Newton. 


MORNING  STAR  GRANGE,  No.  188. 

Castroville,  Monterey  County, 

Organized  May  15,  1874,  by  J.  D.  Fowler,  Deputy. 


C.  E.  Williams,  Master,      J.  Ball, 


F.  Blackie,  Secretary, 
Mrs.  V.  A.  Williams, 
W.  A.  Evans, 
Mrs.  H.  Evans, 
J.  Withort, 
J.  ManteufM, 
R.  Veuver, 


Fred.  Brown, 
MihS  Tillie  Brown, 
Mrs.  F.  Armstrong, 
H.  C.Bryan, 
Mrs.  H.  C.  Bryan, 
J.  H.  Ashley, 


H.  B.  Scott/ 
Mrs.  M.  G.  Scott, 
C.  R.  Drumon, 
A.  Raine, 
Mrs.  M.  Raine, 
J.  P.  Armstrong, 
T.  McDonald. 


VENTURA  GRANGE,  No.  189. 
Ventura  (San  Buenaventura),  Ventura  County. 
Organized  May  7,  1874,  by  Milton  Wasson,  Deputy.* 


J.  Willett,  Master, 
Charles  S.  Preble, 
Francis  Barrow, 
Charles  S.  Preble. 
Owen  Merry, 
Irwin  Barnard, 
Geo.  D.  Barrow. 
J.  M.  Egbert, 


Mrs.  M.  L.  Barrow, 
Sec'y,    L.  D.  Chilson, 

Mrs.  M .  E.  Chilson, 
Miss  L.  J.  Merry, 
Mrs.  Mary  Willett, 
Miss  Emily  Barrow, 
Henry  Shaw, 
J.  Willett, 


J.  F.  Hubbard, 
Robert  Calles, 
J.  C.  Barrow,  , 
Mrs.  Phebe  W.  Barrow, 
Mm.  Orpha  Woods. 
Mrs.  Clara  Bagley, 
Miss  Hatiie  J.  Barrow,  ■ 
Mrs.  M.  Hubbard. 


26G 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


COTTONWOOD  GRANGE,  No.  190. 
Cottonwood,  Shasta  County. 


Organized 

G.  G.  Kimball,  Master, 

John  Barry,  Secretary, 

J.  W.  Span, 

Wm.  Ludwig, 

Richard  Owens, 

Joseph  Glass, 

F.  P.  Glass, 

J.  Patterson, 

M.  W.  Smith, 

S.  B.  Sheldon, 

C.  A.  Howard, 


May  25,  1874,  by  G.  W. 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Patterson, 

Annie  Nickols, 

Elizabeth  Span, 

C.  F.  Glass1, 

HattieAbel, 

P.  R.  Richardson, 

B.  H.  Pickett, 
Wm.  Lean, 

C.  P.  Dunham, 
E .  Nickols, 


Colby,  Deputy. 

James  N.  Patterson, 
W.  J.  Eagleston, 
H.  Bosanki, 
Thomas  Grey, 
Calvin  Owens, 
Wm.  Wilcox, 
Ann  L.  Smith, 
Mrs.  E.  Lean, 
N.  M.  Glass, 
Grace  Ann  Patterson. 


WALNUT   GROVE   GRANGE,  No.  191. 

Walnut  Geove  (Courtland),  Sacramento  County. 

Organized  May  21,   1874,  by  W.   S.  Manlove,  Deputy. 

Sol.  Runyon,  Master,  Adeline  Runyon,  P.  B.  Green, 

J.  V.  Prather,  Secretary,     Cynthia  L.  Green,  A.  J.  Peck, 

S.  A.  Scearce,  Nancy  J.  Wise,  John  Crofton, 

F.  M.  Limbaugh,  Levi  Painter,  Lizzie  Dye, 

E.  W.  Odell,  L.  Wenser,  Ephraiin  Dann, 

John  W.  Sharp,  Dwight  Holster,  Sperry  Dye. 
Joseph  Wise, 


SHERMAN  ISLAND  GRANGE,  No.  192. 

Emmaton  (Sherman  Island),  Sacramento  County. 

Organized  May  22,  1874,  by  W.  S.  Manlove,  Deputy. 


J.  M.  Upham,  Master, 
W.  M.  Robins,  Secretary, 
W.  H.  Billings, 
John  E.  Baker, 
H.  W.  Baker,  Jr., 
John  McCall, 
Thomas  Cathers, 
J.  D.Sarles, 


L.  M.  Upham, 
W.  G.  Lemmond, 
John  Ferall, 
Martha  J.  Bigelow, 
D.S.Perry, 
M.  W.  Blaboce, 
O.  A.  Lindsey, 
James  Cathers, 


A.  J.  Bigelow, 
M.  M.  Robins, 
P.  K.  Bigelow, 
J.  Palmer, 
Emma  O.  Upham, 
Emily  P.  Robins, 
Catherine  A.  Baker. 


SPADRA  GRANGE,  No.  193. 

Spadra,    Los   Angeles    County. 

Organized  May  23,  1874,  by  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 


A.  T.  Currier,  Master, 
Jno.  Wright,  Secretary, 
T.  D.  Hoiladay, 
A.  H.  Taft, 
T.  A.  Caldwell, 
D.  R.  Lilly, 
J.  H.  Egan, 
Richard  Eads, 
Joseph  Malott, 


William  Jeffries, 
Mrs.  Rachel  Eads, 
Mrs.  Lizzie  Caldwell, 
Miss  Francis  Fryer, 
Mrs.  Julia  Hoiladay, 
Miss  Mary  Shrewsbury, 
A.  M.  Humphreys, 
A.  P.  Monroe, 
Henry  Fryer, 


W.  S.  Cook, 
W.  L.  Marshall, 
Wilson  Beach, 
Jere.  Fryer, 
Miss  E.  Lilly, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Lilly, 
Miss  Louisa  Fryer 
Mrs.  Minnie  Caldwell, 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Monroe. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


EVENING  STAR  GRANGE,  No.  194. 


Hamilton  (Nelson  Station), 

Organized  May  23,  1874,  by  Wm. 

E.  W.  S.  Woods,  Master,     John  Williams, 
C.  F.  Butler,  Secretaiy, 


Jessie  L.  Warfield, 
Wm.  Downing, 
Rufus  Downing, 
Edwin  Pearson, 
T.  C.  Pearson, 
George  Saunders, 
A.  M.  Woodruff, 
G.  C.  Nelson, 


Virginia  M.  Warfield, 
Lydia  Woods, 
May  Downing, 
Mrs.  Howard, 
Milton  Mowry, 
Chas.  Howard, 
Thos.  Barnes, 
Stephen  Jones, 
A.  J.  Conklin, 


Butte  County. 

M.  Thorp,  Deputy. 

W.  H.  Moran, 
I.  W.  Downing, 
C.  F.  Butler, 
Martha  P.  Warfield, 
Emma  Pierson, 
Sallie. Saunders, 
Missouri  Woodruff, 
Ellen  Bowles, 
Mary  Bradford, 


REDDING  GRANGE,  No.  195. 

Redding,  Shasta  County. 

Organized  May  27,  1874,  by  Wm.  M.  Thorp,  Deputy. 


Jos.  F.  Dinsmore,  Master, 
Sam.  J.  R.  Gilbert,  Sec'y, 
H.  C.  Woodman, 
W.  H.  Wilson, 
Wm.  Hawse, 
E.  A.  Reid, 
D.  C.  Johnson, 
R.  M.  Johnson, 
Daniel  Robinson, 
James  McMullen. 


J.  J.  Bell, 

H.  C.  Ferrel, 

Mrs.  N.  B.  McLaughlin, 

Mrs.  Josephine  Wilson, 

Mrs.  Sarah  George, 

A.  Wood, 

I.  W.  Dinsmore, 

D.  R.  McLaughlin, 

Geo.  McFarland, 

H.  H.  Loomis, 


Jno.  G.  Wilson, 
John  George, 
E.  Anderson, 
Rebecca  Hawse, 
Mrs.E.  J.  Woods, 
Mrs.  Anna  Woodman, 
Mrs.  Anna  Johnson, 
Mrs.  E.  Anderson, 
Miss  Julia  Johnson, 


NEW  SALEM  GRANGE,  No.  196. 

Paskenta,  Tehama  County. 

Organized  May  28,  1874,  by  W.  M.  Thorp,  Deputy. 


Oliver  Harris,  Master, 
J.  R.  Whitlock,  Sec'y, 
James  Wilder, 
Stephen  F.  Harris, 
John  Fassen, 
W.T.  Harris, 
M.  Burt, 
Cortland  Harris, 


Catharine  A .  Whitlock, 
Julia  A.  Botkin, 
Grace  Haag, 
Lucy  Burt, 
Margaret  Harris, 
W,  F.  Grey, 
W.  W.  Botkin, 
Elias  Haag, 


John  Thompson, 
I.  W.  Harris, 
Caroline  Wilder, 
Mary  Harris, 
Susan  M.  Harris, 
Emeline  Blakely, 
Mary  Ann  Harris. 


POPE  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  197. 

Pope  Valley,  Napa  County. 

Organized  May  30,  1874,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  M. 


J .  A.  Van  Arsdale,  Master, 

C.  A.  Booth,  Secretary, 

R.  S.  Hardin, 

T.  A.  Varm, 

John  A.  Hanna, 

Henry  Cole, 

A.  J.  Dollarhide, 

G.  P.  Wallace, 

T.  H.  Ink, 

R.  J.  Davenport, 

George  Swartz, 


Mrs.  J.  A.  Van  Arsdale, 
Mrs.  G.  P.  Ink, 
Mrs.  G.  P.  Wallace, 
Mrs .  Jessie  Barnet, 
Miss  Emma  Booth, 
Miss  Ella  Wallace, 
John  E.  Williams, 
Patrick  Marrion, 
Ed.  Kean, 
John  Rose, 


J.  R.  Booth, 
C.  A.  Booth, 
I.  Booth, 
Jesse  Barnet, 
J.  J.  Walters, 
B.  F.  W'ailace, 
Mrs.  John  Hanna, 
Mrs.  R.  J.  Davenport, 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Dollarhide, 
Miss  Jennie  Varm. 


268 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


TULARE  GRANGE,  No.  198. 

TULAEE,  TULARE  COUNTY. 

Organized  May  28,  1874,  by  H.  B.  Jolley,  Deputy. 


D.  E.  "Wilson,  Master, 
Victoria  Wright,  Sec'y, 
I.  N.Wright, 
W.  W.  Wright, 
Cynthia  Wright, 
Lizzie  Wilson, 
John  Roach, 


Agnes  Roach, 
Inza  Roach, 
I.  A.  Goodwin, 
D.  E.  Wilson, 
Mrs.  F.  Cartmill, 
Sophia  Cartmill, 


William  Small, 
Vickie  Wright, 
Eli  Williams, 
Isabella  Williams, 
W.  W.  Wright,  Jr.. 
J.  H.Hart. 


WOODVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  199 

WOODVILLE,    TULARE   COUNTY. 


Organized  May  29,  1874,  by  H.  B. 


I.  A.  Stover,  Master, 

J.  Stewart,  Secretary, 

I.  Chrisman, 

J.  Houston, 

T.  B.  Fuguey, 

T.  J.  Ruy, 

W.  Spense, 

C.  S.  Lynch, 

J .  H.  Grimsley, 


R.  J.  King, 
Mrs.  F.  E.  Bensey, 
Mrs.  Mary  Roach, 
Mrs.  Rachel  Hensley, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Lewis, 
Mrs.  E.J.  Hensley, 
W.  Monroe, 
C.  C.  Beebe, 
R.  McKee, 


Jolley,  Deputy. 

J.  McFine, 
I.  P.  Hensley, 
Thomas  Lewis, 
Frederick  Hensley, 
Miss  Jane  Roach 
Mrs.  Virginia  Rainy, 
Mrs.  J.  M.  Slover, 
Mrs.  Rebecca  Beebe, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Grimsley. 


SHERIDAN  GRANGE,  No.  200. 
Sheridan,  Placer  County. 


Organized 

D.  H.  Long,  Master, 
S.  J.  Lewis,  Secretary, 
J.  W.  Clark, 
Charles  Greetman, 
John  Storrs, 
Miron  Luce, 
Lola  C.  Wheeler, 


May  29,  1874,  by  W.  S.  Manlove,  Deputy. 


Emmett  Botkin, 
Louisa  Greetman, 
N.  H.  Kaschner, 
Emily  A.  Beatty, 
David  H.  Long, 
J.  T.  Brock, 
S.  J.  Lewis, 


Thos.  S.  Barker, 
W.  H.  Beatty, 
Mary  Kaschner, 
H.  S.  Kempton, 
S.  R.  Wilson, 
Mary  Stout 


MATTOLE  GRANGE,  No.  201. 

Petrolia,  Humboldt  County. 

Organized  May  26,  1874,  by  Thos.  H.  Merry,  Deputy. 


Stephen  Goff,  Master,  David  L.  Marshall, 

D.J.  Johnson,  Secretary,  N.  Crouch, 


Mrs.  Mary  D.  Goff, 
M.  J.  Conklin, 
Margaret  Conklin, 
Thos.  Clark, 
Jacob  Miner, 
Mrs.  C.  A.  Miner, 
J .  W.  Jamison, 
John  A.  Coon, 


Sarah  E.  Marshall, 
Jotham  Bull, 
James  H.  Goff, 
A.McNett, 
Mrs.  Rosa  Johnson, 
Morgan  Rudolph, 
Mrs.  R.  A.  Rudolph, 
J.  Wright, 


Lucy  A.  Wright, 
S.  W.  Gillett, 
Mrs.  H.  A.  Gillett, 
Yost  Benton, 
Mrs.  A.  H.  Benton, 
David  Simmons, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Simmons, 
Charles  S.  Cook, 
Wm.  Roberts, 
Walker  Hunter. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


269 


CAHTO    GEANGE,    No.    202. 

Cahto,  Mendocino  County. 

Organized  June  1,  1874,  by  Thos.  H.  Merry,  Deputy. 


B.  M.  Wilson,  Master, 
J.  P.  Simpson,  Secretary, 
J.  H.  Braden, 
Mrs.  Frances  Braden, 
S.  G.  Williams, 
Martha  A.  Williams, 
Mrs.  A.  J.  Grubb, 
William  Henry, 
Elizabeth  Henry, 
Benj.  S.  Burns, 


Eliza  Burns, 
S.  M.  Wilson, 
Maggie  Farly, 
M.  Vasser, 
B.  M.  Way  man, 
J.  G.  Burns, 
W.  B.  Burns, 
E.  White, 

Johnathan  Thomas, 
John  M.  Wilson, 


G.  N.  Guibb, 
I.  I.  Thomas, 
Dorsinda  Harelson, 

0.  E.  Burnett, 

1.  F.  Lammeth, 
J.  D.  Wyman, 
S.  P.  Beattie, 
Mrs.E.  A.  Wilson, 
Mrs.  Mary  F.  Thomas, 
G.  W.  Thomas. 


PASO  EOBLES  GEANGE,  No.  203. 
Paso  Eobles,  San  Luis  Obispo  County. 
Organized  June  3, 1874,  by  A.  J.  Mothersead,  Deputy. 


H.  W.  Ehyne,  Master, 
J.  P.  Moody,  Secretary, 
I.  M.  Cummins, 
D.  W.  Gilbert, 
Mary  Middaughs, 
J.  M.  Cunningham, 
D.E.  Cummins, 
T.  E.  A.  Ehyne, 
Esner  Matthew. 


D.  F.  Stockdale, 
Gilbert  Middaughs. 
Minna  Cummins, 
H.  S.  F.  Ehyne, 
Nancy  Gilbert, 
A.  Frick, 
Nancy  Tuley, 
P.  Kipple, 


J.  P .  Moody, 
B.  Matthew, 
Anna  Cunningham, 
Martha  Moody. 
G.  W.  Parrish, 
Wm.  Holden, 
Eebecca  Stockdale, 
Eosetta  Ehyne. 


SANEL  GEANGE,  No.  204. 

Sanel,  Mendocino  County. 

Organized  June  5,  1874,  by  Thos.  H.  Merry,  Deputy. 


Alex.  Marshall,  Master, 
Jos.  A.  Knox,  Secretary, 
Mrs.  A.  Marshall, 
Mrs.M.A.Edsoll, 
EH.  Duncan, 
Mrs.  E.  M.  Duncan, 
R.  M.  Parsons, 
J.  W.  Daw, 
Mrs.  J.  W.Daw, 


Sarah  Bickle, 
E.  Dooley, 
Mary  Daw, 
Lucy  E.  Dooley, 
Samuel  Duncan, 
Isaac  Bickle, 
Wm.  E.  Parsons, 
T.  S.  Parsons. 
O.  E.  Myers, 


H.  Willard, 
T.J.  Gallamore, 
O.  Howell, 
Mrs.  H.  Stanley, 
Mrs.  J.  W.  Daw, 
Miss  M.  J.  Edsoll, 
Mrs.  L.  F.  Howell, 
John  McGlashen. 


SYCAMOEE  GEANGE,  No.  205. 
Sycamobe,  Feesno  County. 


A.  C.  Bradford,  Master. 
Wm .  A.  Allen,  Sec'y, 
A 'ex.  Kennedy, 
Joel  Bass, 
John  House, 


Organized  June  6,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

James  Allen,  Mrs.  E.  Bass, 

J.  E.  McComb,  Mrs.  N.  Parker, 

W.  H.  Parker,  Mrs.  MaVy  Kennedy, 

Wm.  A.  Allen,  Mrs.  L.  W.  Bradford, 


John  West, 


John  Lamotte. 


270 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


BENEYESSA  GRANGE,  No.  206. 

Monticello,  Napa  County. 

Organized  June  12,  1874,  by  W.  H.  Baxter,  Deputy. 


J.  W.  Smittle,  Master, 

O.  Schetter,  Secretary, 

C.  Goslin, 

M.  C.  Ish, 

I.T.  Ish, 

E.  D.  Kincaid, 

Cornelius  Swietzer, 

L.  H.  Swietzer, 

J.  C.  Cunningham, 


A.  J.  "Wester, 
Chas.  Combs, 
Isaac  Swietzer, 
Emma  V.  Schwitzer, 
May  Stafford, 
Mollie  Stafford, 
Asa  M.  Jackson, 
D.  W.  Carriger, 
A.  Stafford, 


Peter  Laflish, 
J.  Carrol  Owen, 
Chas.  Seawell, 
Nellie  Gillespie, 
Sallie  Gillespie, 
Angeline  M.  Gillespie, 
Fannie  Ish, 
Lucy  J.  Jackson, 
Elvira  Combs. 


SOUTH  SUTTER  GRANGE,  No.  207. 


Pleasant  Gkove,  Suttee  County. 
Organized  June  13,  1874,  by  A.  D 
Thomas  Boyd,  Master,         S.  F.  McClellan, 


Alex.  Donaldson,  Sec'y, 
James  Jones, 
Geo.  T.  Boyd, 
John  W.  Jones, 
Terry  Ballow, 
Cyrus  Briggs, 
R.  H.  McClellan, 
M.T.  McClellan, 
J.  R.  McClellan, 


F.  Saukey, 
W.  A.  Goode, 
Mrs.  Susan  Boyd, 
Candace  Richardson, 
Alex.  Donaldson, 
Homer  Saukey, 
C.  E.  Hull, 
Rebecca  Jones, 
John  Morrison, 


Neher,  Deputy. 

W.  W.  Monroe, 
Geo.  Richardson, 
Charles  Richardson. 
M.  T.  Laros, 
A.  T.  Jackson, 
Wm.  E.  Roberts, 
Daniel  Carray, 
Susan  C.  Boyd, 
Mary  J.  Richardson. 


SONORA  GRANGE,  No.  208. 

Sonora,  Tuolumne  County. 

Organized  June  13,  1874,  by  J.  D.  Spencer,  Deputy. 


S.  S.  Turner,  Master, 
Robt.  F.  Williams,  Sec'y, 
E.  M.  Hampton, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Hampton, 
J.  F.  Ralph, 
Mrs.  E.A.Ralph, 
John  Pereira, 
J.  Leguarel, 
George  Soulsbys, 
Mrs.  E.  Soulsbys, 


R.  Gilkey, 

Mrs.  E.  J.  Gilkey, 

James  B.  Latimer, 

M.  E.  Hyde, 

E.  N.  Twist, 

S.  Allen, 

W.  H.  Dickenson, 

Mrs.  E.  Dickenson, 

R.  M.  Chenoweth, 

Mrs.  Mary  Williams, 


M.  W.  Brooks, 
Mrs.  E.  Brooks, 
Mrs.  J.  Marks, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  E.  Marks, 
E.  F.  Hammers, 
Mrs.  E.  A.  Hammers, 
I.  Fergusson, 
J.  Blackburn, 
Mrs.  M.  Blackburn. 


LINN  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  209 


Glenville,  Keen  CountYc 


Organized  June  18,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

A.  B.  Du  Brutz,  Master 
S.  E.  Reed,  Secretary, 
J.F.  Lewis, 
L.  W.  Woody, 
I.  Pascoe, 
J.  Vanderen, 
Joseph  Morrison, 
D.  Laver, 


T.  E.  Wilks, 
David  Scott, 


J.  M.  Glenn, 
E.  Vaughn, 
M.  P.  Blake, 
Miss  M.  Early, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Vaughn, 
Mrs.  Sarah  Glenn, 
Mrs.  P.  A.  Morrison, 
Mrs.  Mary  C.  Wright, 


Mrs.  E.  J.  Towery, 
Mrs.  N.  A.  Pascoe, 


James  Prewett,  Sn» 
N.  S.  Dauner, 
Ed.  Mahurin, 
John  Wicker, 
J.  R.  Towery, 
Henry  Pascoe, 
James  Caruthers, 
Miss  C.  Harvey, 
Mrs.  Mary  Allen, 
Mrs.  E.  Pascoe, 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


271 


INDEPENDENCE  GRANGE,  No.  210. 


Organized 

Josiah  Earl,  Master, 
J.  B.  White,  Secretary, 
John  Shephard, 
J.  W.  Symmes, 
D.  D.  Gunnison, 
M.  Garretson, 
A.  Way  land, 
J.  Vogt, 
John  Martin, 
Owen  Murphy, 


Independence,  Into  County. 
June  20,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A  Wright,  Deputy. 


J.  Malone, 
John  Baxter, 
S.  A.  Dinsmore, 
Mrs.  M.  Shepherd, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  White, 
Mrs.  L.  Way  land, 
Mrs.  H.  Vogt, 
Mrs.  A.  S.  Earl, 
Mrs.  K.  Gunnison, 
Mrs.  S.  C.  Martin, 


B.  Aiguerre, 

C.  A  Walters, 
F.  Schamble, 
E.  Chagnette, 
Louis  McClure, 
Chas.  Kennedy, 
W.  M.  Boyd, 
Mrs.  A.  Chagnette, 
Mrs.  L.  Walters, 
Mrs.  R.  Schamble. 


BISHOP  CREEK  GRANGE,  No,  211. 

Bishop  Creek,  Inyo  County. 


Organized  June  22,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.Wright,  Deputy. 

T.  J.  Furbees,  Master,  W.  G.  Watson, 
W.  T.  Wiswall,  Secretary,  Wm.  McLarren,    . 

J.  L.  Garrettson,  Mrs.  A.  Cromwell, 

B.  H.  Roberts,  Mrs.  C.  Moats, 
John  Clark,  Mrs.  E.  McCrosky, 
Joseph  Inman,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Clark, 
Andrew  Dell,  Mrs.  A.  Bowers, 
E.  D.  Powers,  Mrs.  R.  A.  McLarren, 
J.  W.  Wiswall,  Mrs.  M.  Inman, 
O.  D.  Watson,  Jacob  Powers, 

C.  Munson, 


O.  Cromwell, 

G.  M.  Clark, 

George  Collins, 

II .  Wamafield, 

Wm.  Bulbit, 

Wm.  Powers, 

W.  G.  McCrosky, 

Mrs.  U.  G.  Monson, 

Mrs.  E.  Roberts, 

Mrs.  S.  A.  Chamberlain- 


LONE  PINE  GRANGE,  No.  212. 

Lone  Pine,  Inyo  County. 

Organized  June  23,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


C.  L.  Jackson,  Master, 

R.  A.  Loomis,  Secretary, 

J.  J.  McCall, 

Joseph  Seely, 

A.  H.  Johnson, 

R.  P.  Ritgers, 

G.  W.  Betty, 


J.  G.  Dodge, 
C.  W.  Johnson, 
R.  Vandyke, 
John  Dodge, 
Mrs.  M.  Dodge, 
Mrs.  M.  McCall, 


Mrs.  D .  Johnson, 
Mrs.  A.  B.  Ritgers, 
J.  A.  Ritgers, 
Julius  Roeper, 
F.  Albis, 
Mrs.  C.  Vincentalli. 


WELDON  GRANGE,  No.   213. 

Weldon,  Keen  County. 

Organized  June  25,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A  Wright,  Deputy 


R.  T.  Melvin,  Master, 
J.  T.  H.  Grey,  Sec'y, 
W.  J.  Grant, 
JohnF.  Pyle, 
G.  F.  Melvin, 
Mrs.  S.  E.  Gray, 
I.  L.  Mack, 
John  Waterworth, 
Thos.  J.  Elliott, 


C.  S.  Collins, 
Mrs.  E.  G.  Stambler, 
Mrs.  A..  L.  Collins, 
C.  L.  Brown, 
A.  A.  Bermudez, 
H.  D.  Strambler, 
Joseph  E.  Miller, 
H.  T.  Miller, 
P.  K.Brown 


Mrs.  E .  Bermudez, 
Miss  M.  E.  Elliott, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Grant, 
Mrs.  F.  J.  Melvin. 
Mrs.  S.  J.  Miller, 
Mrs.  A.  T.  Riley, 
J.  B.  Batz, 
I.  T.  H.  Gray. 


272 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


TEHAICHIPA  GRANGE,  No.  2i4. 

Tehaichipa,  Keen  County. 

Organized-June  29,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A,  Wright,  Deputy. 


John  Norboe,  Master, 
Jas.  Prewett,  Jr.,  Sec'y. 
E.  McVicker, 
W.  B.  S.  Brink, 
W.  S.  Eastwood, 
H.  F.  Wiggins, 
Thos.  H.  Goodwin, 
W.  C.  Wiggins, 
Robert  Taylor, 
W.  A.  Taylor, 


George  Recq, 
L.  Gibson, 
J.  B.  Malin, 
Mrs.  H.  Williams, 
Mrs.  H.  Whitlock, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Green, 
Mrs.  L.  Wiggins, 
Mrs.  J.  Taylor, 
Miss  L.  E.  Butts, 
Mrs.  M.  McVicker. 


J.  E.  Williams, 

Paul  M.  Norboe, 

A.  II.  Butts, 

L.  D.  Green, 

T.M.  Wiggins, 

A.  J.  Degnian, 

A.  Murphy, 

Miss  Martha  Wiggins, 

Mrs.  E.  Wiggins, 

Mrs.  E.  A.  Butts. 


CTJMMING'S     VALLEY     GBANGE,     No.     215. 

Cumming's  Valley  (Tehaichipa),  Kebn  County. 

Organized  June  29,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


Geo.  M.  Thompson,  Mast'r,!.  N.  Ellis 


Sec'y, 


T.  M.  Yates 
J.  M.  Brite, 
P.  P.  Martin, 
M.  S.  Freeman, 
O.  B.  Wilson, 
J.  D.  Chappell, 
Jesse  Davenport, 
H.  L.  Todd, 
Moses  Hart, 


Clint.  Cudderback, 
J.  L.  Hosack, 
Mrs.  E.  Brite, 
Mrs.  R.  Davenport, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Cudderback, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Martin, 
Mrs.  S.  Cummings, 
Mrs.  S.  Chappell, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Freeman, 


John  Freeman, 
N.  J.  McKaig, 
George  Cummings, 
Lewis  Smith, 
Daniel  Davenport, 
J.  B.  Chamberlain, 
Joseph  Wagerer, 
Mrs.  M.  McKaig, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Ellis, 
Mrs.  J.  Todd, 


POMO    GRANGE,    No.    216. 
Pomo,  Mendoctno-County. 


Organized 

John  Mewhinney,  Master, 
G.  B.  Nichols,  Secretary, 
Daniel  Mewhinney, 
T.  W.  Dashiels, 
Jennie  Deselms, 
B.  Pemberton, 
G.  W.  Pickle, 
Isaac  W.  Grover, 
Lavinia  Grover, 
B.  B.  Brown, 


July  4,  1874,  by  T.  H, 

Life  Farmer, 
Wm.  D.  Jones, 
Samuel  Mewhinney, 
J.  VVattenburger, 
John  P.  Be  vans, 
H.  T.  Cox, 
H.  Cox, 

Martha  Hughes, 
David  Wolvener, 
Mrs.  C.  Farmer, 


M>xry,  Deputy. 

W.  L.  Jones, 
L.  P.  Grover, 
Mrs.  Jane  Miller, 
Lewis  Hall, 
R.  E.  Madden, 
Emma  Madden, 
L.  J.  Hall, 
Martha  Sellers, 
Mrs.  C.  H.  I.  Nichols, 
Stoddard  Neil. 


ROUND  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  217. 


Round  Valley  (Covelo),  Mendocino  County. 

Organized  July  7,  1874,  by  T.  H.  Merry,  Deputy. 

Martha  R.  Moore, 
W.  P.  Melendy, 

J.  Green  Short,  Mary  M.  Melendy. 

Chas.  H.  Bourne,  A.  J.  Shrum, 

F.  M.  Hughes,  Wm.  Pullen, 

C.  H.  Eberle, 

L.  C.  Long, 

E.  R.  Potter, 

W.  F.  Moore, 


Philo  Handy,  Master,  I.  A.  Foster, 

J .  A.  Crawford,  Secretary,  Joel  Eveland, 

Nelson  Brush, 

Mrs.  A.  M.  Brush, 

Patrick  K.  Faulds, 

S.  Honbrook, 

M.  E.  Honbrook, 

I.  A.  Crawford, 

A.  E.  McCombs, 

Sarah  H.  McCombs, 


D.  C.  Dorman, 
P.  K.  O'Farrell, 
Mrs.  Esther  O'Farrell, 
S.  Foster. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


273 


MOUNT  BOLIVAR  GRANGE,  No.  218. 

Callahans,  Siskiyou  County. 

Organized  July  31,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


R.  M.  Hayden,  Master, 
J.  A.  Cole,  Secretary, 
Wm.  F.  Chapman, 
J.  F.  Forbes, 
J.  Comstock, 
A.  W.  Wolford, 
C.  B.  Sweet, 


Mrs.  S.  A.  Denny, 
Mrs.  J.  E.  Eddy, 
Mrs.  A.  A.  Guild, 
Mrs.  Clara  Chapman, 
Miss  M.  G.  Eddy, 
C.  Schuler, 
F.  Knauft, 


G.  A.  Eddy, 
Jno.  M.  Messner, 
Stephen  Farrington, 
Miss  M.  A.  Sweet, 
Mrs.  Mary  Blevius, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Knauft, 
Mrs.  M.  Farrington, 


.ETNA  GRANGE,  No.  219. 
2Etna,  Siskiyou  County. 


Organized  August  1,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

J.  W.  McBride,  Master, 
J.  M.  Conaughy,  Sec'y, 
Jno.  T.  Moxley, 
H.  C.  Cory, 
L.  S.  Wilson, 
E.  F.  Smith, 
O.V.  Green, 
G.  Wagoner, 
Charles  Hovenden, 
Lewis  Hughes, 


Charles  F.  McConaughy, 
Cord  Sackman, 
Geo.  E.  Davidson, 
Mrs.  S.  E.  Hovenden, 
Mrs.  S.  M.  Moxley, 
J.  M.  Wolford, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Shelley, 
Mrs.  A.  A.  Green, 
Mrs.  M.  M.  Wilson, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Walker, 


W.  D.  Shelley, 
J.  H.  Walker, 
J.  Mc Walker, 
Thos.  Quigley, 
P.  A.  Hartstrand, 
Mrs.  E.  E.  Smith, 
Mrs.  C.  Hughes, 
Mrs.  M.  Quigley, 
S.  M.  Conaughy. 


FORT  JONES  GRANGE,  No.  220. 

Fobt  Jones,  Siskiyou  County. 

Organized  August  1,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


J.  S.  Matthews,  Master, 

J.  W.  Tuttle,  Secretary, 

B.  A.  Godfrey, 

J.  A.  Davidson, 

J.  R.  Kinyon, 

A.  W.  Evans, 

D.  B.  Kingery, 

J.  Hamilton, 

I.  C.  Wood, 

A.  S.  Rantz, 


M.  Malayan, 
Thos.  Weddess, 
George  Bleything, 
Mrs.  H.  R.  Godfrey, 
Miss  Alice  Davidson, 
Mrs.  C.  M.  Kingery, 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Matthews, 
Mrs.  F.  E.  Evans, 
Miss  A.  B.  Godfrey, 
Mrs.  L.  A.  Kinyon, 


L.  J.  Williams, 
Jeremiah  Davidson, 
Thos.  Patten, 
S.  J.  Luttrell, 
Isaac  Evans, 
S.  D.  Varnum, 
Merrill  Evans, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Davidson, 
Mrs.  Ellen  Tuttle, 
Mrs.  M.  Evans. 


MILLYILLE  GRANGE,  No.  221. 

MiLiiVrLLE,  Shasta  County. 


Organized  August  5,  1874,  by  J.  W. 

E.Wagoner,  Master,  C.  Reineke, 
Geo.  W.  Welch,  Secretary,  T.  J.  Martin, 

J.  L.  Nichols,  J.  J.  Kern, 

J.  W.  Winsell,  Mrs.  N.  Hufford, 

A.  Chatham,  Mrs.  S.  A.  Grant, 

T.  D.  Gault,  Mrs.  S.  A.  Martin, 

L.  T.  Benton,  Mrs.  J.  Gault, 

Jno.  P.  Webb,  Mrs.  E.  R.  Winsell, 

G.  Fender,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Keeney, 

J.  Dunham,  Mrs.  M.  F.  Nichols, 
18 


A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

John  Ellis, 

S.  Hufford, 

Wm.  Tulloch, 

W.  Grant, 

G.  F.  Schuler, 

N.  Harrington, 

P.  B.  Langlois, 

Mrs.  H.  Ellis, 

Mrs.  L.  A.  Dunham, 

Mrs.  H.  D.  Fender. 


274 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


LA  HONDA  GRANGE,  No.  222. 

lix  Honda,  San  Mateo  County, 

Organized  July  17,  1874,  by  B.  V.  Weeks,  Deputy. 


M.  Woodnams,  Master,       Richard  T.  Ray, 
W.  A.  Saunders,  Secretary,  Joseph  W.  Haskins, 
Charles  C.  Rodgers,  Delia  C.  Johns, 

Charles  B.  Sears,  Ella  W.  "Weeks, 

Henry  "Wilber,  Win.  H.  Monroe, 

Henry  Steinbarg,  Isaac  M.  Baker, 


Augustus  A.  Ha-skins, 
Wm.  H.  Monroe, 
Martha  Ray, 
Ettie  E.  Sears. 
Emma  L.  Johns. 


CRESCENT  GRANGE,  No.  223. 

Spanish  Town  (Half  Moon  Bay),  San  Mateo  County. 

Organized  August  8,  1874,  by  B.  V.  Weeks,  Deputy. 

H.  M.  Jewell,  Master,  J.  B.  Gilchrist,  John  Johnston, 

Mrs.  M.  Jewell,  W-  A.  Hammond, 

Mrs.  S.  M.  Hammond,  John  Holmes, 

Mrs.  Mary  Johnston,  Mrs.  J.  Compton. 
J.  P.  Johnston, 


James  Compton,  Sec'y, 
Robert  Campbell, 
John  B.  Lock, 
Alonzo  De  Haro, 


HAMILTON    GRANGE,  No.    224. 
Biggs  Station,  Butte  County. 


Organized  August  10,  1874,  by  J.  W. 

H.  L.  Lassell,  Master,         Anson  Brown, 
M.  A.  Randall,  Secretary,  D.  W.  Card, 


Daniel  Streeter, 
Darius  Hurlburt, 
Thomas  Boulware, 
W.  M.  Harrison, 
V.  S.  Runnels, 
W.  W.  Stone, 
Virgil  Randall, 
H.  C.  Wilbur, 


Silas  Card, 
Wm.  Cross, 
August  McKillican, 
Mrs.  F.  B.  Card, 
MissH.  L.Card, 
Mrs.  C.  Harrison, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Stone, 
Mrs.  E.  M.  Runnels, 


Wright,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  M.  Lassell, 
John  Robinson, 
C.  A.  Robinson, 
Q.  M.  Harrison, 
John  Clusky, 
I.  H.  Rutledge, 
Mrs.  N.  M.  Randall, 
Mrs.  R.  W.  Randall, 
Mrs.  J.  H.  Rutledge, 
Mrs.  D.  Hurlburt. 


NORTH  BUTTE  GRANGE,  No.  225, 


North  Butte  (Yuba  City),  Suttee  County. 
Organized  August  11,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


B.  R.  Spilman,  Master, 
J.  D.  Dow,  Secretary, 
Otis  Clark, 
Wm.  McMurtry, 
Thos.  S.  Kersey, 
W.  T.  Lamb, 
Wm.  Powell,  Jr, 
Aaron  Pugh, 
J.  H.  Myers, 
Robt.  Boyd, 


Thos.  S.  Clyma, 
A.  H.  Lamma, 
Henry  S.  Graves, 
Mrs.  M.  Spilman, 
Mrs.  M.  Lindsey, 
Mrs.  E.  Boyd, 
Mrs.  R.  A.  Clyma, 
Mrs.  N.  T.  Myers, 
Mrs.  J.  Kersey, 
Mrs.  L.  A.  Clark, 


J.  N.  Lindsey, 
J.  Stafford, 
C.  Williams, 
Wm.  T.  Spilman, 
Frank  M.  Clyma, 
J.  S.  Boyd, 
Jno.  D.  Spilman, 
Mrs.  S.C.  McMurtry, 
Mrs.  E.  Spilman, 
Mrs.  F.  Lamma. 


SUMMIT  GRANGE,  No.  226. 


Summit  School-house  (Paso  Robles),  San  Luis  Obispo  County. 
Organized  July  25,  1874,  by  A.  J.  Mothersead,  Deputy. 


J.  N.  Young,  Master, 
A.  J.  Foster,  Secretary, 
Anderson  Smith, 
S.  P.  Litton, 
John  Wilkinson, 
Andrew  Harris, 
Peter  Gillis, 
David  Pate, 


Mrs.  Almira  Young, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Smith, 
Mrs.  Lottie  M.  Foster. 
Mrs.  Minerva  Litton, 
Miss  Lucy  Young, 

F.  G.  Young, 

G.  W.  Richardson, 
L.  D.  Brians, 


A.  T.  Foster, 

James  M.  Jackson, 

Wm.  Jackson, 

Mrs.  Sarah  Harris, 

Mrs.  L.  Wilkinson, 

Mrs.    Sarah  Mesenheimer, 

Mrs.  R.  A.  Klink, 

Miss  Hattie  Mesenheimer. 


THE  GRANGE  EECOED. 


275 


RINCON  GRANGE,  No.  227. 
Rrxcox,  San  Beexabdino  County. 
Organized  August  15,  1874,  by  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 

F.  M.  Slaughter,  Master,     J.  M.  Halloway,  Mrs.  M.  M.  Hatheway, 

Mrs.  S.  J.  Bivas, 


Johu  Taylor,  Secretary, 
T.  B.  Walkinshaw, 
J.  C.  Harris, 
George  Lord, 
F.  M.  Wood, 


S.  B.  Matthews, 
Miss  Flora  Wood, 
R.  W.  Rivas, 
Bartlett  Vines, 


Mrs.  S.  M.  Harris, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Wood,' 
Mrs.  Margaret  Taylor. 


WASHINGTON  GRANGE,  No.  228. 

Eliott   (Comaxche),   San  Joaquin  County. 

Organized  August  28,  1874,  by  Andrew  Wolf,  Deputy. 


W.  B.  Stamper,  Master, 
M.  L.  Cook,  Secretary, 
D.  R.  Mclntire. 
S.  W.  Soliars, 
M.  L.  Cook, 
Wm.  Mclntire, 
C.  H.  Sittle, 
S.  O.  Soliars, 


A.  A.  Vansant, 
Ozias  Peter, 
I.  C.  Blyther, 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Peter, 
Mrs.  Martha  Soliars, 
Miss  L.  L.  Little, 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Blyther, 
Mrs.  L.  L.  Harris, 


Mrs.  R.  Soliars, 
Mrs.  E.  Leeman, 
L.  C.  Leeman, 
R.  Lucas, 
J.  C.  Deboldt, 
John  Hill, 
John  Harris, 
Mrs.  R.  Lucas. 


SAN  JACINTO  GRANGE,  No.  229. 

San  Jacinto,  San  Diego  County. 

Organized  August  29,  1874,  by  Thos.  A.  Garey,  Deputy. 


T.  D.  Henry,  Master,  Allen  Bane, 
Mrs.  Martha  Collins,  Sec'y,  Sydney  Van  Suven, 

G.  A.  Collins,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Benson, 

I.  M.  Benson,  Mrs.  Sarah  Kennedy, 

John  Wakefield,  H.  A.  Hammer, 

Joseph  Carroll,  F.  M.  Fowler, 

John  Flanegan,  Mrs.  Mary  Kennedy, 


Mrs.  Martha  Collins, 
Mrs.  Rosaline  Fowler, 
Miss  Mary  Worthington 
Miss  Jennie  Marine, 
Mrs.  Mary  Worthington, 
Mrs.  J.  A.  Hammer. 


MT.  WHITNEY  GRANGE,  No.  230. 
Mt.  Whitney,  Tulabe  County. 
Organized  September  12,  1874,  by  M.  S.  Babcock,  Deputy. 


G.  W.  Duncan,  Master, 
A.  F.  Thompson,  Sec'y, 
Charles  Lawless, 
O.  P.  H.  Duncan, 
R.  Doran, 
T.  J.  Snyder, 
O.  W.  Catlin, 
O.  G.  Foot, 
J.  W.  Moore, 


Mrs.  M.  E.  Lawless, 
Miss  B.  Murray, 
Mrs.  M.  Duncan, 
Miss  11.  Catlin, 
Mrs.  A.  Catlin, 
B.  M.  Hotchkiss, 
L.  H.  Moore, 
A.  Fletcher, 
Geo.  Vincent, 


James  Brown, 
L.  W.  Gregg, 
Henry  Witt, 
Wm.  Sturgeon, 
Mrs.  A.  Foot, 
Mrs.  C.  J.  Doran, 
Mrs.  A.  M.  Hotchkiss, 
Mrs.  M.  Moore, 
Mrs.  L.  A.  Duncan. 


ALHAMBRA  GRANGE,  No.  231. 

Mabtixez,    Contba    Costa    County. 

Organized  September  12,  1874,  by  R.  G.  Dean,  Deputy. 


John  Strentzel,  Master, 
Wm.  A.  Frazer,  Sec'y, 
Henry  Roap, 
Elam  Barber, 
Lawrence  M.  Smith, 
Beverly  R.  Holliday, 
James  C.  McHarry, 
James  McHarry, 


Mrs.  Ann  McHarry, 
James  Stewart, 
Alexander  Boss, 
Johnson  Young, 
Mrs.  Ann  Young, 
Mrs.  Eiitha  Boss, 
Mrs.  Lena  Roap, 
Miss  L.  W.  Strentzel, 


Mrs.  J.  A.  Holliday, 
Miss  Mary  A.  J.  Holliday, 
William  Dick, 
Mrs.  Sarah  A.  Dick, 
James  Kelley, 
Mrs.  Margaret  Kelley, 
M.  R.  Barber, 
Orpha  Barber. 


276 


THE  GRANGE  EECOED. 


PLYMOUTH  GRANGE,  No.  232. 
Plymouth,  Amador  County. 
Organized  October  2,  1874,  by  Wm.  S.  Manlove,  Deputy 
H.  Vanderpool,  Master,       Jonathan  Sallie 


S.  C.  Wheeler,  Secretary, 

Jas.  F.  Gregg, 

S.  B.  Rhoads, 

James  Wheeler, 

R.  M.  Ford, 

C.  Hammack, 

H.  H.  Bell, 

H.  H.  Horton, 


Wm.  K.  McKenzie, 
A.  T.  Cleaves, 
Wm.  J.  Matthews, 
E.  S.  Potter, 
C.  C.  Forbes, 
G.  W.Humphreys, 
Juliatha  Wheeler, 


Sarah  Vanderpool, 
Maria  Ford, 
Sarah  E.  Bell, 
Sarah  L.  Horton, 
Anna  Hammack, 
Sarah  J.  Sallie, 
Melinda  E.  Williams* 
Mary  A.  McKenzie. 


HONCUT  GRANGE,  No.  233. 
Moose's    Station,    Butte    County. 


Organized  October  3,  1874,  by  Wm. 

John  C.  Moore,  Master,  G.  W.  Underwood, 

D.  F.  Newbert,  Secretary,  W.  L.  Moore, 

W.  Lealey,  -  •-  John  Keith, 

A.  J.  Opdike,  John  S.  Devoe, 

L.  C.  Goodell,  Mrs.  B.  A.  Moore, 

R.  W.  Goodell,  John  L.  Devoe, 

M.  Savage,  D.  P.  Newbert, 

J.  Robinson,  £.  P.  Dunville, 


M.  Thorp,  Deputy. 

A.  L.  Burdick, 

Mrs.  Eliza  Underwood, 

Mrs.  Mary  Lealy, 

Mrs.  Mary  Robinson, 

Hiram  Folsom, 

Mrs.  Harriett  Folsom, 

Thomas  Smuck. 


JACKSON  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  234. 

Ione  City,  Amador  County. 

Organized  November  18,  1874,  by  Harding  Vanderpool,  Deputy. 


Jesse  D.  Hamrick,  Master,  Henry  Dillion, 
Lansing  J.  Dooley.  Sec'y,  Robert  K.  James, 


Wm.  H.  Prouty, 
Charles  S.  Black, 
James  W.  Parkinson, 
James  W.  Violette, 
James  P.  Martin, 
Francis  A.  McMurray, 


William  C.  Thompson, 
James  Ritchie, 
Christopher  C.  Prouty, 
Mrs.  Nancy  H.  Prouty, 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  Hamrick, 


Mrs.  Lavinia  J.  Dillion, 
Mrs.  Sarah  L.  Black, 
Mrs.  Mary  H.  Prouty, 
Mrs.  C.  C.  McMurmy, 
Mrs.  Anna  M.  James, 
Mrs.  Australia  R.  Prouty. 
Christian  Linegar. 


NATIONAL  RANCH  GRANGE,  No.  235. 
National  City,  San  Diego  County. 


Organized  November  24,  1874,  by  J.  W. 

Frank  A.  Kimball,  Master,  R.  D.  Perry, 
E.  T.  Blackmer,  Sec'y. 


G.  L.  Kimball, 
M.  B.  Hammond, 
D.  W.  Bryant, 
J.  M.  Asher, 
T.  Walker, 
W.  C.  Kimball, 


N.  P.  Rouland, 
Mrs.  S.  C.  Kimball, 
Mrs.  A.  Hammer, 
Miss  S.  J.  Perry, 
Mrs.  J.  A.  Walker, 
Mrs.  L.  B.  Roberts, 
Mrs.  L.  B.  Kimball, 


A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  F.  M.  Kimball, 
L.  Roberts, 
R.  S.  Pardee, 
L.  L.  Roberts, 
John  T.  Farley, 
Mrs.  Mary  Farley, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Bryant, 
Miss  Susie  Farley. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


277 


POWAY    GRANGE,    No.    236. 
Poway,  San  Diego  County. 


Organized  November  25,  1874,  by  J.  W. 


•T.  F.  Chapin,  Master, 

E.  D.  French,  Sec'y, 

C.  C.  Watson, 

J.  H.  Hicks, 

Wm.  Burroughs* 

Fred.  Beetzke, 

A.  L.  Feeler, 

S.G.Hand, 

A.  Mitchell, 

A.  J.  Babb, 


C.  Paine, 
Wm.  McKerren, 
A.  H.  Le  Claise, 
Geo.  R.  Hofftnan, 
Fisher  Allen, 
Charles  Thompson, 
Miss  E.  Hand, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Walden, 
Mrs.  L.  Kerren, 
Mrs.  C.  S.  French, 


A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  M.  S.  Babb, 
Mrs.  T.  M.  Paine, 
Miss  Adeline  Feeler, 
Miss  Katie  Kerren, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Abell, 
Mrs.  C.  Watson, 
Wallace  W.  Walden, 
I.  L.  Cole, 
T.  J.  Cambron, 
S.  P.  Abell. 


BALLENA  GRANGE,  No.  237. 

Ballena,  San  Diego  County. 

Organized  November  27,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


W.  C.  Billingsby,  Master,  S.  Stone, 

J.  J.  Sanderson,  Sec'y,  Joseph  Swycaffer, 

CO.  Tucker,  M.  Cassner, 

C.  W.  Stone,  Mrs.  S.  J.  Stone, 

A.  W.  Luckett,  Mrs.  Maria  Warnock, 

W.  W.  Littlepage,  Mrs.  L.  J.  Putnam, 

M.  V.  Castner,  Mrs.  M.  J.  Cassner, 

M.  D.  Putnam,  Miss  M.  Stone, 


Mrs.  M.  E.  Billingsby, 
Samuel  Warnock, 
George  Bradley, 
Robert  Bradley, 
Mrs.  Martha  Swycaffer, 
Mrs.  H.  M.  Tucker, 
Miss  Pauline  Swycaffer. 


BEAR  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  238. 
Bear  Valle*,  San  Diego  County. 

A.  Wright,  Deputy. 


Organized  November  28,  1874,  by  J.  W, 

W.H.H.Dinwiddie,Master,  J.  Q.  Adams, 

C.  H.  Moseley,  Secretary,  Albert  Striplin, 
J.  C.  Hedden,  J.  S.  Shelbv, 
A.  M.  Striplin,  S.  Van  Piper, 
James  A.  Cook,                     Mrs.  J.  M.  McMullen, 

D.  E.  Bowman,  Mrs.  C.  W.  Jones, 
J.  H.  Antes,                           Mrs.  P.  J.  Striplin, 
Samuel  Striplin,  Mrs.  L.  J.  Hedden, 

E.  L.  Jones,  Mrs.  H.  M.  Dinwiddie, 
I.  T.  Adams,                        George  Hedden, 


Joseph  Fleshman, 
N.  Jones, 
Jas.  M.  Lovett, 
M.  Price, 
Ambrose  Welch, 
Mrs.  Nancy  Hedden, 
Mrs.  A.  Lovett, 
Mrs.  A.  Price, 
Mrs.  Maria  Antes, 
Miss  Ida  Antes. 


SAN  BERNARDO  GRANGE,  No.  239. 
San  Beenabdo,  San  Diego  County. 


Organized  November  28,  1874,  by  J.  W.  A. 


Z.  Sikes,  Master, 
T.  Duncan,  Secretary, 
Walter  Sherman, 
L.  J.  Foster, 
F.  E.  Feeler, 
W.  F.  Foster, 
Wm.  Ober, 
B.  E.  Barker, 


A.  Montgomery, 
Chas.  McDougall, 
Charles  Ebb, 
Henry  Beneke, 
J.  Watson, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Sikes, 
Mrs.  M.  T.  Jones, 
Miss  E.  R.  Sikes, 


Wright,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  Ida  A.  Duncan, 

W.  J.  Whitney, 

J.  P.  Jones, 

J.Noble, 

H.  Case, 

Thos.  Dunn, 

Mrs.  K.  Sikes, 

Miss  Angeline  Feeler. 


278 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


SAN  LUIS  REY  GRANGE,  No.  240. 
San  Lcris  Rey,  San  Diego  County. 


Organized  November  30,  1874,  by  J.  W. 


M.  E.  Ormsby,  Master, 
L.  J.  Crombie,  Secretary, 
Jas.  M.  Griffin, 
John  Griffin, 
A.  C.  Kitching, 
J.  M.  Kolb, 
A.  Freeman, 
A.  J.  Van  Mater, 


Robert  Ridge, 
S.  E.  Wright,  % 
Mrs.  L.  E.  Crombie, 
Mrs.  M.  J.  Welty, 
Mrs.  L.  M.  Combs, 
Mrs.  P.  Freeman, 
Mrs.  S.  Griffin, 
Mrs.  P.  E.  Kitching, 


A.  Wright,  Deputy. 

Mrs.  L.  J.  Kolb, 
W.  Griffin, 
A.  R.  Davis, 
S.  M.  Harbolt, 
R.  J.  Welty, 
Henry  Combs, 
Mrs.  *N.  O.  Ridge, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Ormsby. 


PLACERVILLE  GRANGE,  No.  241. 
PLACEKvnxE,  El  Doeado- County. 


Organized  February  1,  1875,  by  A.  J. 

William  Wiltse,  Master,  Mary  J.  Cook, 

H.  G.  Hulburd,  Secretary,  Frank  Goyan, 

Wm.  Lewis,  Susie  Goyan, 

I.  S.  Bamber,  John  P.  Allen, 

R.  Miles,  Christie  Ann  Allen, 

Sarah  Miles,  Griffith  L.  Jones, 

George  W.  Ray,  Joseph  Lyon, 

Ethelinda  Ray,  Isaac  Tribbin, 

A;  S.  Cook,  i  Jacob  Lyon, 


Christie,  Deputy. 

Elizabeth  Lyon, 
Rachael  G.  Simons, 
Eli  Herrell, 
John  Kemp, 
Thomas  Ralph, 
Biron  H .  Hurlburd, 
C.  H.  Burnham, 
Mary  J.  Groves. 


NEW  CASTLE  GRANGE,  No.~242. 

New  Castle,  Placeb  County. 

Organized  January  9,  1875,  by  A.  D.  Neher,  Deputy. 


John  C.  Boggs,  Master, 
B.  P.  Tabor,  Secretary, 
Mrs.  L.  C.  Boggs, 
Miss  I.  A.  Boggs, 
I.  H.  Mitchell, 
Mrs.  G.  A.  Mitchell, 
Wm.  H.  Brainerd, 
Timothy  Plant, 
Mrs.  Catherine  Plant, 


John  H.  Nixon, 
D.  E.  Plantz, 
Mrs.  M.  M.  Plantz, 
Geo.  Perkins, 
Mrs.  H.  R.  Perkins, 
W.  J.  Prosser, 
Mrs.  N.  J.  Prosser, 
Charles  Brown, 
Wm.  Puffer, 


Mrs.  Clara  Puffer, 
Wm.  J.  Lawrence, 
Owen  King, 
Isaac  Tabor, 
B.  P.  Tabor. 
J.  A.  Griffith, 
G.  W.  Shrelkel, 
Wm.  Smith, 
I.  ,H.  Campbell. 


KEYSTONE  GRANGE,-No.  243. 
Geangevllle,  Tulaee  County. 


Organized  February  27,  1875,  by  M.  S. 


Erastus  Axtell,  Master, 
N.  B.  Golden,  Secretary, 
E.  Manning, 
J.  M.  Fuller, 
J.  W.  Griffes, 
R.  Bascom, 
R.  S.  Dodge, 
A.  Hogle, 


Mrs.  L.  Bascom, 
Mrs.  C.  A.  Dodge, 
Mrs.  A .  Manning, 
J.  Coffey, 
Mrs.  H.  Axtell, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Coffey, 
Mrs.  M.  A,  Hogle, 
Mrs.  N.  Snyder, 


Babcock,  Deputy. 

Jno.  Rodgers, 
Mrs.  E.  RodgerSr 
B.  Dodge, 
Mrs  C.  Stewart, 
A.  Brown, 
A.  Childs, 

D.  V.  Fuller, 

E.  Kelly. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


279 


MUSSEL  SLOUGH  GRANGE,  No.  244. 

Grangeville,  Tulare  County. 

Organized  February  26,  1875,  by  M.  S.  Babcock,  Deputy. 


Wes.  Underwood,  Master,  Mrs.  A.  Battenfeld, 


Wm.  Land,  Secretary, 
T.  Standard, 
J.  P.  Duncan, 
J .  Battenfeld, 
Wm.  Battenfeld, 
S.  R.  Wilson, 
T.  H.  McNainee, 
J.  Bigham, 
George  H.  Battenfeld, 


F.F.Wilson, 

Perry  Mills,* 

Mrs.  S.  Mills, 

Jno.  Mills, 

W.  H.  Whitesides, 

E.  Greffee, 

Mrs.  S.  A.  Duncan, 

Mrs.  M.  J.  Standard, 

Mrs.  T.  McNamee, 


Mrs.  M.  E.  Underwood, 
Miss  M.  Lavery, 
G.  W.  Battenfeld, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Battenfeld, 
M.  Dowdy, 
A.  F.  Barnhill, 
Airs.  S.  A.  Lane 
J.  T.  Yount, 
Mrs.  M.  Yount. 


MODOC  GRANGE,  No.  245. 
Willow  Ranch,  Modoc  County. 


Organized 

A.  V.  Coffer,  Master, 
M.  Waid,  Secretary, 
L.  E.  Henderson, 
S.  A.  Hamersley. 
F.  Vincent, 
J.  L.  Sanborn, 
W.  A.  Henderson, 
J.  T.  Crawford, 
A.  Siets, 
D.  O.  Bissell, 
James  Harver, 


April  9,  1875,  by  D.  S.  K. 

Mrs.  E.  D.  Henderson, 

Mrs.  S.  E.  Hamersley, 

Mrs.  L.  Hamersley, 

Mrs.  M.  Siet, 

M.  C.  Siet, 

Mrs.  M.  J.  Coffer, 

Mrs.  M.  A.  Glidden, 

J.  J.  Kirk, 

J.  A.  Glidden, 

E.  J.  Keeney, 

R.  Robinett, 


Buick,  Deputy. 

E.  V.  Coffer, 

W.  H.  Siet, 

Henry  Williams, 

O.  P.  Russell, 

D.  Wills, 

L.  Crawford, 

M.  Wills, 

Mrs.  L.  W.  Henderson, 

Miss  Mary  Hazelton, 

Mrs.  M.  Robinett, 

Mrs.  M.  E.  Cloud. 


PLUMAS  GRANGE,  No.   246. 
Sierra  Valley  (Reno,  Nevada,)  Plumas  County. 


Organized 

A.  J.  Spoon,  Master, 
H.  F.  Lander,  Sec'y, 
Mrs.  Josephine  Spoon, 
Jacob  Stiner, 

O.  McElroy. 
Wm.  A.  Sperry. 
Joseph  Hathaway, 
Henry  Lander, 
Joel  Langdon, 
James  E.  Goble, 

B.  F.  Bobo, 


April  24,  1875,   by  A.   J. 

Wm.  Arms, 
Mrs.  M.  P.  Arms, 
Alexander  Kirby, 
Mrs.  A.  Kirby, 
Alice  Stiner, 
Mrs.  M.  E.  Hinds, 
Richard  Martin, 
Miller  Beach, 
D.  C.  Berry, 
W.  C.  Bingham, 


Hatch,  Deputy. 

Henry  Stiner, 
Jesse  H.  Stiner, 
A.  B.  Huntley, 
S.  B.  Hinds, 
^Thos.  Black, 
Mrs.  W.  C.  Bingham, 
Mrs.  W.  E.  Sperry, 
Mrs.  J.  Langdon,* 
Mrs.  J.  Hathaway, 
Allen  Trimble. 


T.  J.  Robinson, 
L.  Horton, 
P.  L.  Stull, 
J.  O.  Marsh, 
CD.  Gassaway, 
John  Perry, 
H.  L.  Hatch, 


INDIAN  SPRINGS  GRANGE,  No.  247. 
Indian  Springs,  Nevada  County. 


Organized  April  29,  1875. 

M.  P.  Hatch, 

Stephen  F.  Ball, 

Mrs.  Ball, 

W.  Emery, 

Mrs.  C.  Robinson, 

Mrs.  E.  M.  Horton, 

Mrs.  Margaret  Gassaway, 


Benj.  Sanford, 
H.  Hoffman, 
Mrs.  E.  W.  Hatch, 
Mrs.  J.  Hatch, 
Mary  Stull, 
Jennie  Stuil. 


280 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


LAKESIDE  GRANGE,   No.  248. 

Janesville,  Lassen  County. 

Organized  May  25,  1875,  by  A.  J.  Hatch,  Deputy. 


Geo  H.  Bingham,  Master, 

John  Theodore,  Sec'y, 

D.  D.  Byers, 

W.  S.  Hamilton, 

L.  Hicks, 

B.  H.  Laritt, 

B.  D.  Bass, 

Geo.  W.  Fry, 

W.  M.  McClelland, 

J.  P.  Sharp, 

H.  H.  McMurphy, 


E.  T.  Slackford, 
Mrs.  D.  A.  McMurphy, 
S.  A.  McClelland, 
Miss  F.  E.  McMurphy, 
Miss  J.  M.  McClelland, 
Mrs.  M.  L.  Fry, 
Mrs.  P.  Parks, 
S.  Huffman, 
Geo.  H.  Bangham, 
W.  M.  Cain, 


Wm.  Lieth, 

Charles  Barham, 

John  Parks, 

E.  C.  Parks, 

John  Thayer, 

Mrs.  Margaret  Cain, 

Mrs.  Mary  F.  Bangham, 

Mrs.  P.  A.  Hamilton, 

Miss  J.  Bass, 

Miss  Hattie  Parks. 


NEVADA  GKANGE& 


ALFALFA  GRANGE,  No.  1. 

Reno,  Washoe  County. 
Organized  June  5,  1874,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  M. 


A.  J.  Hatch,  Master, 

P.  H.  Kinney,  Secretary, 
H.  M.  Frost, 
W.  J.  Marsh, 
Chris.  Higgins, 
W.  D.  Masten, 

B.  S.  James, 
George  DeRemet. 
J.  C.  Smith, 


Mrs.  F.  M.  Smith, 
0.  C.  Ross, 
J.  W.  Lyle, 
Mrs.  H.  F.  Hatch, 
Mrs.  C.  A.  Norcross, 
R.  II.  Kinney, 
Wm.  Steele, 
Jos.  Mayberry, 
A.  J.  Hatch, 


A.  M.  Lamb, 
J.  II.  Stone, 
T.  W.  Norcross, 
Mrs.  Jane  Lake, 
M.  C.  Lake, 
Robt.  Steele, 
Wm.  Wright, 
G.  W.  Huffaker. 


EAGLE  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  2. 

Carson,  Oemsby  County. 

Organized  June  9,  1874,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  M. 


G.  W.  Chedig,  Master, 

0.  A.  F.  Gilbert,  Sec'y, 
A.  D,  Tredway, 

1.  A.  Lovejoy, 
1.  T.  Griffiths, 
S.  A.  Nevers, 


J.  S.  Neal, 
Mrs.  Eliza  Nevers, 
Mrs.  E.  J.  Dow, 
Mrs.  L.  M.  Lovejoy, 
M.  Y.  Stewart. 
J.  M.  Gatewood, 


M.  C .  Gardner, 
Clark  Simons, 
G.  W.  Chedig, 
Mrs.  H.  M.  Gardner, 
Mrs.  M.  Dow, 
Mrs.  V.  B.  Chedig. 


CARSON  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  3. 

Geneva,  Douglass  County. 

Organized  June  10,  1874,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  M. 


R.  Y.  Singleton,  Master, 

J.  S.  Childs,  Secretary, 

A.  P.  Brockliss, 

S.  Singleton, 

J.  S.  Bostor, 

Peter  W.  Van  Sickle, 

Hugh  Park, 


W.  H.  Hill, 
A.  P.  Squiers, 
Mrs.  Margaret  Cook, 
Mrs.  Amelia  Harvey, 
Mrs.  Rebecca  Park, 
Richard  Cossor, 
R.  J.  Livingston, 


W.  F.  Bull, 

Robert  Falk, 

John  Gardner, 

Mrs.  Rebecca  Singleton, 

Mrs.  Ann  Carey, 

Mrs.  Isabella  Livingston, 

Mrs.  Mary  McCue. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


281 


WASHOE  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  4. 
Organized  June  13,  1874,  by  J.  M.  Hamilton,  W.  Iff. 


Elias  Owens,  Master,  Boss  Lewers, 

George  D.  Winters,  Sec'y,  Miss  Mary  A.  Smith, 


Wm.  Thompson, 
Hugh  Montgomery, 
E.  B.  Towl, 
C.  F.  Wooten, 
S.  M.  Place, 
James  Twaddle, 
Joseph  Frey, 


Mrs.  Anna  Crowder, 
Miss  Sarah  Hughes, 
Miss  Ida  Simons, 
J.  M.  Hope, 
H.  B.  McCune, 
Lemuel  Cook, 


E.  Twaddle, 

B.  F.  Small, 
G.  W.  Small, 
H.  L.  Perkins, 
A.  Sauer, 

C.  Perkins, 

Miss  Ella  Simons, 
Mrs.  V.  O.  Towl. 


WELLINGTON     GEANGE,    No.   5. 

Wellington,  Esmeralda  County. 

Organized,  September  19,  1874,  by  A.  J.  Hatch,  Deputy. 


A.  H.  Hawley,  Master. 
J.  N.  Mann,  Secretary, 
S.  A.  Sawyer, 
T.  B.  Eickey, 
D.  C.  Simpson, 
J.  N.  Mann, 
S.  Kent, 
W.  L.  Hall, 


J.  P.  Davis, 
Frank  Eivers, 
Mrs.  F.  Eivers, 
Mrs.  S.  M.  Burbank, 
S.  M.  Burbank, 
S.  M.  Burbank, 
John  McYicker, 
Cyrus  Smith, 


W.  E.  Hutson, 
Amos  Burbank, 
Mrs.  J.  Davis, 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Hawley, 
Mrs.  E .  A.  Simpson, 
Miss  Susie  Hawley, 
Miss  V.  Lynds, 
Mrs.  T.B.  Eickey. 


MEEEITT    GEANGE,  No.  6. 

Mason  Valley,  Esmeralda  County. 
Organized  September  20,  1874,  by  A.  J.  Hatch,  Deputy. 


Kimber  Cleaver,  Master, 
Clark  Cleaver,  Secretary, 
George  Sayles, 
W.  B.  Saunders, 
C.  Hemleven, 
Thos.  Shedden, 
Chas.  Osborne, 
John  Wheeler, 


James  Merritt, 
Mrs.  E.  A.  Cleaver, 
Mrs.  L.  Saunders, 
Mrs.  M.  Hernleven, 
David  Cooper, 
J.  B.  Kasner, 
G.  B.  Waldo, 
W.  H.Spragg, 


John  Lancaster, 
E.  Green, 
H.  Stickenbaugh, 
Mrs.  F.  Wheeler, 
Mrs.  Alice  Spragg, 
Mrs.  L.  Stickenbaugh. 


PAEADISE  GEANGE,  No.  7. 

Paradise  Valley,  Humboldt  County. 

Organized  August  29,  1874,  by  A.  J.  Hatch,  Deputy. 


B.  F.  Eiley,  Master, 

C.  A.  Nichols,  Secretary, 
S.  E.  P.  Pierce, 

Thos.  Shirley, 
B.  Fisher. 
Chas.  Kemler, 
A.  S.  Trousdale, 


Thos.  Mullinax, 
John  Eoss, 
John  Byrnes, 
M.  Kree, 
E.  H.  Swartz, 
Isabella  Lemance, 


Mrs.  E.  J.  Eiley, 
Mary  Shirley, 
Susan  A.  Nichols, 
Mary  Fisher, 
Catherine  Kemler, 
Chesley  Lamance. 


WINNEMUCCA    GEANGE,    No.    8. 


WiNNEMcrccA,  Humboldt 
Organized  March  6,  1875,  by  A.  J 
Wm.  B.  Haskell,  Master,    Eobert  Henderson, 
Hez.  Barns,  Secretary,         J.  F.  Henderson, 
James  Buckner,  Julia  E.  Tierney, 

H.  Dalrymple,  Delphine  Dalrymple, 

E.  P.  Tiernay,  Eliza  Buckner, 

Wm.  W.  Cross,  A.  Kleinhaus, 

Wm.  Wear,  Jos.  Thomas, 

Charles  Kesler,  A.  J.  Shepard, 

John  Basco,  E.  Pocket, 

J.  F.  Abel,  Wm.  Shaw, 


County. 

.  Hatch,  Deputy. 

Wm.  H.  Lowell, 
L.  L.  Eickard, 
Eliza  J.  Shaw, 
Mary  J.  Henderson, 
Minna  Kesler, 
May  F.  Ford, 
Sarah  O.  Barns, 
Lizzie  Pocket, 
Phebe  Dalrymple, 


282 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


ELKO  GRANGE,   No. 

Elko,  Elko  County 

Organized  March  22,  1875,  by  A,  J. 


Joseph  A.  Tinker,  Master, 

Joseph  L,  Keyser,  Sec'y, 

A.  L.  Sherman,    . 

J.  P.  Hough, 

John  Hunter, 

E.  Burner, 

G.  W.  Letton, 

G.  B.  Kittridge, 

H.  Tuttle, 


E.  L.  Wetmore, 
George  Sietz, 
H.  A.  Young, 
Mrs.  H.  Tuttle, 
Mrs.  John  Hunter*. 
E.  S.  Yeates, 
J.  F.  Burner, 
J.  Hufford, 
H.  Green, 


9. 

Hatch,  Deputy. 

J.  W.  Parke, 
Thos.  Hunter, 
Robert  B.  Hunter. 
Joseph  Cox, 
Mrs.  J.  A.  Tinker, 
Mrs.  G.  W.  Letton, 
Miss  Maggie  Yeates, 
Mrs.  E.  L.  Wetmore, 
Mrs.  Janet  Adams. 


LAMOILLE  GRANGE,  No.   10. 

Lamoille    Valley,    Elko    County. 

Organized  March  23,  1875,  by  A.  J.  Hatch,  Deputy. 


Edwin  Odell,  Master, 
Henry  M.  Freeman,  Sec'y, 
A.  Wines, 
J.  H.  Jewett, 
Amelia  T.  Jewett, 
William  McComb, 
Catharine  McComb. 


Jacob  Laddie, 
E.  H.  Byers, 
Marshall  E.  Stottler, 
A.  B.  Marvel, 
Mary  J.  Trueman, 
Mary  Wines, 
Wm.  M.  Biggs 


Anna  Biggs, 
J.  K.  Smith, 
A.  F.  Bacon, 
Mrs.B.  E.  Byers, 
Henry  Thompson, 
Patrick  McDermott. 


HALLECK  GRANGE,  No.  11. 

Camp  Halleck  Station,  Elko  County. 

Organized  March  24,  1875,  by  A.  J.  Hatch,  Deptuy. 


I.  S.  Fenn,  Master, 
Maurice  Geary,  Sec'y, 
J.  J.  Campbell, 
Mrs.  J.  T.  Campbell, 
Hamilton  McCain, 
Luella  Geary, 


Roland  Day, 
Mrs.  Harriet  Day, 
John  D.  Abies, 
Mrs.  A.  E.  Fenn, 
Mrs.  M.  A.  Abies, 
Miss  Emma  Abies, 


F.  M.  Harges, 
F.  J.  Greenberg, 
Mrs.  A.  Greenberg, 
H.  J.  Keith, 
Nathan  Phillips. 


STAR  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  12 

Stab  Valley  (Humboldt  Wells),  Elko  County. 

Organized  June  2, 1875,  by  Joseph  A.  Tinker,  Deputy. 

D.  E.  Johnston,  Master,      John  Crossen,  Mrs.  William  Weathers, 

Malcolm  Hall,  Mrs.  Debbie  Hall, 

George  Ackley,  Mrs.  W.  W.  Griswold, 

Charles  J.  Whiting,  Mrs.  M.  Crossen, 

John  Deering,  W.  Weathers. 


Chas.  J.  Whitney,  Sec'y, 
W.  W.  Griswold, 
T.  F.  Breunan, 
James  Mullen, 


F.  Honeyman,  Master, 
W.  B.  Raymond  Sec'y, 
J.  Wiseman, 
Daniel  Gilanders, 
J.  A.  Steel, 
M.  Duval, 
C.  Stoner, 
W.  A.  WilcoK, 


CLOVER  VALLEY  GRANGE,  No.  13. 

Cloveb  Valley  (Humboldt  Wells),  Elko  County. 

Organized  June  6,  1875,  by  Joseph  A.  Tinker,  Deputy. 

C.  H.  Brassey,  Mrs.  May  Honeyman, 

F.  M.  Smith,  Mrs.  S.  Duval, 

W.  T.  Weeks,  Mrs.  A.  Smith, 

John  Crocker,  Mrs.  S.  Brassey, 

J.  E.  Chase,  Mrs.  F.  Wiseman, 

H.  S.  Tuttle,  Mrs.  E.  Chase, 

Charles  Lampman,  Mrs.  J.  E.  Chase. 
Mrs.  S.  Honeyman, 


DANIEL  CLARK, 
"W.  M.  of  State  Grange  of  Oregon. 


THE  GRANGE  RECOED.  283 


OKEGON  STATE  GBANGE. 


OFFICERS: 

Master— Daniel,  Clark,  Marion  county. 

Overseer — William  Cyrus,  Linn  county. 

Lecturer — E.  L.  Smith,  Olyrnpia,  Washington  Territory. 

Steward — W.  M.  Shelton,  WaHa  Walla,  Washington  Territory, 

Assistant  Steward — W.  M.  Powers,  Linn  county. 

Chaplain — M.  Peterson,  Jackson  county. 

Treasurer — S.  P.  Lee,  Clackamas  county. 

Secretary — J.  Henry  Smith,  Linn  county. 

Gate  Keeper— A.  A.  Matthews,  Douglas  county. 

Ceres— Mrs.  Jane  Cyrus,  Linn  county. 

Pomona — Mrs.  M .  Powers,  Linn  county. 

Flora — L.  C.  Eeld,  Yamhill  county. 

Lady  Assistant  Steward — Mrs.  L.  S.  Folsom,  Lane  county. 


EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE; 

S.  W.  Brown,  Clarke  county,  Washington  Territory. 

H.  N.  Hill,  Lane  county. 

C.  E.  Moore,  Benton  county. 

Orley  Hull,  Walla  Walla. 

E.  Forbes,  Clackamas  county. 

M.  Fisk,  Salem. 


ORGANIZING  DEPUTIES  FOR  1875. 

OREGON. 
County.  Deputy.  Post-office, 

Baker Wm.  Brown Baker  City. 

Benton Chas.  E.  Moore Corvallis. 

Benton Jacob  Modie Corvallis. 

Clatsop R.  W.  Morrison 

Clackamas E.  Forbes Oregon  City. 

Clackamas A.  R.  Shipley Oswego. 

n  i  ,w,^o                                T  M  M  T  ,.  \  Mclntire's  Landing,  Sau« 

Columbia J.M.McIntire -j      vie>s  IslancL        b' 

Coos J.  Henry  Schroeder Ott. 

Douglass R.  M.  Gurney Ten  Mile. 

Grant D.  B.  Rhinehart Canon  City. 

Jackson D.  S.  R.  Buick Ashland. 

Lane „ H.  N.  Hill Junction. 

Lane Geo.  R.  Hamersley Camp  Creek. 

Linn Wm.  Cyrus Scio. 

Linn R.  A.  Irvine Lebanon. 

Marion S.  D.  Hale Peoria. 

Marion B.  A.  Witzel Turner. 

Multnomah Jacob  Johnson East  Portland. 

Multnomah W.  J.  Campbell East  Portland. 

Polk James  Tatom * . .  Dixie. 

Tillamook H.  F.  Hoiden 

Umatilla John  S.  White Weston. 

Wasco R.  Mayes.     The  Dalles. 

Wasco J.  H.  Douthitt Upper  Ocheco. 

Washington T.  D.  Humphrey Hillsboro. 

Washington Henry  Buxton Forest  Grove. 

Yamhill ,, Alex.  Reid McMinnville. 

Yamhill A.  B.  Henry La  Fayette. 


284  THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 

WASHINGTON  TEEEITOEY. 
County  Deputy.  Post-office. 

Clarke .,...-. .- H.  M.  Knapp Mill  Plain,  or  Vancouver. 

Chehalis M.  Z.  Goodell Elma. 

King Julius  Horton Seattle. 

Pierce . John  S.  Bozarth Pekin. 

Pacific S.  S.  Markkain Chehalis  Point. 

Thurston E.  L.  Smith . . . ,  Olympia. 

Thurston Wm.  Packwood Tenino. 

Walla  Walla Wm.  M.  Shelton Walla  Walla. 

Walla  Walla O.  Hull Walla  Walla, 

IDAHO  TEREITOEY. 

Ada M.  Russell Weiser. 

Ada L.  F .  Cartee Boise  City. 

Nez  Perce S.  S.  Howard Paradise  Valley. 

Nez  Perce. W.  C.  Pierson Mt.  Idaho. 


OREGON  SUBORDINATE  GRANGES. 

Aekanged  by  Counties. 

baker  county. 
Name  and  Number.  Master.  Secretary.  P.  O.  of  Secretary. 

Baker  City,  152.. ^.0.  M.  Foster. ......  S.  H.  Small Baker  City. 

Eldorado,  153 Wm.  Morfit J.  T.  Locey El  Dorado. 

Malheur,  170 E.  W.  Imbler W.  E.  Thompson. .  .El  Dorado. 

Wingville,  150 William  Brown C.  W.  James Baker  City, 

BENTON  COUNTY. 

Alsea,  77 Mulkey  Vernon Silas  Howell Alsea  Valley. 

Kings  Valley,  66 R.  J.  Grant B.  Cady Kings  Valley. 

Laurel,  69.  , H.  B.  Nichols A.  C.  Nichols Monroe. 

Locke,  15 Charles  E.Moor 0.  V.  Motley Corvallis. 

Orleans,  50 J.  McCune William  Winning. .  .Corvallis. 

Philomath,  13 E.  Hartless George  Henkle Corvallis. 

Toledo,  168 Wm.  Brazelton. . . . ;  Wm .  Stitt Newport. 

Union  (4),  154 W  L.  Price H.  N.  Bowman Summit. 

Willamette,  52 .S.  W.  B.  Smith George  M.  Porter. . .  Corvallis. 

CLACKAMAS  COUNTY. 

Beaver  Creek,  115 . . M.  O.  Gard C.  F.  Beatie Oregon  City. 

Canby,  135 S.  A.  Marks Wm.  Knight Canby. 

Cascade,  120 J.  C.  Branham Henry  McGugin Sandy. 

Damascus,  41   James  P.  Chitwood. Norman  Darling. . . . Damascus. 

Eagle  Creek,  2 F.  W.  Foster E.  Forbes .Damascus. 

Harding,  122 W.  L.  Holcomb T.  E.  Lacey Norton. 

Highland,  70 A.  Nicholas W.  J.  Allison Oregon  City* 

Highland Groves136. Randolph  Stricklin.Chas.  T.  Hickman .. Highland. 

Marshfield,  1 T.  J.  Matlock J.  M.  Mills Clackamas. 

Molalla,  40 John  H.  Smith J.  A.  Wright Molalla. 

Mountain  View,  142.  James  W.  Ofneld. .  .A.  Carmichael Canby. 

Mount  Zion,  121. .  .John  Tat^e W.  H.  Livermore. .  .Zion. 

Needy,  81 John  Ring, A.  A.  Arington Needy. 

Oswego,  175 C.  W.  Bryant A.  R.  Shipley Oswego. 

Spring  Water,  108.  .Henry  Rowley A.  A.   Southworth.  .Norton. 

Upper  Molalla,  83.  .FrankiinW.  Vaughn. Samuel  Engle Needy. 

CLATSOP  COUNTY. 

Clatsop,  156 John  A.  Packard. . .  Josiah  West. Skipanon. 

Young's  River,  172. A.  H.  Sale John  Davis Astoria. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD.  285 

COLUMBIA  COUNTY. 
Name  and  Number.  Master.  Secretary,  P.  O.  of  Secretary. 

Columbia  City,  177. Geo.  W.  Maxwell. .  .S.  L.  Lovell Columbia  City. 

Klalskanine,  182. . .  .E.  W.  Congers Mrs.  A.  J.  Congers. Klalskanine. 

North  Union,  176. .  .E.  S.  Bryant Z.  S.  Bryant Marshland. 

Scappoose,  144 W.  W.  Mars M.  Pomeroy Gosa's  Landing. 

coos  COUNTY. 

Coos  River,  45 Charles  Higgins Samuel  Beavens Coos  Kiver. 

Coguille  City,  167, .  .Win.  Morris James  Aikens Isthmus. 

Halls  Prairie,  164..  .J.  Henry  Sckroeder.E.  S.  Spurgeon Coquille  City. 

Laurel,  180  S.  L.  Leneve R.  H.  Rosa Eandolph. 

Maple,  171 Charles  Wilkins Henry  Schroeder. . .  Hermansville, 

North  Coquille,  173.  J.  H.  Rjach J.  S.  Cocke Dora. 

DOUGLAS  COUNTY. 

Canyonville,  109 N.  Cornutt Geo.  W.  Riddle. . . . Canyonville. 

ElKton,  149 James  M.  Stark D.  W.  Stearns Elkton. 

Mount  Scott,  151. .  .J.  L.  Thornton R.  A.  Roper Roseburg. 

Myrtle,  59 W.  J.  Hayes. ..... .F.  M.  Gabbert Myrtle  Creek. 

Umpqua,  28 Plinn  Cooper Nat  Webb Roseburg. 

Union  (2),  51 William  Thornton.  .James Byron Ten  Mile. 

Wilbur,  114 James  N.  Dodge. . .  .G  W.  Grubb Wilbur. 

Yoncalla,  78 Abraham  Lamb John  H.  McClure . . .  Yoncalla.. 

GRANT  COUNTY. 

Canyon  City,  161. .  .D.  B.  Rhinehart. .  .E.  S.  Penfield ,-. Canyon  City. 

Daniel  Clark,  162..  .J.  G.  Cozort     George  Shearer Prairie  City. 

Mount  Vernon,  163. Robert  E.  Damon.  .Henry  H,  Davis Canyon  City. 

JACKSON  COUNTY. 

Applegate,  138 Lyman  Chappell. . .  Wm.  Ray Jacksonville. 

Ashland,  87 A.  D.  Helman J.  D.  Fountain Ashland. 

Central  Point,  124. .  Martin  Peterson George  R.  Hamrick  Jacksonville. 

Eagle  Point,  123. . . .  H.  J.  Terrill Levi  Yenkim Brownsburg. 

Harmony  Point,  137.Thomas  Wright Lizzy  B.  Kincaid. .  .Jacksonville. 

Jacksonville,  88. . .  F.  M.  Plymale Isaac  W.  Berry Jacksonville. 

Oakland,  86 J.  F.  Rice William  Thiel Oakland. 

Phoenix,  104 J.  S.  Herron J.  M.  Hoxie Phoenix. 

Sam's  Valley,  113.  .J.  S.  March B.  F.  Wade Sam's  Valley. 

Washington,  181 . . .  Wm.  W.  Fidler Frank  A.  Knox Applegate. 

JOSEPHINE  COUNTY'. 

Kirbyville,  178 J.  B.  Siffers D.  Fiester Kirbyville. 

Josephine,  179 Joseph  Pollock T.  F.  Coxton Leland. 

LAKE- COUNTY. 

Hot  Springs J.J.  Charlton R.  H.  Danlack Fort  BidwelL 

LANE  COUNTY. 

Cavota,  55 S.  S.  Stephens C.  D.  W.  Huffman.. Spencer  Creek. 

Charity,  76 M.  Wilkins F.  M.  Wilkins  Willamette  Forks. 


...G.  S.  Gilfry Cresswell. 

. . .  J.  F.  Smith Eugene  City. 

Wm.  Eaton Rattlesnake. 


Creswell,  64 Roscoe  Knox. 

Eugene  City,  56 Jesse  Cox 

Fall  Creek,  146 M.  L.  Wilmot 

Fir  Butte,  118 W.  P.  Chesher Joseph  H.  Green. .  Eugene  City. 

Franklin,  155 W.  G.  Miller. 

Goshen,  101 W.  R.  Dillard 

Grand  Prairie,  26..  .Allen  Bond. . 
Junction  City,  43. .  .F.  W.  Folsom 


S.  Lewis Franklin. 

. .  A.  K.  Patterson. . .  .Goshen. 

. .  J.  C.  Jennings Junction  City. 

. .  J.  E.  Houston Junction  City. 

McKenzie,  107 Joseph  McLane W.  A.  Walcott Camp  Creek. 

Mohawk,  147 Henry  Parsons Asahel  Spencer. Eugene  City. 


286  THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 

lane  county—  Continued. 
Name  and  Number.  Master.  Secretary.  P.  O.  of  Secretary. 

Pleasant  Grove,  139.  A.  J.  Zumwalt L.  G.  Belknap Eugene  City. 

Pleasant  Hill,  65. .  .W.  H.  H.  McClure.R.  M.  Mulholland.  .Pleasant  Hill. 

Spencer  Butte,  126. James  F.  Amis Joseph  Bailey Spencer  Creek. 

Springfield,  12 John  Kelley John  Stewart Eugene  City. 

Union  (1),  17 Hynson  Smyth J.  H.  Furgeson Junction  City. 

LINN    COUNTY. 

Bauner,  165 , . ..,  J.  A.  Biggs Robert  Glass . .  Crawfordsville. 

Beaver,  44, W.  C.  Foren. C.  L.  Morris Lebanon  and  Scio, 

Brownsville,   19. . .  A.  W.  Stanard G.  C.  Blakely . .  * . ..  Brownsville. 

Center,  97 W.  J.  Philpott Z.  B.  Moss Sweet  Home. 

Charity  (2),  103. . .  .F.  M.  Kiser P.  H.  Wigle Harrisburg. 

Corinthian,  8 W.  F.  Alexander.  .  .E.  Haner Albany. 

Cottage  Grove,  75.  .A.  H.  Spare J.  H.  Shortridge Cottage  Grove. 

Grand  Prairie,  10. . .  Isaac  Hayes Daniel  Ray Albany. 

Happy  Home,  46. .  .J.  E.  South G.  B.  McKinney  . .  .Scio  and  Lebanon. 

Harmony,  23 S.  A.  Dawson H.  Powell Albany. 

Harrisburg,  11 Wm.  McCulloch J.  P.  Alford Harrisburg. 

Hope,  24 L.  F.Smith C.  P.  Davis Albany. 

Jordan  Valley,  42. .  .John  Bryant A.  T.  McCally Scio, 

Knox  Butte,  22 M.  H.  Wilds Milton  Houston Albany. 

Lebanon,  21 S.  A.  Nickerson. . .  .Frank  Pike Lebanon. 

Oak  Plain,  6 J.  H.  Bramwell T.  J.  Black Halsey. 

Peoria,  116 S.  D.Haley T.  L.  Porter Peoria. 

Santiam,  37  W.  Cyrus N.  Crabtree Scio. 

Sandridge,  57 M.  Scott G.  W.  Cooper Albany. 

Scio,  36 Thos.  McMunkers . .  J.  F .  Miller Scio. 

Shedd,  9 W.  M.  Powers H.  B.  Sprenger Shedd. 

Siuselaw,  54 D.  B.  Cartwright. .  .F.  M.  Nighswander.  Cartwright. 

Soap  Creek,  14 Jacob  Modie R.  D.  Murray Albany. 

Sodaville,  85 W.  B.  Gibson C.  C.  Burgo Lebanon. 

Syracuse,  53 S.  T.  Jones H.  Johnson Millers  Station. 

Tangent,  7 James  W.  Jordan. .  .E.  P.  McClure Tangent. 

MAKION-  COUNTY. 

Abiqua,  133 "Willis  Donegon W.  F.  Easthanu,^. Monitor. 

Butte  Creek,  82 Enoch  Skirvin J.  R.  White Butte  Creek, 

Butteville,  74 John  W.  Grimm J.  D.  Crawford Butteville. 

Ohehulpan,  68 Jesse  Parish W.  W.  Steiner Jefferson. 

Fairview  (2),  141 .   .  H.  E.  Ankeny T.  C.  Jorey Salem. 

Gervais,  140 W.  H.  Ringo M.  A.  Wade Gervais. 

Howell  Prairie,  80. . Wm.  Sappingfidd.  .J.  G.  Moore Silverton. 

Hubbards,  132 R.  A.  Ross Jas.  A.  Cochran Hubbard. 

Mount  Vernon,  134.  J.  H.  Haddley N.  Scott Silverton. 

Rock  Point,  48 J.  Downing G.  W.  Hunt Sublimity. 

Round  Prairie,  106  Wm.  Hubbard D.  H.  La  Follett. .  .Brooks. 

Salem,  17 M.  Fisk John  Minto Salem. 

Turner,  18 B.  A.  Witzel W.  M.  Hilleary Turner. 

Woodburn,  79 G.  W.  Dimmick Wm.  Darst Woodburn. 

MULTNOMAH   COUNTY. 

Acme,  166 W.  Munger . . .  .T.  H.  Prince. .  _— Portland. 

Evening  Star,  27. .  .W.  J.  Campbell. . .  .H.  T.  Campbell . . .  .E.  Portland. 

Fairview,   131 D.  F.  Buxton James  Brand E.  Portland. 

Multnomah,  71 John  Moore J.  S.  Newell .E.  Portland.    * 

Powell  Valley,  84. .  .T.  K.  Williams S.  B.  Whithington . Powell  Valley. 

Sauvies  Island,  143.  J.  M.  Mclntire Marissa  Bouser.   . . .  Sauvie's  Island. 

Western  Star,  145..  .William  Forrest,... K.  F.  Kuetemeyer.  .Willamette  Stongh. 
Willamette,  119 . . .  .William  Bybee S.  E.  Paddock Portland. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD.  287 

POLK  COUNTY. 
Name  an«t  Number.  Master.  Secretary.  P.  O.  of  Secretary. 

Buena  Vista,  4 J.  B.  Stump M.  Scrafford. Buena  Vista. 

Dallas,  61 Robert  Clow J.  B.  Riggs  Dallas. 

Garretson,  60 A.  G.  Shurtleff H.  Alexander   Bethel. 

kill  Creek,  91 B.  B.  Branson W.  H.  Kuykendall. . Grand  Round. 

Monmouth,  5 Langdon  Bentley. . . Ira  P.  M.  Butler.  ., .Monmouth. 

Mono,  25  Isaac  Staats H.  C.  McTimonds.  .Lewisville. 

Oak  Point,  3 F.  A.  Patterson ....  J .  G.  Sears Dixie. 

Perrydale,  30 J.  Stouffer P.  C.  Sears Perrydale. 

Spring  Valley,  62. . .  W.  A.  Henry Thomas  Pierce Eola. 

TILLAMOOK  COUNTY. 

Fidelity,  174 H.  F.  Holden W.  T.  Newcomb Tillamook. 

UMATILLA   COUNTY. 

Alta,  96 L.  P.Davidson E.  Gilliam Pilot  Rock. 

Butter  Creek, S.  G.Lightfoot J.  S.  Vinson.  ......Butter  Creek. 

Lone  Star,  160 W.  D.  Gilliam W.  A.  Booth Mitchell. 

Meadowville,  94. . .  A.  L.  Gordon T.  Benson.    Umatilla  City. 

Midway,  95 J.  H.  Chase  H.  C.  Meyers Heppner. 

Milton,  29 Wm.  M.  Steen Thomas  K.  McCoy. WaKa  Walla  City. 

Pendleton,  93  Wm.  H.  Barnhart. .  J.  H.  Sharon Pendleton. 

Weston,  34 Robert  Jamieson. .  .Hugh  McArthur Weston. 

Wild  Horse,  35 T.  J.  Kirk D.  A.  Richards Weston. 

UNION  COUNTY. 

Cove,  128 ...N.  B.  Rees Otho  Eckersley.    ..Cove. 

La  Grande,  127 Abner  W.  Waters. .  .Daniel  Chaplain...  .La  Grande. 

Powder  River,  169.. T.  O.  Bryant H.  D.  Cassidy Uniontown. 

Summerville,  130. .  .W.  B.  Hamilton W.  H.  Parreut Summerville. 

Union  (3),  129 Wm.  Hutchinson. .  .John  Creighton Union. 

WASCO   COUNTY. 

Barlows  Gate,  157 .  .John  End Albert  Savage Tygh  Valley. 

Dalles,  39 Robert  Mays E .  P.  Roberts . . .  v  The  Dalles. 

Ocheco,  159 J.  H.  Douthitt Mrs.  E .  A.  Freeland.Upper  Ocheco. 

Prineville,   158 E.  Barnes S.  R.  Slayton Prineville. 

Wasco,  38 J.  J.  Griffin G.  H.  Barnett The  Dalles. 

WASHINGTON  COUNTY. 

Beaverton,  100 Thos.  Tucker  R.  B .  Wilmot Beaverton. 

Butte,  148 .J.  A.  Richardson. .  .S.  D.  Powell Tualatin. 

Columbia,  89 James  Imbrie Francis  Kennedy. .  .Glencoe. 

Cornelius,  63 H.  C.  Raymond*. .  .G.  A.  Guild Cornelius. 

Farmington,  110.  . .  J.  S.  Grey Alfred  Davis.. Scholls  Ferry. 

Forest  Grove,  67. .  .Henry  Buxton H.  T.  Buxton Forest  Grove. 

Greenville,  49 Daniel  Baker W.  R.  Barrett. .....  Greenville. 

Hillsboro,  73 T.  D.  Humphreys  .J.  H.  Sewell HiUsboro. 

Wapatoo,  90 S.  W.  Sappington  . .  Isaac  Chrisman Gaston. 

Tualatin,  111 John  Krase James  Barstow Tualatin. 

Washington,  99 Isaac  Ball W.  W.  Gibbs Tualatin. 

West  Union,  72  . . .  .David  Lennox .George  Blish West  Union. 

YAMHILL  COUNTY. 

Amity,  102 J.  J.  Henderson  . , ,  .J.  R.  Sawyer Amity. 

Chehalem,  92 S.  Brutscher J.  J.  Haynes Newberg. 

Excelsior,  16 B.F.  Lewis I.  E.  Coovert Dayton. 

La  Fayette,  32 A.  B.  Henry C.  F.  Royal  La* Fayette. 

McMinnville,  31 Alex.  Reed D.  O.  Durham McMinnville.  * 

North  Yamhill,  33. . R.  R.  Laughlin. . . .  J.  W.  Stewart North  Yamhill. 

Sheridan,  98 Wm.  Savage Thos.  E.  Fristoe Sheridan. 

Unity,  112 S.  S.  Whitcomb. . .  .R.  Pettyjohn La  Fayette. 

West  Chehalem, 125.T.  B.  Nel-on George  Noble West  Chehalem, 

Willamette  (2),  105. William  Crosier Peter  Barendregt. .  .Wheatland. 


288  THE  GRANGE  RECORD. 


WASHINGTON  TERRITORY  SUBORDINATE  GRANGES. 
Akranged  by  Counties. 

chehalis  county. 
Name  and  Number.  Master.  Secretary.  P.  O.  of  Secretary. 

Central,  63 Joseph  Castro Justin  Chenowith  . .  Chehalis  Station. 

Chehalis,  26 W.  Z.  Goodell. .. .. .  W.  A.  Anderson...  Elma. 

Montesano,  18 J.  E.  Metcalf S.  S.  Markham Montesano. 

Oakvilie,  27 George  E.  Smith.     Mrs.  D  M.  Newton  .Oakville. 

Sharon,  51 D.  J.  Gladdis J.  A.  Ridings Sharon. 

CLARK  COUNTY. 

Brush  Prairie,  25. .  .Isaac  Diedtreich. . .  .Jesse  Holbrook Brush  Prairie. 

Central  (2),  31 Geo.  W.  Proebstel.  .Wm.  S.  Douthitt..  .Vancouver. 

Pern  Prairie,  30 Chas.  Zeek Jasper  M.  Blair . . .  .Vancouver. 

La  Centre,  48 Thomas  J.  Carroll.  .D.  A.  McNalf Lewis  River. 

Maple  Grove,  45 D.  L.  Russell John  H.  Fletcher. .  .Battle  Ground. 

Mill  Plain,  24  G.  W.  Evans Hamilton  Graham .  .Vancouver. 

Oriental,  57 ' J.  S.  Hathaway J.  B.  Hathaway Vancouver. 

Union  Ridge,  46 David  R.  Fales Minnie  Hathaway.  .Union  Ridge. 

Vaucover,  54 S.  W.  Brown J.  C.  Hileman Vaucouver. 

Washugul,  32 James  A.  Kerns Charles  T.  Stiles. .  .Vaucouver. 

COWLITZ  COUNTY. 

Freeport,  58 George  P.  Gray Jasper  D.  Stone... .  .Pekin. 

Rising  Sun,  58 Nathan  Davis C.  Calahan Pekin. 

KINGr  COUNTY. 

Alpha,  55 T.  S.  Sloane Squak. 

Duwamish,  11 John  T.  Jordon Wm.  M.  Myers Seattle.        v 

Maple,  60 Henry  Oliver Joseph  Alexander  . .  Centerville. 

Skagit,  61 W.  H.  Sartwell Daniel  Gage Skagit. 

Snogualanie,  39 James  Taylor Cyrus  Dorst Fall  City. 

White  River,  9 Charles  W.  LawtonT.  McClellan. . . White  River. 

KLICKITAT  COUNTY. 

Klickitat,  49 R.  W.  Helm H.  T.  Lewis .Klickitat  City. 

Nanum,  53 B.  W.  Frisbee. . , . . .  A.  B.  Ford Eliensburg. 

LEWIS  COUNTY. 

Boisford,  34 J.  H.  Miller. . ., Jay  Stillman Boisfort. 

Claquato,  19 F.  M.  Pearson Brad  W.  Davis Claquato. 

Cowlitz,  35 H.  Howe G.  D\  Laughlin Cowlitz. 

Grand  Mound,  20.  .J.  S.  French John  F.  Brewer Centreville. 

Skookum  Chuck,  33,  John  Tullis B.  S.  McElroy Skookum  Chuck. 

MASON  COUNTY. 

Home,  56 T.  W.  McDonald.. .  .F.  H.  Cook Olympia. 

PIEECE   COUNTY. 

Puyallup,  41 W.  C.  Kincaid.  ...  Mary  F.  Meeker..  .Puyallup. 

STEILACOOM  COUNTY. 

Muck,  40 William  Lyle M.  F.  Hawk Steilacoom. 

STEPHENS  COUNTY. 

Pine  Grove,  17 F.  A.  Dashiel L.  Blain , Pine  Grove.     . 

THURSTON  COUNTY. 

Olympia,  10 L.  G.  Abbott Albert  A.  Manning  Olympia. 

Unity,  21 M.N.  Ensbergen. . .  Oliver  Shead Skookum  Clmk. 

Yelra,  28 E.  Longmire Wm.  Martin Yelm. 


THE  GRANGE  RECORD.  289 

WALLA  WALLA  COUNTY. 
Name  and  Number.  Master.  Secretary.  P.  O.  of  Secretary. 

Battle  Creek,  8 Wm.  E.  Ayres Thos.  Throssel Dayton  &  Waitsburg. 

Blue  Mountain,  3.  .William  M.  Shelton.  John  F.  Brewer Walla  Walla  City. 

Central,  22 G.  T.  Welch Epps  Hardy Waitsburg. 

Dayton,  2 J.  B.  Shrum O.C.White Dayton. 

Dixie,  5 W.  S.  Gilliam W.  J.  P.  McKern.  .Walla  Walla  City. 

Harmony,  6 W.  W.  Sherry J.  A.  Starner Dayton. 

Pataha,  13 J.  L.  Rounds T.  McBrierly Dayton. 

Spring  Valley,  23. . .  C.  C.  Cram D.  R.  Harris Waitsburg. 

Union,  12 George  Geer P.M.  Smith Pataha  Prairie 

Waitsburg,  1 J.  W.  Highland. . .  Mrs.  N.  J.  A. Simons. Waitsburg. 

Walla  Walla,  4 Frank  Shelton James  Simonton. .  .Walla  Walla  City. 

Wallula,  29 G.  D.  Goodwin. ..  .Wm.  Martin Wallula. 

WAKKIACUM  COUNTY. 

Skamakawa,  64 James  W.  Smith.  ..Fred.  E.  Strong. .  ...Skamakawa. 

WHATCOM  COUNTY. 

Fidalgo,  38: H.  C.  Barkhouser .  .C.N.  White Fidalgo. 

Nooksackk,  37 Wm.  Hampton James  H.  Reed Nooksachk. 

Swinomish,  50 R.E.Whitney E.  A.  Sisson La  Conner. 

Whatcom,  36 A.  C.  Marston M.  D.  Smith Whatcom. 

WHITMAN  COUNTY. 

Cour  d'Alene,  16 ...  W.  A.  Nickols Wm.  King Colfax. 

Excelsior,  14 Philip  O.  Cox Marion  Davis Colfax. 

Palause,  44 H.  S.  Burlingame. .  E.  M.  Downing Colfax. 

Pioneer,  15 Lewis  Ringer W.  J.  Hamilton Colfax. 

whitby's  island. 

Oak  Harbor,  63 Thos.  P.  Hastie John  W.  Gillespie ..  Cove  Land. 

Whitby's  Island,  42.B.  F.  Loveland E.  B.  Ebey Cowperville. 

YACKIMA   COUNTY. 

Yackima,  52    G.  S.  Taylor W.  W.  Dickenson . .  Selah  &  Stannum. 


IDAHO  TERRITORY  SUBORDINATE  GRANGES. 
Akbanged  by  Counties. 

ada  county. 

Boise,  3 L.  F.  Cartee George  D.  Ellis Boise  City. 

Dixie,  8 T.  B.Gess B.F.  Young Middleton. 

Dry  Creek Henry  L.  Owings. . .  I.  W.  Herald Boise  City. 

Eureka,  9 

Emmettsville,  12 . . .  J.  A.  Bennett W.  F.  Cavanah Emmettsville. 

Horse  Shoe  Bend,  10. 

Lower  Boise,  7 

Middleton,  6 

Payette,  11 Sampson  Reed I.  E.  Fouts Falk's  Store. 

Salubria,  14 John  G.  Curtis Alexander  Allison.  .Salubria. 

Shelton,  4 Joseph  Wilson. .    .  .David  Heron Boise  City. 

Star,  5 D.  W.  Touch C.I.  Simpson Boise  City. 

Wciser,  13 Nelsoe  Haven A.  F.  Helt Weiser. 

NEZ  PEBCE  COUNTY. 

Charity,  15 W.  C.  Pearson J.  H.  Robinson Mount  Idaho. 

Nez  Perce,  1 W.  C.  Brittain D.  J.  Hay  field Pine  Creek. 

Paradise,  2 John  A.  Emery Wm.  Howard Paradise. 

Stepto,  43 J.  H.  Cousins F.  Hanna Paradise. 

19 


PAET    FOURTH. 

Aids  and  Obstacles  to  Agkiculture 
on  the  Pacific  Coast. 

CHAPTER  XVIII. 

LAND  MONOPOLY. 

"  The  source  of  public  security  and  social  permanence  is  the  attachment  of  the  freeholder  to 
his  home.  The  State  should  seek  to  promote  an  intensive  rather  than  an  extensive  agricult- 
ure.—Pro/.  Thompson. 

Mb.  J.  Stuart  Mill's  Axiom — The  Public  Domain,  and  its  Distribution — Lands 
in  California — Prosperity  shown  by  the  Proportion  of  Farms  to  Popula- 
tion— Disposition  of  State  Lands — Effects  of  Consolidation  of  Landed 
Interest  in  England — Spanish  and  Mexican  Domination— Mexican  Grants, 
and  a  Discreditable  Chapter  of  History — Bounty  of  the  Federal  Govern- 
ment— How  the  State  Lands  have  been  Manipulated — Discrepancy  be- 
tween Federal  and  State  Laws — Eastern  College  and  Indian  Scrip — 
Swamp  and  Tide  Lands— Agricultural  College  Grant — Railroad  Grants- 
California  Peerage,  and  Status  of  our  Landlords— Discrimination  in  Tax- 
ation— Remedies. 

Not  one,  but  many  questions  of  vital  importance  to  the  pub- 
lic welfare,  are  involved  in  an  intelligent  opinion  of  the  true 
relations  of  man  and  land.  The  interest  which  the  whole 
people  and  successive  generations  have  in  its  division  and 
distribution,  appears  to  justify  peculiar  legislation,  inasmuch 
as  it  belongs  to  no  other  kind  of  property.  Mr.  J.  Stuart  Mill 
laid  it  down  as  a  political  axiom,  that  the  "land,  the  gift  of 
nature  to  all,  cannot  be  considered  property  in  the  same  abso- 
lute sense  as  that  in  which  no  one  has  any  interest  but  our- 
selves." 

A  recent  American  writer,  Prof.  Robert  Ellis  Thompson,  in  a 
chapter  on  the  national  economy  of  land,  says,  that  "the  duty 
of  the  State  extends  to  the  improvement  of  the  land  and  the 


ORIGIN  OF  THE  PUBLIC  DOMAIN.  291 

laborer  upon  it.  It  may  justly  be  said  that  this  is  true  of  the 
duty  of  the  State  toward  any  form  of  industry;  but  from  the 
peculiar  relation  of  agriculture  to  the  very  existence  of  the 
nation,  the  State  stands  in  a  relation  of  far  greater  responsibil- 
ity here.  Many  of  those  who  most  incline  to  exclude  the  State 
from  all  activity  in  the  sphere  of  industrial  interests,  are  quite 
ready  to  admit  that  where  motives  of  public  policy  call  for  inter- 
ference, the  land-owner  may  fairly  be  treated  as  the  trustee  or 
steward  of  the  national  property;  not  in  any  absolute  sense  the 
owner."  It  will  not  be  questioned  that  laws  which  prevent  or 
retard  cultivation,  are  prejudicial  to  the  welfare  of  the  State; 
the  Englishman  who  turns  men  off  from  his  land  to  create  a 
wilderness  for  his  game  is  as  much  an  enemy  to  civilization  as 
the  savage  who  struggles  to  preserve  his  wilderness  intact.  As 
the  ancient  doggerel  hath  it : 

"  It  is  a  sin  for  man  or  woman 
To  steal  a  goose  from  off  the  common; 
But  who  shall  plead  that  man's  excuse, 
Who  steals  the  common  from  the  goose." 

Coleridge  long  ago  pointed  out  the  evil  influence  of  the  com- 
mercial or  trading  spirit  upon  the  rural  economy  of  England,  as 
leading  men  to  regard  the  production  and  cheapening  of  com- 
modities as  the  one  great  end  of  all  activity,  and  taking  away 
from  the  landlord  a  sense  of  duty  to  the  land  and  its  cultivators. 
The  end  of  labor  is  not  in  the  things  produced,  but  in  the  ele- 
vation of  the  producer. 

Mr.  William  R.  Hooper,  in  an  interesting  article  upon  our 
public  lands,  in  Harper's  Magazine  of  January,  1871,  gives  us 
a  brief  history  of  the  public  domain,  and  the  uses  to  which  it 
has  been  applied: 

In  the  very  infancy  of  our  existence  as  a  nation,  before  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Constitution,  the  ownership  and  control  of  the  public 
lands  was  the  chief  obstacle  to  union.  The  question  was  creditably 
and  magnanimously  adjusted,  however,  by  the  owning  States  giving 
their  outlying  lands  to  the  general  government.  New  York  took 
the  lead,  in  1781;  Virginia  followed  in  1784,  with  a  cession  of  the 
great  Northwestern  territory;  Massachusetts  relinquished  her  claims 
in  1785;  and  Connecticut,  Georgia,  the  Carolinas,  and  other  States, 
» gave  up  their  rights  within  a  year  or  two  afterward. 

By  the  treaty  of  peace  with  Europe  in  1783,  our  western  bound- 
ary was  fixed  at  the  middle  of  the  Mississippi,  and  the  outlaying 
lands  then  belonging  to  the  States,  in  severalty,  and  subsequently 
ceded  to  the  general  government  as  above  stated,  amounted  to  226,- 


292  LAND  MONOPOLY. 

000,000  acres.  By  the  treaty  with  France  in  1803,  the  treaty  with 
Spain  in  1818,  the  treaties  with  Mexico  in  1848  and  1853,  and  the 
treaty  with  Russia  in  1867,  we  increased  our  public  domain  over 
seven  fold,  adding  over  1,609,000,000  acres  to  the  national  territory. 
We  thus  became  possessed  of  a  total  of  1,834,990,400  acres  of 
land — a  domain  sufficiently  extensive  to  make  twenty-five  countries 
each  of  the  size  of  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  and  Wales  com- 
bined, and  capable  of  supporting  a  population  of  720,000,000  of 
people  of  the  average  density  of  Great  Britain,  or  more  than  half 
the  population  now  living  on  the  globe. 

In  the  early  days  of  the  Republic,  our  public  lands  were  chiefly 
valued  as  an  anticipated  source  of  public  wealth;  but  under  the 
pressure  of  progress,  this  idea  has  given  way,  and  the  lands  are 
now  chiefly  used  as  a  stimulus  to  immigration,  in  aid  of  public  im- 
provements, and  to  supply  a  homestead  to  every  one  who  will  live 
on  them.  About  440,000,000  of  acres,  in  all,  have  been  disposed 
of  by  sale,  pre-emption  and  homestead  rights,  and  grants  to  schools, 
canals,  railroads,  etc.  Some  70,000,000  acres  more  have  been  sur- 
veyed and  are  now  in  the  market.  And  there  are  over  1,300,000,- 
000  acres  of  wild  lands  yet  unsurveyed. 

During  the  first  eleven  years  of  our  constitutional  existence,  land 
was  only  taken  up  at  the  rate  of  100,000  acres  a  year.  In  1806;  the 
sales  realized  $705,245.  During  the  war  of  1812,  the  sales  largely 
fell  off;  but  with  the  return  of  peace,  they  gradually  recuperated, 
until  in  1819  they  netted  about  $3,000,000.  The  sales  for  1835, 
realized  $14,000,000;  and  for  1836,  they  netted  $21,000,000— the 
largest  year's  sales  ever  made.  In  1842,  the  sales  run  down  to 
nearly  $1,000,000.  From  1850  to  1855,  they  averaged  about  $10,- 
000,000  a  year.  In  1862 — the  rebellion  being  in  progress — they 
amounted  to  only  $125,048.  .  Since  the  war,  they  have  increased  to 
an  average  of  about  $300,000  a  year. 

The  very  wise  and  beneficent  policy  of  setting  apart  a  specific  por- 
tion of  the  public  lands  for  the  establishment  and  support  of  com- 
mon schools,  is  practiced  by  no  other  government  but  ours.  The 
policy  originated  at  a  very  early  period  of  our  history.  In  the  first 
' '  Ordinance  for  ascertaining  the  mode  of  disposing  of  lands  in  the 
Western  territory,"  Congress  directed  that  every  sixteenth  section 
of  every  township,  should  be  reserved  for  schools;  and  subsequently 
gave  every  thirty-sixth  section  to  the  same  purpose.  Over  78,000,- 
000  acres  have  been  set  apart  under  these  and  similar  acts,  besides 
about  7,000,000  acres  for  agricultural  colleges. 

The  chief  glory  of  our  public  land  system,  however,  is  the  home- 
stead policy,  under  the  operation  of  which  more  of  the  people 
own  the  homes  they  occupy,  than  in  any  other  nation  in  the 
world.  The  number  of  homestead  entries  in  the  last  year  alone, 
made  twice  the  number  of  freeholders  in  the  United  States  that 
England  possesses,  with  her  ten  centuries  of  civilized  existence. 

The  policy  of  the  National  or  State  govern nrents,  in  donating 
lands  for  public  improvements,  or  for  educational  purposes, 
however  meritorious  in  intention,  may  well  be  questioned,  for 
it  has  been  the  most  fruitful  source  of  public  corruption  and 


DISTRIBUTION  OF  PUBLIC  LANDS.  293 

land  monopoly,  and  has  probably  done  more  to  retard  the  de- 
velopment of  California,  than  any  other  single  cause.  The 
benefits  have  accrued  mainly  to  speculators,  while  the  evil  ef- 
fects extend  throughout  the  whole  social  organism. 

Had  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  lands  granted  by  the  United 
States  for  educational  purposes,  been  kept  in  the  treasury,  and 
the  interest  thereon  annually  paid  to  the  proper  officers  of  States 
or  institutions,  according  to  the  provisions  of  Morrill's  Congres- 
sional Bill  for  the  further  endowment  of  Agricultural  Colleges, 
(1872,)  millions  would  have  been  saved  to  the  educational  in- 
terest, and  many  of  these  evils  obviated. 

The  relations  of  all  our  industries,  and  our  very  existence  as 
a  republican  government,  are  bound  up  in  the  freedom  of  land. 
Not  an  acre  of  our  public  domain  should  ever  have  been  parted 
with,  except  for  homestead  purposes,  for  actual  settlement 
and  use,  and  for  national  parks,  or  conservatories  of  native 
animals  and  plants. 

The  public  domain  is  distributed  throughout  the  States  of  the 
interior,  and  especially  those  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Texas 
owns  her  own  land;  California  contained  100,000,000  acres  in 
1870;  the  rest  is  to  be  found  mainly  in  the  territories,  as  fol- 
lows : 

Territories.  Total  Acres.  Acres  Unappro- 

priated. 

Washington 44,796,160.00 40,976,976.60 

New  Mexico, 77,568,640.00 70,677,735.83 

Utah, 54,065,043.20 48,659,916.27 

Dakota, 96,596,128.50. 90,567,020.47 

Colorado, 66,880,000.00 62,382,773.26 

Montana 92,016,640.00 86,768,100.09 

Arizona, 72,906,240.00 68,855,730.00 

Idaho, 55,228,160.00 52,103,783.04 

Wyoming, 62,645,068.00 59,163,834.49 

Indian, 44,154,240.00 44,154,240.00 

The  amount  not  disposed  of  on  the  30th  of  June,  1870, 
was  1,387,732,209  acres.  From  this  must  be  deducted,  for 
water  surface,  at  least  80,000,000  acres;  Alaska,  369,000,000 
acres;  grants  to  railroad  and  other  corporations,  200,000,000 
acres. 

Senator  Stewart  puts  the  amount  of  the  public  domain  which 
is  fit  for  homestead  purposes,  at  332,000,000  of  acres.  Of  the 
447,000,000  of  acres  disposed  of  by  the  government,  he  says 


294  LAND  MONOPOLY. 

not  100,000,000  has  passed  directly  into  the  hands  of  culti- 
vators. 

Our  public  domain,  therefore,  can  by  no  means  be  considered 
limitless;  the  normal  rate  of  increase  of  our  population,  (35 
per  cent.,)  will  give  us  a  population,  in  1920,  of  171,771,610; 
from  which  the  reader  may  infer  that  the  land  question  is  al- 
ready one  of  the  greatest  concerns  of  American  statesmanship. 

The  report  of  the  United  States  General  Land  Office,  for  the 
year  1871,  gives  the  following  information  in  regard  to  the  lands 
in  California  on  the  1st  of  June  of  that  year.  The  area  of  the 
State  is  set  down  at  120,847,840  acres,  of  which  but  33,900,633 
have  been  surveyed  up  to  1871;  leaving  unsurveyed  87,047,207. 
Of  the  33,900,633  acres  surveyed,  less  than  eight  millions  have 
been  confirmed  to  private  claimants.  The  condition  of  the  re- 
mainder is  as  follows : 

ACKES. 

Sold 3,591,810 

School 5,569,990 

Swamp  Lands 969,702 

University ,  46,080 

Indian  Scrip 38,425 

Agricultural  Colleges 52,213 

Railroad  Grants 694,684 

Internal  Improvements 500,000 

Homestead  Act  of  1862 709,386 

Scrip  Locations 935,335 

Government  Sections. .'. 6,400 

Military  Reservations , 511,052 

Floating  Scrip 80 

Total 11,026,163 

Total  to  private  claimants 7,784,303 

Surveyed  lands  still  in  possession  of  the  Government 15,900,167 

Total  surveyed 33,900,633 

We  will  now  look  a  little  more  closely  at  the  relations  between 
"God's  Country,"  and  "Landlords."  The  best  land  the  sun 
shines  upon;  "Time's  latest  offspring  and  the  last,"  should 
have  given  the  American  people  a  better  chance  and  a  fairer 
future  than  they  had  even  yet  known.  The  State  fails  in  one  of 
its  highest  obligations,  unless  it  takes  means  to  secure  that  the 
manner  in  which  the  laud  is  held,  the  mode  and  degree  of  its 
division  shall  be  the  most  favorable  for  drawing  the  greatest 
benefit  from  its  productive  resources.     A  comparison,  which 


PROPORTION  OF  FARMS  TO  POPULATION.  295 

can  easily  be  made  from  the  census  report  between  the  number 
of  farms  and  the  value  of  personal  property  thereon,  and  the 
number  of  land  owners,  tells  the  story.  For  instance :  Wiscon- 
sin, in  1870,  had  102,904  farms,  only  thirty -two  of  which  con- 
tains more  than  1,000  acres.  In  California  five  hundred  and 
sixteen  men  owned  8,685,439  acres,  nearly  double  the  area  of 
Massachusetts,  and  about  one  fifth  of  the  arable  land  of  the 
State. 

In  Fresno  County  there  are  forty-eight  land-holders,  that  own 
from  five  to  seventy-nine  thousand  acres  each.  In  Santa  Barbara 
forty-four  men  own  over  a  million  acres.  Sixteen  men  in  Cali- 
fornia own  over  eighty-four  square  miles. 

At  the  present  moment  it  is  estimated  that  40,000,000  acres 
in  the  State  deserve  to  be  considered  tillable.  22,000,000  acres 
have  been  disposed  of,  including  8,000,000  acres  covered  by 
Mexican  grants;  7,500,000  acres  given  for  educational  purposes; 
4,000,000  sold;  600,000  given  as  homestead  claims,  and  800,000 
granted  to  the  State  as  swamp  land.  The  railroad  lands  cover 
30,000,000  of  acres,  but  patents  have  been  given  for  only  a 
small  portion  of  this  amount. 

"We  all  know  what  the  concentration  of  land  ownership  into 
the  hands  of  a  few  persons  has  done  for  England.  At  the  time 
>f  the  Norman  conquest,  the  population  was  supposed  to  have 
)een  a  million  and  a  half,  and  there  is  in  existence  a  written 
-oil  of  over  45,000  land-owners.  In  1861,  with  a  population  of 
50,000,000,  the  number  of  land-owners  is  30,000.  Millions  pi 
teres  are  kept  out  of  cultivation  in  parks  and  forests;  and  within 
the  last  twenty-five  years  two  and  a  half  millions  of  the  popula- 
tion of  Great  Britain  have  emigrated;  while  every  twentieth 
man  of  those  that  remain  is  a  pauper. 

Two  regions  of  the  United  States  were  ready  for  land  mon- 
opoly to  take  refuge  in,  when  driven  from  its  European  strong- 
holds, viz.,  New  Mexico  and  California.  The  foundation  was 
laid  in  grants  of  large  areas  of  the  best  agricultural  and  grazing 
lands  therein,  made  by  the  Spanish  and  Mexican  authorities  to 
individuals.  The  indefinite  character  of  Mexican  grants,  their 
boundaries  being  generally  defined  by  some  river  or  irregular 
mountain  range,  never  surveyed  or  ascertained  until  they  be- 
came the  property  of  the  United  States,  has  led  to  endless 
litigation  in  both  Federal  and  State  courts.  In  1835  the 
secularization  of  the  Missions  took  place,  their  property  being 


296  LAND  MONOPOLY. 

distributed  among  the  few  rancheros  which  had  grown  up  under 
their  shelter,  or  otherwise  passing  into  the  public  treasury. 
The  era  of  Spanish  domination  lasted  fifty-three  years;  that  of 
Mexican  rule  and  pastoral  life  twenty-four.  During  the  latter 
period  men  were  too  scarce  to  give  any  value  to  land.  To  every 
citizen  a  town  lot  was  given;  and  every  man  who  wanted  an 
extensive  cattle  range,  got  it  without  trouble  from  the  Mexican 
government.  Nominally,  the  grants  were  limited  to  eleven 
leagues  (a,  Mexican  league  contains  4,438  acres,)  but  practically 
they  were  made  to  cover  pretty  much  everything  a  man  wanted, 
especially  after  they  passed  from  the  original  claimants  into 
American  hands.  "If  the  history  of  the  Mexican  grants  is 
ever  written,  it  will  be  a  history  of  greed,  perjury,  spoliation 
and  high  handed  robbery,  for  which  it  will  be  dime  alt  to  find  a 
parallel.  Indefiniteness  of  boundaries  has  given  such  an  op- 
portunity for  these  spoliations,  that  while  they  have  proved  a 
curse  to  California,  their  original  owners  have  reaped  no  com- 
mensurate benefit;  at  a  very  early  day  they  passed  into  other 
hands.'** 

Not  all  the  great  landlords  of  California  have  obtained  their 
possessions  by  fraudulent  means;  a  good  many  of  the  Anglo 
Saxon  settlers  were  grafted  upon  the  Spanish  families  by  mar- 
riage. Five  Carillos  of  Santa  Barbara,  and  three  of  Santa 
Eosa,  thus  endowed  adventurous  Americanos  with  their  worldly 
goods  of  lands  and  cattle. 

The  able  and  exhaustive  pamphlet  we  have  referred  to  will 
lead  the  curious  reader  through  many  of  the  devious  windings 
of  our  land  affairs.  Between  bogus  claims,  possessory  rights, 
and  the  splendid  opportunity  thus  given  for  the  foundation  of 
lawyers'  fortunes,  the  government  lands  of  California  have  cost 
more  to  the  settler  than  any  equal  amount  in  the  United  States. 
The  Mexican  land  policy  is  not  responsible  for  the  unnumbered 
wrongs  which  it  has  done  to  the  future  welfare  of  the  State, 
any  more  than  lawyers  are  responsible  for  sin;  it  has  furnished 
the  pretext  under  which  the  land-grabber  could  thrive,  to  the 
exclusion  of  the  actual  settler. 

GRANTS   TO   THE   STATE. 

Under  Section  VI.  of  Act  of  Congress,  passed  March  3,  1853, f 
California  received  from  the  federal  government,  the  sixteenth 

*  "  Our  Land  Policy,"  by  Henry  George.  t  Surveyor- General's  Report  for  1873. 


GRANTS  TO  THE  STATE.  297 

and  thirty-sixth  sections  in  each  township,  or  indemnity  there- 
for in  cases  where  the  State  cannot  perfect  her  title  on  account 
of  Spanish  grants,  or  prior  sales  by  the  United  States.  This 
grant  comprises  one-eighteenth  of  the  land  in  the  State,  or  an 
aggregate  of  about  six  millions  of  acres.  About  one  third,  or 
two  millions  of  acres  of  this  land  is  located  within  the  mineral 
belt. 

Under  Section  IV.  of  Act  of  September  28,  1850,  the  State  is 
granted  all  the  swamp  and  overflowed  lands  within  her  border. 

Under  Section  VIII.  of  Act  of  September  4,  1841,  the  State  is 
granted  five  hundred  thousand  acres  for  the  purposes  of  inter- 
nal improvement. 

Under  Section  XII.  of  Act  of  March  3,  1853,  the  State  is 
granted  seventy-two  sections,  or  46, 080- acres,  for  the  use  of  a 
seminary  of  learning. 

Under  Section  XIII.  of  the  same  Act,  ten  sections -for  the 
purpose  of  the  erection  of  public  buildings. 

Under  the  Act  of  July  2,  1862,  one  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
sand acres  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 

By  virtue  of  her  sovereignty  the  State  is  owner  of  all  the 
salt,  marsh  and  tide-lands  within  her  borders. 

Had  the  State  of  California,  on  the  receipt  of  these  magnifi- 
cent gifts,  protected  the  settler  instead  of  the  speculator,  our 
newspapers  would  hot  be  asking  to-day,  ""What  shall  we  do 
with  the  immigrants  ?"  But  she  appears  to  have  offered,  through 
her  land  laws,  a  premium  to  speculation,  which  is  unexampled 
in  the  history  of  States.  The  floating  titles  of  her  Mexican 
grants,  the  floating  character  of  swamp  lands,  and  the  large 
floating  grant  of  "lieu,"  or  indemnity  lands,  which  may  be 
located  on  any  unappropriated  government  land,  have  made  the 
Golden  State  the  paradise  of  lawyers.  Capital  was  not  needed 
where  a  combination  between  lawyers,  legislators,  and  specula- 
tors would  enrich  all  three  at  the  expense  of  the  settler  and 
the  great  future  of  the  State. 

The  machinery  was  so  well  oiled  that  though  a  Governor 
could  say  in  his  message,  "  Our  land  system  seems  to  be  mainly 
framed  to  facilitate  the  acquisition  of  large  bodies  of  land  by 
capitalists  or  corporations,  either  as  donations  or  at  nominal 
prices,"  no  effectual  remedy  has  ever  been  applied.  One  illus- 
tration of  the  system  must  suffice:  "  To  purchase  land  of  the 
State,  an   application  must  be  filed  in  the  State  Land  Office, 


298  LAND  MONOPOLY. 

describing  the  land  by  range,  township,  and  section,  and  stating 
under  what  grant  the  title  is  asked.  This  application  must  be 
accompanied  by  a  fee  of  five  dollars.  The  Surveyor-General 
then  issues  a  certificate  to  the  applicant,  and  sends  the  applica- 
tion to  the  United  States  Land  Office,  for  certification  that  the 
land  is  free,  before  he  approves  the  application,  and  demands 
payment.  If  there  be  in  the  United  States  Land  Office  no 
record  of  pre-emption,  homestead,  or  other  occupation,  the 
United  States  Eegister  marks  the  land  off  on  his  map,  but  he 
does  not  certify  to  the  State  Surveyor-General  until  he  gets  his 
fee.  The  payment  of  this  fee,  and  return  of  the  certificate,  de- 
pend upon  the  applicant,  whose  interest  it  is  not  to  get  it  until 
he  wishes  to  pay  for  his  land.  Thus,  by  the  payment  of  five 
dollars,  a  whole  section  of  United  States  land  can  be  shut  up 
from  the  settler.  There  are  1,244,696  acres  monopolized  in 
this  way,  (which  the  immigrant  can  buy  for  from  ten  to  twenty 
dollars  per  acre,)  then  the  speculator  goes  to  the  United  States 
Land  Office,  pays  the  Register's  fee,  gets  his  approved  certifi- 
cate, and  pays  the  State  $1  25  per  acre !"  The  difference  be- 
tween what  settlers  have  to  pay  and  what  they  ought  to  pay, 
would  have  defrayed  the  expenses  of  their  transportation  twice 
over. 

The  general  laws  of  the  United  States  provide,  that  until 
land  is  offered  at  public  sale,  there  is  no  way  of  getting  it,  save 
by  actual  occupation  of  not  over  160  acres  to  each  individual. 
Until  the  land  is  surveyed,  and  the  plats  filed,  there  can  be  no 
title,  and  no  record  can  be  made  of  pre-emption. 

But  by  the  State  law  of  March  8th,  1868,  which  repealed  all 
previous  laws,  all  restrictions  of  amount,  or  use,  except  as  to 
the  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  township  sections  first  granted, 
were  swept  away.  Even  with  respect  to  these,  the  applicant 
was  not  required  to  swear  that  he  wanted  the  land  for  settle- 
ment, or  wanted  it  for  himself.  Again,  the  actual  settlers,  upon 
the  sixteenth  and  thirty-sixth  sections  above  referred  to,  under 
this  law,  could  only  be  protected  in  their  occupancy  for  six 
months  after  its  passage,  after  which  date  the  protection  ex- 
tended only  sixty  days.  Many  a  settler,  in  hitherto  undisputed 
possession,  knew  nothing  of  these  enactments  until  they  re- 
ceived notice  that  another  party  had  a  clear  title  to  their  farms. 
As  if  this  were  not  enough,  a  special  bill  was  passed  legalizing 
all  applications  for  State  lands,  even  where  the  affidavits  by 


LAND  PATENTS.  299 

which  they  were  supported  did  not  conform,  to  the  requirements 
of  the  law,  either  in  form  or  substance. * 

Again,  the  best  parts  of  the  agricultural  lands  of  the  State 
were  sold  before  there  was  any  demand  for  them  for  agricult- 
ural purposes.  Eastern  agricultural-scrip  locations  covered 
whole  townships,  up  to  the  year  1867,  and  gave  unlimited 
opportunity  for  the  further  monopolization  of  large  tracts. 

The  law  is  now  amended,  so  as  to  limit  the  purchaser  to  three 
sections  in  any  township.  The  speculator,  formerly,  had  only 
to  go  east,  buy  up  the  scrip  with  greenbacks,  when  greenbacks 
were  low,  locate  his  scrip  under  the  most  favorable  conditions 
to  himself,  and  become  a  landlord.  One  speculator  has  thus 
obtained  350,000  acres,  which  has  been  mostly  rented  to  culti- 
vators who  furnished  themselves,  and  pay  him  one  fourth  of  the 
crop.  Patents  have  been  issued  in  a  similar  way  for  Indian 
scrip.  A  great  deal  of  this  college  and  Indian  scrip  has  been 
so  obtained  that  the  lands  have  not  cost  their  present  owners 
more  than  fifty  cents  an  acre,  which  they  have  been  able  to  hold, 
not  only  keeping  out  settlers,  but  often  robbing  those  who  had 
already  come  of  their  improved  farms.  Few  had  money  enough 
to  defend  themselves  in  the  Courts,  where  defense  would  have 
been  possible;  but  the  settler  upon  unsurveyed  lands  had  no 
defense. 

What  is  a  land  patent  ?  A  patent  issued  by  the  government 
of  the  United  States,  is  legal  and  conclusive  evidence  of  title  to 
the  land  described  therein.  No  equitable  interest,  however 
strong,  to  land  described  in  such  a  patent,  can  provide  at  law 
against  the  patent. 

When  two  patents  have  been  issued  for  the  same  land,  the 
general  rule  is,  that  the  elder  patent  shall  prevail.  When  it  is 
evident  that  a  junior  patent  has  been  issued  pursuant  to  legal 
authority,  and  the  elder  patent  has  not,  the  former  will  prevail. 
If  a  patent  shall  have  been  issued  by  mistake,  and  the  person 
holding  the  same  refuses  to  deliver  it  up  for  correction  or  can- 
cellation, the  President  may  direct  another  one  to  issue  to 
the  same,  or  to  another  person,  reciting  therein  the  errors 
in  the  first.  As  a  general  rule  the  government  will  not  issue 
two  patents  for  the  same  land.  A  patent  issued  to  a  per- 
son deceased  at  the  time  of  its  issuance,  inures  to  the  benefit 
of  his  heirs.     Where  a  patent  has  been  obtained  by  fraud,  a 

*Our  Land  Policy. 


300  LAND  MONOPOLY. 

misrepresentation  of  facts,  -or  such  a  mistake  as  affects  the  sub- 
stantial rights  of  parties,  it  may  be  set  aside,  or  a  trust  de- 
clared, and  a  conveyance  decreed  by  a  court  of  equity,  to  be 
made  to  the  party  entitled. 

Another  fine  opportunity  for  founding  a  permament  landed 
aristocracy  was  given  by  the  State  in  her  management  of  swamp 
and  overflowed  lands.  The  speculator,  having  seen  that  the 
State  proved  a  better  nursing  mother  to  his  interests  than  the 
United  States,  was  interested  in  getting  the  largest  possible 
quantity  of  land  under  her  jurisdiction.  The  Surveyor-Gen- 
eral says:  "  The  conflicting  claims  of  the  State  and  the  United 
States  for  the  past  ten  years,  have  rendered  uncertain  the  title 
to  a  large  amount  of  land  sold  by  the  State  as  swamp  and  over- 
flowed. Surveys  for  a  large  amount  of  land  which  the  State 
had  previously  sold,  have  been  received — the  re-survey  having 
been  made  by  the  second  party  apparently  on  the  hypothesis 
that  the  original  sale  was  illegal.  There  are  also  many  conflicts 
caused  by  two  or  more  surveys  having  been  made  for  the  same 
tract.  In  such  cases  an  appeal  to  the  courts  is  necessary.  A 
large  area  of  land  has  also  been.surveyed  and  returned  to  this 
office  as  swamp  and  overflowed  which  is  not  shown  to  be  such 
either  by  State  segregations  or  United  States  maps."  Lands 
are  so  held  to-day,  which  cannot  be  cultivated  without  irriga- 
tion.* 

Under  the  possessory  law  of  California,  which  allows  both  in- 
dividuals and  corporations  to  make  some  temporary  enclosure 
or  abode  good  for  a  possessory  right,  pre-emption  settlers  have 
been  kept  and  driven  away.  Tracts  of  from  two  to  twenty 
thousand  acres  of  government  land  are  thus  held  by  State  laws. 

Even  the  tide-lands  have  not  been  safe  from  the  operations  of 
the  grabber.  The  Surveyor-General  says:  "In  some  cases 
long,  narrow  strips  were  surveyed  by  the  owners  of  the  adja- 
cent high  lands,  to  protect  themselves;  but  often  these  surveys 
were  made  in  the  interest  of  parties  who  did  not  own  any  land 
in  the  vicinity,  evidently  with  the  view  of  obtaining  control  of 
the  water  front." 

More  than  seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres  of  East- 
ern Agricultural  College  Scrip  has  been  located  in  California. 
Realizing  too  little  from  the  munificent  scheme  of  the  national 

*The  leader  who  desires  to  know  more  of  tius  subject  is  referred  to  the  "Reports  of  the 
JMnt  Conuuittees  on  Swamp  and  Overflowed  Lands  and  Land  Monopoly,"  presented  at  the 
Twentieth  Session  of  the  Legislature  of  California. 


OUR  LAND  PEERAGE.  301 

government,  to  keep  such  colleges  above  board,  in  many 
cases  not  over  fifty  cents  an  acre,  the  grant  has  been  a 
questionable  blessing;  it  may  be  considered  as  a  tax  put  upon 
the  settlers  of  the  new  States  to  support  the  colleges  of  the 
older  and  richer  ones.  The  Agricultural  College  Scrip  of  Cal- 
ifornia was  located  under  special  privileges,  and  has  been  sold 
for  five  dollars  an  acre.  Who  were  the  holders  of  this  scrip, 
or  to  whom  some  of  the  best  timbered  lands  in  Humboldt  and 
other  counties  have  been  sold  for  five  dollars  an  acre,  the  pub- 
lic have  never  been  informed,  the  property  of  the  University 
being  administered  as  a  private  trust.  The  University  has  a 
special  officer  in  charge  of  these  lands,  given  solely  "for  the 
benefit  of  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts." 

The  grants  made  to  railroads  of  California  have  been  as  fol- 
lows: To  the  Western  and  Central  Pacific  of  ten  alternate  sec- 
tions, on  each  side,  per  mile,  (12,800  acres;)  to  the  Southern 
Pacific,  ditto,  with  ten  miles  on  each  side,  from  which  to  make 
up  deficiencies;  to  the  Stockton  and  Copperopolis  of  five  alter- 
nate sections  on  each  side,  and  twenty  miles  on  each  side,  in 
which  to  make  up  deficiencies;  to  the  Texas  Pacific,'  and  to  the 
connecting  branch  of  the  Southern  Pacific,  ten  alternate  sec- 
tions, with  ten  miles  for  deficiencies,  made  in  the  year  1871. 
The  greater  part  of  this  land  is  unsurveyed,  and  the  settler  upon 
the  government  sections  must  take  his  chances  whether  he  gets 
upon  it  or  not.  Settlers  who  have  purchased  of  the  railroad 
are  few;  the  best  farming  lands  having  been  sold  to  "Land 
Companies,"  who,  it  is  asserted,  stand  in  peculiar  relations  to 
the  railroad.  The  railroads  are  in  no  haste  to  sell,  foreseeing 
the  inevitable  rise  in  the  value  of  their  immense  property. 

The  effect  of  all  these  monopolies  is  to  keep  lands  out  of  the 
hands  of  the  army  of  industrialists  who  would  flock  to  God's 
country  by  hundreds  of  thousands,  could  this  pressure  be  re- 
moved. 

The  following  list,  or  "  Blue  Book,"  of  our  Land  Peerage,  is 
taken  from  Hittell's  Resources  of  California,  and  other  reliable 
sources.  The  reader  is  referred  to  the  reports  of  the  Board  of 
Equalization  for  further  details : 

Those  who  own  from  100,000  to  500,000  acres  (some  of  which  is  in  scattered 
tracts) : 

Wm.  S.  Chapman _ 350,000 

Miller  &  Lux,  from  228.000  to 450,000 


302  LAND  MONOPOLY. 

Gen.  Houghton,  Ex-State  Surveyor,  estimated  from  200,000  to 300,000 

Gen.  Beale,  Ex-United  States  Surveyor-General  200,000  to 300,000 

Charles  McLaughlin 141,000 

Isaac  Friedlander 125,900 

Bixby,  Flint  &  Co 150,000 

S.  E.  Throckmorton  (Mendocino) 146,000 

Thos.  Fowler,  Fresno,    Tulare  &  Kern    200,000 

G.  W.  Eoberts  (swamp) 120,000 

Philadelphia  Petroleum  Company 160,000 

Los  Angeles  Land  Company : 101,000 

Dibblee  &  Hollister 97,000 

Irvine,  Flint  &  Co 77,000 

A.  P.  Moore 63,000 

Estate  of  Arques  (Monterey  county) 71,000 

Pioche  &  Bayerque , 69,000 

Jesse  D.  Carr 47,000 

John  Forster 88,000 

Miguel  Pedroreno 47,000 

E.  De  Celis 56,000 

Alfred  Kobinson  (Trustee) 42,000 

Beale&Baker 53,000 

W.  C.  Kalston.i 44,000 

C.  Paige 60,000 

James  Lick , 51,000 

Lloyd  Tevis 43,000 

J.  H.  Eedington 45,000 

J.W.Moore 48,000 

E.  Applegarth 49,000 

J.  W.  Pedrie 47,000 

E.  St.  John  &  Co 42,000 

J.  W.  Mitchell 42,000 

A.  Weill .... 48,000 

H.  &  W.Pierce 53,000 

J.  W.  Moore , 48,000 

L.  T.  Barton 47,000 

E.  Conway . 42,000 

Hollister  &  Cooper 41,000 

P.  W.  Murphy 54,000 

F.  Steele 44,000 

Number  of  estates  over  44,000  acres,  forty-four;  between  30,- 
000  and  40,000,  twenty-three;  between  20,000  and  30,000,  fifty- 
five;  between  10,000  and  20,000,  one  hundred  and  forty-eight;  and 
between  5,000  and  10,000,  two  hundred  and  thirty-eight.  The 
entire  number  of  estates  over  5,000  each  in  extent,  is  four  hun- 
dred and  fifty-three.  Let  us  see  how  these  large  land-holders  are^ 
assessed.  An  unjust  discrimination  appears  to  have  been  "made 
in  the  assessments  of  taxes  in  the  State  between  farming  aud 
grazing  lands,  even  where  these  were  lying  side  by  side.     Great 


SALES  AND  ASSESSMENTS.  303 

bodies  of  unimproved  lands  have  been  put  down  at  mere  nomi- 
nal rates,  while  the  farmer  who  plows,  sows  and  reaps  his  two 
or  three  hundred  acres  sees  assessments  raised  upon  his  labors 
at  the  rate  of  three  or  four  hundred  per  cent.  Enormous  quan- 
tities of  lands  owned  by  the  monopolists  are  assessed  at  one 
half  or  even  one  fourth  the  value  at  which  they  are  being  sold. 
"W.  C.  Kalston's  lands  were  assessed  at  $2  00  per  acre  in  1871; 
Miller  &  Lux's  at  from  $1  00  to  $1  50  per  acre;  Isaac  Fried- 
lander's  land  was  assessed  in  1871  at  $2  00  per  acre,  while  he 
sold  the  same  year  to  Chapman  &  Montgomery  28,850  acres  for 
$115,145;  $4:  00  per  acre. 

Experience  has  proved  that  the  laws  of  competition  and  en- 
lightened self-interest  have  not  been  a  sufficient  check  upon  the 
tendency  towards  railroad  monopoly  through  concentration;  and 
we  shall  find  that  our  laws  of  inheritance  and  the  natural  fluctu- 
ations of  property  will  not  abate  the  evils,  and  prove  a  sufficient 
check  upon  land  monopoly.  A  general  feeling  prevails  that 
land  investments  are  the  safest  as  well  as  the  most  profitable, 
when  obtained  as  so  many  of  ours  have  been  with  a  trifling  out- 
lay of  capital.  The  tendency  to  concentration  is  the  natural 
one  as  the  value  of  land  increases;  and  it  is  especially  danger- 
ous where  the  processes  of  machine  culture  can  be  carried  on  as 
advantageously  as  in  California.  "We  are  not  only  putting 
large  bodies  of  our  lands  into  the  hands  of  a  few  persons,  but 
we  are  doing  our  best  to  keep  them  there.  Our  whole  past 
policy  is  of  a  piece — tending  with  irresistible  force  to  make  us 
a  nation  of  landlords  and  tenants,  of  great  capitalists  and  pov- 
erty-stricken employes."  The  remedy  is  to  be  found  in  chang- 
ing the  mode  of  taxation,  and  in  a  revision  and  honest  adminis- 
tration of  our  laws  in  the  interest  of  the  whole  people. 


304  WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 

WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

Canal  and  Water  Companies,  how  Authorized — Legislation  Favorable  to 
Monopolies — Los  Angeles  Convention — Voice  of  the  People — Gov.  Dow- 
ney's Address — Memorial  of  Colorado  to  Congress — Congress  Appoints 
Irrigation  Commissioners  for  California — Mr.  Brereton's  Views  of  Agri- 
culture in  the  San  Joaquin  Valley — Conclusions  Arrived  at  by  the 
Commissioners. 

•  Under  "An  Act  to  authorize  the  incorporation  of  companies 
for  the  construction  of  canals,  for  the  transportation  of  passen- 
gers and  freights,  or  for  the  purpose  of  irrigation  or  water 
power,  or  the  conveyance  of  water  for  mining  and  manu- 
facturing purposes,  or  for  all  such  purposes,"  approved  May 
14,  1862,  and  another  Act,  bearing  date  April  2,  1870,  nearly 
all  the  waters  of  California,  now  required  for  irrigation,  are 
controlled  by  corporations  or  private  individuals. 

An  Act  of  Congress,  approved  July  2G,  1866,  provides: 
* '  That  whenever,  by  priority  of  possession,  rights  to  the  use  of 
the  water  for  mining,  agricultural,  manufacturing,  or  other 
purposes,  have  vested  and  accrued,  and  the  same  are  recognized 
and  acknowledged  by  the  local  customs,  laws  and  decisions  of 
the  Courts,  the  possessors  and  owners  of  such  vested  rights 
shall  be  maintained  and  protected  in  the  same,  and  the  right  of 
way  for  the  construction  of  ditches  and  canals  for  the  purposes 
aforesaid,  is  hereby  acknowledged  and  confirmed." 

Under  these  laws,  a  large  amount  of  capital  has  already  been 
invested.  It  is  easy  to  see  how  a  monopoly  may  spring  up 
under  their  protection,  and  grow  to  such  great  proportions  as 
seriously  to  retard  the  agricultural  development  of  the  State. 

The  reader  will  remember  that  one  of  the  most  important 
questions  which  has  come  before  the  State  Grange,  is  that  of 
water  monopoly  and  irrigation,  and  that  the  efforts  of  the 
Patrons  to  secure  desired  action  of  the  Legislature  of  1873, 
proved  unavailing.  In  the  autumn  of  that  year,  a  convention 
had  been  held  at  Los  Angeles,  for  the  same  object,  and  had 
adopted  the  following  preamble  and  resolutions : 

Whereas,  In  our  rivers  and  mountain  lakes,  there  is  a  large  amount  of  water  not 
utilized,  which  if  properly  developed  would  irrigate  a  large  area,  and  thus  greatly 
enhance  the  taxable  values  of  our  agricultural  lands;  and, 

Whereas,  Our  mountains  are  pierced  with  numerous  and  convenient  canons, 


LOS  ANGELES  CONVENTION.  305 

which  it  is  believed  may  be  dammed,  and  used  for  reservoirs,  and  the  river  streams 
which  sink,  may  be  saved  by  submerged  dams,  or  stone-lined  ditches  made  into 
riverbeds,  and  flowing  thence  into  reservoirs,  and  from  thence  distributed  over 
a  large  territory;  and, 

Whereas,  The  agricultural  riparian  and  common  law  and  water  rights  have  been, 
are,  and  continue  to  be,  violently  antagonistic  and  provocative  of  constant  litiga- 
tion, personal  and  neighborhood  quarrels,  all  of  which  must  be  exaggerated  and 
aggravated  with  an  increased  population;  and, 

Whereas,  The  public  are  prevented  from  using  a  large  proportion  of  their  own 
water,  by  pretended  claims  of  individuals,  which  is  against  public  interest,  the 
spirit  of  our  institutions,  and  not  to  be  tolerated;  and, 

Whereas,  The  individual  policy  has  never  been,  nor  can  ever  be  equal  to 
properly  managing  this  great  question,  which  is  of  State,  if  not  of  national 
interest; 

Therefore,  It  is  resolved,  bv  the  delegates  appointed  at  the  mass  convention 
held  at  Gallatin,  October  9th,  1873,  to  meet  at  Los  Angeles,  25th  October,  1873,  to 
consider  means  for  developing  and  distributing  the  waters  of  Los  Angeles  county, 
for  agricultural  purposes,  with  the  view  of  furnishing  a  basis  for  legislation 
during  the  coming  winter,  as  follows: 

Article  I.— Sec.  1.  That  it  is  the  positive  duty  of  the  State  of  California,  to 
possess  and  control  all  the  waters  in  the  State,  whicbrmay  be  used  for  irrigating, 
(except  springs  rising  on  private  lands,)  without  delay. 

Sec.  2.  And,  where  ownership  of  water  is  exercised  to  the  public  detriment, 
except  in  the  case  of  springs  rising  on  private  land,  to  provide  for  denouncing  and 
paying  an  equitable  value  for  the  same. 

Sec,  3.  To  prohibit  the  acquirement  of  private  rights  to  water  which  may  be 
used  for  irrigating,  except  to  springs  rising  on  private  property,  and  except  as 
may  be  permitted  under  a  general  water  law. 

Sec.  4.  To  declare  all  waters  which  may  be  used  for  irrigating,  including 
waters  from  springs  after  they  shall  have  passed  the  land  owned  by  the  party  on 
which  springs  may  have  risen,  to  belong  to  the  State,  and  to  be  for  the  use  of 
the  public. 

Ak  i  icle  II. — Sec.  1.  That  it  is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  employ  able  engineers 
to  make  a  thorough  examination  of  our  rivers,  canons,  etc.,  and  report  as  to  the 
feasibility  of  increasing  the  water  supply,  and  of  storing  the  same  in  reservoirs, 
etc.,  for  future  use. 

Akticlk  III.— Section  1.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  create  a  new  depart- 
ment of  the  government,  to  have  cognizance  of  all  matters  pertaining  to  water  de- 
velopment and  irrigation.     Said  department  to  consist  of — 

1.  A  State  Superintendent,  who  shall  be  assisted  by  an  advisory  board  of 

engineers  and civilians. 

2.  One  Superintendent  for  each  county  where  irrigating  is  practiced. 

3.  Three  Commissioners  for  each  water  district. 

4.  The  details  necessary  to  complete  the  above,  are  most  respectfully  left  with 
the  Legislature. 

Sec.  2.  Lands  irrigable  by  one  stream  and  its  tributaries,  to  constitute  not 
more  than  two  districts,  and  if  possible  not  more  than  one. 

Sec.  3,  Water  to  be  sold  in  all  cases;  but  irrigators  privileged  to  buy  in  pro- 
portion to  acres  to  be  cultivated  in  that  water  year. 

Sec.  4.     Irrigating  head  to  be  defined  in  inches. 

Sec.  5.     Present  water  laws  to  be  revised. 

Sec.  6.  Properly  existing  water  rights,  in  any  contemplated  change,  should  be 
respected. 

Sec.  7.  That  a  system  of  taxation  should  be  devised,  by  which  lands  to  be 
brought  under  irrigation  can  pay  the  major  part  of  the  expense  incident  thereto, 
and  that  the  additional  taxation  raised  from  such  lands  should  be  reimbursed  to 
the  extent  of  the  cost  of  development. 

Resolved,  That  the  advancement  of  the  State  of  California  in  civilization  and 
material  prosperity,  will  greatly  depend  upon  a  proper  system  of  water  laws. 

Resolved,  That  a  copy  of  the  above  be  furnished  his  Excellency,  the  Governor, 
and  the  honorable  members  of  the  Assembly,  and  the  honorable  Senators,  with 
the  request  that  they  will  urge  legislation  as  above  desired. 

20 


306  WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

On  motion,  it  was  further  resolved :  i 

1  That  his  Excellency,  the  Governor,  is  especially  called  to  urge  upon*  the  com- 
ing Legislature  the  propriety  of  appointing  a  special  commission,  with  power  to 
visit  all  parts  of  the  State,  to  examine  into  the  above  questions,  and  to  report  at 
the  earliest  practicable  moment,  in  the  coming  session  of  the  Legislature. 

2.  That  Generals  Volney  E.  Howard  and  John  R.  McConnel,  and  Geo.  H. 
Smith,  Esq.,  be  requested  to  draw  a  suitable  water  bill  for  Los  Angeles  county, 
in  conjunction  with  the  above  named  committee,  and  with  our  Legislative  dele- 
gation, and  that  it  be  done  in  time  for  the  coming  Legislature. 

An  address  was  then  given  by  ex-Governor  Downey,  which 
was  extensively  read  and  circulated,  and  is  so  replete  with  val- 
uable suggestions  as  to  require  no  apology  for  its  introduction 
here.     He  said: 

I  approach  this  subject,  of  so  much  importance  to  Los  Angeles 
county  and  the  people  of  the  whole  State,  with  a  degree  of  fear  that 
individual  interests  will  clash  with  any  system  that  may  be  proposed 
for  the  general  good.  First  of  all,  the  paucity  of  rainfall  renders 
irrigation  a  necessity  for  the  greater  part  of  our  lands.  Secondly, 
as  a  fertilizer  it  perpetually  renovates  our  fields,  as  the  waters  carry 
in  solution  nearly  all  the  elements  required  for  the  organic  compo- 
sition of  vegetable  life.  Thirdly,  it  enables  the  farmer  to  select  his 
time  of  planting  and  harvesting;  and,  fourthly,  it  enables  him  to 
destroy  the  numerous  pests  that  infest  his  soil,  in  the  shape  of 
squirrels,  gophers,  rats,  etc.  I  do  not  propose  to  deprive  any  man 
of  the  use  of  water  that  he  now  has,  nor  do  I  think  that  any  Legis- 
lature would  attempt  to  legislate  away  any  rights  vested  or  acquired; 
but  for  the  good  of  the  whole  State,  I  suggest  that  the  Common- 
wealth assert  its  jurisdiction  over  every  stream  in  the  State,  and  en- 
act such  equitable  laws  as  will  extend  their  usefulness  to  their' ut- 
most capacity.  The  riparian  rights,  or  proprietary  rights,  main- 
tained in  England  and  recognized  in  many  of  our  States  as  the  law 
governing  rivers  and  streams,  do  not  apply  to  California.  The  laws 
of  Spain  and  Mexico  retained  these  in  their  sovereign  capacity, 
and  the  State  of  California  falls  heir  to  this  precious  inheritance  for 
the  benefit  of  its  citizens.  It  will  be  seen  by  an  examination  of  the 
eight  hundred  and  odd  grants  made  to  citizens  of  this  State  by 
those  governments  that  this  right  is  expressly  reserved  to  the  nation 
as  public  servitudes.  If,  then,  our  Legislature  assumes  its  proper 
jurisdiction  it  will  be  no  stretch  of  power  to  prescribe  the  mode 
and  manner  of  the  distribution  of  this  important  element,  and  settle 
at  once  a  subject  that  has  given  so  much  annoyance. 

The  law  of  proprietary  rights  existing  in  England  was  once  the 
law  of  France  and  the  other  continental  communities,  but  Louis 
the  Fourteenth  had  the  wisdom  to  see  that  it  was  embarassing  the 
welfare  of  the  nation,  and  that  wise  monarch  caused  the  nation  to 
assume  exclusive  control  of  the  arteries  of  the  nation's  wealth,  and 
his  example  has  been  followed  by  others.  The  Eepublic  of  Chili 
has  done  likewise,  and  to  this  fact  the  beautiful  system  of  irrigation 
of  Chili  and  Lombardy  is  indebted. 

There  is,  without  doubt,  sufficient  water  passing  annually  through 
this  valley,  under  proper  management,  to  irrigate  all   the  land  be- 


gov.  downey's  address.  307 

tween  the  mountains  and  the  sea.  Individual  communities  and  set- 
tlers have  neither  the  means  nor  sagacity  to  utilize  it,  and  therefore 
the  State  should  step  in  and  say  how  it  shall  be  done;  whether  the 
State  can  do  it  through  its  proper  officers,  or  how  companies,  under 
proper  restrictions  as  to  charges,  shall  do  it.  There  should  be  no 
water  allowed  to  run  down  to  the  sea  in  winter  unutilized.  It  should 
be  carried  in  a  thousand  conduits  through  the  valley,  and,  rain  or  no 
rain,  we  should  irrigate  our  lands  in  winter,  thus  destroying  the  ver- 
min that  honeycomb  our  subsoil,  and  that  destroy  and  break  capil- 
lary attraction.  If  we  thus  throw  into  our  land  an  additional  num- 
ber of  inches  of  water  and  break  the  surface  as  soon  as  a  team  can 
walk  over  it  after  irrigation,  we  will,  with  any  ordinary  rainfall,  se- 
cure an  abundant  small  grain  crop,  and  keep  our  lands  forever  reno- 
vated. Our  streams  must  be  sheet  piled  to  the  bed-rock  at  points 
where  they  emerge  from  the  foot-hills,  so  as  to  bring  their  full  flow 
to  the  surface,  and  then  main  ditches  ramified  from  the  dam  in 
wood,  cement  pipe,  or  sheet  iron  or  earthen  pipes.  The  loss  from 
evaporation  and  absorption  is  so  great  that  our  slovenly  open  ditch 
system  will  not  serve  our  purpose. 

It  is  unnecessary  to  review  the  practice  of  Egypt,  Babylon  and  Syria 
to  show  what  irrigation  did  for  those  countries,  nor  to  allude  to  the 
perpetual  renovation  of  the  valley  of  the  Nile  from  natural  and  artifi- 
cial irrigation.  We  have  only  to  refer  to  the  productiveness  of  com- 
parative sand  hills  here  in  this  country,  that  have  produced  the  same 
crops  for  seventy  years  in  succession  without  the  aid  of  manure  and 
owe  this  to  the  ever-restoring  qualities  of  irrigation;  we  refer  to 
England,  Ireland  and  Scotland,  that  have  a  humid  atmosphere  and 
an  average  rainfall  of  twenty-seven  inches  per  annum  and  that  have 
called  in  the  aid  of  irrigation  as  a  restorative  to  their  lands  and  made 
their  meadows  yield  ten  tons  of  hay  per  acre  when  but  one  ton  could 
be  produced  before.  It  must  be  borne  in  mind  that  our  ditches 
should  always  keep  full,  that  we  should  keep  our  dams  always  in  re- 
pair, that  tree  planting  and  vine  planting  cannot  be  successfully 
carried  out  unless  your  ditch  is  ready  to  run  behind  you,  and  that  it 
is  no  time  to  be  called  on  to  go  to  work  on  your  ditches  when  you 
should  be  plowing,  planting  and  seeding,  and  that  if  you  neglect 
this  you  will  all  want  water  at  the  same  time  and  cannot  possibly 
procure  it.  All  who  have  the  good  fortune  to  have  artesian  wells 
should  have  reservoirs;  if  not  they  are  but  little  use,  and  are  only  a 
willful  waste  of  a  gift  of  Providence,  to  be  swallowed  in  the  next 
squirrel  hole,  or  a  nuisance  to  impede  transit  or  devitalize  some  flat 
that  would  otherwise  be  productive. 

The  Legislature  should  take  bold  ground  on  this  subject  and  com- 
pel well-owners  to  put  on  taps  or  build  reservoirs  to  be  called  upon 
at  the  proper  time  to  perform  their  part  in  adding  to  the  general 
wealth  of  the  State.  It  is  a  rational  conclusion  to  come  to  that  if 
every  man  who  bores  a  well  and  suffers  the  flow  to  be  carried  off  by 
our  trade  winds,  perhaps  to  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  we  are  the 
losers,  and  the  fountain  of  supply  will  be  exhausted.  This  sugges- 
tion may  look  like  interfering  with  the  private  rights  of  citizens,  but 
the  maxim  that  partial  evil  is  universal  good  comes  in,  and  that 
every  civilized  man  must  surrender  a  portion  of  his  natural  liberty 


308  WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

for  the  good  of  society  is  also  a  maxim  well  understood  and  happily 
appreciated  in  this  Republic. 

There  are  but  few  localities  in  this  country  that  water  cannot  be 
had  in  from  eight  to  thirty  feet  from  the  surface.  Surely,  then,  any 
man  can  contrive  means  to  water  ten  acres  in  trees  with  a  simple 
lift  pump,  windmill  or  horse-power,  and  those  who  can  afford  it  could 
have  an  Ericsson  engine  which  is  the  cheapest  and  simplest  means 
in  which  the  agency  of  heat  is  brought  to  bear  as  a  power.  It  can 
be  started  in  the  morning  with  a  basket  of  chips  or  corn  cobs,  the 
door  closed  on  it  and  when  the  fuel  goes  out  the  engine  stops  its 
work,  and  there  is  neither  danger  or  trouble  attending  it.  We  should 
all  have  tanks  and  reservoirs,  for  when  we  want  to  use  our  water 
we  must  have  it  in  a  greater  body  than  a  pump  or  even  an  artesian 
well  can  supply  it.  Wherever  there  is  a  natural  depression  on  our 
lands  or  a  ravine,  we  should  throw  an  embankment  across  it  and 
construct  our  ponds.  They  will  be  our  greatest  wealth,  food  for 
ducks  and  geese. 

You  can  raise  your  own  fish,  and  these  ponds  will  be  found  better 
than  any  manure  pile,  with  the  grand  advantage  that  its  own  grav- 
ity will  distribute  it  on  our  fields  without  the  aid  of  cart  or  shovel, 
only  requiring  intelligent  direction  to  guide  it  in  its  mission  of  good. 
Every  owner  of  an  artesian  well  has  the  power  at  hand  to  drive  hy- 
draulic rams;  they  are  the  cheapest  motive  power  in  existence  and 
nearer  perpetual  motion  than  any  contrivance  yet  invented.  They 
are  always  in  repair  and  can  be  used  to  raise  the  flow  of  your  arte- 
sian wells  to  elevated  tanks  and  reservoirs,  which  will  enable  the 
farmer  to  utilize  his  high  or  elevated  slopes  and  supply  the  econ- 
omy of  his  chambers,  kitchen  and  barn  yard. 

Some  of  the  ideas  advanced  may  seem  bold  and  novel,  but  when 
I  first  advanced  the  idea  in  my  annual  message,  1861,  to  the  Legis- 
lature that  stock-raisers  had  a  co-equal  obligation  to  prevent  tres- 
pass as  the  cultivator  to  defend  it,  it  was  looked  upon  as  equally 
novel  and  bold;  the  result,  however,  shows  that  land  never  assumed 
value  nor  stock  a  price  in  this  country  until  it  was  adopted,  although 
some  of  my  best  friends  denounced  it  as  wild  and  visionary. 

I  have  given  this  subject  of  irrigation  much  thought:  I  have  had 
much  experience  in  the  distribution  of  water;  I  have  had  friendly 
litigation  as  riparian  proprietor,  with  my  good  friend  ex-Governor 
Pico.  Fourteen  years  ago  he  had  a  few  straggling  Sonorifios  culti- 
vating perhaps  in  all  1,000  acres,  and  I  could  not  obtain  water  be- 
low him  to  irrigate  sixty  acres;  he  declared  there  was  not  water 
enough  for  himself.  There  are  now  12,000  acres  in  cultivation  on 
what  was  then  my  farm,  and  with  proper  management  we  can  irri- 
gate to  the  sea  with  the  same  supply  that  then  existed.  The  same 
example  will  apply  to  the  Los  Angeles  and  Santa  Ana  rivers.  That 
it  requires  bold  and  comprehensive  legislation  will  be  apparent  to 
all  thinking  men;  that  American  citizens  will  submit  to  any  equita- 
ble law,  passed  by  the  Legislature  for  the  preservation  and  just  dis- 
tribution of  the  waters  of  our  rivers  and  streams,  their  history  in 
the  past  will  warrant. 

That  the  time  has  arrived  for  legislative  action  to  be  taken  is 
patent  to  all,  and  that  it  should  be  general  and  properly  guarded  is 
manifest  from  the  general  voice  of  the  whole  people. 


MEMORIAL  FROM  COLORADO.  309 

About  the  time  of  the  Los  Angeles  Convention,  a  similar 
meeting  was  held  in  Denver,  Colorado,  the  results  of  which 
were  embodied  in  an  eminently  practical  memorial  which  was 
presented  at  the  following  session  of  Congress.  This  memorial 
prays  for  the  enactment  of  a  law  embracing  the  following  gen- 
eral provisions : 

1.  To  grant  to  the  several  States  and  Territories  named  in  the 
preamble  to  this  memorial,  one  half  of  all  the  arid  lands,  not 
mineral,  within  their  borders;  said  lands,  or  the  proceeds  thereof, 
to  be  devoted  to  the  construction  of  irrigating  canals  and  reservoirs 
for  the  reclamation  of  said  arid  and  waste  lands. 

2.  That  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  irrigating  canals 
and  reservoirs  shall  be  under  the  exclusive  control  and  direction  of 
the  Territory  or  State,  as  sole  owner  thereof,  under  such  laws,  rules 
and  regulations  as  the  Legislature  thereof  shall  from  time  to  time 
provide. 

3.  That  the  Territorial  and  State  Legislatures  shall  have  power 
to  make  all  needful  rules  and  regulations,  and  take  all  needful  steps 
for  the  proper  construction  and  maintenance  of  such  canals,  and 
that  such  power  shall  include  the  power  to  provide  by  law  for  the 
issuing  of  the  bonds  of  the  Territory  or  State  for  the  construction  of 
such  canals. 

4.  That  the  proceeds  of  said  lands  herein  granted  shall  be  kept 
as  an  exclusive  fund  by  the  Territory  or  State;  first,  for  the  payment 
of  the  principal  and  interest  of  all  bonds  so  issued  as  aforesaid; 
second,  that  any  balance  remaining  after  the  payment  of  the  bonds 
issued  as  aforesaid  shall  be  used  in  the  maintenance  of  said  canals, 
as  the  Legislature  of  said  Territory  or  State  shall  from  time  to  time 
by  law  direct. 

5.  That  any  lands  within  said  Territory  or  State  which  shall  be 
filed  under  the  provisions  of  the  pre-emption  and  homestead  laws  of 
the  United  States  after  the  passage  of  this  Act,  shall  be  subject  to 
the  operation  of  this  Act,  if  the  said  lands  shall  be  brought  under 
irrigation  by  the  construction  of  said  canals. 

6.  That  the  lands  donated  to  the  several  States  and  Territories 
herein  named,  and  the  remainder  of  the  public  domain  therein  be- 
longing to  the  General  Government,  shall  be  disposed  of  under 
revised  and  more  strict  pre-emption  and  homestead  laws  than  are 
now  in  force,  and  that  no  title  shall  issue  until  the  claimant  shall  be 
a  bona  Jide,  actual  settler  upon  the  land  claimed. 

While  the  attention  of  the  people  at  large  was  thus  directed, 
an  Act  of  Congress  had  been  passed,  March  3,  1873,  authoriz- 
ing a  commission  to  examine  and  report  a  system  of  irrigation 
for  the  San  Joaquin,  Tulare  and  Sacramento  valleys.  By  the 
terms  of  the  act,  the  President  was  to  select  for  this  duty,  army 
engineers  or  officers  of  the  Coast  Survey  then  stationed  on  the 
Pacific,  allowing  such  officers  to  associate  with  themselves  in 


310  WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

the  work,  the  chief  of  the  Geological  Survey,  and  one  other 
civilian  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  of  the  subject. 

The  board  thus  authorized,  consisted  of  Col.  B.  S.  Alexander, 
Major  George  H.  Mendell,  of  the  Army  Corps,  and  Prof.  George 
Davidson,  of  the  Coast  Survey,  who  were  expected  to  carry  out 
the  provisions  of  the  Act  of  Congress  on  the  meagre  appropria- 
tion of  five  thousand  dollars. 

The  United  States  Commissioners  invited  the  co-operation  of 
Mr.  E.  M.  Brereton,  who  declined  their  proposal,  but  whose 
views  upon  agriculture  in  the  San  Joaquin  valley  are  worthy  of 
a  careful  reading  in  connection  with  the  Commissioners'  report. 
He  says: 

Having  carefully  observed  the  climate  of  this  valley  during  the 
past  three  years,  and  the  results  obtained  from  irrigation  and  deep 
plowing,  I  have  found  that  neither  irrigation  nor  deep  plowing  will 
secure  the  wheat  that  ripens  between  the  middle  of  May  and  the 
middle  of  June  from  being  shriveled  by  the  north  winds.  These 
north  winds  blast  even  the  young  leaves  of  the  willow,  ash,  syca- 
more, and  orchard  trees;  and  no  amount  of  moisture  in  the  soil,  or 
vigorous  growth  of  the  plant,  seems  to  prevent  the  grain,  when  in 
the  dough  or  ripening  period,  from  becoming  shriveled  by  these  des- 
iccating winds. 

I  find  that  the  Sonora  wheat,  which  ripened  nearly  a  month  sooner 
than  the  Chili  and  Australian,  and  before  the  north  winds  prevailed, 
yielded  a  fine,  plump,  white  grain,  while  the  others,  which  matured 
later  and  during  the  period  of  the  north  winds,  yielded  a  shriveled 
and  dark-colored  grain,  although  the  plant  was  of  a  more  vigorous 
growth,  yielding  more  straw,  and  having  larger  and  longer  heads  than 
the  Sonora. 

I  am  satisfied  that  to  make  wheat-cultivation  a  success  on  the  west 
side  of  this  valley,  it  must  be  made  to  ripen  early  before  the  north 
winds  set  in,  or  else  it  must  be  made  a  late  or  fall  crop,  to  be  har- 
vested in  October.  To  secure  the  first  the  land  must  be  watered  the 
end  of  September  and  beginning  of  October,  in  order  to  start  the 
seed.  This  will  enable  the  plant  to  make  from  three  to  five  inches 
growth  before  the  winter  rains  and  cold  weather  set  in,  when  it  will 
harden  and  stool  out.  During  December  and  January,  in  adobe  or 
clayey  soil,  wheat  grows  very  slowly,  on  account  of  the  cold  weather, 
and  under  the  present  system  of  cultivation  the  main  growth  of  the 
plant  is  during  the  months  of  March,  April,  and  May.  By  giving 
the  plant  two  months'  growth  before  the  cold  weather  sets  in,  the 
roots  will  have  had  time  to  get  down  deep  below  the  action  of  any 
degree  of  frost  known  in  the  valley,  and  being  two  months  ahead  of 
the  growth  of  the  plant  raised  by  the  winter  rains,  will  necessarily 
mature  much  earlier. 

With  regard  to  the  second  choice,  there  are  no  north  winds  after 
the  beginning  of  July,  and  corn,  cotton,  and  tobacco  are  never  found 
blasted.  The  days  are  shorter  in  August,  September,  and  October, 
and  the  nights  are  cooler  than  in  April,  May,  and  June;  evapora- 


R.  M.  brereton's  views.  311 

tion  is  much  less  and  dew  is  deposited;  consequently,  grain,  under 
the  influence  of  irrigation,  grows  better,  and  will  mature  sooner  than 
grain  sown  under  present  auspices. 

The  great  drawback  to  wheat  cultivation  on  the  west  side  of  this 
valley,  in  addition  to  the  loss  from  shriveling,  is  the  cost  of  trans- 
portation. The  river  is  only  navigable  for  a  few  days  during  the 
winter  freshets,  and  during  May  and  June,  when  the  snows  are 
melting.  If  the  grain  were  harvested  in  May,  it  could  be  shipped 
during  the  period  of  high  water;  and  if  it  were  harvested  in  October 
and  beginning  of  November,  it  could  be  shipped  during  the  winter 
freshets,  or  on  the  first  rise  of  the  water  in  May. 

If  my  ideas  are  correct,  the  farmers  of  this  valley  can,  with  irriga- 
tion at  their  command,  make  agriculture  a  perfect  success,  and  seed- 
time and  harvest  will  follow  the  year  throughout,  without  failure. 
It  would  be  better,  I  think,  to  build  at  once  the  main  canals  right 
through  to  tide-water,  for  the  sake  of  transportation  and  cheap  com- 
munication with  San  Francisco.  Irrigation  from  such  canals  will 
follow  by  a  gradual  process,  as  population  flows  in,  and  the  fact  of 
these  main  canals  meandering  for  two  hundred  miles  through  this 
immense  valley,  and  offering  facilities  of  transportation  to  the  farmer 
at  rates  of  two  dollars  a  ton,  where  it  now  costs  eight  to  ten  dollars, 
will  tend  to  encourage  a  more  rapid  settlement  of  the  lands,  not- 
withstanding the  serious  drawback  which  now  exists  in  the  fact  of  the 
large  bulk  of  the  best  lands  being  in  the  hands  of  a  few  land  specu- 
lators. 

The  average  yield  of  wheat  from  irrigation,  where  the  grain  has 
not  been  affected  by  north  winds,  has  been  over  thirty  bushels  an 
acre,  and  where  the  north  winds  have  affected  it,  sixteen  bushels. 
In  European  countries  I  find  from  recent  records  that  the  average 
of  wheat  in  bushels  per  acre  in  different  countries  is  as  follows: 
England  and  Scotland,  28  bushels;  Ireland,  23;  France,  14;  Bel- 
gium, 21;  Eussia,  17;  Silesia,  10;  Austria,  15. 

I  am  sure  that  the  farmers  in  this  valley  do  not  pay  sufficient  at- 
tention to  deep  plowing  and  working  the  land  to  secure  a  good 
tilth. 

Where  land  has  been  much  cultivated  and  tramped  by  stock,  the 
soil  lying  immediately  below  the  two  or  three  inches  of  cultivated 
surface  has  a  hard  layer  or  pan,  caused  by  the  pressure  of  the  jole 
of  the  plow,  and  by  the  treading  of  stock.  It  is  difficult  for  grain- 
roots  to  penetrate  this  hard  layer,  and  therefore  they  have  only  this 
depth  of  soil  to  depend  upon  for  moisture  and  nourishment.  In 
loose,  rich  soil  I  have  seen  wheat-roots  over  three  feet  long.  Below 
this  hard  layer  the  soil  is  more  open,  and  contains  moisture  held 
there  by  capillary  action.  Farmers  can  see  for  themselves  the  prac- 
tical workings  of  this  capillary  action  in  the  soils  by  observing  a 
flower-pot  filled  with  dry  soil,  and  placed  in  a  saucer  containing 
water.  This  action  is  precisely  that  of  an  oil-lamp  fed  by  the  wick. 
If  the  ground  is  not  plowed  deep,  the  rain  falling  on  the  surface  will 
not  penetrate  this  hard  layer,  but  will  either  ran  off  the  surface  or 
become  evaporated.  By  plowing  deep  and  surrounding  the  fields 
with  levees,  so  as  to  cause  the  rain  to  be  absorbed  into  the  soil,  far 
greater  farming  results  can  be  obtained  than  at  present,  even  with- 
out irrigation.  _      ^ 


312  WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

Each  inch  in  depth  of  water  on  an  acre  is  upward  of  one  hundred 
tons  in  weight.  A  good  crop  of  wheat,  say  twenty-eight  to  thirty 
bushels,  with  its  straw,  just  before  it  is  in  the  blossom,  will  weigh 
about  ten  tons,  and  contains  about  three  fourths  of  one  tenth  of  an 
inch  of  water,  or  about  seventy-five  per  cent. 

It  is  found  in  England  that  wheat,  barley,  and  clover  exhale  dur- 
ing five  months'  growth  more  than  two  hundred  times  their  dry 
weight  of  water.  To  grow  half  a  ton  of  wheat  grain  to  the  acre, 
with  its  straw,  which  will  weigh  about  a  ton,  or  one  and  one  half 
tons  of  grain  and  straw  together,  requires  three  hundred  tons,  or  a 
depth  of  three  inches  to  the  acre  in  England.  The  evaporation  in 
this  valley  is  probably  double  that  of  England,  and  therefore  six 
hundred  tons,  or  six  inches  depth  of  water  would  be  necessary. 

Land  that  is  hard,  smooth,  and  free  of  vegetation,  reflects  the 
solar  heat,  whereas  land  that  is  broken  up  and  porous  absorbs  it  dur- 
ing the  day,  and  radiates  it  during  the  night,  and  consequently 
causes  a  greater  deposit  of  dew  from  the  vapor  in  the  atmosphere, 
caused  by  evaporation  during  the  day.  This  thorough  cultiva- 
tion and  the  system  of  deep  plowing,  if  carried  out  throughout  th;s 
valley,  must,  I  think,  reduce  the  present  summer  temperature,  as 
the  solar  heat,  instead  of  being  reflected  and  heating  the  air  would 
be  absorbed  and  radiated  by  the  loosened  surface,  and  the  temper- 
ature being  lowered,  the  winds  would  be  reduced,  and  the  evapora- 
tion would  be  lessened,  and  therefore  both  grain  and  grass  crops 
would  thrive  better  during  the  hot  season. 

Liebig,  in  his  letters  on  agriculture,  says:  "With  the  chemical 
properties  of  soils  there  is  associated  a  physical  quality  not  less  re- 
markable in  its  nature  and  influence,  viz :  the  power  which  they  pos- 
sess of  attracting  moisture  from  the  air,  and  condensing  it  in  their 
pores."  "When  in  a  hot  summer  the  surface  of  the  ground  is  dried, 
and  there  is  no  apparent  moisture  by  capillary  attraction  from  their 
lower  strata,  the  powerful  attraction  of  the  soil  for  the  vapors  of 
water  in  the  air  provides  the  means  for  supporting  vegetation." 
"The  vapor  of  water  which  is  thus  condensed  by  the  soil  is  derived 
from  two  sources :  During  the  night  the  temperature  of  the  air  falls, 
the  tension  of  its  watery  vapor  becomes  less,  and  then  without  the 
temperature  of  the  air  falling  to  the  dew-point,  there  follows  through 
the  attraction  of  the  soil,  absorption  of  moisture  (with  ammonia  and 
carbonic  acid)  accompanied  by  evolution  of  heat,  which  moderates 
the  cooling  of  the  ground  from  radiation. 

"A  second  source  from  which  the  dry  soil  derives  its  moisture  by  ab- 
sorption is  presented  by  the  deeper-lying  moist  strata.  From  these 
a  constant  distillation  of  water  is  taking  place  toward  the  surface, 
accompanied  by  a  corresponding  evolution  of  heat  in  the  upper 
strata  on  its  absorption. 

"  In  the  above  facts  we  recognize  one  of  the  most  remarkable  nat- 
ural laws.  The  outermost  crust  of  the  earth  is  destined  for  the  de- 
velopment of  organic  life,  and  its  broken  particles  sra  endowed,  by 
the  wisest  arrangement,  with  the  power  of  collecting  all  the  elements 
of  food  which  are  essential  for  the  purpose." 

The  hot,  dry  winds  in  this  valley  and  in  the  Colorado  desert,  and 
the  excessive  heat  of  these  plains  are  -simply  local,  and  Created  by 


REPORT  OF  U.    S.    COMMISSIONERS.  313 

the  hard,  unbroken  surface  of  the  plains,  reflecting  instead  of  ab- 
sorbing the  solar  heat. 

That  which  absorbs  heat  best,  reflects  heat  worst,  and  that  which 
radiates  most,  also  absorbs  most  heat,  and  hence  rough,  loose,  and 
porous  soils,  such  as  cultivated  soils,  freely  radiate  by  night  the 
heat  which  the}'  absorb  by  day,  in  consequence  of  which  they  be- 
come cooled  down,  and  condense  the  vapor  of  the  air  into  dew. 

This  immense  valley,  being  to  the  east  of  the  ocean,  becomes  first 
heated  by  the  solar  rays,  and  as  the  heated  air  ascends,  the  cooler  air 
from  the  west  rushes  in  through  the  Pacheco  and  other  passes  to 
supply  its  place,  causing  a  prevailing  wind,  and  this  wind  becomes 
hotter  and  hotter  from  the  reflected  heat  as  it  passes  along  the  hard 
and  uncultivated  surface  of  the  valley. 

I  do  not  believe  that  the  Colorado  desert  is  the  cause  of  the  hot 
winds  in  the  San  Joaquin  valley,  because  heated  air  must  ascend,  and 
being  lighter  than  cold,  denser  air  must  pass  over  and  not  displace 
it.  Hot  winds  are  therefore  due  to  local  causes;  and  it  is  not  the  hot 
air  of  the  Colorado  desert  that  creates  the  hot  winds  of  this  valley. 
By  deep  plowing  and  carefully  pulverizing  the  soil  of  these  im- 
mense plains,  the  farmers  and  land-owners  have  it  in  their  power  to 
alter  the  climate  of  the  valley,  and  to  abate  the  force  of  the  pre- 
vailing winds.  By  keeping  the  soil  open  and  porous,  they  enable  it 
to  absorb  the  solar  heat,  instead  of  reflecting  it;  and  also  enable  it 
to  absorb  carbonic  acid,  etc.,  which  are  food  for  plants,  and  thus 
render  the  air  less  unhealthy.  The  air  being  cooler,  evaporation 
will  be  lessened,  and  more  rain  and  dew  will  fall. 

I  believe  that  the  farmers  would  obtain  better  results  if  they  would 
plow  up  or  cultivate  the  land  as  soon  as  the  grain  crop  is  removed. 
An  eminent  agricultural  chemist,  has  calculated  that  a  well-made 
fallow  insures  a  supply  of  nitrogen  equal  to  two  cwt.  of  Peruvian 
guano  per  acre — worth  $4  per  cwt. 

I  am  sure  that  canals  built  for  transportation  in  the  first  instance, 
between  Tulare  lake  and  tide-water,  will  pay  a  fair  interest  on  the 
capital  invested  therein.  In  time  this  would  be  supplemented  by 
the  receipts  from  sales  of  water  for  irrigation.  "With  canals  available 
for  navigation  and  irrigation,  and  with  a  system  of  agriculture  more 
in  accordance  with  the  present  climate,  I  believe  the  San  Joaquin 
valley  can  be  made  the  most  productive  and  reliable  portion  of  the 
agricultural  lands  of  the  State. 

The  report  of  the  United  StatesOommissioners  covers  ninety 
octavo  pages,  and  is  accompanied  by  a  map  which  embraces 
the  San  Joaquin,  Tulare  and  Sacramento  valleys,  showing 
the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains  on  the  east  side  of  the  valley, 
and  the  Coast  Eange  on  the  west  side  to  the  summits;  the 
"  great  valley  of  California,"  with  all  its  lakes,  rivers  and 
creeks,  with  their  catchment-areas,  the  overflowed  and  swamp 
lands  (one  million  two  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  acres), 
the  division  into  counties,  atd  the  township  lines  of  the  United 


314  WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

States  surveys,  the  railroads  and  principal  towns.  On  this 
map,  which  alone  is  worth  the  cost  of  the  commission,  the  rail- 
roads are  laid  down;  the  canals  that  have  been  projected  and 
actually  surveyed,  and  the  hypothetical  system  of  irrigating 
canals.  Other  valuable  charts  are  added  to  the  report,  illus- 
trating the  irrigation  systems  in  other  countries. 

The  conclusions  arrived  at  by  the  Commissioners,  are  as  fol- 
lows: 

1.  That  there  are  large  bodies  of  fertile  land  in  the  great 
valley  of  California — extensive  plains,  in  fact — that  require  ir- 
rigation to  make  them  productive,  and  that  the  natural  features 
of  these  plains  are  favorable  to  artificial  irrigation. 

2.  That  there  is  an  abundance  of  water  for  the  irrigation  of 
all  land  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  valley  by  canals  from  the 
rivers.  m 

3.  While  there  is  a  scarcity  of  water  on  the  western  side  of 
the^ valley,  at  the  necessary  elevation,  particularly  on  the  west- 
ern side  of  the  San  Joaquin  and  Tulare  valleys,  yet  there  is 
sufficient  water  attainable  there,  and  at  a  sufficient  elevation, 
to  irrigate  large  areas  of  land  on  that  side. 

4.  That  irrigation  is  much  needed,  particularly  in  the  San 
Joaquin  and  Tulare  valleys.  The  productions  of  these  valleys 
could  be  increased  many  fold  by  a  comprehensive  system  of 
irrigation.  The  value  of  the  irrigable  land,  and  of  the  revenue 
derived  from  it,  both  by  the  State  and  by  the  people,  will  be 
increased  in  the  same  ratio. 

5.  The  cost  of  a  comprehensive  system  of  irrigation  for 
these  valleys  will  be  great,  but  as  the  different  portions  are  not 
equally  in  want  of  irrigation,  the  complete  system  may  be  the 
work  of  time. 

6.  Irrigation  is  but  little  understood  in  this  country,  either 
by  our  engineers,  who  must  design,  plan,  lay  out  and  execute 
the  works  for  that  purpose,  or  by  the  farmers,  who  are  to  use 
the  water  when  it  is  brought  alongside  their  farms. 

7.  That  the  experience  of  other  countries  appears  to  prove 
that  no  extensive  system  of  irrigation  can  ever  be  devised  or 
executed  by  the  farmers  themselves,  in  consequence  of  the  im- 
possibility of  forming  proper  combinations  or  associations  for 
that  purpose.  That,  while  small  enterprises  may  be  under- 
taken by  the  farmers  in  particular  cases,  it  would  not  be  in  ac- 
cordance with  the  experience  of  the  world  to  expect  of  them 


NECESSITY  OF  SUEVEYS.  315 

the  means  or  inclination  to  that  co-operation  which  would  be 
necessary  to  construct  irrigating -works  involving  large  ex- 
penditures. That  enterprises  of  this  character,  if  built  at  all, 
must  be  built  by  the  State  or  by  private  capital. 

8.  That  it  is  the  duty  of  the  government,  both  State  and 
national,  to  encourage  irrigation;  and  the  first  step  in  that  di- 
rection ought  to  be  to  make  a  complete  instrumental  recon- 
noissance  of  the  country  to  be  irrigated,  embracing  the  sources 
from  whence  the  irrigating-canals  ought  to  commence,  gauging 
the  flow  of  the  rivers  and  streams,  and  defining  the  boundaries 
of  the  natural  districts  of  irrigation  into  which  the  country  is 
divided. 

9.  Then,  when  it  is  proposed  to  irrigate  any  particular  dis- 
trict, an  accurate  topographical  survey  of  that  district  should 
be  made,  so  that  the  canal  and  other  necessary  works  for  its 
irrigation  may  be  designed  on  an  intelligent  and  comprehensive 
system,  and  in  harmony  with  the  neighboring  canals,  and  these 
works  executed  in  the  most  economical  manner.  In  this  way, 
every  farmer  will  be  informed,  before  he  will  be  called  upon  to 
contribute  to  the  works  of  irrigation,  whether  or  not  his  land  is 
irrigable;  and,  if  it  is,  of  the  quantity  of  water  he  will  obtain; 
the  exact  place  or  places  where  it  will  be  delivered  to  him,  and 
of  its  probable  cost. 

10.  While  these  surveys  are  being  made,  we  think  it  would 
be  a  step  in  the  right  direction  if  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  as  well  as  of  the  State  of  California,  would  inaugurate 
measures  for  obtaining  from  foreign  countries  all  possible  in- 
formation relating  to  the  more  modern  systems  of  irrigation  in 
these  countries,  and  for  disseminating  this  information  through- 
out this  country. 

11.  After  the  necessary  reconnoissance  shall  have  been  made, 
and  a  knowledge  of  the  most  improved  systems  of  irrigation  in 
other  countries  has  been  obtained,  the  general  system  of  irriga- 
tion can  be  properly  planned,  and  the  outline  of  the  principal 
works  determined,  the  laws  under  which  a  proper  system  of 
irrigation  for  the  great  valley  can  then  be  decided  upon  intel- 
ligently, the  country  divided  into  those  natural  districts  which 
its  topographical  features  require,  and  all,  or  nearly  all,  the 
land-owners  will  then  know  what  benefits  they  are  to  derive 
from  irrigation.  Light  will  be  thrown  on  a  subject  which  is 
now  in  comparative  darkness;  unnecessary  clashing  of  private 


316  WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

interests  can  be  avoided  or  harmonized.  The  rights  of  water 
which  have  given  so  much  trouble  in  other  countries,  where 
the  laws  regulating  these  rights  have  grown  up  with  their 
system  of  irrigation,  and,  as  history  teaches  us,  have  often 
been  made  for  the  benefit  of  private  parties  or  particular  dis- 
tricts of  country,  can  be  established  beforehand,  if  not  for  all 
time,  at  least,  on  the  principle  of  "the  greatest  good  for  the 
greatest  number." 

12.  That,  while  the  irrigation  of  these  plains  would  prob- 
ably be  effected  in  the  cheapest  and  most  thorough  manner  by 
a  comprehensive  system  of  canals,  such  as  we  have  sketched, 
we  by  no  means  recommend  that  all  irrigation  should  await  the 
development  of  such  a  system.  We  are  taught,  by  the  experi- 
ence of  other  countries,  to  expect  such  development  to  be  the 
work  of  many  years.  In  the  mean  time,  ten  or  twenty  or  fifty 
farmers  having  lands  so  situated  as  to  be  irrigable  from  a 
neighboring  stream,  may  desire  to  construct  the  works  neces- 
sary for  that  purpose,  to  be  operated  for  their  benefit,  or  they 
may  desire  to  enter  into  an  agreement  with  other  parties,  who 
shall  build  the  required  works.  In  either  case,  if  the  proposed 
works  do  not  conflict  with  the  general  system  of  irrigation,  we 
believe  that  such  an  enterprise  should  be  permitted  and  en- 
couraged by  the  State. 

13.  As  a  matter  of  public  policy,  it  is  desirable  that  the 
land  and  water  should  be  joined  together,  never  to  be  cut 
asunder;  that  the  farmers  should  enjoy  in  perpetuity  the  use  of 
the  water  necessary  for  the  irrigation  of  their  respective  lands; 
that  when  the  land  is  sold,  the  right  to  water  shall  also  be  sold 
with  it,  and  that  neither  should  be  sold  separately. 

14.  That  the  parties  chiefly  benefited  by  irrigation  are  the 
farmers  or  land-owners.  That  there  is  every  reason  to  believe 
that  the  value  of  land  in  the  driest  districts  will  be  appreciated 
many  fold;  that  it  results  from  this  that  the  lands  should,  as  far 
as  possible,  pay  for  the  construction  of  the  necessary  works. 

15.  That  the  State  and  counties  will  be  directly  benefited  by 
the  appreciation  of  land,  and  by  the  increase  of  wealth  in  their 
revenues  from  taxation.  That,  consequently,  it  may  be  good 
policy  for  them  to  aid  such  enterprises. 

16.  That  there  is  this  difficulty  in  the  way  of  the  proposi- 
tion that  the  lands  shall  pay  for  the  canals,  namely,  that  in 
many  places  the  lands  at  present  are  not  worth  more  than  $5 


FARMERS  SHOULD  OWN  CANALS.  317 

per  acre,  if  so  much,  and  that  the  irrigation-works  may  cost 
$10  per  acre. 

17.  That  whatever  aid  is  given  by  the  State  or  county, 
should  be  extended  in  a  cautious  way.  That  in  many  parts  of 
the  country  where  irrigation  will  ultimately  best  repay  expend- 
iture, there  are  now  no  people;  that  the  population  must  be 
imported,  the  houses,  barns,  and  equipments  of  the  farms, 
must  be  created  before  returns  can  follow  the  investment.  That 
for  these  reasons,  we  must  look  for  a  comparatively  slow  devel- 
opment of  the  country. 

18.  That  while  we  believe,  as  we  have  already  stated,  that 
the  best  policy  is  for  farmers  to  build  and  own  the  canals,  we 
also  believe  that  where  the  farmers  are  unable  to  build,  and 
where  the  State  is  unable  or  unwilling  to  build,  it  may  be,  and 
it  probably  will  be,  the  best  policy  to  invite  the  aid  of  private 
enterprise.  We  refer  to  numerous  instances  in  Spain  and 
Italy,  where  this  system  is  now  in  successful  operation,  in  sup- 
port of  our  opinion. 

19.  That  private  companies  undertaking  such  enterprises, 
should  be  subjected  to  certain  conditions,  some  of  which  are 
as  follows : 

That  after  a  stated  period,  the  franchise^hall  lapse  in  favor  of 
the  State,  or  of  the  irrigators;  or  that,  after  a  certain  period, 
the  State  shall  have  the  right  to  purchase,  on  certain  previously- 
defined  conditions.  That  the  price  of  water  shall  be  fixed  by 
agreement,  each  party  in  interest  being  represented  by  arbiters. 
That  the  State  shall  have  the  right  to  charter  an  association  of 
irrigators  to  administer  the  works,  the  company  merely  selling 
the  water,  and  having  nothing  to  do  with  it  after  it  leaves  the 
channels,  the  association  making  all  arrangements  for  its  distri- 
bution, and  for  the  collection  of  the  water-rates.  This  latter 
provision  has  several  advantages :  It  relieves  the  company  from 
the  odious  duty  of  discriminating  in  times  of  scarcity,  and  from 
the  endless  disputes  which  attend  the  distribution  of  water,  and 
puts  the  responsibility  where  it  belongs — on  the  irrigators.  It 
favors  each  irrigator;  for  he  becomes  a  member  of  a  company, 
which  is  strong  enough  to  stand  up  for  its  rights  in  any  contest 
with  the  capitalists. 

For  a  successful  system  of  this  kind,  we  refer  to  the  "  Asso- 
ciation for  irrigation  in  the  Yercelles,  Italy,"  given  elsewhere 
in  this  report.     That  we  see  no  reason  why  the  rights  of  farm- 


318  WATER  MONOPOLY  AND  IRRIGATION. 

ers  and  the  rights  of  capitalists  may  not  be  adjusted  by  some 
such  plan,  on  the  basis  of  justice  and  of  mutual  interest.  We 
observe  that  the  conditions  just  referred  to  place  a  company  of 
capitalists  in  the  light  of  temporary  owners,  and  that  they 
contemplate  a  period  when  the  works  shall  be  owned  by  the 
State,  or  by  the  farmers. 

20.  That  there  is  no  reason  to  suppose  that,  for  a  long  time, 
capital  will  look  upon  this  kind  of  investment  with  favor.  The 
financial  history  of  most  irrigating  enterprises  in  other  coun- 
tries, is  not  favorable,  so  far  as  the  interests  of  the  share- 
holders are  concerned.  It  may  be  a  question  for  the  State  to 
consider  whether  it  is  a  good  policy  to  offer  any  special  induce- 
ments in  aid  of  such  enterprises. 

21.  That  the  relation  of  the  United  States  to  the  irrigation 
of  California,  is  for  the  most  part  indirect,  but  that,  in  the 
southern  end  of  the  valley,  between  Yisalia  and  Bakersfield, 
and  south  of  this  town,  it  is  believed  that  the  United  States 
own  many  thousand  acres  of  lands  which  are  capable  of  irriga- 
tion; that  most  of  this  land  cannot  be  cultivated  under  existing 
circumstances;  that  it  has  no  value,  except  for  pasturage, 
during  part  of  the  year;  tnat,  if  irrigated,  its  value  would  be 
increased  many  fold;  that  under  these  circumstances,  it  may  be 
a  question  whether  the  United  States  ought  not,  in  some  way, 
to  encourage  the  irrigation  of  these  lands. 

.22.  That  when  any  canals  are  built,  the  State  should  estab- 
lish a  system  of  inspection,  by  which  a  proper  construction 
shall  be  assured;  that  the  quantity  of  water  to  be  taken  from  a 
river  at  its  mean  stage,  for  the  irrigation  of  a  definite  quantity 
of  land,  should  be  fixed  by  a  reasonable  rule,  so  that  those  who 
come  later  shall  not  find  all  the  water  taken  up,  and  so  that 
proper  drainage  shall  be  secured. 

23.  That  such  supervision  will  probably  be  distasteful  to 
the  parties  concerned;  that,  nevertheless,  we  believe  it  is  essen- 
tial to  future  prosperity,  and  that  its  neglect  now  will  bring  a 
fruitful  crop  of  contentions  in  the  future,  will  delay  the  devel- 
opment of  the  country,  and  that  by  making  irrigation  unhealth- 
ful,  it  may  make  it  odious. 

24.  That  the  water-rights  of  the  streams  now  taken  up  for 
mining  purposes  in  the  mountains,  do  not  conflict  with  the 
irrigation  of  the  plains,  the  water  being  returned  to  the  natural 
channels  above  the  points  where  it  will  be  taken  out  for  irriga- 
tion, at  least  for  many  years  to  come. 


QUANTITY  OF  WATER  REQUIRED.  319 


CHAPTER  XX. 

THE  IRRIGATION  PROBLEM. 

"  Irrigation  commenced  in  necessity,  and  has  been  pursued  ever  since  for  profit.  It  is  not  an 
experiment  resting  u  on  the  future  to  prove  its  advantage  or  uselessn ess,  but  a  success,  tested 
by  the  most  careful  inquiry,  made  by  the  most  civilized  nations  of  the  world." — Hon.  M.  M.  Estee. 

Cost  of  Irrigation — Loss  by  Absorption — Amount  op  Water  Required  per  Acre 
— Amount  Used  in  Foreign  Countries — Primary,  Secondary,  and  Terti- 
ary Ditches — Bases  of  Estimates — Ownership  of  Water — Mr.  Estee 's 
Views  concerning  Legislation — Italian  Authorities  Quoted — Dr.  Ryer's 
Hints  toward  a  Solution  of  the  Problem  —  Irrigation  and  Public 
Health. 

From  the  annual  address  given  before  the  State  Agricultural 
Society  in  September,  1874,  we  have,  with  the  author's  consent, 
taken  not  only  the  heading  of  the  following  chapter,  but  much 
of  its  contents.  Indeed,  so  little  can  be  added  to  the  report  of 
the  commissioners  so  liberally  quoted,  and  to  Mr.  Estee's  pres- 
entation of  the  subject,  that  we  deem  it  for  the  interest  of  those 
most  deeply  concerned  in  the  solution  of  this  great  problem, 
to  content  ourselves  with  the  effort  to  extend  their  benefits. 
The  Commissioners  have  thus  counted  the  cost  of  irrigation: 

Before  making  an  estimate  of  the  cost  of  canals,  it  is. necessary 
to  inquire  how  much  water  is  required  to  irrigate  an  acre  of  land. 
It  will  readily  be  understood  that  the  quantity  will  depend  upon  a 
number  of  considerations,  such  as  the  character  of  the  soil,  whether 
sandy  or  clayey;  upon  the  character  of  the  substratum,  whether 
pervious  or  impervious;  and  upon  the  depth  of  inclination  of  an  im- 
pervious stratum.  It  will  also  depend  upon  the  character  of  the 
cultivation.  Rice  and  sugar  fields,  vegetable-gardens,  orchards,  and 
meadows  require  more  water  than  cereals. 

The  present  staples  of  this  country  are  cereals.  There  is  some 
cotton  and  tobacco  cultivation,  which  will  probably  be  extended; 
and,  with  abundance  of  water,  we  shall  doubtless  have  a  good  deal 
of  alfalfa  or  lucerne  grass.  Every  farmer  will  have  a  little  orchard, 
and  will  raise  the  vegetables  required  for  home  consumption. 

The  evaporation  is  high  in  the  interior  valleys  of  the  State,  quite 
equal  to  that  in  Madrid,  where  it  is  about  thirteen  inches  in  July. 

The  amount  of  water  lost  by  absorption  in  the  bed  and  banks  of 
the  canal,  is  an  unknown  and  variable  quantity.  In  the  absence  of 
extra  data  u-pon  these  points,  we  may  for  the  present  adopt  the  rule 
laid  down  by  engineers  for  other  countries  of  similar  climate,  and 
estimate  the  loss  of  water  from  these  causes  at  fifteen  per  cent. 

The  rivers  of  California  generally  run  full  for  about  seven  months. 
The  rains  of  the  winter  increase  their  discharge,  and  the  melting  of 
the  snows  keeps  it  up,  so  that  we  may  say  that  the  streams  from  the 
Sierra  Nevadas  are  well  supplied  with  water  from  December  to 


320  THE  IRRIGATION  PROBLEM. 

August.  The  streams  from  the  coast  range  have  no  snow  reservoirs 
of  much  extent,  and  are  generally  dry  in  summer. 

Let  us  assume  that  the  streams  on  the  east  side  of  the  valley  are 
well  supplied  with  water  for  two  hundred  days  in  the  year,  and,  to 
make  up  for  the  overestimate  on  this  point,  let  us  neglect  their  flow 
for  the  remainder  of  the  year. 

How  much  land  ought  a  cubic  foot  of  water,  supplied  every  second 
for  two  hundred  days,  to  irrigate  ? 

We  will  make  a  further  supposition  that  the  water  is  used  for  four- 
teen hours  out  of  the  twenty-four.  Irrigation  at  night  is  practiced 
in  other  countries,  and  we  may  be  assured  that  in  seasons  of  scarcity 
it  will  be  here,  if  it  shall  prove  necessary  to  save  the  crops.  One 
day's  supply  will  put  twelve  inches  of  water  over  an  acre,  or  two 
inches  of  water  over  six  acres,  and  in  two  hundred  days  a  supply  of 
a  cubic  foot  per  second,  will  cover  two  hundred  acres  with  twelve 
inches  of  water. 

Wheat  planted  in  October  or  November  on  summer-fallowed  land, 
well  watered  when  the  rivers  are  high,  will  probably  make  a  good 
crop  without  further  watering,  except  what  it  gets  from  the  winter 
rains,  even  when  they  prove  scanty. 

Wheat  planted  in  January  or  February  will  probably  need  one  or 
two  irrigations,  or  three  inches  each  to  make  a  crop.  Wheat  or 
barley  planted  later,  and  with  irrigating  facilities,  (there  seems  to 
be  no  reason  why,  in  these  hot  valleys,  the  sowing-time  may  not  be 
extended  to  April,)  will  probably  ripen  with  twelve  inches  of  water 
judiciously  applied.  We  know  that  good  crops  of  wheat  are  raised 
without  irrigating,  when  there  is  a  rain-fall  of  twelve  inches,  or  even 
less,  which  comes  at  the  required  times. 

On  the  tule  or  reclaimed  lands,  barley  sowed  after  wheat  harvest 
has  been  gathered  comes  to  maturity. 

The  water  required  for  cotton  will  probably  not  exceed  that  neces- 
sary for  wheat.  Eice  cultivation  is  so  unhealthful  that  its  introduc- 
tion into  California  will  hardly  be  looked  upon  with  favor. 

Alfalfa,  if  cut  five  times  for  hay,  will  require  twelve  inches  of 
water  or  more,  depending  on  the  nature  of  the  soil;  this  in  addition 
to  the  usual  rain-fall. 

There  is  another  point  to  be  considered.  The  whole  of  the  land 
•commanded  by  the  canal  will  not  be  irrigated;  some  of  it  will  be 
waste  or  unsuitable  for  cultivation;  some  will  be  fallow,  and  if  we 
add  the  areas  taken  up  by  the  roads,  fences,  buildings,  farm-yards, 
etc.,  we  ought,  according  to  experience  elsewhere,  to  deduct  one 
fourth,  at  least,  from  the  irrigable  lands.  This  deduction,  we  as- 
sume, will  make  up  for  any  kind  of  cultivation,  such  as  gardens, 
orchards,  etc. ,  requiring  larger  supplies  of  water. 

Our  opinion  is,  therefore,  that  a  reasonable  allowance  for  the  land 
^  commanded  by  the  canals  is  one  cubic  foot  a  second  for  each  two 
'         hundred  acres. 

In  seasons  when  there  is  a  great  surplus  of  water,  there  can  be  no 
objection  to  a  more  liberal  use  of  it,  but  it  seems  to  us  indispensable 
that  the  State  should  lay  down  a  general  rule.  There  ought  to  be 
an  established  allotment,  which  may  vary  in  different  districts.  The 
cultivators  who  came  first  ought  not  to  be  allowed  to  appropriate 


WATER  DUTY  IN  FOREIGN  COUNTRIES.  321 

more  water  than  they  require,  because,  if  they  do,  those  who  come 
after  will  not  be  able  to  procure  a  fair  supply. 

There  are  probably  exceptional  places  where  the  lower  average  of 
rain-fall  and  porosity  of  the  soil  may  combine  to  require  a  larger 
allotment  of  water  than  we  have  assigned.  Such  places  are  about 
Tulare  Lake,  on  the  west  side  of  the  great  valley.  There  is  no  cul- 
tivation in  these  portions,  and  before  the  occasion  may  arise  to  irri- 
gate them,  further  information  will  probably  be  available  to  enable 
the  proper  conclusion  to  be  reached. 

As  the  population  of  the  irrigated  districts  increases  there  will  be 
an  increased  demand  for  water,  and  it  will  probably  result  that  the 
allowance  which  is  sufficient  in  this  generation,  may  prove  entirely 
inadequate  fifty  years  in  the  future. 

When  the  State  makes  the  survey  elsewhere  recommended  in  this 
report,  we  will  learn  both  how  much  water  and  how  much  land  there 
is,  and  will  be  enabled  to  proportion  the  supply  to  be  granted. 

It  may  then  be  a  question,  in  seasons  of  scarcity,  whether  a 
smaller  supply  of  water  will  be  given  to  the  whole  land,  or  a  larger 
supply  to  a  portion  of  it. 

There  is  so  much  variety  on  this  point,  in  the  circumstances  of 
climate,  soil  and  cultivation,  and  so  much  difference  in  the  state- 
ments of  different  authorities,  that  we  cannot  derive  from  the  ex- 
perience of  other  countries,  any  definite  conclusions  applicable  to 
our  own;  but  as  a  matter  of  interest  it  will  not  be  amiss  to  mention 
the  duty  of  water  in  other  irrigating  districts. 

In  North  India  a  cubic  foot  of  water  per  second  irrigates  five  acres 
perday. 

Taking  the  interval  of  irrigation  at  forty  days,  we  have  the  duty 
of  two  hundred  acres  for  one  foot  a  second  for  cereals. 

In  Granada  a  canal  for  the  Genii  irrigates,  of  wheat,  barley  and 
vines,  two  hundred  and  forty  acres  per  cubic  foot. 

In  Valencia,  where  it  is  very  hot,  wheat  is  watered  four  or  five 
times,  giving  about  two  hundred  acres  per  foot. 

In  Elche,  where  water  is  very  scarce,  a  cubic  foot  goes  as  far  as 
to  irrigate  one  thousand  acres.  Wheat  here,  in  some  years,  scarcely 
requires  artificial  watering. 

Rice-fields,  in  different  parts  of  the  world,  vary  from  thirty  to 
sixty,  and  even  eighty  acres,  to  the  cubic  foot. 

In  the  heavy  monsoons  of  India,  ninety  acres  per  foot  are  ir- 
rigated. In  some  of  the  huerias  or  gardens  in  Valencia,  only  from 
thirteen  to  twenty  acres  per  foot  are  irrigated.  Here,  however,  there 
are  at  least  two  crops  a  year,  and  a  part  is  devoted  to  rice. 

The  grants  for  six  recent  canals  in  Spain  run  from  seventy  acres 
per  foot  to  two  hundred  and  sixty  acres  per  foot.  Assuming,  then, 
that  a  cubic  foot  per  second  will  water  two  hundred  acres  of  land, 
we  proceed  to  give  some  considerations  in  regard  to  the  probable 
cost  of  construction  of  the  canals  and  their  primary  ditches. 

The  secondary  and  tertiary  ditches  will,  it  is  supposed,  be  made 

.  by  the  cultivators.     They  can  be  made  by  the  farmer  in  seasons  of 

leisure,  and  in  the  general  case  their  cost  will  hardly  be  felt.     The 

case  will  be  somewhat  different  with  the  cultivator  who  farms  on  a 

large  scale,  and  who  is  obliged  to  hire  laborers. 

21 


322  THE  IRRIGATION  PROBLEM. 

It  is  plain,  on  the  slightest  consideration,  that  the  cost  of  a  canal 
will  be  so  dependent  on  local  and  special  circumstances  that  it  is 
impossible  to  deduce  a  perfectly  satisfactory  conclusion  from  a 
given  or  hypothetical  case. 

The  dam,  the  character  of  the  soil,  the  quantity  of  land  to  be  ir- 
rigated, the  manner  in  which  it  is  disposed,  the  relative  remoteness, 
and  the  resources  and  population  along  the  line  are  all  elements 
which  vary  from  case  to  case,  and  either  of  which  may  effect  the 
cost  by  a  very  considerable  per  centage. 

Still  it  seems  essential  to  know  within  some  limits  the  probable 
cost. 

If  a  canal  is  to  cost  $100  per  acre  irrigated,  the  subject  may  be 
dismissed  without  any  further  consideration.  It  is  plain  that  we 
cannot  afford  to  pay  that  price.  If,  on  the  other  hand,  canals  may 
be  built  for  five  or  twice  five  dollars  per  acre,  it  is  equally  plain  that 
now  or  before  many  years  we  shall  be  able  to  afford  them,  and  shall 
have  a  fair  prospect  of  return  from  such  investment. 

The  value  of  the  estimate  which  we  proceed  to  give,  will  be  un- 
derstood from  what  proceeds. 

Let  us  take  the  most  favorable  case  that  can  happen,  namely, 
when  the  excavation  equals  the  embankment.  We  assume  a  canal 
to  carry  315  cubic  feet  of  water  per  second,  having  the  dimensions 
given  in  the  figure.  Deducting  from  this  15  per  cent,  for  loss,  the 
water  available  for  irrigation  is  268  cubic  feet,  which  will  irrigate 
53, GOO  acres.  If  we  suppose  the  irrigable  land  to  lie  on  one  side 
of  the  canal,  in  a  strip  five  miles  wide,  and  that  the  ground  permits 
straight  parallel  primary  ditches  spaced  one  mile  apart,  it  follows 
that  for  each  mile  of  canal  there  must  be  five  miles  of  primary 
ditches,  and  that  the  quantity  of  irrigable  land  for  each  mile  of 
canal  will  be  3,200  acres.  Deducting  one  fourth  for  land  not 
actually  watered,  we  shall  have  2,400  acres  of  irrigable  land  for 
each  mile  of  canal. 

Let  us  take  a  primary  ditch  of  capacity  to  carry  50  feet  of  water 
per  second.  Allowing  for  loss,  this  size  will  be  rather  more  than 
suflicient  to  cover  the  2,400  acres  with  three  inches  of  water  in  seven 
days  and  seven  nights.  The  canal  can  fill  at  the  same  time  six  of 
the  primary  ditches,  so  that  in  seven  days  14,400  acres  can  be  covered 
with  three  inches  of  water,  only  six  of  the  primary  being  full  at 
the  time.  And  in  twenty-six  days  three  inches  of  water  may  be  put 
over  the  whole  amount  of  the  land,  namely,  53,600  acres. 

If  the  water  is  used  only  for  fourteen  hours  each  day,  the  time 
necessary  to  go  over  all  the  land  with  three  inches  of  water  will  be 
forty-five  days. 

Under  our  hypothesis,  in  order  to  irrigate  2,400  acres,  we  must 
build  one  mile  of  main  canal  and  five  miles  of  primary  ditches. 
Placing  the  excavation  at  30  cents  per  cubic  yard,  we  find  the 
cost  per  acre  to  be  about  $5. 

The  section  of  the  main  caaal  will  diminish  towards  its  lower  end, 
but  to  be  on  the  safe  side,  so  far  as  cost  is  concerned,  we  keep  it  of 
uniform  size.  The  price  of  excavation  may  be  somewhat  in  excess 
of  its  actual  cost  in  some  places;  but  inasmuch  as  in  it  are  included 
all  incidental  and  contingent  expenses,  we  believe  it  is  not  far  from 


ESTB1ATE  OF  COST.  323 

correct.  "We  have  omitted  from  this  calculation  all  estimates  for  in- 
equality of  the  ground,  by  reason  of  which  the  amount  of  excavation 
may  be  considerably  increased;  all  expense  due  to  the  fact  that  gen- 
erally one  or  several  miles  of  canal  have  to  be  made  at  its  head  be- 
fore the  water  is  high  enough  relatively  to  the  adjoining  land  to 
irrigate  it,  and  we  do  not  include  the  cost  of  a  dam,  which  gen- 
erally will  be  indispensable.  Neither  do  we  include  the  cost  of 
head-works  or  of  the  bridges  and  sluices  which  will  be  required,  or 
of  the  measures  that  may  be  necessary  to  pass  the  drainage  of  the 
country  into,  over,  or  under  the  canal.  We  do  not  estimate  for 
these  points,  for  the  reason  that  no  estimate  can  be  made,  the  cir- 
cumstances in  no  two  cases  being  the  same. 

Speaking  generally,  we  are  of  the  opinion  that  the  omitted  points 
will  cost  as  much  as  the  excavation,  and  hence,  that  the  rate  per 
acre  just  given  should  be  double. 

This  brings  us  to  the  conclusion  that  it  will  cost  about  $10  per 
acre  to  irrigate  these  valleys. 

It  is,  however,  to  be  remarked,  that  large  portions  of  the  eastern 
side  of  the  San  Joaquin  Valley  are  underlaid  two  or  threo  feet  from 
the  surface  by  a  hard  stratum,  which  it  will  be  necessary  to  blast, 
or,  if  not  blasted,  the  canals  must  be  very  shallow.  This  fact  leads 
us  to  believe  that  the  cost  per  acre  in  these  sections  will  be  in- 
creased twenty-five  to  thirty-three  per  cent,  above  the  estimate  al- 
ready given. 

The  irrigation  of  the  foot-hills  will  of  course  cost  more.  Here 
the  problem  will  be  more  similar  to  that  presented  in  other  coun- 
tries. So  far  as  we  are  able  to  judge  from  descriptions  given  by 
writers,  we  are  inclined  to  believe  that  the  physical  conditions  in  these 
valleys  are  unexceptionably  favorable  for  irrigation.  This  fact  ac- 
counts in  a  great  measure  for  the  smallness  of  our  estimates,  as  com- 
pared with  the  actual  cost  of  canals  in  Spain,  for  instance,  where 
the  price  of  labor  is  so  much  cheaper  than  it  is  in  California. 

A  further  reason  for  this  difference  lies  in  the  character  of  the 
constructions.  The  dams,  head-works,  and  sluices  of  foreign  works 
are  made  of  masonry,  and  in  the  most  thorough  manner.  In  Cali- 
fornia all  these  constructions  will  for  many  years  be  of  wood.  It  is 
cheaper,  with  the  present  rates  of  interest,  to  build  of  wood,  and  to 
rebuild  when  the  works  decay,  than  to  construct  once  for  all  of  ma- 
sonry. 

The  cheapest  canal  that  we  find  in  Spain  is  that  from  the  Esla, 
which  cost  fifteen  dollars  per  acre.  The  other  modern  canals  in 
Spain  have  cost  more  than  twice  as  much  There  are  no  longer  in 
these  old  countries  any  lands  which  admit  of  easy  irrigation,  and  on 
all  these  lines  there  is  a  great  deal  of  heavy  work  in  excavating, 
tunneling,  aqueducts,  and  in  revetment-walls,  which  the  valley 
works  in  California  will  not  require. 

Having  thus  been  furnished  with  approximate  data  for  an  estimate 
of  the  cost,  the  main  element  in  the  problem,  we  are  prepared  to 
consider  the  question  of  the  ownership  of  the  water. 

In  most  countries  where  irrigation  has  proved  successful,  the 
ownership  of  the  water  remains  in  the  sovereignty,  and  the  sover- 
eignty either  grants  the  right  to  its  use  in  canal  companies,  or  mak- 


321  THE  IRRIGATION   PROBLEM. 

ing  the  canals,  and  rents  water  to  those  desiring  to  irrigate .  Our 
American  law  of  riparian  ownership,  and  the  recognized  doctrine 
that  each  navigable  stream  is  a  highway,  open  alike  to  the  use  of 
the  whole  people,  and  especially  the  ease  by  which  private  parties 
acquire  title  to  great  water-courses,  will  necessarily  cut  a  large  fig- 
ure in  the  disposition  of  this  important  question.  If  the  State 
owned  and  controlled  the  fee  to  all  our  water-courses,  so  that  no 
private  enterprise  or  individual  could  acquire  a  legal  right  to  any  of 
the  waters,  any  more  than  they  could  to  a  public  highway,  then 
terms  could  be  imposed  (the  fee  remaining  in  the  State,)  so  that 
large  inducements  could  be  offered  to  private  capital  to  invest  in  ir- 
rigating canals,  while  a  reasonable  and  just  protection  against  mo- 
nopoly was  assured  to  the  people. 

There  is  still  another  view,  which  presents  itself  for  consideration. 
The  right  to  the  use  of  a  reasonable  amount  of  water  is  incident  to 
the  ownership  of  the  land  adjacent  to  it,  and  neither  the  State,  nor 
any  individual  or  corporation  in  the  State,  ought  to  be  permitted  to 
divert  and  take  from  its  natural  channel,  or  from  the  valley  through 
which  it  runs,  the  water  of  any  of  the  streams  of  the  State,  if  it  be 
needed  there;  but  the  amount  only  that  is  needed  should  be  retained 
for  riparian  owners.  To  say  that  the  waters  of  the  San  Joaquin 
may  be  transferred  from  that  great  valley,  and  used  for  the  purpose 
of  irrigating  lands  located  either  all  upon  the  one  side  of  the  river 
or  remote  from  it,  when  it  is  required  there,  will  be  to  admit  that 
the  people  of  one  portion  of  the  State  may  do  an  act  which  will  de- 
prive the  people  of  another  section  of  the  means  of  subsistence. 

Yet  the  riparian  ownership  should  be  limited  to  the  amount  of 
water  that  is  actually  needed.  The  man  who  owns  the  right  to  an 
article  like  water,  in  a  climate  like  ours,  without  taking  any  steps 
towards  a  useful  appropriation  of  it,  is  as  great  a  monopolist  as  he 
who  owns  and  uses  it  as  a  means  of  oppression. 

In  a  country  like  this,  where  a  large  portion  of  the  year  is  rain- 
less, a  monopoly  of  the  water  is  as  dangerous  to  the  prosperity  of 
the  country  as  a  monopoly  of  the  air  we  breathe;  and  yet,  when  we 
reflect  that  it  requires  the  expenditure  of  a  sum  of  money  greater 
far  than  any  estimate  which  has  hitherto  been  made,  to  dig  canals 
through  our  valleys  large  enough  to  answer  the  purposes  of  irrigation 
on  a  grand  scale,  we  can  realize  how  difficult  it  is  to  avoid  a  monop- 
oly of  this  character;  for  every  exclusive  right  necessarily  amounts 
to  a  monopoly. 

What  can  be  done,  and  ought  to  be  done,  is  to  regulate  its  use 
and  its  price  by  legislation;  not  to  prohibit  or  limit  its  use.  There 
is  a  labor  side  to  this  question  that  can  be  only  protected  by  legis- 
lation. Labor  is  weak  and  unprotected.  Capital  is  strong  and 
united,  and  can  protect  itself.  The  people,  at  this  time,  would  un- 
doubtedly object  to  the  State,  or  the  counties  of  the  State,  taking 
an  interest  in  this  enterprise.  The  subject  is  new  to  us;  the  profit 
not  understood,  or  at  least  uncertain;  the  work  vast  and  expensive; 
the  interest  local,  as  it  could  afford  but  a  small  advantage  to  the 
mining  counties;  therefore,  private  capital  must  be  chiefly  looked  to 
for  this  purpose. 

Already,  some  of  the  most  wealthy,  shrewd  and  enterprising  busi- 


PRIVATE  VS.  PUBLIC  INTEREST.  325 

ness  men  of  the  Coast  have  given  this  subject  a  start  in  the  right 
direction.  They  have,  with  the  usual  forethought  and  care  of  large 
moneyed  interests,  examined  every  side  of  it  here  presented  for 
consideration,  and  have  thus  early  mapped  off  a  system  of  irri- 
gation for  at  least  one  of  the  great  valleys  of  the  State  (the  San 
Joaquin),  of  the  most  comprehensive  character.  This  has  been  con- 
templated  simply  as  an  investment.  Money  is  rarely  public  spirited 
or  patriotic.  It  moves  in  the  channels  of  good  investments  and  large 
interests.  It  is  a  mistake  of  its  possessor  if  it  gets  out  of  these 
channels.  You  may  therefore  rest  assured  that  these  capitalists 
knew  the  value  of  this  enterprise  before  they  embarked  in  it. 

As  before  stated,  in  Northern  Italy,  as  in  India,  the  government 
possesses  the  right  of  property  in  all  running  waters.  In  Lombardy, 
grants  of  the  water  in  perpetuity  have  been  made;  but,  says  Captain 
Baird  Smith,  who  is  a  standard  authority  on  irrigation,  "The  grant 
of  such  material  as  water,  the  value  of  which  must  necessarily  go 
on  augmentiDg  with  the  progress  of  agriculture,  is  an  injustice 
toward  the  government  and  people.  *.*...*.*  Hence  I  am  dis- 
tinctly of  the  opinion  that  for  the  government  of  India  to  follow  the 
example  of  Lombardy  in  parting  forever  with  its  right  of  property 
in  the  waters  of  the  country,  on  the  receipt  of  sums  which  cannot 
possibly  represent  the  real  value  of  the  article,  would  be  unwise,  not 
only  as  regards  its  own  interests,  but  also  those  of  the  irrigating 
community.  For  there  is  no  point  better  established  by  experience 
in  Northern  Italy,  and  particularly  in  Lombardy,  than  that  the  self- 
ishness of  the  grantees  of  water  in  perpetuity  has  been  one  of  the 
most  serious  obstacles  to  the  development  of  irrigation." 

"  Acting  on  the  principle  that  they  had  the  right  to  do  what  they 
liked  with  their  own,  they  were  in  the  habit  of  arbitrarily  suspending 
the  supplies  of  water  to  some,  of  increasing  as  they  saw  fit  the  prices 
to  be  paid  by  others,  and  in  a  word  pushing  to  its  utmost  limits  the 
right  of  absolute  property  purchased  by  them  from  the  State." 

"But  an  agriculture,"  continues  our  authority,  " founded  under 
such  an  arbitrary  system,  cannot  advance." 

M.  Giovanetti,  a  distinguished  Italian  lawyer  and  statesman, 
traces  with  a  master  hand  the  history  of  property  in  water  in  Italy; 
and  after  showing  that  the  State  claimed  no  property  as  such,  in 
the  bed  of  the  river  or  islands,  he  says:  "Nor  does  the  State  claim 
the  water  as  a  patrimony  for  the  community,  but  simply  to  place  be- 
yond the  reach  of  private  appropriation  all  that  was  naturally  de- 
signed for  the  common  good." 

As  respects  California  irrigation,  this  in  time  will  be  another  of 
the  problems  of  doubtful  solution.  Here  under  our  laws  the  owner- 
ship of  the  water  of  the  unnavigable  streams  of  the  State  can  be 
acquired  by  the  first  appropriator.  No  legislation  at  this  time  could 
change  this  rule,  or  afford  an  ample  remedy,  for  much  of  the  water 
is  already  in  private  hands. 

The  only  power,  then,  left  in  the  State,  and  one  which  sooner  or 
later  it  must  exercise,  is  to  regulate  the  use  and  the  price  of  water 
for  irrigation,  not  with  the  view  of  making  the  property  in  water 
less  valuable,  but  to  avoid  oppression  and  discrimination,  and  thus 
make  it,  like  all  public  enterprises,  of  value  to  the  whole  people. 


326  THE  IRRIGATION   PROBLEM. 

It  has  recently  been  held,  by  the  highest  judicial  tribunal  in  Italy, 
"  that  canals  of  irrigation  are  not  to  be  regarded  as  works  designed 
solely  for  the  benefit  of  their  original  constructors,  but  that  the 
general  good  of  the  community  has  to  be  considered,  as  well  as 
the  benefit  of  the  individuals  running  them." 

No  sensible  man  will  countenance  the  lawless  idea  that  what  a 
man  owns  is  not  his  to  enjoy,  be  it  much  or  little,  but  is  the  part  of 
wisdom  to  profit  by  the  experience  of  the  past,  and  so  far  as  possible 
protect  by  law  those  who  cannot  protect  themselves,  and  thus 
guard  with  a  jealous  eye  the  best  interests  of  the  producers  of  the 
State. 

In  this  State  and  in  this  climate,  if  we  should  give  to  any  one  set 
of  individuals  the  fee  of  the  waters  of  the  State  for  irrigation, 
whether  such  persons  live  upon  the  banks  of  rivers  or  remote  from 
them,  and  the  State  have  no  right  to  regulate  their  use,  although  it 
would  be  of  small  value  and  little  importance  now,  in  a  few  years  it 
would  be  of  immense  value  and  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the 
farming  community.  It  would  give  to  the  men  who  controlled  the 
water  or  owned  the  canals  the  power,  should  they  choose  to  exer- 
cise it,  of  controlling  every  farmer  who  depended  on  irrigation  for 
his  crops,  or  upon  a  water  ditch  for  his  stock.  It  would  soon  have 
a  relation  to  public  affairs  that  no  power  but  revolution  could  con- 
quer or  control.  It  would  imperil  the  great  future  already  marked 
out  for  us,  and  set  us  back  on  the  scale  of  advancement  a  quarter  of 
a  century. 

The  magnitude  of  the  questions  involved  in  the  water  supply 
of  the  San  Joaquin  Yalley,  and  the  probability  that  it  will  be 
one  of  the  most  prominent  before  future  Legislatures,  warrants 
a  careful  and  critical  examination  of  all  sides  of  this  subject. 
The  Granges  desire  equity  to  all,  and  the  good  of  all,  and  will 
be  guided  by  these  principles  through  the  mazes  of  conflicting 
interests  which  harass  the  limitation  of  powers  already  in  the 
hands  of  strong  and  skillful  combinations.  Dr.  M.  W.  Ryer, 
(in  the  Rural  Press  of  May  1st,  1875,)  has,  it  appears  to  us, 
come  most  nearly  to  a  solution  of  the  irrigation  problem.  He 
says: 

The  question  how  to  frame  a  law  of  association  so  that  the  owner- 
ship of  the  water  and  the  land  may  go  together,  should  be  considered 
by  every  politician  in  the  State,  and  no  candidate  for  legislative 
office  should  be  considered  competent  until  he  presents  to  his  con- 
stituents the  draft  of  a  law  covering  land  and  water  ownership. 

"We  have  found  that,  by  association,  lands  may  be  reclaimed  frbm 
overflow.  Why,  by  the  application  of  similar  laws,  may  not  lands 
be  irrigated  ? 

To  the  question,  "Why  has  not  reclamation  been  more  successful? 
the  answer  is,  California  engineers  have  tried  to  exclude  water  from 
lands  by  building  levees  of  turf  and  spongy  soil,  upon  land  which 
floats  on  a  bed  of  mud  and  water.     The  most  insane  engineer  in  ex- 


SOLUTION  PROPOSED  BY  DR.   RYER.  327 

istence  will  still  retain  sense  enough  to  tell  you  that  the  first  rule  of 
leveeing,  is  to  ditch  through  the  turf,  and  then  get  solid  earth  from 
the  bottom  of  the  river  by  dredging  machines,  or  earth  containing 
no  vegetation,  from  the  nearest  practical  place,  and  to  base  the  levee 
ujDon  the  hard  pan  or  solid  earth  beneath;  for  levees,  as  buildings, 
require  unyielding  foundations. 

The  law  of  1868  sets  forth  that  the  owners  of  a  majority  of  the 
land  in  any  district,  may  associate,  and  then  elect  trustees.  These 
trustees  may  appoint  engineers  to  make  plans  and  estimate  the  cost 
of  the  work  necessary  to  reclamation.  Upon  these  plans  and  esti- 
mates, the  Board  of  Supervisors,  if  they  approve  th«m,  direct  three 
commissioners  to  jointly  view  the  land,  and  assess  upon  each  and 
every  acre  to  be  reclaimed  or  benefited  thereby,  a  tax  proportionate 
to  the  whole  expense,  and  to  the  benefits  which  will  result  from  such 
work;  said  tax  to  be  collected  and  paid  into  the  county  treasury,  and 
shall  be  paid  out  for  works  of  reclamation,  upon  the  order  of  the 
Board  of  Trustees,  when  approved  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors. 
This  tax  is  enforced  by  the  District  Attorney  of  the  county,  in  a 
manner  similar  to  the  enforcement  of  the  collection  of  State  and 
county  taxes.  With  a  few  amendments,  the  reclamation  laws  are 
sufficient  to  reclaim  the  lands,  and  keep  the  control  and  ownership 
cf  the  levees  within  the  hands  of  the  owners  of  the  land. 

Two  incomplete  and  inefficient  acts  were  passed  upon  irrigation 
at  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature.  These  acts  may  be  so  altered 
and  amended  as  to  render  irrigation  by  association  entirely  practica- 
ble.    The  legislation  needed  should  cover  the  following  points: 

1.  The  Surveyor-General  of  the  State  should  lay  off  the  land  of 
the  State  with  reference  to  irrigation,  and  set  forth  the  proper 
water  supply  to  each  district,  and  the  place  and  manner  of  taking  it. 

2.  The  owners  of  a  majority  of  land  susceptible  of  irrigation, 
should  be  enabled  to  form  a  district. 

3.  Trustees  should  be  elected  by  the  owners  of  the  majority  of  the 
land  in  the  district. 

4.  Trustees  shall  apply  to  the  Surveyor-General  of  the  State  to 
designate  the  water  supply  proper  to  the  district,  and  the  land  out- 
side of  the  district  necessary  for  canals  or  other  work.  As  soon  as 
the  land  and  water  is  thus  designated,  the  trustees  shall  immedi- 
ately take  possession  of  the  same  and  hold  them  as  property  of  the 
district. 

The  trustees  shall  employ  an  engineer  to  make  plans,  surveys, 
and  estimates  of  the  works,  necessary  to  irrigation. 

5.  The  Attorney-General  of  the  State  shall  immediately  seize, 
condemn  and  appropriate  such  water  and  land,  as  the  Surveyor- 
General  shall  designate  as  necessary  to  the  district,  when  the  own- 
ers of  such  water-sources  or  land  shall  establish  in  Court  the 
amount  they  have  actually  expended  in  works  connected  with  such 
water  supply  or  land,  and  the  actual  value  at  the  time  of  seizure, 
without  reference  to  an}7  future  or  prospective  values.  Then  the 
trustees  of  the  district,  approved  by  the  Board  of  Supervisors, 
may  order  the  amount  paid  out  of  funds  belonging  to  the  district. 
But  no  prospective  damages  to  the  owners  of  water  or  land  shall 
be  allowed  by  the  Courts,  or  paid  by  order  of  the  trustees.     The 


328  TIIE  IRRIGATION   PROBLEM. 

appropriation  of  the  water   and  land   should   be   immediate  and 
irrevocable;  the  litigation   for   damages  may  take  place  afterward. 

6.  To  furnish  the  money  necessary  to  works  of  irrigation,  there 
should  be  commissioners  appointed  by  the  Board  of  Super  visors,  or, 
when  in  two  or  more  countries,  by  the  joint  action  of  the  Supervi- 
sors of  the  counties;  these  commissioners  to  assess  upon  each  and 
every  acre  a  tax  proportionate  to  the  whole  expense  as  estimated  by 
the  engineers  employed  by  the  trustees,  and  to  the  benefits,  either 
directly  or  indirectly,  which  will  result  from  such  works. 

7.  These  assessments  to  be  collected  by  the  District  Attorney  of 
the  county  in  which  the  land  lies,  or  by  some  State  officer  appointed 
for  the  purpose,  and  the  amount  collected  to  be  immediately  paid 
into  the  county  treasury  and  there  subject  to  the  order  of  the  trus- 
tees when  appointed  by  the  Supervisors.  But  no  order  to  be  paid 
except  for  work  actually  done  or  in  compliance  with  the  judgment 
and  orders  of  a  court.  "Warrants  drawn  by  the  trustees  to  draw  in- 
terest at  ten  per  cent,  per  annum  until  paid. 

8.  Assessment  to  the  full  amount  necessary  should  be  made  by  the 
commissioners  upon  the  estimates  formed  by  the  engineers  employed 
by  the  trustees  of  the  district;  but  the  trustees  shall  call  in  only  in- 
stallments of  this  tax  large  enough  to  cover  the  works  which  must  be 
completed  within  six  months  from  date  of  call.  All  assessments  to 
be  a  lien  upon  the  land  and  work  its  forfeiture  unless  paid. 

9.  All  contracts  to  be  let  to  the  lowest  bidder  for  cash,  and  all 
contracts  to  be  let  in  small  sections,  after  due  advertisement.  Thus 
giving  the  poor  man  an  opportunity  of  paying  his  assessment  by  his 
own  labor. 

10.  The  district  thus  formed  shall  own  the  water  forever,  and  no 
land  not  included  in  the  district,  and  which  has  not  paid  for  the 
works  of  irrigation  at  the  time  the  works  are  constructed,  shall  have 
the  use  of  this  water,  except  on  such  terms  as  the  officers  of  the  dis- 
trict may  dictate;  for  the  land-owner  who  will  not  assist  in  the  en- 
terprise should  have  none  of  its  privileges. 

If  the  State  should  actually  own  and  build  canals  for  irrigation, 
canal  rings,  as  in  New  York,  may  be  formed.  And  if  it  is  proper  to 
construct  them  in  one  place,  why  not  in  fifty  places?  The  owners 
of  gravel  and  placer  claims  will  not  understand  why  the  land  spec- 
ulator should  have  State  bonds  to  assist  him,  when  other  great  inter- 
ests of  the  State  require  assistance.  The  tule  land-owner  will 
equally  demand  assistance,  and  thus,  when  the  State  begins  to  issue 
bonds,  who  can  tell  the  stopping  place  ? 

Few  farmers  on  these  plains  count  their  acres  by  less  than  hun- 
dreds, and  speculators  count  by  thousands.  If  they  form  districts 
and  prove  to  the  world  that  they  intend  to  irrigate,  their  lands  will 
rapidly  advance  in  value,  and  thus  before  they  have  to  pay  their  first 
assessment  they  can  sell  one  half  their  land  for  enough  to  pay  for 
irrigating  the  other  half.  Now,  as  one  acre  irrigated  is  worth  ten 
not  irrigated,  it  seems  a  fair  proposition  that  they  should,  if  neces- 
sary, sell  a  portion  to  improve  the  other.  State  aid,  except  to  assist 
in  the  formation  of  districts  and  the  condemning  to  their  use  the 
waters  of  the  rivers,  should  not  be  extended  to  the  owners  of  the 
land 


IRRIGATION  AND  PUBLIC  HEALTH.  329 

The  entangling  alliance  of  State  with  land  sharps  will  be  fruitful 
of  no  public  good.  As  almost  all  have  more  land  than  they  can 
properly  work  after  irrigation,  let  them  sell  a  part  to  enhance  the 
value  of  the  remainder. 

Let  it  be  understood  by  all  who  read  this  article  that  it  is  written 
for  the  purpose  of  urging  men  of  legislative  capacity  to  frame  an 
effective  law  upon  a  most  difficult  subject,  as  the  above  is  but  a  crude 
and  unfinished  sketch. 

How  to  wrest  from  the  water-grabbers  the  waters  of  the  State  will 
puzzle  many  able  men,  and  the  legislator  who  can  frame  an  act  to  do 
so  should  be  well  appreciated  by  his  fellow-men.  It  may  save  much 
trouble  in  the  Legislature,  and  enable  our  law  makers  to  approach 
the  subject  with  more  intelligence  if  some  of  the  legal  minds  of  the 
State  would  publish  in  the  journals  of  the  day  the  outline  or  draft 
of  a  law  applicable  to  the  case,  for  no  hasty  legislation  can  properly 
encompass  the  great  questions  involved. 

Another  relation  of  irrigation  to  the  public  welfare  must  not 
be  overlooked  in  our  attention  to  its  vast  material  benefits. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  California  State  Medical  Society,  Dr. 
Carr  introduced  the  following  resolution,  which  was  adopted : 

Whereas,  The  matter  of  irrigation  is  one  of  vital  importance  to  the 
agricultural  interests  of  California;  and, 

Whereas,  The  same  is  more  or  less  connected  with  the  health  of 
the  whole  community;  therefore, 

Besolved,  That  each  member  of  this  society  be  earnestly  requested 
to  gather  all  the  statistics  and  information  in  their  several  localities 
in  regard  to  the  effect  of  mining  and  irrigating  ditches  or  canals 
upon  the  public  health,  and  report  the  same  to  the  Chairman  of  the 
Committee  on  Hygiene,  at  their  earliest  convenience. 


CHAPTER  XXL 

TRANSPORTATION. 
"  Transportation  is  King." 

Results  of  Railroad  Investigation  by  Congeess — Committee,  how  Formed — 
Exhaustive  Researches — Magnitude  of  Interests  Involved — Inadequacy 
of  Means  of  Tbanspobtation — Defects  and  Abuses — Discriminations  and 
Extortions — Stock  Watering — Capitalization  of  Earnings — Construction 
Rings — Unjust  Discriminations — General  Extravagance  and  Corruption 
of  Railway  Management — Combinations  and  Consolidations — Nominal 
Capital  and  Fictitious  Stock — Excess  of  Capital  over  Actual  Stock — Il- 
lustrations— How  Evils  may  be  Remedied — Summary  of  Conclusions  and 
Recommendations — Congress  may  Regulate  Inter-State  Transportation. 

The  greatest  drawback  to  the  development  of  agriculture  in 
California  is  the  distance  of  our  markets,  and  the  lack  of  stim- 


330  TEANSPOETATION. 

ulus  given  by  the  rapid  development  of  manufactures.  The 
'triple  arms  of  industry  mutually  support  each  other  with 
strength  proportionate  to  their  nearness.  We  have  a  personal 
interest  in  the  consumer  who  is  also  our  neighbor.  In  the  farm- 
ers' war  upon  monopolies,  it  has  not  always  been  remembered 
that  before  the  era  of  railroads  it  was  estimated  that  the  cost  of 
carriage  of  a  bushel  of  corn  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  was 
equal  to  its  value.  Kailroad  carriage  extended  the  distance  point 
at  which  the  value  was  consumed  by  transportation  to  fifteen  hun- 
dred miles.  Still  another  element  in  this  question  has  been  over- 
looked by  the  farmers.  Protective  duties  are  in  a  large  meas- 
ure responsible  for  the  present  high  cost  of  railway  construc- 
tion and  maintenance.  Mr.  Edward  Atkinson,  of  Boston,  in  an 
address  delivered  four  years  ago,  showed  that  the  direct  effect 
of  the  duty  of  fourteen  dollars  a  ton  of  two  thousand  pounds 
on  railroad  iron  in  1869,  was  to  tax  the  industry  and  trans- 
portation interests  ten  million  dollars;  of  which  amount  one 
fourth  went  into  the  national  treasury,  and  three-fourths  into 
the  hands  of  the  iron  masters.  This  sum  would  build  four 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  of  railroad  on  the  western  prairies, 
where  the  consumption  of  iron  is  about  ninety  tons,  and  the 
actual  cost  does  not  exceed  twenty-four  thousand  dollars. 

Believing  that  no  greater  service  can  be  rendered  to  the  Ag- 
ricultural classes  of  the  Pacific  Coast  than  to  place  before  them 
in  a  condensed  form  the  conclusions  which  have  been  reached 
by  National  and  State  Committees  upon  the  vast  and  com- 
plicated question  of  Railroad  Transportation,  I  have,  in  the 
following  pages,  summarized  the  more  important  documents 
which  treat  upon  this  subject. 

The  railroad  legislation  in  own  State  is  so  recent,  and  the 
means  of  obtaining  full  information  concerning  it  so  accessi- 
ble, that  I  have  chosen  to  give  all  the  space  allotted  to  this  ob- 
jective point  of  the  great  farmers'  movement  to  Eastern  author- 
ities instead  of  our  own. 

The  report  of  the  Select  Congressional  Committee  on  Trans- 
portation, appointed  during  the  session  of  1872-3,  consisting 
of  Roscoe  Conkling,  T.  M.  Norwood,  N.  G.  Davis  and  John 
W.  Johnston,  fills  nearly  fifteen  hundred  octavo  pages.  They 
were  authorized  to  sit  at  such  places  as  they  might  designate 
during  the  recess;  had  every  facility  at  their  command;  and  be- 
ing empowered  to  call  for  persons  and  papers,  were  able  to 


PAST  INDIFFERENCE  OF  GOVERNMENT.  331 

obtain  and  to   collate   an   almost  infinite   number   of    details 
never  before  brought  within  the  public  reach.     They  say : 

Perhaps  the  most  extraordinary  feature  of  our  governmental  policy 
touching  the  vast  internal  trade  of  the  nation  is  the  apparent  indif- 
ference and  neglect  with  which  it  has  been  treated.  While  detailed 
information  has  been  obtained  by  the  Government,  under  customs 
and  revenue  laws,  in  relation  to  commerce  with  foreign  countries, 
no  means  have  been  provided  for  collecting  accurate  statistics  con- 
cerning the  vastly  more  important  interests  of  internal  commerce. 
No  officer  of  the  Government  has  ever  been  charged  with  the  duty 
of  collecting  information  on  this  subject,  and  the  legislator  who 
desires  to  inform  himself  concerning  the  nature,  extent,  value,  or 
necessities  of  our  immense  internal  trade,  or  of  its  relations  to  foreign 
commerce,  must  patiently  grope  his  way  through  the  statistics  fur- 
nished by  boards  of  trade,  chambers  of  commerce,  and  transporta- 
tion companies.  Even  the  census  reports,  which  purport  to  contain 
an  inventory  of  the  property  and  business  pursuits  of  the  people, 
and  which  in  some  matters  descend  to  the  minutest  details,  are 
silent  with  regard  to  the  billions  of  dollars  represented  by  railways 
and  other  instruments  of  internal  transportation,  and  to  the  much 
greater  values  of  commodities  annually  moved  by  them. 

"We  have  no  means  of  measuring  accurately  the  magnitude  of  this 
trade,  but  its  colossal  proportions  may  be  inferred  from  two  or  three 
known  facts.  The  value  of  commodities  moved  by  the  railroads  in 
1872  is.  estimated  at  over  $10,000,000,000,  and  their  gross  receipts 
reached  the  emormous  sum  of  $473,241,055.  The  commerce  of  the 
cities  of  the  Ohio  river  alone  has  been  carefully  estimated  at  over 
$1,600,000,000  per  annum.  The  value  of  pur  internal  commerce  is 
many  times  greater  than  our  trade  with  all  foreign  nations,  and  the 
amount  annually  paid  for  transportation  is  more  than  double  the 
entire  revenues  of  the  Government. 

Concisely  stated,  the  defects  and  abuses  alleged  against  the  exist- 
ing systems  of  transportation  are :  insufficient  facilities,  unfair  dis- 
criminations, and  extortionate  charges.  With  reference  to  the  mat- 
ter of  facilities,  it  is  believed  that  the  improvements  of  natural  water- 
ways and  the  construction  of  additional  channels  of  water  com- 
munication have  been  wholly  inadequate  to  the  growing  demands  of 
trade;  and  by  reason  of  this  neglect  on  the  part  of  the  Government, 
the  commerce  of  the  country  has  been  compelled  to  accept  the  more 
expensive  methods  afforded  by  railroads;  and  that  railway  companies, 
having  thus  secured  a  substantial  monopoly  of  the  business  of  -trans- 
portation, have  failed  to  recognize  their  responsibilities  to  the  public, 
or  to  meet  the  just  demands  of  the  rapidly  increasing  commerce  be- 
tween the  interior  and  the  seaboard. 

Discriminating  and  extortionate  charges,  however,  constitute  the 
chief  grounds  of  complaint.  The  principal  causes  which  are  sup- 
posed to  produce  such  charges,  and  which  have  aggravated  and  in- 
tensified the  public  discontent,  may  be  summarized  as  follows: 

1,  "  Stock-watering,"  a  well  known  process  by  which  the  capital 
stock  of  a  company  is  largely  increased  for  purely  speculative  pup- 
poses,  without  any  corresponding  expenditure  on  the  part  of  its  re- 
cipients. 


332  TRANSPORTATION. 

2.  Capitalization  of  surplus  earnings.  By  this  process,  the  net 
profits,  over  and  above  the  amount  paid  on  interest  and  dividends, 
are    supposed  to  be  expended   in   permanent  improvements,    and 

i  charged  up  to  capital  account,  for  which  additional  stock  is  issued, 
I  and  increased  charges  rendered  necessary  to  meet  the  increased  div- 
I  idends  required.  It  is  insisted  that  this  is  a  double  form  of  taxa- 
tion ;  first,  in  the  exorbitant  charges  from  which  such  surplus  profits 
are  derived;  and,  second,  in  the  conversion  of  such  surplus  into  cap- 
ital-stock, thereby  compelling  the  business  of  the  country  to  pay  in- 
creased charges  on  all  future  transactions,  in  order  to  provide  divi- 
dends on  capital  thus  unjustly  obtained.  It  is  argued  with  great 
force,  that  as  all  the  legitimate  claims  of  railroad  companies  are  met 
by  the  public,  when  it  has  paid  a  fair  and  reasonable  return  for  the 
capital  invested  and  services  rendered,  any  surplus  earnings  ex- 
pended in  improvements  should  inure  to  its  benefit,  instead  of  be- 
ing made  the  basis  of  future  exactions.  In  brief,  the  people  be- 
lieve that  by  this  process  they  are  first  robbed,  and  then  compelled 
to  pay  interest  on  their  own  money. 

3.  The  introduction  of  intermediate  agencies,  such  as  car-com- 
panies, fast  freight  lines,  etc. 

4.  "Construction  rings"  and  other  means  by  which  the  managers 
are  supposed  to  make  large  profits  in  the  building  of  railways,  which 
are  charged  up  to  the  cost  of  the  road. 

5.  Unfair  adjustments  of  through  and  local  rates,  and  unjust  dis- 
criminations against  certain  localities,  whereby  one  community  is 
compelled  to  pay  unreasonable  charges  in  order  that  another  more 
favored  may  pay  less  than  the  services  are  worth. 

6.  General  extravagance  and  corruption  in  railway  management, 
whereby  favorites  are  enriched  and  the  public  impoverished. 

7.  Combinations  and  consolidations  of  railway  companies,  by 
which  free  competition  is  destroyed,  and  the  producing  and  com- 
mercial interests  of  the  country  handed  over  to  the  control  of  mo- 
nopolies, who  are  thereby  enabled  to  enforce  upon  the  public  the 
exorbitant  rates  rendered  necessary  by  the  causes  above  named. 

8.  The  system  of  operating  fast  and  slow  trains  on  the  same  road, 
whereby  the  cost  of  freight  movement  is  believed  to  be  largely  in- 
creased. This  is  perhaps  the  misfortune  rather  than  the  fault  of  rail- 
way companies.  It  is  doubtless  a  necessity  growing  out  of  the  con- 
ditions under  which  our  railway  system  has  been  developed. 

Of  the  defects  and  abuses  above  enumerated,  perhaps  none  have 
contributed  so  much  to  the  general  discontent  and  indignation  as  the 
increase  of  railway  capital  by  "stock- watering,"  and  capitalization  of 
surplus  earnings.  It  is  fully  conceded  that  a  fair  and  even  liberal 
remuneration  should  be  paid  for  capital  actually  invested,  but  that 
the  industry  of  the  country  should  be  taxed  for  all  time  to  meet  div- 
idends on  paper-capital,  is  indignantly  denied. 

To  what  extent  the  nominal  railway  capital  of  the  country  is  rep- 
resented by  fictitious  stock  is  not  easy  to  determine.  The  manner 
in  which  railway  accounts  are  usually  kept,  renders  it  very  difficult 
for  the  managers  themselves  to  state  what  proportion  of  the  entire 
cost  of  a  given  road  was  paid  by  the  stockholders,  and  what  part 
from  the  surplus  earnings.     Replacements  and  improvements  are 


EXCESS  OF  CAPITAL  OVER  COST. 


333 


constantly  being  made,  and  paid  for  out  of  current  receipts.  It  is 
quite  impossible  for  the  committee  to  obtain  accurate  information  on 
this  point,  without  going  into  a  detailed  investigation  of  the  accounts 
of  the  several  companies  extending  over  a  long  series  of  years,  and 
involving  in  many  cases  the  cross-examination  of  reluctant  witnesses, 
which  would  have  consumed  the  entire  time  of  the  committee,  to  the 
exclusion  of  all  other  matters.  Enough  is  known  of  the  extent  and 
vicious  effects  of  stock  manipulations  to  justify  the  adoption  of 
prompt  and  efficient  means  for  their  prevention  in  the  future. 

Assuming  the  estimates  of  three  most  important  railways  to  be 
approximately  correct,  we  have  an  excess  of  capital  over  actual  cost, 
on  these  three  lines,  as  follows: 


Name  of  Line. 

Present  Capital 

in  Stock  and 

Bonds. 

Probable 
Actual  Cost. 

Excess  of  Cap- 
ital over  Actual 
Cost. 

Eiie  Line,  New  York  to  Dunkirk,  459  miles 
New  York  Central  Line  to  Chicago,  980 

miles 

Pennsylvania  Line,  from  Philadelphia  to 
Chicago,  890  miles 

$  108,807,000 

190,188,137 

78,290,374 

§40,000,000 
75,000,000 
67,000,000 

$68,807,000 

115,188,137 

11,290,374 

Totals 

$377,285,511 

§182,000,000 

$195,285,511 

Making  a  total  of  over  $195,000,000,  on  which  to  pay  a  dividend 
of  ten  per  cent,  per  annum,  the  commerce  between  the  west  and  the 
east  must  annually  contribute  over  $19,000,000.  In  the  presence  of 
such  facts  as  these,  and  with  no  assurance  that  the  evils  of  stock  in- 
flation are  to  be  restrained  in  the  future,  it  is  not  surprising  that  the 
murmurs  of  discontent  have  swollen  into  a  storm  of  popular  indigna- 
tion, which  will  only  be  appeased  by  a  thorough  and  radical  reform, 
or  by  opening  up  new  channels  of  commerce  which  shall  relieve  the 
public  from  absolute  dependence  upon  those,  which  by  reason  of 
stock  speculations,  are  rendered  incapable  of  performing  the  service 
required  at  reasonable  rates. 

The  following  general  summary  of  the  conclusions  and  recom- 
mendations of  the  committee  are  respectfully  submitted : 

1.  One  of  the  most  important  problems  demanding  solution  at  the 
hands  of  the  American  statesman,  is,  by  what  means  shall  cheap  and 
ample  facilities  be  provided  for  the  interchange  of  commodities  be- 
tween the  different  sections  of  our  widely  extended  country. 

2.  In  the  selection  of  means  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  ob- 
ject, Congress  may,  in  its  discretion,  and  under  its  responsibility  to 
the  people,  prescribe  the  rules  and  regulations  by  which  the  instru- 
ments, vehicles,  and  agencies  employed  in  transporting  persons  and 
commodities  from  one  State  into  and  through  another,  shall  be  gov- 
erned, whether  such  transportation  be  by  land  or  by  water. 

3.  The  power  "to  regulate  commerce"  includes  the  power  to  aid 
and  facilitate  it  by  the  employment  of  such  means  as  may  be  appro- 
priate and  plainly  adapted  to  that  end;  and  hence  Congress  may,  in 
its  discretion  improve  or  create  channels  of  commerce  on  land,  or 
by  water. 


334  TRANSPORTATION. 

They  therefore  recommend  for  present  action  the  following: 

1.  That  all  railway  companies,  freight  lines,  and  other  persons  or 
organizations  of  common  carriers,  engaged  in  transporting  passen- 
gers or  freights  from  one  State  into  or  through  another,  be  required, 
under  proper  penalties,  to  make  publication  at  every  point  of  ship- 
ment from  one  State  to  another,  of  their  rates  and  fares,  embracing 
all  the  particulars  regarding  distance,  classifications,  rates,  special 
tariffs,  drawbacks,  etc.,  and  that  they  be  prohibited  from  increasing 
such  rates  above  the  limit  named  in  the  publication  without  reason- 
able notice  to  the  public  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

2.  That  combinations  and  consolidations  with  parallel  or  com- 
peting lines  are  evils  of  such  magnitude  as  to  demand  prompt,  vig- 
orous measures  for  their  prevention. 

3.  That  all  railway  companies,  freight  lines,  and  other  organiza- 
tions of  common  carriers,  employed  in  transporting  grain  from  one 
State  into  or  through  another,  should  be  required,  under  proper 
regulations  and  penalties  to  be  provided  by  law,  to  receipt  for  quan- 
tity, and  to  deliver  the  same  at  its  destination. 

4.  That  all  railway  companies  and  freight  organizations,  receiving 
freights  in  one  State  to  be  delivered  in  another,  and  whose  lines 
touch  at  any  river  or  lake  port,  be  prohibited  from  charging  more 
to  or  from  such  port  than  for  any  greater  distance  on  the  same  line. 

5.  Stock-inflations,  generally  known  as  "  stock-waterings,"  are 
wholly  indefensible,  but  the  remedy  for  this  evil  seems  to  fall  pecu- 
liarly within  the  province  of  the  States  who  have  created  the  corpo- 
rations from  which  such  practices  proceed.  The  evil  is  believed  to 
be  of  such  magnitnde  as  to  require  prompt  and  efficient  State  action 
for  its  prevention,  and  to  justify  any  measures  that  may  be  proper 
and  within  the  range  of  national  authority. 

6.  It  is  believed  by  the  committee  that  great  good  would  result 
from  the  passage  of  State  laws  prohibiting  officers  of  railway  com- 
panies from  owning  or  holding,  directly  or  indirectly,  any  interest 
in  any  "  non-co-operative  f  reign  Wine"  or  car  company,  operated 
upon  the  railroad  with  which  they  are  connected  in  such,  official  ca- 
pacity. 

7.  For  the  purpose  of  procuring  and  laying  before  Congress  and  the 
country  such  complete  and  reliable  information  concerning  the  busi- 
ness of  transportation  and  the  wants  of  commerce  as  will  enable 
Congress  to  legislate  intelligently  on  this  subject,  it  is  recommended 
that  a  bureau  of  commerce,  in  one  of  the  Executive  Departments  of 
the  Government,  be  charged  with  the  duty  of  collecting  and  report- 
ing to  Congress  information  concerning  our  internal  trade  and  com- 
merce and  be  clothed  with  the  authority  of  law,  under  regulations  to 
be  prescribed  by  the  head  of  such  department,  to  require  each  and 
every  railway  and  other  transportation  company  engaged  in  inter- 
State  transportation,  to  make  a  report,  under  oath  of  the  proper 
officer  of  such  company,  at  least  once  a  year,  which  report  shall 
embrace  among  other  facts,  the  following,  viz. :  1.  The  rates  and 
fares  charged  on  all  points  of  shipment  on  its  line  in  one  State, 
to  all  points  of  destination  in  another  State,  including  classifications 
and  distances,  and  all  drawbacks,  deductions  and  discriminations. 
2.  A  full  and  detailed  statement  of  receipts  and  expenditures,  in- 


WATER  ROUTES   CHEAPEST.  oSo 

eluding  the  compensation  paid  to  officers,  agents,  and  employees  of 
the  company.  3.  The  amount  of  stock  and  bonds  issued,  the  price 
at  which  they  were  sold,  and  the  disposition  made  of  the  funds  from 
said  sale.  4.  The  amount  and  value  of  commodities  transported 
during  the  year,  as  nearly  as  the  same  can  be  ascertained. 

8.  Though  the  existence  of  the  Federal  power  to  regulate  com- 
merce to  the  extent  maintained  in  this  report,  is  believed  to  be 
essential  to  the  maintenance  of  perfect  equality  among  the  States  as 
to  commercial  rights;  to  the  prevention  of  unjust  and  invidious  dis- 
tinctions which  local  jealousies  or  interests  might  be  disposed  to  in- 
troduce, to  the  proper  restraints  of  consolidated  corporate  power, 
and  to  the  correction  of  many  of  its  existing  evils,  your  committee 
are  unanimously  of  the  opinion  that  the  problem  of  cheap  trans- 
portation is  to  be  solved  through  competition,  as  hereinafter  stated, 
rather  than  by  direct  congressional  regulation  of  existing  lines. 

9.  Competition,  which  is  to  secure  and  maintain  cheap  transpor- 
tation, must  embrace  two  essential  conditions:  First — It  must  be 
controlled  by  a  power  with  which  combination  will  be  impossible. 
Second — It  must  operate  through  cheaper  and  more  ample  channels 
of  commerce  than  are  now  provided. 

10.  Railway  competition,  when  regulated  by  its  own  laws,  will  not 
effect  the  object;  because  it  exists  only  to  a  very  limited  extent  in  cer- 
tain localities,  it  is  always  unreliable  and  inefficient,  and  it  invariably 
ends  in  combination.  Hence,  additional  railway  lines,  under  the 
control  of  private  corporations,  will  afford  no  substantial  relief,  be- 
cause self-interest  will  inevitably  lead  them  into  combination  with 
existing  lines. 

11.  The  only  means  of  securing  and  maintaining  reliable  and  effec- 
tive competition  between  railways  is  through  national  or  State  owner- 
ship, or  control  of  one  or  more  lines,  which,  being  unable  to  enter 
into  combinations,  will  serve  as  regulators  of  other  lines. 

12.  One  or  more  double-track  freight  railways,  honestly  and 
thoroughly  constructed,  owned  and  controlled  by  the  Government, 
and  operated  at  a  low  rate  of  speed,  would  doubtless  be  able  to 
carry  at  a  much  less  cost  than  can  be  under  the  present  system  of 
operating  fast  and  slow  trains  on  the  same  road,  and,  being  incapa- 
ble of  entering  into  combinations,  would,  no  doubt,  serve  as  a  very 
valuable  regulator  of  all  existing  railroads  within  the  range  of  their 
influences. 

13.  The  uniform  testimony  deduced  from  practical  results  in  this 
country,  and  throughout  the  commercial  world,  is,  that  water  routes, 
when  properly  located,  not  only  afford  the  cheapest  and  best  known 
means  of  transport  for  all  heavy,  bulky,  and  cheap  commodities,  but 
that  they  are  also  the  natural  competitors,  and  most  effective  regula- 
tors of  railway  transportation. 


336      BAILROAD  LEGISLATION  AND  INVESTIGATION  IN  WISCONSIN. 


CHAPTEK  XXIL 

BAILROAD  LEGISLATION  AND  INVESTIGATION  IN  WISCONSIN. 

Railroad  Legislation  in  Wisconsin — Abstract  of  the  Potter  Law — Abstract 
of  Report  of  Commissioners — Nature  of  the  Controversy  between  the 
People  and  the  Railroads — Self-Interest  of  Corporations  not  a  Suffi- 
cient Guaranty  against  Extortions — Competition  tends  to  Consolidation — 
Evils  of  Railway  Construction  and  Management — Causes  of  Undue  Cost — 
Construction  on  Credit — Corrupt  Letting  of  Contracts — Misappropria- 
tion of  Land  Grants — Illinois  Law — Supervisory  Duty  of  States  holding 
Land  Grants — Illinois  Decision. 

Another  source  from  which  we  have  drawn  largely,  is  the 
"First  Annual  Keport  of  the  Kailroad  Commissioners  of  the 
State  of  Wisconsin,"  lately  published. 

The  people  of  that  State  had  been  eager  for  railroads.  To 
build  the  first  road,  they  had  mortgaged  their  farms  to  the 
amount  of  over  $4,000,000,  and  had  granted  other  charters  in 
excess  of  the  real  demand,  and  through  unbounded  confidence 
had  failed  to  secure  their  own  interests  by  proper  guaranties. 
They  had  been  taught  by  signal  experiences  the  power  of  rail- 
road corporations  over  legislatures.  So  far  from  being  inimical 
to  railroads,  the  contrary  was  true.  They  had  ' '  suffered  long 
and  were  kind,"  until  unjust  discrimination  in  the  matter  of 
freights  roused  their  indignation,  and  hastened  the  favorable 
hearing  of  their  complaints.  The  strength  of  the  Grange  made 
them  masters  of  the  situation;  a  Granger  Governor,  perfectly 
familiar  with  the  history  of  the  roads  and  with  legislation,  was 
in  the  executive  chair.  This  turning  of  the  tables  resulted  in 
the  passage  of  what  is  known  as  the  "Potter  Law,"  by  the  Leg- 
islature of  1873-4.  This  law  classified  the  roads,  determined  a 
tariff  for  fares  and  freights  according  to  such  classification, 
and  affixed  severe  penalties  to  its  violation.  The  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States  had  held  that  the  right  of  a  company 
owning  a  road,  to  fix  its  rate  or  charges,  was  an  ' '  attribute  of 
ownership."  The  railroad  companies,  therefore,  declared  the 
Potter  law  unconstitutional,  and  courteously  informed  the 
Governor,  through  their  respective  presidents,  of  their  deter- 
mination to  resist  it.  The  Governor  as  courteously,  in  a 
"proclamation,"  announced  his  intention  to  enforce  it.  By 
successive  steps,  the  case  finally  reached  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  opinion  of  Chief  Justice  Ryan  was  rendered  on  the  15th  of 


INTERESTS  NOT  ALWAYS  IDENTICAL.  337 

September,  1874;  an  injunction  was  granted  "including  all  the 
railroads  of  the  State,"  and  the  Wisconsin  Eailroad  war  closed 
in  the  declaration,  through  the  President  of  the  Chicago,  Mil- 
waukee and  St.  Paul  Eailroad  Company,  that,  "as  law-abiding 
citizens,  the  railroads  would  at  once  conform  to  the  decision  of 
the  Court,  and  endeavor  to  obey  it,  in  good  faith,  until  it  should 
be  reversed  by  a  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 
States,  or  until  the  law  was  repealed  by  the  Legislature." 

These  two  reports  are  an  education  in  railroading,  and  we 
commend  their  careful  reading  to  every  Patron  who  desires  to 
secure  the  great  ends  of  these  exhaustive  investigations.  The 
fact  that  the  conclusions  arrived  at  by  these  two  independent 
committees  are  so  nearly  identical,  seems  to  give  them  such  ad- 
ditional weight  as  to  justify  the  large  space  given  them  in  this 
work:  ^ 

To  a  considerable  extent,  the  interests  of  the  railroad  corporations 
and  the  public  are  in  harmony;  thus  it  is  clearly  for  the  real  interest 
of  the  corporations  to  build  good  and  safe  roads,  and  upon  lines 
that  will  accommodate  the  largest  number  of  people  and  the  great- 
est amount  of  traffic;  and  yet,  practically,  they  not  unfrequently 
disregard  both  these  elements: 

First,  because  the  wisdom  and  foresight  that  should  eminently 
characterize  the  management  of  railways  are  often  wanting;  and, 

Secondly,  because  the  managers  are  not  unfrequently  in  their 
places  for  the  sole  purpose  of  promoting  their  own  personal  ends. 
But  again,  there  are  cases  in  which  the  interest  of  railway  corpora- 
tions and  the  public  are  opposed.  For  example,  it  is  the  interest  of 
the  companies  to  prevent  the  building  of  competing  roads;  to  ham- 
per and  embarrass  rival  lines  already  established;  to  force  such  traffic 
as  they  are  able  to  command  over  as  much  of  their  own  lines  re- 
spectively as  possible,  though  it  be  at  the  expense  of  time  and  other 
advantage  on  the  part  of  the  shipper. 

For  all  these  reasons,  and  others  that  might  be  named,  the  insuffi- 
ciency of  self-interest  on  the  part  of  companies,  as  a  protection  to 
the  public,  has  been  long  recognized. 

Again,  competition  is  an  unequal  reliance,  though  it  is  so  invari- 
ably applicable  as  a  restraint  in  all  sorts  of  trades,  professions,  and 
ordinary  commercial  enterprises,  that  it  is  not  surprising  how  long 
it  has  misled  the  public  and  legislative  bodies.  It  always  serves  as 
a  protection  where  it  is  full  and  permanently  maintained,  as  well  in 
matters  of  transportation  as  in  the  case  of  the  trades  and  most  in- 
dividual enterprises.  But  therein  lies  the  difficulty.  Competition 
implies  freedom  of  the  operator,  both  as  to  material  and  forces.  In 
case  of  the  ordinary  avocations,  this  freedom  is  practically  quite 
complete;  the  materials  and  the  labor  to  be  used  can  be  had  in  the 
open  market,  and  fair  purchase  is  protected  by  the  active  interest  of 
those  who  have  them  to  sell. 

With  regard  to  competition  between  railroad  companies,  this  nat- 
22 


338       RAILROAD  LEGISLATION  AND  INVESTIGATION  IN  WISCONSIN. 

ural  law  is  not  certainly  operative.  There  is  neither  freedom  of 
means  nor  of  forces.  A  road  once  built  cannot  be  placed  in  any 
market  the  company  pleases  and  compete  for  freight,  as  the  manu- 
facturer can  compete  for  his  raw  material,  or  the  merchant  vessel  for 
a  cargo.  It  can  only  offer  its  facilities  and  bide  its  time.  Should 
no  rival  spring  up  to  contest  the  field,  it  can  command  the  produce 
of  the  section  of  country  tributary  to  it,  on  its  own  terms,  so  that  it 
leaves  barely  margin  of  profit  enough  to  the  producer  and  dealer  to 
induce  production  and  delivery.  And  if,  by-and-by,  a  rival  line 
should  be  established,  and  the  traffic  should  be  less  than  equal  to 
the  carrying  capacity  of  both,  the  two  are  almost  sure,  after  fruit- 
less efforts  to  drive  each  other  from  the  field,  to  form  a  combina- 
tion, agreeing  either  to  demand  equal  rates,  agreed  upon,  or  to 
"pool"  their  earnings. 

This  point  having  been  reached,  the  public  have  no  ground  of 
hope,  except  in  the  possibility  of  a  falling  out  of  the  companies, 
and  a  renewal  of  the  competition  which  gave  origin  to  the  compact. 
For  the  companies  themselves,  there  seems,  in  most  cases,  to  be  no 
safety  but  in  a  still  closer  union,  under  an  act  of  consolidation  from 
which  there  is  no  breaking  away. 

The  controversy,  then,  is  irrepressible,  if  the  reliance  is  upon 
economical  laws  alone;  being  a  conflict  between  the  necessities  of 
society  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  natural  selfishness  of  strong  mo- 
nopolies on  the  other. 

We  will  now  consider  other  difficulties  and  evils  of  railway  con- 
struction and  management.  To  make  the  matter  worse,  the  roads 
are  often  so  constructed,  and  railway  transportation  so  managed,  as 
to  almost  compel  heavy  exactions  on  the  part  of  the  railway  com- 
panies, aud  lead  to  dissatisfaction  and  condemnation  on  the  part  of 
the  public.  An  overshadowing  evil  attendant  upon  railway  con- 
struction and  operation  is  the  fact  that  all  railway  enterprise  is  the 
result  of  individual  interest  and  purpose,  subject  to  no  harmonizing 
general  control.  To  avoid  inconvenience  and  losses,  consequent 
upon  discordant  management,  the  companies  themselves  are  impelled 
to  consolidation  by  a  constant  law  of  self-interest,  which  the  public 
have  regarded  with  hostility  and  distrust.  The  result  must  and 
should  be  an  appreciation  of  the  fact  that  the  true  interest  of  the 
public,  as  well  as  of  the  corporations,  lies  in  the  direction  of  better 
organized  and  less  discordant  expenditure  of  energy  and  capital, 
and  in  the  adoption  of  more  comprehensive  principles  of  legislation 
to  that  end.  The  facts  ought  to  be  realized  not  only  that  discrimi- 
nations by  exorbitant  charges  upon  one  locality  at  the  expense  of 
another,  is  an  evil  to  be  discouraged,  but  also  that  legislation  dis- 
couraging investment  by  encouraging  ruinous  competition  is  equally 
to  be  deplored. 

Prominent  among  these  evils  is  the  primary  one  of  unwarrantable 
cost.  A  road  having  been  built  as  economically  as  possible,  no 
one  can  reasonably  make  complaint  of  charges  that  yield  only  a 
moderate  per  cent,  of  profit  on  the  investment.  Indeed,  the  public 
are  willing  that  they  who  put  their  money  into  railways  should  have 
a  very  liberal  profit,  since  it  is  attended  with  more  risk  than  is  the 
investment  of  money  in  many  other  ways.     But  if  a  road  has  cost 


CAUSES  OF  UNDUE  COST.  339 

thousands  of  dollars  per  mile  more  than  it  ought,  owing  to  want  of 
skill  and  judgment  on  the  part  of  the  company,  or  if  there  is  reason 
to  believe  that  the  assumed  cost  is  not  the  real  cost — the  difference 
having  gone  into  the  hands  of  the  officers,  or  their  friends  acting  in 
the  capacity  of  contractors  or  "  promoters," — then  it  is  natural  that 
there  should  be  an  unwillingness  to  allow  even  a  moderate  per  cent, 
on  the  declared  cost. 

Unfortunately,  these  mere  hints  of  dishonest  management  find 
warrant  in  actual  facts  in  all  countries. 

If  we  inquire  into  the  causes  of  undue  cost  of  railways,  they  will 
be  found  with  but  little  difficulty.  Prominent  among  them  are  the 
following : 

1.  Slight  pecuniary  interest  of  the  managers. 

2.  Construction  on  credit. 

It  is  not  essential  that  every  dollar  necessary  to  build  a  road 
should  be  in  bank  before  the  work  of  construction  begins;  if  it  were, 
few  roads  in  a  region  of  country  like  ours,  where  there  is  but  little 
spare  capital,  would  be  built.  A  reasonable  amount  of  credit  is 
legitimate,  indeed  often  absolutely  essential;  but  since  the  use  of  it 
adds  greatly  to  the  cost  of  building,  it  should  in  all  cases  be  em- 
ployed as  sparingly  as  possible. 

3.  Injudicious  location  of  lines. 

This  particular  cause  of  undue  cost  will  be  best  appreciated  by 
skillful  engineers,  who  cannot  have  failed  to  note  how  very  often 
lines  of  railway  are  made  to  cost  much  more  than  was  neces- 
sary by  careless  surveys.  But  one  need  not  be  more  than  an  ordi- 
nary engineer,  or  even  a  professional  engineer  at  all,  to  detect  ex- 
pensive blunders  of  this  sort  on  every  hand — blunders  which  not 
only  occasion  a  large  increase  in  the  cost  of  construction,  but  also  a 
permanent  extra  expense  of  working. 

4.  Corrupt  letting  of  contracts. 

Probably  the  system  of  construction  by  "rings"  formed  inside  to 
operate  outside,  for  the  private  gain  of  individual  officers  and  their 
friends,  is,  of  all  causes  of  excessive  cost,  the  most  prolific.  Of 
course  there  are  many  railway  officers  too  honorable  to  resort  to 
measures  for  private  advantage  which  involve  the  robbery  of  stock- 
holders and,  creditors;  but  such  practices  are  nevertheless  so  com- 
mon as  to  make  it  somewhat  doubtful  whether  they  do  not  consti- 
tute the  rule  rather  than  the  exception.  Sometimes  they  are  car- 
ried on  by  directors  and  officers  openly,  but  oftener,  of  course,  un- 
der cover.  We  would  not  be  understood  as  branding  every  con- 
struction company,  composed  in  whole  or  in  part  of  officers  and 
members  of  the  company  contracted  with,  as  guilty  of  fraudulent 
dealings  with  stockholders.  A  construction  company  possesses  some 
advantages  for  conducting  the  work  of  construction  which  a  char- 
tered railroad  company  does  not  possess — especially  if  many  of  the 
directors  of  the  railway  company  are  non-resident — and  the  under- 
signed have  knowledge  of  some  such  who  are  believed  to  conduct 
the  business  of  building  in  that  way  solely,  because  of  these  advan- 
tages, and  wholly  in  the  interest  of  the  stockholders  who  compose 
the  railway  com£>any.  They  are  forced  to  believe,  however,  that 
the  number  of  those  who  thus  manage  is  comparatively  small. 


340       RAILROAD  LEGISLATION  AND  INVESTIGATION  IN  WISCONSIN. 

It  is  impossible  to  estimate  with  any  degree  of  accuracy  (he 
amount  of  the  burden  upon  the  industry  of  this  country  by  fraud- 
ulent building  contracts,  but  it  is  safely  assumed  to  be  enormous. 

5.  Fraudulent  purchase  of  lines. 

Kindred  to  the  corrupt  letting  of  contracts  is  the  wrong  of  pur- 
chasing lines  already  owned,  at  prices  far  above  their  real  value,  the 
excess  being  divided  secretly  between  the  "  ring"  managers  of  the 
two  companies.  Transactions  of  this  sort  are  usually  managed  with 
such  adroitness  that  detection  is  difficult,  if  not  impossible;  but  the 
cases  are  neither  few  nor  far  to  seek  in  which  the  evidence  is  convinc- 
ing that  the  terms  conceded  by  purchasers  must  be  accounted  for 
either  on  the  ground  of  dishonesty  or  lack  of  judgment. 

6.  Misappropriation  of  land  grants. 

The  American  government  is  the  only  one  that  has  adopted  the 
polic}7  of  making  donations  of  the  public  lands  of  the  country  to 
aid  in  the  construction  of  internal  improvements,  looking  at  the  in- 
dustrial progress  of  the  nation. 

In  view  of  the  newness  of  the  country,  the  deficiency  of  cash  cap- 
ital for  the  construction  of  expensive  works,  and  the  extent  and 
variety  of  its  material  resources,  which  must  otherwise  long  remain 
undeveloped,  this  policy  may  have  appeared  at  the  time  to  be  a  wise 
one;  indeed,  it  has  promoted  the  industrial  prosperity  of  the  nation. 

In  the  case  of  the  trans-continental  railways,  the  Union  and  the 
Central,  already  in  use,  and  the  Northern  and  Southern,  now  in 
construction — there  was  still  another  motive  that  influenced  the 
government  to  bestow  the  immense  grants  they  have  received.  The 
rebellion  had  taught  us  the  danger  of  disintegration.  The  Atlantic 
and  Pacific  States  were  so  removed  that  there  was  danger  of  an 
early  political  falling  apart;  there  was  need,  therefore,  that  these 
great  divisions  of  our  common  country  be  brought  into  closer  rela- 
tions.    This  was  the  argument. 

Unhappily,  experience  has  shown  that  there  is  another  side  to  this 
question  of  government  aid  in  the  construction  of  railways — that 
land  grants,  how  much  soever  needed  for  the  encouragement  of  im- 
provements in  the  interest  of  industry  and  commerce,  have  by  no 
means  been  an  unmixed  good — that,  in  view  of  the  corruptions  en- 
gendered, and  the  public  demoralization  they  have  produced,  it  is 
quite  doubtful  whether  they  have  not  been  a  curse  rather  than  a 
benefit. 

In  the  act  of  conferring  lands  upon  the  Illinois  Central  Eailroad 
Company,  the  State  of  Illinois  made  an  honorable  exception  to  the 
general  rule,  requiring,  as  a  condition  of  receiving  a  grant,  that  the 
company  should  annually  pay  into  the  public  treasury  seven  per 
cent,  of  its  gross  earnings,  a  sum  now  amounting,  we  believe,  to 
something  over  three  quarters  of  a  million  of  dollars.  So  far  as  we 
know,  this  act  of  a  provident  Legislature  stands  conspicuous  as 
being  the  only  instance  in  which  the  interests  of  the  public,  in  grants 
made  to  the  States  to  aid  in  the  construction  of  railways,  have  been 
carefully  protected. 

The  lands  granted  to  Iowa  and  Minnesota,  as  well  as  to  Missouri, 
Kansas,  and  Nebraska,  have  been  given  to  the  roads  in  those  States, 
without  other  condition  than  the  construction  of  the  roads  within 
a  given  date. 


1J3fZVB 

NEGLECT  OF  SUPERVISORY  DUTY. 

The  result  has  been  that  the  company  managers  have,  in  many- 
cases,  so  planned  the  disposal  of  them  as  to  promote  their  own  per- 
sonal, rather  than  public  ends.  In  some  instances,  where  it  was 
possible  to  raise  the  funds  for  construction  without  making  the  lands 
the  basis  of  securities,  the  roads  have  been  built  at  a  heavy  sacrifice 
in  the  way  of  discounts,  to  be  subsequently  paid  by  the  industry  of 
the  country,  and  the  lands  have  been  wholly  or  almost  entirely  ap- 
propriated to  the  private  use  of  the  builders. 

So  far  as  we  have  learned,  the  lands  granted  to  Iowa  have  only  in 
a  small  degree  lessened  to  the  public  the  cost  of  the  roads  in  aid  of 
whose  construction  they  were  given. 

The  people  of  Minnesota  have  hardly  been  more  fortunate.  Their 
land  grants  for  the  construction  of  railroads  amounted  to  9,965,500 
acres.  We  do  not  find,  either,  that  the  State  attempted  to  protect 
the  rights  of  the  people  in  reference  to  these  lands,  or  that  railroad 
companies  upon  whom  they  were  conferred  have  so  used  them  as  to 
reduce  the  cost  of  the  roads. 

By  the  report  of  the  Commissioner  of  the  General  Land  Office  for 
1873,  the  total  quantity  of  land  received  from  grants  to  aid  railroads 
in  "Wisconsin,  was  3,412,358  21-100  acres.  The  value  placed  by  the 
United  States  upon  the  alternate  even  sections  being  $2  50  per  acre, 
that  is  the  minimum  given  at  which  these  lands  can  be  estimated, 
but  it  is  believed  that  the  actual  value  of  these  lands  should  not  be 
placed  at  less  than  double  that  sum,  or  a  total  of  $17,061,791  05, 
and  it  will  probably  very  much  exceed  this  amount. 

These  grants  of  land  were  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  State,  with 
a  view  to  the  reduction  of  the  absolute  cost  of  railroads  to  the 
jjeople,  and  thus  encourage  their  construction.  Such  being  the 
case,  it  would  seem  that  an  essential  condition  on  which  the  lands 
were  donated  would  require  the  exercise  of  a  supervisory  care  over 
the  manner  of  their  application,  on  the  part  of  the  State,  in  order 
to  be  certain  that  they  were  not  diverted  from  the  objects  in- 
tended, and  the  interests  of  the  people  neglected.  By  a  singular 
oversight,  no  such  provision  seems  ever  to  have  been  adopted.  The 
grants  were  handed  over  to  the  several  companies  on  the  simple 
condition  that  their  respective  roads  should  be  constructed. 

In  the  case  of  the  grant  of  600,000  acres  received  by  the  Chi- 
cago and  Northwestern  Railway  Company,  to  aid  in  the  construc- 
tion of  that  part  of  its  road  extending  from  Fond  du  Lac  to 
the  Michigan  State  line,  taking  the  appraisal  of  that  company 
itself  for  the  first  two  hundred  and  forty  sections  ($12  per  acre), 
and  estimating  the  value  of  the  balance  at  only  $5  per  acre, 
we  have  a  valuation  sufficient  to  yield  almost  $35,000  per  mile 
for  the  whole  distance  to  which  the  grant  applies.  "When  we 
consider  that  this  company  applied  for  and  received  still  further 
aid  from  municipal  corporations  on  the  line  of  the  road,  it  would 
seem  as  though,  at  least,  the  ordinary  precaution  of  seeing  that 
this  munificent  grant  had  not  been  needlessly  mismanaged  would 
have  been  taken  by  the  State,  especially  as  section  thirty  of  the 
act  making  tbe  grant  contains  the  admonitory  provision,  "that 
the  said  lands  hereby  granted  to  said  State,  shall  be  subject  to  the 
the  disposal  of  the  legislature  thereof,  for  the  purposes  aforesaid, 
and  no  other." 


342  MANAGEMENT  OF  RAILROADS  IN  OPERATION. 

This  subject  is  of  special  interest  at  this  time  in  view  of  the  judi- 
cial dicision  lately  rendered  in  Illinois,  in  which  it  is  laid  down  as  a 
rule  "that  directors  of  railroad  companies  were  not  absolute  in 
their  powers;  that  they  were  but  trustees  to  manage  the  estate  of 
stockholders,  and  could  no  more  abuse  their  trust,  or  waste  and 
squander  the  property  of  the  stockholder  than  could  any  trustee  or 
executor,  or  other  person  charged  with  a  fiduciary  duty." 

The  lands  are  received  by  the  State  as  a  trust,  and  are  confided  to 
the  company  to  carry  it  into  operation.  The  State,  therefore,  is  re- 
sponsible to  the  people  for  the  faithful  application  of  the  trust. 

The  State  provides,  that  while  the  lands  are  under  its  care,  no 
part  of  the  same  shall  be  depredated  upon,  and  that  they  shall  be 
preserved  intact  for  the  purposes  for  which  they  were  donated.  It 
would  seem  still  more  necessary  that  the  duty  so  assumed  should  be 
supplemented  by  a  careful  supervision  of  the  same  after  the  dis- 
posal of  the  grant,  and  until  the  final  application  of  the  proceeds 
therefrom  is  made,  adequate  security  should  be  required  for  such 
faithful  application.  Indeed,  in  the  spirit  of  the  decision  above  re- 
ferred to,  if  there  should  appear  a  reasonable  apprehension  that  the 
lands  donated  had  been  diverted,  wasted,  or  squandered,  it  may 
well  be  considered  if  it  be  not  the  further  duty  of  the  State  to  re- 
quire such  equitable  adjustment  thereof  as  a  judicial  investigation 
should  determine. 


CHAPTEE  XXIII. 

MANAGEMENT  OF  RAILROADS  IN  OPERATION. 

Management  of  Railroads  in  Operation — EAiiiEOADs  as  Merchants — Kings — 
American  Genius  Displayed  in  Stock  Watering— Unskillful  Management 
— Excessive  Charges — Railroad  side  of  the  Question — Benefits  Con- 
ferred—Public Character  of  Railways  Established  —Necessity  of  Con- 
trol and  Consequent  Right  of  Supervision — Interests  of  Capital  Re- 
quire Control  —  Insecurity  of  Railroad  Investments— How  Control 
may  be  Exercised — Faulty  Legislation — Summary  of  Conclusions — Ohio 
Commissioners  on  Railroad  Rates. 

Two  things  have  tended  to  confuse  the  ideas  of  farmers  on 
the  railroad  question,  viz.,  a  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  modes 
in  which  such  vast  business  enterprises  are  conducted,  and  the 
crude  and  often  conflicting  treatment  of  the  subject  by  the 
press.  Politicians  have  found  the  agitation  of  this  subject 
profitable  for  their  own  purposes,  and,  between  the  intemper- 
ate denunciations  of  "  Grangers  run  wild,"  and  the  still  more 
unfair  treatment  of  the  farmers'  movement  against  monopolies, 
by  a  few  Eastern  journals,  hundreds  of  readers  have  been  try- 
ing to  find  the  medial  line  of  truth.     To  all  such  we  especially 


STOCK  WATERING  AND  INFLATION.  343 

commend  the  summing  up  of  the  Wisconsin  Commissioners'  re- 
port: 

It  were  well  did  the  evil  of  mismanagement  confine  itself  to 
the  period  of  construction.  On  the  contrary,  however,  it  is  well 
understood  by  all  those  who  are  familiar  with  the  management  of 
railroads  that  there  are  many  ways  in  which  officers  can,  if  so  in- 
clined, accumulate  fortunes  without  using  capital  of  their  own,  and 
wholly  at  the  cost  of  the  stockholders.  Among  them  is  the  use  of 
company  funds  for  the  handling  of  grain  and  produce  ;  paying 
therefor  a  price  enough  higher  than  unaided  buyers  can  afford  to 
pay,  to  give  them  the  command  of  the  market,  and  shipping  the 
same  over  their  own  lines  free  of  charge,  or  at  nominal  charges.  An- 
other is,  to  arrange  with  buyers  privately  to  carry  their  shipments 
at  a  price  next  to  nothing — dividing  the  profits. 

Practices  like  these  are  believed  to  be  common,  and  help  to  ac- 
count for  the  rapidity  with  which  railway  officials  sometimes  grow 
rich  on  moderate  salaries.  They  also  suggest  the  reason  why  rail- 
roads are  sometimes  made  to  facilitate  the  commercial  growth  and 
prosperity  of  one  town  or  village  to  the  great  disadvantage,  perhaps 
total  ruin,  of  another.  If  private  speculations  on  the  part  of  rail- 
way managers  are  not  discovered  in  all  such  cases,  it  is  more  than 
likely,  because  pains  have  been  taken  to  conceal  them. 

The  same  sort  of  evils  appear  in  another  guise,  and  on  a  larger 
scale,  where  a  private  inside  "  ring"  is  formed  for  the  purchase  of 
lands,  mines,  docks,  and  harbors,  and  the  sale  of  them  for  a  large 
advance  to  the  company  the  ' '  ring"  officially  represents.  The  stock- 
holders are  duly  advised  of  the  great  importance  of  the  property  to 
the  future  of  the  road,  while  congratulating  them  on  the  very  favor- 
able terms  on  which  it  was  purchased,  and  there  the  matter  ends. 

But  the  giant  evil  under  the  head  of  dishonest  management  is  un- 
due inflation  of  stock.  A  fraudulent  contract,  the  building  and 
buying  in  of  roads  to  be  foisted  upon  the  company  managed,  as  well 
as  the  building  up  and  killing  out  of  cities  and  villages,  usually  re- 
quire time,  skill  in  manceuvering,  and  careful  concealment  of  the 
operator's  hand.  Not  so  with  stock  watering.  Here  the  cardinal 
qualities  are,  daring  and  deafness  to  the  protestation  of  justice. 
The  law  is  silent,  and  up  to  a  certain  limit  the  public  must  have 
transportation,  no  matter  what  the  cost.  This  practice  is  probably 
confined  to  no  one  country,  but  it  is  doubtful,  perhaps,  whether  any 
other  railway  managers  in  the  world  have  a  genius  for  it  equal  to 
the  American.  For  illustration  of  the  magnificant  scale  on  which  it 
is  sometimes  conducted,  we  have  but  to  look  at  a  single  through 
line  from  Chicago  to  New  York — the  line  formed  by  the  Lake  Shore 
and  Michigan  Southern,  the  New  York  Central  and  Hudson  River 
Railways,  whose  total  waterings  within  the  past  few  years  are  alleged 
to  exceed  in  amount  $80,000,000.  The  interest  on  this  sum  at  eight 
per  cent  is  $6,400,000.  And  since  the  tariffs  on  these  several  roads 
gauged  to  yield  that  per  cent,  on  nominal  capital,  it  is  manifest  that 
this  one  through  line  of  railways  is  annually  laying  this  enormous 
tax  of  over  $6,000  000  upon  the  earnings  of  those  who  support  it,  in 
order  that  the  holders  of  the  stock  may  reap  an  annual  dividend  of 
some  sixteen  per  cent,  on  the  real  cost. 


34i  MANAGEMENT  OF  RAILROADS  IN  OPERATION. 

If  this  be  the  tribute  paid  by  the  west  on  one  line  of  railway,  with 
a  mileage  less  than  one-seventieth  of  that  of  the  United  States, 
what  must  be  the  burden  imposed  by  this  cause  upon  the  industry 
of  the  whole  country  ? 

Not  d  little  of  the  poverty  of  which  some  railway  companies  com- 
plain, and  not  a  little  of  the  ill-feeling  here  and  there  manifested 
towards  them,  is  due  to  the  want  of  skill  and  good  judgment  in 
conducting  their  practical  affairs.  In  too  many  instances  they  ap- 
pear to  act  on  the  theory  that  the  railway  company  is  alike  superior 
to  the  will  of  the  State,  and  independent  of  popular  favor;  and 
naturally  enough,  in  such  cases,  this  view  of  the  matter  enters  into 
the  understanding  of  all  subordinate  officers  and  employes. 

The  subject  of  unjust  discriminations  has  been  already  alluded  to. 
Such  discriminations  are  not  always  made,  however,  in  the  interest 
of  managers,  or  the  friends  of  managers.  Sometimes  they  have 
origin  in  the  false  impression  that  they  are  essential  to  the  business 
prosperity  of  the  company.  A  prominent  shipper  is  supposed  to  be 
able  and  fully  disposed  to  advance  the  interest  of  the  company  in 
some  manner,  and  is  thought,  on  this  account,  to  be  entitled  to 
special  favors. 

Another  evil  of  practical  railway  management,  and  a  crying  one 
in  this  country,  is  inefficiency.  No  one  who  has  traveled  extensively 
upon  European  railways,  can  have  failed  to  note  that  a  certain  slack- 
ness is  too  common  with  us  in  every  department  of  the  service. 

The  system  of  book-keeping  is  rarely  such  that  the  general  agent, 
the  chief-engineer,  the  superintendent,  or  the  general  manager  can 
report,  under  three  months  time,  the  exact  amount  and  kind  of  busi- 
ness done,  the  cost  to  the  company  of  operating  any  one  division  of 
its  road,  or  the  average  cost  per  passenger  or  ton  of  freight  per 
mile,  or  the  cost  per  train-mile.  Scarcely  anything  is  done  with 
that  scrupulous  precision,  efficiency,  and  thoroughness  so  much 
more  common  in  Europe,  and  so  very  essential  to  economy,  comfort, 
and  security  elsewhere. 

Unjust  charges  for  transportation  are  commonly  denounced,  be- 
cause just  here  is  the  point  of  universal  and  painful  contrast  between 
the  public  and  the  corporations,  And  yet,  in  most  cases,  they  are 
only  the  immediate  result  of  the  more  primary  evils  already  noticed. 
They  are  the  symptoms  in  many  cases,  rather  than  the  disease.  Con- 
sidered as  an  evil  in  themselves,  they  are  hard  to  deal  with,  for  the 
reason  that,  beyond  the  rather  uncertain  limit,  it  is  quite  impossible 
for  any  one  not  possessed  of  the  data  for  a  nice  mathematical  calcu- 
lation to  say  whether  this  tariff  or  that  is  excessive. 

If,  in  the  absence  of  such  data,  the  attempt  is  made  to  determine 
the  question  by  a  comparison  of  the  tariffs  of  different  roads,  such 
method  is  likely  to  be  found  unsatisfactory,  owing  to  the  great  num- 
ber of  modifying  circumstances  that  require  to  be  taken  into  the 
account.  But  leaving  out  of  view  causes  and  particulars,  it  is  un- 
questionable that  the  public  in  almost  every  State  have  had  to  pay 
more  for  transportation  than  should  have  been  necessary;  certainly 
more  than  was  compatible  with  the  welfare  of  the  industrial 
classes. 


GENERAL  CONCLUSIONS.  345 


THE  RAILROAD   SIDE  OF  THE  QUESTION. 

Having  thus  dwelt  at  considerable  length  on  the  evils  of  railway 
management,  it  is  essential  to  a  just  consideration  of  the  measures 
to  be  employed  for  their  correction,  that  we  should  recur  for  a  mo- 
ment to  the  very  important  part  railroads  have  played  in  promoting 
the  industrial,  social  and  political  progress  of  the  world. 

To  present  in  detail  the  beneficial  results  of  railways  is  of  course 
impossible.  They  are  at  once  innumerable  and  immeasurable. 
Nor  is  it  possible  to  make  a  summary  that  will  convey  an  adequate 
general  conception  of  the  benefits  they  have  conferred. 

Having  mileage  enough  for  a  continuous  track  six  times  around 
the  entire  globe;  moving  annually  a  tonnage  of  some  twenty  thou- 
sand million  dollars  in  value,  the  passengers  scarcely  less  in  number 
than  the  population  of  the  whole  earth;  stimulating  the  productive 
forces  of  industry  everywhere;  rendering  easy  many  otherwise  im- 
possible exchanges  of  products  between  different  countries;  lead- 
ing io  commercial  treaties  which  else  had  not  been  effected  for  gen- 
erations to  come;  promoting  social  as  well  as  business  relations  be- 
tween widely  separated  communities;  binding  together  as  a  homoge- 
neous people,  the  inhabitants  of  remote  and  unlike  divisions  of  a 
common  country;  encouraging  friendly  intercourse  between  the  peo- 
ple of  many  lands;  and  so  helping  to  establish  a  brotherhood  of  the 
nations,  the  railway  is  everywhere  justly  regarded  as  being  fore- 
most among  civilizing  agencies. 

For  these  reasons  it  is  believed  that  there  is  but  little  danger  that 
the  $6,000,000,000  of  capital  said  to  be  invested  in  railways  will  be 
sacrificed,  or  that  the  people  of  any  country  will  knowingly  cripple 
this  immensely  important  interest. 

The  problem  to  be  solved  simply  stated,  is  this:  how  to  devise  a 
system  of  control  in  the  interest  of  the  public,  that  will,  at  the 
same  time,  be  entirely  just  to  the  railway  corporations? 

From  the  survey  of  the  history  of  railroading  in  the  United  States, 
and  in  foreign  countries,  the  Wisconsin  Railroad  Commissioners 
report  the  following  general  conclusions  as  unavoidable. 

1.     That  the  public  character  of  railways  is  fully  established. 

One  form  of  argument  in  high  quarters  against  the  exercise  of 
public  supervision,  is  embraced  in  the  proposition  that  corporations 
have  transportation  to  sell,  and  the  purchase  of  the  article,  or  privi- 
lege so  offered,  like  that  of  all  other  commodities  in  market,  is  at  the 
option  of  the  purchaser.  But  the  conditions  of  sale  in  this  case 
come  under  none  of  the  ordinary  conditions  of  human  traffic.  The 
original  right  to  construct  and  operate  a  railway  is  an  emanation  of 
sovereignty,  grounded  on  public  considerations,  and  having  explicit 
reference  to  public,  as  well  as  private  use  and  profit.  The  question 
of  power  is  already  substantially  and  fortunately  settled  as  to  our 
own  State.  The  subsidiary  question  of  the  necessity  and  propriety 
of  judiciously  exercising  that  power  when  possessed,  is  equally 
settled  in  the  opinion  of  the  civilized  world.  We  know  of  no  gov- 
ernment in  Europe  which  has  not  already  exercised  this  power,  not 
with  reference  to  the  special  ends  of  arbitrary  government,  but  with 
the  purpose  of  defending  the  people  from  the  encroachments  of  con- 
solidated wealth,  manifest  in  the  form  of  corporate  monopoly. 


346  MANAGEMENT  OF  EAILKOADS  IN  OPERATION. 

2.  That  the  consequent  right,  and  the  necessity  of  control,  are 
nowhere  in  doubt. 

It  appears  that  the  right  of  the  State  to  exercise  supervision  over 
railway  corporations,  has  been  recognized  wherever  the  subject  has 
received  material  consideration — that  it  has  been  asserted  by  cham- 
bers and  parliaments  in  all  the  countries  of  Europe,  as  well  as  by 
the  legislatures  of  this  country,  and  that  it  has  been  sustained  and 
confirmed  by  the  higher  courts.  Such  conclusions  are  unavoidable, 
having  their  foundations  in  the  common  law,  and  in  the  very  nature 
and  relations  of  society. 

3.  That  control  is  demanded  by  the  public  interests. 

This  proposition  is  now  so  well  established,  that  there  can  be 
none  to  dispute  it.  The  people  have  rights  which  inhere  in  the  very 
nature  of  the  case,  and  are  inalienable.  -  No  legislature  conferred 
them,  and  none  can  take  them  away.  Governments  may  define 
these  rights,  and  throw  around  them  the  safeguards  of  law,  and  this 
much  they  are  bound  to  do.  They  are  also  bound  to  do  it  wisely 
and  justly. 

The  facts  which  demand  the  intervention  of  public  authority  are 
enforced  and  multiplied  by  all  experience  and  investigation.  Not 
merely  in  the  theory  of  law,  but  as  a  practical  fact,  railways  have 
become  public  highways,  and  all  classes  of  our  people  are  as  de- 
pendent upon  their  wholesome  management,  as  upon  the  wholesome 
management  of  any  other  public  property.  The  assumption  on  the 
part  of  the  advocates  of  non-intervention,  that  the  public  has.  a 
choice  between  other  methods  of  transportation  and  transportation 
by  rail,  is  without  actual  truth.  If  the  choice  exists,  that  choice 
cannot  be  exercised,  except  upon  such  conditions  as  to  render  the 
privilege  nugatory.  As  to  large  masses  of  freight,  and  a  consider- 
able portion  of  passenger  travel,  rapid  transit  by  rail  is  the  only 
available  alternative  presented.  And  were  the  fact  otherwise,  it  is 
impossible  to  presume,  under  any  known  axiom  of  good  govern- 
ment, that  interests  so  vast  and  manifold  as  to  involve  the  funda- 
mental conditions  of  public  progress  and  prosperity,  should  be 
surrendered  to  the  undisputed  determination  of  a  personal  discretion, 
based  solely  upon  considerations  of  private  or  corporate  profit. 

4.  That  control  is  demanded  in  the  interest  of  capital. 

Most  assuredly,  the  relations  of  our  people  to  capital  are  not  to 
be  ignored.  We  are  not  under  any  circumstances  to  overlook  the 
grave  fact  that  the  material  interests  of  our  State  are  vitally  depend- 
ent upon  the  safety  and  ample  remuneration  of  future  investment 
in  railway  construction.  A  consultation  of  the  comparative  sta- 
tistics of  this  report  will  show  that  the  industries  of  the  State  are 
far  more  dependent  upon  future  investment  than  past  expenditure 
in  this  direction;  and  we  know  of  no  consideration  of  material  in- 
terest or  public  morals  which  can  counsel  indifference  to  the  honor- 
able claim  of  capital  to  ample  consideration  for  all  legitimate  ex- 
penditure. 

Protection  of  capital  from  mismanagement. 

It  will  not  be  assumed,  however,  that  the  interests  of  capital  itself 
can  be  best  promoted  by  the  mismanagement  of  railways,  or  by  the 
imposition  of  extortionate  rates,  or  unjust  discriminations.     And 


PUBLIC  CONSEQUENCES.  317 

judicious  legislation  should  prohibit  nothing  more.  The  world  over, 
capital  prefers  moderate  returns  on  reliable  security,  rather  than 
excessive  returns  upon  unreliable  security.  The  price  of  railway 
stock  and  bonds  in  any  market  depends  less  upon  the  rate  of  inter- 
est promised  than  upon  the  character  of  the  enterprises  upon  which 
they  are  based.  Most  of  all,  they  depend  upon  the  legitimate  man- 
agement of  the  property  in  which  the  purchase-money  is  invested. 

The  history  of  all  railway  management  furnishes  an  instructive 
lesson  upon  this  topic.  It  is  an  almost  unbroken  history  of  broken 
faith  and  depreciated  credit.  Stocks  originally  sold  under  sanguine 
assurances  of  large  returns,  have  become  worthless  paper.  Bonds 
doubly  assured  on  their  face,  and  by  every  apparent  source  of  secu- 
rity, in  many  cases,  possess  but  a  speculative  and  uncertain  value. 

The  insecurity  of  railway  investments  at  the  present  time,  is  such, 
that  popular  confidence  in  railway  stocks  has  practically  departed. 
No  farmer,  no  merchant,  no  retired  capitalist  seeks  to  invest  his 
surplus  funds  or  labor  in  any  railway  company  in  which  he  does  not 
himself  possess  control.  And  this  want  of  confidence  and  refusal 
to  contribute  to  public  enterprisse  of  this  class,  are  in  no  manner 
measured  by  the  real  merits  of  the  enterprise  itself.  On  the  con- 
trary, they  are  the  fruit  of  the  common  judgment,  that  railwa}r 
capital  is  the  sport  of  speculative  management. 

Nor  does  this  want  of  confidence  extend  to  stock  subscriptions 
alone.  The  bonded  debts  of  railway  companies  are  also  rapidly  be- 
coming the  object  of  suspicion.  And  this  on  precisely  the  same 
ground  that  originally  deteriorated  the  market  value  of  capital  stock. 
The  stock  is  no  longer  regarded  as  the  representative  of  legitimate 
capital.  Sold  at  a  discount,  inflated,  unlimited  by  law,  and  often 
misappropriated,  its  actual  amount  and  value  ultimately  become  sub- 
ject to  the  discretion  of  the  managing  board.  The  bonded  debt, 
subject  to  the  same  conditions  and  influence,  is  liable  to  the  same 
possible  dilution  and  depreciation. 

Let  us  look  at  the  public  consequences  of  insecurity  for  capital. 

The  tendency  to  financial  demoralization,  wholly  prejudicial  to 
regular  investment,  is  of  startling  import  in  all  its  history  and  pos- 
sible consequences .  One  of  the  immediate  results  is  the  fact  that 
the  public  is  held  responsible  for  the  payment  of  interest  on  a  vast 
capital,  nominal  and  not  actual,  and  rendered  nominal,  at  least  in 
great  part,  by  means  which  no  intelligent  judgment  can  sanction  or 
approve . 

5.     That  the  necessity  for  control  is  a  growing  one. 

That  the  demand  for  a  judicious  control  is  a  growing  one,  is  ap- 
parent from  the  rapid  development  of  our  country,  and  the  conse- 
quent need  of  increased  facilities,  duly  guaranteed  and  protected. 
It  is  especially  apparent  in  the  case  of  the  northwestern  States, 
whose  resources  are  so  incalculable,  and  whose  growth  in  population 
has  been  so  unprecedented  during  the  recent  years.  Here  are  mill- 
ions of  an  industrious,  energetic,  and  progressible  people,  gathered 
from  all  parts  of  the  new  and  old  world,  for  the  very  purpose  of 
availing  themselves  of  the  extraordinary  opportunities  afforded  by 
our  fertile  soils,  our  forests  of  timber,  and  our  rich  and  varied  min- 
eral resources.     They  came  as  to  the  garden  spot  of  the  whole  world, 


343  MANAGEMENT  OF  RAILROADS  IN  OPERATION. 

and  they  will  make  it  a  garden  in  fact,  if  their .  industry  is  properly 
encouraged. 

Transportation,  easy,  prompt,  and  cheap,  is  a  condition  of  the 
growth  of  this  new  empire,  which  the  economist  cannot  fail  to  recog- 
nize, and,  with  legislatures,  cannot  ignore.  Somehow  it  must  be 
insured,  or  a  nation's  growth  is  retarded. 

The  remaining  questions  are  those  of  kind  and  degree. 

What  should  be  the  form  and  nature  of  the  control  to  be  exer- 
cised, and  to  what  extent  is  it  proper  to  carry  it  ?  are  in  fact  the 
questions  which  at  this  moment  agitate  the  public  mind  in  so  many 
countries.  They  are  doubtless  in  the  way  of  settlement,  but  they 
are  not  settled.  Indeed,  as  we  have  seen,  scarcely  any  two  States 
or  countries  fully  agree  as  to  either  of  them.  One  is  trying  full 
ownership  by  government,  the  State  working  the  roads.  Another 
prefers  government  ownership,  the  roads  being  leased  to  private 
corporations.  Another,  mixed  ownership,  the  State  owning  and 
operating,  or  leasing,  a  part  of  the  roads,  and  allowing  companies 
to  operate  the  rest.  Another  charters  companies,  assists  them  with 
money,  and  puts  them  under  ministerial  restraint,  not  only  forbid- 
ding but  preventing  competition.  Another  creates  companies,  and 
leaves  them  to  carry  on  the  business  of  transportation  pretty  much 
as  they  like,  but  concentrates  the  best  thought  and  the  largest  pow- 
ers of  the  government  deemed  judicious,  upon  the  matter  of  consoli- 
dations, with  a  view  to  prevent  them.  And  yet  others  practice  upon 
the  theory  of  total  non-interference. 

SUMMARY    OF   CONCLUSIONS. 

Having  thus  completed  as  full  and  careful  a  survey  as  possible  of 
the  whole  field  of  inquiry,  the  commissioners  present  the  following 
summary  of  the  more  important  conclusions  they  have  formed. 

The  only  form  of  railway  control  likely  to  prove  successful  under 
present  conditions,  is  the  legislative,  supplemented  by  direct  super- 
vision; the  legislature  laying  down  general  rules  of  action,  but  leav- 
ing the  application  and  enforcement  of  those  rules  to  a  commission. 
A  judicious  application  of  this  method  requires: 

1.  A  determination,  by  the  commissioners,  of  the  actual  cash 
value  of  each  railroad;  such  value  not  to  be  greater  than  the  actual 
cost  thereof,  and  the  valuation  subject  to  legislative  revision. 

2.  An  annual  determination  of  the  gross  and  net  earnings  of  each 
company,  from  the  reports  of  companies,  by  actual  inspection  of 
books  and  affairs,  and  by  all  other  practicable  methods. 

3.  A  division  of  roads  into  two  classes;  the  first  class  including 
all  roads  paying  a  reasonable  compensation  on  valuation,  and  the 
second  class  including  all  other  roads. 

4.  A  maximum  of  rates  of  fare  and  freights  for  roads  ascertained 
to  belong  to  the  first  class;  such  maximum  being  subject  to  legisla- 
tive revision. 

5.  No  restriction  of  earnings  upon  roads  of  the  second  class,  ex- 
cept by  way  of  remedying  unjust  discriminations. 

6.  A  prohibition  of  unjust  discriminations  and  unreasonable  or 
excessive  rates  on  all  roads;  any  person  complaining  of  discrimina- 
tion or  extortionate  charges  having  the  right  to  appeal  to  the  board 


UNJUST  DISCRIMINATION.  349 

of  commissioners,  under  such  rules  as  to  evidence  of  facts  as  the 
commissioners  ma}'  determine;  the  board  determining  the  fact  of 
discrimination  on  evidence  and  notice  to  both  sides,  and  its  conclu- 
sions to  be  prima  facie  evidence  as  to  fact  of  discrimination,  or  of 
unreasonable  charges. 

7.  Additional  police  regulations,  especially  as  to  running  connec- 
tions, and  the  passage  of  freight  from  one  road  to  another. 

8.  Limited  power  of  the  commissioners  to  require  repair  of  roads, 
improvement  of  roads  or  rolling  stock,  and  increased  accommoda- 
tions for  passenger  travel. 

9.  Full  and  complete  publicity  of  rates  of  fare  and  freight. 

10.  Publicity  of  all  important  contracts  and  agreements  between 
railway  companies,  and  of  their  business  transactions  generally. 

11.  Greater  uniformity  and  completeness  of  accounts,  as  well  as 
greater  fullness  and  frequency  of  reports. 

12.  Adequate  penalties  for  the  falsification  or  concealment  of 
earnings  and  expenditures,  or  other  facts. 

13.  Efficient  means  for  the  prompt  enforcement  of  all  provisions 
of  the  law,  at  the  expense  of  the  State. 

The  annual  report  of  the  Ohio  Commissioner  of  Eailroads  dis- 
cusses at  length  the  question  of  legislative  enactments  fixing  railroad 
rates.     We  give  the  following  extract : 

For  thirty  years  the  British  parliament  and  American  legisla- 
tures have  been  making  futile  attempts  to  regulate  this  matter  of 
rates  by  statutory  enactments.  The  system  of  "  equal  mileage 
rates,"  so  persistently  urged  by  certain  advocates  of  reform,  and  so 
often  a  subject  of  legislation,  is  evidently  impracticable,  and  in  con- 
travention of  the  recognized  rules  of  trade  and  the  established  prin- 
ciples upon  which  the  business  of  the  country  is  conducted.  The 
advocates  of  equal  mileage  rates,  however,  object  to  the  application 
of  this  business  custom  to  rates  upon  railways,  because,  as  is  said, 
"  they  are  built  for  the  public  use,"  and  every  citizen  or  customer  is 
entitled  equally  to  the  benefits  to  be  derived  from  them,  regardless  of 
his  means  or  condition  ;  and  that  an  application  of  this  rule  would 
give  the  large  shipper,  or  man  who  traveled  most,  advantages  that  he 
who  shipped  less  or  traveled  little  could  not  obtain.  While  we  con- 
cede that  the  benefits  and  blessings  of  public  improvements  should 
be  the  equal  inheritance  of  all,  and  dispensed  to  each  upon  the 
same  conditions,  a  discrimination  in  rates  upon  account  of  quantity, 
distance,  or  like  contingency  does  not  impair  the  proposition  ;  nor 
can  it  be  considered  an  unnatural  or  unjust  rule  which  extends  them 
to  all  upon  the  same  terms.  A  railway  company  makes  more  money, 
with  less  annoyance  and  cost,  in  doing  the  business  of  the  large 
shipper,  than  that  of  the  small  one,  though  the  rates  per  ton  are  less 
to  the  former. 

There  is,  however,  a  kind  of  discrimination  not  only  unjust,  but 
which  should  be  discontinued  and  prohibited.  When  the  business 
of  shippers  is  similar  in  kind  and  quantity,  and  can  be  done  by  the 
company  at  about  the  same  cost,  but  through  personal  interest, 
friendship,  or  for  any  other  reason  of  this  nature,  a  discrimination 
is  made  in  favor  of  one  which  is  not  extended  to  others,  the  act  is 
reprehensible,  and  violates  the  spirit  and  intent  of  the  privileges 
granted  by  the  State.     The  same  is  true  of  localities  ;  no  privileges 


350  RAILROADS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

or  concessions  should  be  made  in  rates  or  facilities  for  transportation 
to  one  locality  which  are  not  granted  to  all  similarly  situated  upon 
the  same  terms. 

The  impropriety  and  impracticability  of  fixing  unyielding  and 
inflexible  rates  for  transportation  by  general  laws,  applicable  to  all 
roads,  or  by  special  acts  applying  to  particular  roads,  or  classes  of 
roads,  seems  too  apparent  to  need  comment.  The  almost  unlimited 
differences  in  the  condition  of  our  roads,  affected  by  location,  grades, 
curves,  equipment,  regularity  of  business,  management,  changes  in 
earnings  caused  by  construction  of  branches  by  developing  new  in- 
dustries, opening  new  mines,  or  making  new  connections,  and  the 
innumerable  and  diverse  matters  which  come  in  to  affect  or  change 
their  status  for  better  or  worse,  but  develop  the  folly  of  attempts  to 
regulate  rate  of  transportation  by  inflexible  law.  Such  acts,  or 
those  intended  to  govern  rates  upon  the  basis  of  gross  earnings  or 
net  income,  can  be  of  but  temporary  value.  They  demand  such 
frequent  changes,  in  order  to  be  efficient  or  just,  as  to  be  of  little 
service,  and  fail  to  accomplish  the  purpose  desired.  Laws  which 
may  be  applicable  and  well  adjusted  to-day,  may  be  quite  the  re- 
verse a  few  months  hence.  General  laws  fixing  rates  which  may 
rest  lightly  and  not  perceptibly  affect  the  operation  of  roads  well 
located,  with  light  grades,  and  well  managed,  would  be  quite  op- 
pressive and  burdensome  to  those  less  fortunate.  A  schedule  which 
would  make  the  lowest  practicable  rates  under  which  some  of  our 
roads  could  do  business  and  maintain  an  existence,  would  be  far 
above  rates  now  charged  upon  other  lines  more  fortunately  situated. 

Laws  fixing  maximum  rates,  and  intended  solely  to  prevent  ex- 
tortion or  excess  in  charges,  may  be  consistently  enforced  ;  but  the 
adjustment  of  rates  below  this  must  necessarily  be  governed  by  the 
results  of  experience  and  the  dictates  of  enlightened  judgment. 

The  Massachusetts  Railroad  Commissioners  recently,  in  effect, 
complimented  and  indorsed  the  Granger  movement  in  their  ad- 
mission that  it  has  established  three  important  principles,  viz : 
The  accountability  of  railroads  to  the  public,  as  well  as  to  their 
stockholders  ;  the  necessity  and  advantage  of  dealing  equitably 
with  all  men  ;  and  the  existence  of  a  broad  distinction  between 
a  railroad  corporation  and  a  manufacturing  company. 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

RAILROADS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

California  Railroads:  Routes,  Length  and  Gauge — Senator  Cole  on  the  Pub- 
lic Interest  in  Railroads — Mr.  Stanford's  Report  on  the  Financial  Con- 
dition of  the  Central  Pacific — The  Railways  of  the  World — Funded 
Debt  and  net  Earnings  of  the  Railroads  of  the  United  States. 

No  State  has  a  greater  interest  in  the  harmonious  adjustment 


UNLIMITED  INCREASE  OF  RAILROADS.  351 

of  the  question  of  transportation  than  California.  Within  her 
borders  there  is  neither  present  nor  prospective  competition. 
The  establishment  of  a  true  and  cordial  reciprocity  between  the 
railroads  and  the  people,  is  not  only  a  great  essential  of  pros- 
perity, but  is  entirely  practicable  and  probable.  The  princi- 
ples established  in  the  searching  investigations  which  we  have 
summarized,  are  applicable  here  as  elsewhere;  but  the  practical 
working  out  of  the  problem  is  simplified  here,  by  the  fact  that 
there  are  but  two  parties  whose  interests  require  to  be  har- 
monized. In  a  speech  made  in  San  Francisco,  on  the  23d  of 
September,  1872,  Senator  Cole  thus  spoke  of  railroads  in  gen- 
eral, and  of  what  had  been  contributed  to  those  in  California : 

The  inspection  of  a  railroad  map  of  the  United  States  shows  the 
country  netted  all  over  with  railroads.  Particularly  is  this  the  case 
in  the  northern  Atlantic  States.  A  more  careful  inquiry  discloses 
the  fact  that  63,000  miles  of  road  are  now  completed  and  in  actual 
use  If  they  were  stretched  across  the  continent  they  would  make 
twenty-five  entire  railroads  from  ocean  to  ocean,  and  give  us  a 
Pacific  Railway  every  fifty  miles  from  the  British  Possessions  quite 
to  the  frontier  of  Mexico.  Or,  if  running  north  and  south,  they 
would  span  the  country  fifty  times  or  every  fifty  miles  from  the 
Atlantic  to  the  Pacific.  There  is  a  mile  of  railroad  to  every  one 
hundred  voters,  and  if  these  roads,  as  is  alleged,  have  cost  $40,000  a 
mile,  there  is  an  investment  in  such  property  equal  to  $400  to  e very- 
man  ,  or  $60  to  every  man,  woman  and  child  in  the  land.  These 
roads  have  all  been  constructed  and  many  of  them  rebuilt  several  times 
within  the  past  forty  years.  I  can  myself  remember  the  beginning 
of  railroads  in  the  "United  States,  but  the  end  no  man  can  see.  For 
the  last  ten  years  they  have  increased  much  more  rapidly,  in  pro- 
portion, than  the  population,  and  this  will  probably  continue  for 
many  years  to  come,  and  until  all  parts  of  the  country  are  abun- 
dantly accommodated  with  the  iron  rail.  Nothing  can  limit  their 
construction  but  the  supply  of  material  and  capital,  and  these  are 
without  limit.  Ties  can  be  grown,  should  necessity  require  it,  and 
the  mountains  of  iron,  already  discovered,  are  absolutely  inexhaust- 
ible. 

The  question  as  to  where  railways  shall  be  permanently  established, 
is  merely  a  question  of  time.  Where  they  are  not  wanted  they  will 
not  be  built,  or  if  built  will  not  long  be  maintained;  and  where  they 
are  wanted,  their  construction  is  certain,  notwithstanding  arguments 
to  the  contrary,  which  may  be  drawn  from  slight  delays  and  unim- 
portant variations.  Railroads,  as  a  general  rule,  conform  to  the  re- 
quirements of  business;  and  it  has  rarely  happened  that  the  persons 
having  their  construction  in  charge  have  had  the  temerity  to  disre- 
gard such  demands. 

The  Central  and  Western  Pacific  Railroad  Companies,  now  one 
and  the  same  concern,  have  received  from  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment, in  interest-bearing  bonds,  the  sum  of  $27,855,680,  and  they 
are  moreover  authorized  to  issue  their  own  first-mortgage  bonds,  to 


352 


KAILKOADS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 


take  precedence  of  the  Government  bonds,  as  a  security  upon  the 
road,  to  an  equal  extent;  so  that  they  have  actually  received  aid  from 
the  United  States  Government,  in  the  form  of  bonds  and  securities, 
to  the  enormous  amount  of  $55,711,360;  besides  which  the  Govern- 
ment has  paid  interest  for  them  amounting  to  $6,164,720  49.  How 
much  the  Central  Company  has  up  to  date  realized  out  of  15,000,000 
acres,  more  or  less,  of  lands  donated  to  them  by  the  General  Gov- 
ernment, the  books  of  the  real  estate  department  of  that  huge  con- 
cern alone  will  show;  but  counting  the  sales  and  assets  together, 
and  the  amount  in  value  cannot  be  less  than  $10,000,000.  Numer- 
ous towns  and  cities  have  been  laid  out  by  the  company  along  their 
lines,  and  these  must  all  be  counted  under  this  head  making  the 
sum  in  all  probability  far  in  excess  of  $10,000,000  a  year — her 
share  of  this  annual  gift  from  the  Commonwealth  of  California  to 
the  thrifty  firm  known  as  the  Central  Pacific  Railroad  Company. 
Besides  the  million  and  a  half  thus  guaranteed  by  the  State,  other 
millions  have  been  donated  directly  by  the  people  of  the  different 
cities  and  counties.  I  find  that  about  forty  spe3ial  laws  have  been 
passed  by  our  Legislature,  authorizing  gifts  of  money  and  bonds  to 
railroad  companies,  to  say  nothing  about  other  acts  granting  lands 
and  privileges  of  one  sort  and  another,  and  the  five  per  cent,  law,  so- 
called,  of  the  session  of  1869.  The  amounts  authorized  to  be  given 
by  the  several  counties  and  cities  under  these  forty  odd  acts,  at  dif- 
ferent times,  range  from  $50,000  up  to  a  million  dollars  each;  and  a 
partial  list  of  them  may  be  interesting  for  reference  at  the  present 
time: 

Yuba  county $    200,000 

Sutter  county 50,000 

Solano  county 200,000 

Yolocountv 50,000 

San  Mateo  county 100,000 

San  Francisco  county 600,000 

Santa  Clara  county 200,000 

Placer  county 100,000 

Santa  Clara  county 200,000 

San  Mateo  county 100,000 

San  Francisco  county 300,000 

Los  Angeles  city 50,000 

Los  Angeles  county 100,000 

San  Joaquin  county 250,000 

Placerville  city 100,000 

San  Joaquin  county 100,000 

El  Dorado  county 200,000 

Placer  county 250,000 

Santa  Clara  county 150,000 


Stanislaus  county 

...  $      25,000 

Alameda  county 

220,000 

San  Francisco  county  . . . 

. . .     1,000,000 

Sacramento  county 

. . .        300,000 

Calaveras  county 

50,000 

Tuolumne  county 

50,000 

El  Dorado  county 

100,000 

Calaveras  county 

50,000 

Napa  countv 

70,000 

Stanislaus  county 

25  000 

Yuba  county 

65,000 

Yolo  county 

100,000 

Los  Angeles  county 

150,000 

Los  Angeles  city 

75,o;;0 

Plumas  county  ......... 

230,000 

Sutter  county 

50,000 

San  Joaquin  county. 

200,000 

Stockton  city 

300,000 

San  Francisco 

. .     1,030,000 

Total,  $6,360,000.  It  is  not  exactly  known  how  much  assistance 
has  been  actually  rendered  in  pursuance  of  these  statutes,  but  it 
amounts  to  a  good  number  of  millions. 

In  addition  to  all  these  enumerated  gifts  and  guarantees  of  money 
and  lands  and  bonds  from  the  Federal  Government,  the  State  and 
several  cities  and  counties  have  granted  bonds  and  franchises  of  in- 
estimable value;  as  at  Vallejo,  at  Sacramento,  at  Marysville,  at  San 
Jose,  at  Stockton  and  other  places,  besides  the  enormous  donations 
of  submerged  and  other  lands  in  and  adjoining  Oakland  and  San 
Francisco,  comprising  a  thousand  or  two  acres  in  the  former  city.. 


REPORTS.  353 

and  in  the  latter,  including  the  right  of  way  to  her  southern  border, 
literally  hundreds  of  acres  more  prospectively,  and  in  the  immediate 
future  worth  millions  upon  millions  of  dollars.  Such  a  record  of 
munificent  donations  to  railroads  can  be  found  in  no  other  State  in 
the  Union,  nor,  indeed,  anything  at  all  comparable  to  it.  California, 
in  this  particular,  stands  entirely  alone,  peerless  in  her  generosity. 

The  force  of  the  people  is  now  so  well  organized  for  self-pro- 
tection, through  the  Grange  and  other  movements,  that  it  rests 
with  them  to  correct  abuses;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped,  availing 
themselves  of  experience  elsewhere,  they  may  do  it  in  a  man- 
ner which  will  require  no  after  revision  and  correction.  Thus 
far  the  spirit  of  conciliation  and  compromise  has  marked  the 
intercourse  of  the  Grange  and  Eailroad  authorities  in  this 
State. 

Beports  op  California  Eailroad  Companies  (except  the  Central 
Pacific)  Filed  in  the  Office  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  for 
the  Year  ending  December  31,  1874. 

TERMINAL  RAILWAY   COMPANY. 

Capital  Stock $4,000,000  00 

Subscribed  and  paid  in ,.. 27,500  00 

Expended  for  purchase  of  Land  and  Construction  30,399  92 

Amount  of  Indebtedness 2,899  92 

Receipts  and  Dividends... .; . 

NORTHERN   RAILROAD   COMPANY. 

Capital  Stock 8,400,000  00 

Subscribed 210,500  00 

Paid  in 21,050  00 

Expended  for  Land  and  Construction 41,511  85 

Indebtedness 41,586  90 

Receipts,  Freights,  and  Dividends ^. 

SACRAMENTO  VALLEY  RAILROAD  COMPANY. 

Capital  Stock 1,000,000  00 

Subscribed 492,380  00 

Received 180,964  31 

Freight  transported 50,906  32 

Current  Expenses 127,968  00 

Dividends 

STOCKTON  AND   COPPEROPOLIS  RAILWAY  -COMPANY. 

Capital  Stock 1,500,000  00 

Subscribed 48,000  00 

Paid  in 4,800  00 

Expended  for  Building 607,492  20 

Indebtedness 1,238,783  34 

Amount  due  the  Company 491,000  00 

Receipts 26,061  73 

•  Freignt  transported 8,757  tons 

Current  Expenses,  etc 83,540  64 

Dividends 

23 


354:  KAILItOADS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

STOCKTON  AND  VISALIA   RAILROAD  COMPANY. 

Capital  Stock $5,550,000  00 

Subscribed 186,500  00 

Paid  in 71,802  00 

Paid  for  Lands,  Construction,  etc 877,183  08 

Indebtedness 891,000  00 

Eeceipts 63,292  76 

Freight  transported 21,267  tons 

Current  Expenses,  etc 63,627  58 

The  following  is  an  extract  from  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
Central  Pacific  Eailroad  Company,  for  1873,  bearing  date  July 
14,  1874; 

Mr.  Stanford,  the  President  of  the  Company,  reports  as  follows: 
Capital  stock  (authorized),  $100,000,000;  capital  stock  subscribed, 
$62,608,800;  capital  stock  paid  in,  $54,275,500;  subscribed  and  held 
in  trust  for  the  Company,  $8,333,300. 

The  indebtedness  of  the  company  is  as  follows:  Funded  debt,  less 
sinking  fund,  $53,248,268  30;  United  States  subsidy  bonds,  $27,- 
885,680  00;  total,  $81,133,948  30.  The  assets  are  as  follows :  1,219 
miles  main  line  of  railroad  and  telegraph,  sidings,  wharves,  depots, 
steam  ferries,  etc.,  $131,419,110  53;  equipments,  real  estate  for 
use  of  road,  telegraph  intruments  and  material  on  hand,  $9,960,- 
029  33;  Sacramento  river  steamers,  (cost,)  $853,569  41;  balance  of 
accounts  outstanding  after  deducting  obligations,  $1,666,787  34; 
farming  lands,  estimated  value,  $29,306,000  00.  Undivided  half  60 
acres  land  in  Mission  Bay,  in  San  Francisco;  500  acres  water  front 
at  Oakland;  about  140  acres  and  water  front  at  Sacramento—esti- 
mated value,  independent  of  improvements,  $7,750,000  00;  cash, 
$1,584,661  71.     Total,  $182,540,158  32. 

The  anticipations  in  the  annual  report  for  1872,  in  relation  to  in- 
crease of  business,  have  been  realized,  and  we  may  expect  as  much 
greater  increase  for  the  year  1874.  The  increase  of  population  of 
the  State  by  immigration  during  the  year  1873,  was  34,000;  this 
year  it  promises  to  be  much  greater.  The  harvest  is  abundant,  and 
unusual  prosperity  prevails  throughout  the  State. 

At  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature,  the  question  of  change  in 
the  law  in  regard  to  freights  and  fares,  was  largely  discussed,  and, 
as  a  conclusion,  no  legislation  was  had.  But  an  important  principle 
was  recognized,  viz:  that  as  a  question  of  sound  political  economy, 
railroad  companies  should  be  assured  of  stability  in  the  laws  regu- 
lating their  tariffs. 

To  this  end,  and  because  the  good  faith  of  the  State  in  this  respect 
had  been  questioned,  four  special  bills  were  passed  conferring  rights 
upon  associations  to  build  as  many  separate  lines  of  railroads,  with 
varying  tariff  rates — in  some  cases  increasing  the  rates  above  those 
of  the  General  Incorporation  law,  and  in  many  others  decreasing 
them.  The  main  and  only  object  of  the  companies  in  accepting 
these  special  Acts,  so  far  as  they  accept  less  rates  than  those  pro- 
vided in  the  general  law,  was  to  secure  themselves  against  future 
legislation  in  reducing  their  rates.  It  was  openly  stated,  and  it  was 
clearly  true,  that  unless  they  could  have  a  guaranty  that  the  income 
of  the  lines  to  be  constructed  should  not  be  interfered  with  by  legis- 


PROSPECTS  AND  EARNINGS.  355 

lative  control  of  tariffs,  the  roads  could  not  obtain  credit,  and  could 
not  be  built.  No  other  benefits  over  these  to  be  had  by  the  General 
Corporation  law,  were  gained  by  these  special  Acts,  and  there  was 
nothing  else  to  justify  their  passage  by  the  Legislature,  or  their  ap- 
proval by  the  Governor.  And  it  is  clear  that  if  railroads  are  to  be 
built  by  other  organizations  than  the  Government,  they  must  be  left 
as  free  to  make  profits,  under  the  law  as  it  exists  at  the  time  of  their 
organization,  as  others  making  investments  in  any  species  of  prop- 
erty. It  is  just,  and  has  its  foundation  in  the  soundest  political 
economy.  The  fact  that  the  State  exercises  its  right  of  eminent  do- 
main to  secure  the  right  of  way  for  the  construction  of  railroads,  is 
in  itself  an  evidence  of  their  great  public  utility,  and  it  is  only  this 
that  justifies  it  in  the  exercise  of  its  right  of  eminent  domain  to  pro- 
cure the  right  of  way.  This  exercise  of  eminent  domain  is  made  for 
the  benefit  of  the  public,  and  not  for  that  of  the  corporation,  which 
must  pay  the  full  value  of  all  it  takes  for  right  of  way,  and  which 
from  that  time  holds  it  and  controls  it  as  private  property.  Can  it 
be  wise  to  discourage  investments  that  are  so  unqualifiedly  stamped 
by  the  State  as  beneficial  to  the  public  ?  Whether  there  is  a  reserve 
power  to  the  State  to  regulate  the  tariffs  of  railroads,  other  than  the 
limitation  of  the  general  Corporation  Law,  is  a  mooted  question. 
Whatever  the  power,  it  is  applicable  to  every  corporation  formed  un- 
der it,  whatever  its  business  or  objects.  But,  however  this  may  be,  the 
exercise  of  it,  if  its  exists,  must  ultimately  be  regulated  by  justice, 
and  by  sound  and  correct  principles.  In  the  passage  of  the  special 
bills,  before  alluded  to,  this  principle  was  evidently  recognized.  The 
people  seem  to  have  acquiesced  in  the  action  of  the  Legislature,  and 
we  may  confidently  look  for  a  full  recognition  of  the  principle  here- 
after. The  question  is  now  being  largely  discussed  throughout  the 
United  States,  and  if  the  principle  is  correct,  we  may  rest  with  con- 
fidence that  the  good  faith  and  intelligence  of  the  people  will  recog- 
nize it,  and  upon  this  good  faith  and  intelligence  must  the  railroads 
of  the  present  and  future  rely.  Decisions  by  the  Courts,  upholding 
a  law  that  is  repugnant  to  the  will  of  the  people,  will  avail  nothing  ; 
but  the  majority  will  protect  individuals  in  the  right.  The  railrcad 
companies  are  made  up  of  individuals,  and  a  wrong  to  one  of  these 
is  a  wrong  to  the  whole  people .  And  the  question  at  last  resolves 
itself  into  this,  that  either  individuals  must  be  protected  in  their  in- 
vestments in  railroads,  and  allowed  to  make  such  profits  as  their 
enterprise  commands,  or  the  State  must  own  and  construct  rail- 
roads, or  railroading  must  cease.  There  is  no  such  thing  as 
separating  control  and  ownership.  Control  is  ownership.  If  the 
exigencies  of  the  State  shall  require  it,  to  assume  partial  or  com- 
plete control  of  any  species  of  property,  good  faith  will  compel  it  to 
provide  compensation  accordingly,  as  it  does  when  it  exercises  the 
right  of  eminent  domain,  and  takes  private  property  for  public 
use.  The  financial  and  business  prospects  of  the  company  were 
never  brighter.  The  end  of  each  year  in  its  history  seems  to  more 
than  realize  the  promises  of  the  beginning. 

From  the  report  of  General  Superintendent  Towne,  it  appears 
that  the  gross  earnings  were:  Coin,  $7,643,469  58;  currency,  $5,220,- 
483  40.    The  operating  expenses  amounted  to  $4,929,684  09  in  gold, 


3  56  RAILROADS  IN  CALIFORNIA. 

and  $39,587  43  in  currency.  The  percentage  of  expenses  to  earn- 
ings was  40.47.  The  earnings  over  operating  expenses  for  the  year 
amounted  to  $8,245,302  54,  an  increase  of  more  than  $1,000,000 
over  the  profits  of  the  preceding  year's  operations.  The  total  num- 
ber of  passengers  transported  was  3,280,171,  being  an  increase  over 
1872  of  276.197.  The  revenue  from  this  department  was,  in  coin, 
$2,235,942  81;  in  currency,  $2,182,474  61.  Total  tonnage  for  1873 
was  2,057,204,628  pounds  ;  total  for  1872,  1,881,646,021  pounds, 
showing  an  increase  of  175,558,607  pounds,  or  9.33  per  cent.  The 
earnings  from  this  department  were  as  follows:  Coin,  $4,989,996  21; 
currency,  $2,472,898  71,  showing  an  increase  in  coin  earnings  of 
$251,143  13,  and  an  increase  in  currency  earnings  of  $244,307  21. 

The  number  of  miles  of  road  operated  was  1,218.93.  The  total  land 
grants  owned  by  the  company  amount  to  11,722,400  acres.  The 
total  sales  of  land  by  the  company  from  its  organization  to  June  30, 
1874,  amounted  to  358,818.73  acres,  which  were  disposed  of  for 
$1,459,768  38,  being  an  average  of  a  little  more  than  $4  12J  per 
acre.  The  Land  Agent  says  that  the  number  of  sales  is  increasing 
from  year  to  year,  and  the  prices  steadily  increase  in  proportion. 
He  is  the  authority  for  the  statement  that  within  the  last  three 
months  12,000  farmers  and  mechanics  seeking  homes  have  come  to 
California. 

CALIFORNIA  RAILROADS. 

There  are  1,261  miles  of  wide  gauge  railroad  completed  and  in 
operation  in  this  State  (all  of  which  is  four  feet  eight  and  one  half 
inch  gauge)  to  wit: 

CENTRAL  PACIFIC  RAILROAD.  Miles. 

Oakland  to  State  line , _..^. 276 

Oakland  to  Brooklyn 6 

Oakland  to  Alameda 2 

Alameda  to  Haywards 15 

Niles  to  San  Jose 18 

Lathrop  to  Goshen 146 

Boseville  to  Redding 151 

Total 614 

SOUTHERN  PACIFIC  RAILROAD. 

San  Francisco  to  Tres  Pinos „ 101 

Carnadero  to  Soledad GO 

Goshen  to  Sumner 74 

Los  Angeles  to  San  Fernando 29 

Los  Angeles  towards  San  Bernardino 20 

Total 293 

LOS  ANGELES  AND  SAN  PEDRO  RAILROAD. 

Los  Angeles  to  Wilmington 22 

Branch  to  Anaheim  via  Los  Nietos 21 

Total. 43 

CALIFORNIA  PACIFIC  RAILROAD. 

Vallejo  to  Sacramento GO 

Davisville  to  Knight's  Landing 18 

Napa  Junction  to  Calistoga 35 

Total 113 


RAILROADS  OF  UNITED  STATES.  357 

VACA.   RAILROAD. 

Vaca  Station  to  Vacaville , .-..-„. ..... .-. .      6 

SACRAMENTO   VALLEY   RAILROAD. 

Sacramento  to  Folsorn ~_.     23 

PLACERVILLE    AND    SACRAMENTO   VALLEY   RAILROAD. 

Folsom  to  Shingle  Springs 26 

CALIFORNIA  NORTHERN   RAILROAD. 

Marysville  to  Oroville ^      2Y 

STOCKTON   AND   VISALLA   RAILROAD. 

Stockton  to  Oakdale 63 

STOCKTON   AND   COPPEROPOLIS   RAILROAD. 

Peters  to  Milton ~ -  ...  ^      12 

SAN  FRANCISCO  AND  NORTH  PACIFIC  RATLROADr 

Donahue  to  Cloverdale 56 

MOUNT  DIABLO  RAILROADS- 

Nortonville  to  New  York 7 

Soinersville  to  Pittsburg « „.-      5 

Total 12 

RAILROAD. 

San  Kaf ael  to  San  Quentin , . . ,       3 

VISALIA  RAILROAD. 

Visalia  to  Goshen 7 

In  addition  to  the  wide-gauge  roads,  there  are  narrow  gauge  railroads,  to  wit: 

San  Francisco  and  North  Pacific  Coast  Railroad,  Saucelito  toward  Eussian 
river,  30  miles,  completed, 

Salinas  and  Monterey  Railroad,  18%  miles,  was  completed  during  the  past 
season. 

The  Colfax  and  Nevada  Narrow-gauge  Road,  23  miles  in  length,  is  under  con- 
tract, and  to  be  completed  next  season. 

The  Watsonville  and  Santa  Cruz  Narrow-gauge  Railroad,  22  miles  in  length,  is 
now  being  constructed,  and  will  be  complete  next  season. 

BEOAPITULATION.  Miles. 

Broad-gauge 1,261 

Narrow-gauge - 48% 

Narrow-gauge  under  construction 45 

Total 1,354% 


Statement  showing  Funded  Debt  and  Net  Earnings  of  the  Railroads  of  the 

United  States. 


Railroad  Network  in 

Bonds  and 
Debt. 

Net  Earnings 

Required  to 

Pay  7  per 

Cent. 

Actual  Net 
Earnings. 

Amount  Left 

for 
Dividends. 

Western  States 

$883,794,823 
477,199.070 
122,224,449 
280,846,999 
102,839,109 

$62,265,637 
33,403,934 

8,555,711 
19,659,289 

7,198,247 

$72,464,212 

69,280,585 

15,061,777 

18,145,349 

8,858,639 

$10,198,575 

35,876,651 

6,506,066 

1,513,940 

1,660,392 

"Middle  States 

New  England  States. .... 

Southern  States 

Pacific  States 

Totals 

$1,836,904,450 

$128,583,311 

$183,810,561 

$53,226,251 

358 


RAILROADS   OF   THE  WORLD. 
The  Railways  of  the  Would. 


COUNTRIES. 

3-5 
fi  S 

t-s 

1874 
1874 
1874 
1874 
1874 
1873 
1870 
1873 
1873 

Mileage. 

!8  °  t>L 

rJ2S 

Cost  per 
Mile. 

Total  Cost. 

United  States — 
New  England 

5,314 
14,019 
33,772 
15,353 

2,193 

12.9 

9.9 

30.7 

51.4 

209.0 

$47,840 
67,736 
52,125 
36,994 
95,590 

$263,697,778 

Middle  States 

Western  States 

1,126,702,107 
1,730,728,234 

Southern  States 

509,324,106 

Pacific  States 

154,090,809 

Total  United  States. 

70,651 

$53,556 

$3,784,542,934 

Canada 

2,928 

300 

62 

82 

148.0 

3,435.0 

638.0 

318.0 

70,160 
54.920 
95,000 
90,000 

205,428,480 

Mexico  ....  J 

16,476,000 

Honduras 

5,890,000 

Costa  Rica 

7,3S0,000 

North  America 

1874 
1872 
1872 
1871 
1870 
1869 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1872 
1872 
1873 
1872 
1873 
1871 

74,023 

$54,303 

$4,019,717,414 

Great  Britain  and  Ireland 

France 

16,082 
10,706 

1,892 
820 

3,801 
453 

3.895 

7,529 
13,066 

1,045 
530 

1,049 

7,279 
488 
507 
100 

8.0 

19.0 

6.0 

18.0 

54.0 

81.0 

27.0 

30.0 

15.0 

13.0 

28.0 

292.0 

280.0 

3,720.0 

90.0 

199.0 

$182,912 

158,714 

106,987 

87,134 

107,156 

101,317 

89,712 

73,915 

88,493 

97,202 

57,114 

66,438 

166,477 

46,829 

46,729 

50,000 

$2,941,601,540 
1,716,333,196 

Belgium 

202,419,404 

Switzerland 

71,448,220 

Spain 

407,229,956 

Portugal 

45,896,601 

Italy 

349,428,240 

Austria  and  Hungary 

Germany 

556,506,035 
1,156,249,538 

Netherlands 

101,575,045 

Denmark 

30,270,420 

Sweden  and  Norway 

69,693,462 

Russia 

1,214,782,669 

Turkey 

Roumania 

22,852,552 
23,691,603 

Greece 

5,000,000 

Europe  . . . ,. 

69,260 

™230?0 

128,718 

$8,915,048,501 

1870 

4,182 

100,500 

450,271,000 

Asia 

4,182 

230.0 

$100,500 

$420,271,000 

Egypt  

1870 
1873 

737 
134 

907.0 
'5,000.0 

$96,504 
92,103 

$71,123,448 
12,341,802 

Africa 

871 

95,826 

$83,465,250 

Australia 

1870 
1872 
1873 
1873 
1872 
1873 
1873 
1872 

"    1,058 

2,404.0 

$99,622 

"~ $10574007076 

Brazil 

410 
44 
57 

875 
65 

375 

452 

7,573.0 
2,334.0 
1,290.0 

955.0 
6,600.0 
1,340.0 

298.0 

$201,157 
89,790 
86,000 
53,918 
166,667 
56,410 
61,309 

$82,474,370 

Paraguay 

3,950,760 

Uraguay 

4,902,000 

Argentine  Confederacy 

47,178,250 

Colombia 

Peru  

10,833,355 
21,153,750 

Chili  

27,711,668 

2,278 
161,632 

87,008 

$198,204,153 

Grand  Totals 

$90,627 

$13,742,106,394 

EARLY  ACTION  OF   MASSACHUSETTS.  359 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION  IN   THE  PUBLIC   SCHOOLS. 

"The  ten  commandments  and  a  handicraft  make  a  good  and  wholesome  equipment  to  com- 
mence life  with.  A  man  must  learn  to  stand  upright  upon  his  own  feet,  to  respect  himself,  to 
be  independent  of  charity  or  accident.  It  is  only  on  this  basis  that  any  superstructure  of  in- 
tellectual cultivation  worth  having  can  possibly  be  built." — Froude. 

FlRST  URGED  BY  MASSACHUSETTS  AGRICULTURAL  SOCIETY — MANUAL  OF  AGRICULT- 
URE Prepared — Action  taken  by  other  States — Obstacles  to  Success — 
Professor  Turner  on  Text-book  Monopolies — Superintendent  Northrup's 
Views  on  the  Educational  Value  of  Labor. 

It  must  be  conceded  by  all,  that  one  of  the  greatest  obstacles 
to  the  farmer's  progress  has  been  a  defective  and  unsuitable 
education,  and  that  the  specific  training  required  to  lift  his 
calling  to  a  level  with  the  highest  of.  human  occupations,  is  not 
to  be  obtained  without  an  appeal  to  the  ballot-box.  Since  the 
year  1860,  the  importance  of  industrial  education  in  general, 
and  of  agricultural  instruction  in  our  common  schools,  has  been 
urged  upon  the  public  by  teachers  eminent  for  broad  and  en- 
lightened views,  and  by  equally  eminent  farmers,  trained  in  all 
the  learning  of  our  higher  institutions.  The  Massachusetts 
State  Board  of  Agriculture  gave,  fifteen  years  ago,  the  follow- 
ing reasons  for  asking  the  State  Legislature  for  the  passage  of 
an  act  authorizing  the  introduction  of  a  Manual  of  Agriculture 
into  all  the  schools  of  the  commonwealth: 

The  foundation  for  the  intelligent  pursuit  of  every  business  is  laid 
in  our  common  school  system.  So  far  as  it  goes,  it  answers  every 
purpose,  and  if  any  complaint  could  be  made,  it  would  be,  perhaps, 
that  it  aimed  at  too  much — that  some  things  are  taught  that  might 
better  be  omitted.  One  fact,  however,  is  certain,  that  nothing  is 
taught  in  our  public  schools  which  have  any  special  bearing  upon 
the  future  education  of  that  large  class  whose  lives  are  devoted  to 
the  cultivation  of  the  soil,  and  stranger  still,  this  class  is  the  only 
one  that  cannot  get  the  special  instruction  necessary  for  it  anywhere 
else.  There  are  private  schools,  academies,  and  colleges  for  the 
education  of  youth  for  other  callings  in  life,  but  not  for  the  farm- 
er, who  requires,  more  that  any  other  class,  a  special  training  for 
his  profession.  The  fact  that  the  greater  proportion  of  all  labor  is 
farm  labor,  seems  to  have  been  overlooked  in  the  studies  prescribed 
in  the  common  schools.  The  simple  teachings  which  appeal  to  the 
daily  senses  and  to  natural  objects,  have  been  too  much  neglected. 
"Without  desiring  to  go  into  a  minute  criticism  upon  the  instruction 
which  is  afforded,  we  claim  a  place  for  agriculture  in  the  system  of 
public  education;    and  assert  the  right  to  have  introduced  a  few 


360  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION  IN  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

elementary  studies  which  might  profitably  occupy  a  portion  of  the 
time  of  every  child,  whatever  his  future  occupation  might  "be,  but 
which  are  of  inestimable  benefit  to  those  who  are  to  become  farmers. 
These  studies  cannot  be  commenced  too  early,  for  they  are  the  germs 
of  all  future  development,  the  vitality  of  which  is  never  lost,  but 
they  must  be  planted  early,  if  it  is  hoped  to  reach  a  full  harvest. 

If  a  person,  who  had  the  ability  to  perform  whatever  he  under- 
took, should  offer  to  the  people  of  this  commonwealth  a  secret,  by 
which  in  twenty  years  the  productive  value  of  the  lands  throughout 
the  whole  State  would  be  doubled  without  any  more  outlay  than  is 
now  required,  what  would  that  secret  be  worth  ?  The  diffusion  of 
general  agricultural  education  would  accomplish  this  object;  nay, 
go  far  beyond  it,  in  less  time  than  has  been  named,  and  at  an  ex- 
pense so  trifling  as  to  be  hardly  worth  mentioning,  in  view  of  the 
benefits  which  would  flow  from  it.  There  is  no  other  way  to  effect 
this  so  easily,  so  cheaply,  and  so  advantageously  to  the  moral  as 
well  as  material  wealth  of  the  State,  as  by  commencing  this  educa- 
tion at  an  early  period  in  the  future  farmer's  life  in  our  public 
schools. 

Constant  complaint  is  made  that  the  pursuit  of  a  farmer  is  un- 
popular with  the  young.  That  it  is  all  hard  work  and  no  corres- 
ponding reward.  That  a  farmer  does  not  rank  as  high  in  the  esti- 
mation of  the  community  as  other  classes  of  professions.  There  is 
much  truth  in  all  this,  and  there  are  good  reasons  for  it.  Let  us 
compare  the  education  of  a  farmer  with  that  of  other  professions. 
The  boy  who  is  to  become  a  farmer  leaves  school  at  sixteen  or  seven- 
teen, and  commences  work  upon  the  farm — mere  work,  without  one 
idea  ever  given  to  him  as  to  the  nature  of  the  soil  out  of  which  he 
is  to  pbtain  his  livelihood  ;  without  a  thought  as  to  the  various  pro- 
cesses connected  with  the  beautiful  laws  of  vegetation;  without  the 
slightest  idea  of  races  or  breeds  of  cattle,  and  with  not  one  general 
principle  to  guide  him,  and  to  make  intelligent  the  labor  he  is  per- 
forming. Now,  this  cannot  be  said  of  any  other  profession  or  indus- 
trial pursuit,  although  this  one,  more  than  any  other  demands  all  the 
previous  preparation  which  it  is  possible  to  give,  by  instilling  into 
the  mind,  when  young  and  perceptive,  those  general  principles  and 
teachings  which  lie  at  the  foundation  of  all  success,  and  of  all  that 
future  knowledge  which  practice  and  observation  would,  with  a 
proper  previous  training,  be  sure  to  give.  Thus  it  is  that  labor  to 
the  boy  who  is  to  become  the  future  farmer  is  irksome  at  the  best, 
but  in  most  cases  it  is  worse  than  this — it  is  deadening  to  the  mental 
faculties,  at  the  time  when  they  are  most  capable  of  being  quickened 
and  improved. 

Compare  this  with  other  pursuits,  from  the  youth  who  is  intended 
for  one  of  the  learned  professions,  and  whose  preparation  continues 
for  years  after  the  age  at  which  the  boy  is  condemned  to  the  farm, 
to  the  lad  who  goes  to  the  counting-room  or  the  factory,  where  the 
work  is  comparatively  light,  and  where  the  mind  is  amused  and  in- 
tellect excited.  Is  it  any  wonder  that  farming  is  unpopular  under 
these  circumstances  ;  or,  is  it  surprising  that  farmers  with  such  an 
education  for  their  pursuit,  should  not  hold  their  proper  place  in 
public  estimation  ?     How  completely  would  this  be  changed  were 


MANUALS  RECOMMENDED .  361 

boys  educated  for  this  pursuit,  and  brought  up  to  the  standard  of 
skill  and  intelligence  that  is  necessary,  in  order  to  enter  successfully 
upon  any  other  industrial  career?  It  is  education  which  gives  dignity 
to  the  man,  be  his  profession  what  it  may  ;  and  there  is  no  calling 
which  would  rank  higher  than  that  of  the  farmer,  if  those  who 
enter  upon  it  were  sufficiently  educated  to  make  it  successful  and 
profitable. 

This  committee  proposed  as  the  first  step  in  furnishing  agricult- 
ural education: 

1.  The  engrafting  upon  our  common  school  education  the  study 
of  the  elementary  principles  of  geology,  of  agricultural  chemistry, 
of  physiology,  and  of  botany. 

They  propose  that  these  shall  be  taught  by  manuals,  in  the  usual 
form  of  question  and  answer,  and  that  they  shall  be  confined  to  the 
plainest  leading  principles  applicable  to  the  cultivation  of  the  soil, 
and  prepared  in  such  a  manner  that  it  will  not  depend  altogether 
upon  the  knowledge  of  the  instructor  to  make  them  of  use  to  the 
learner. 

It  is  only  necessary  to  appeal  to  the  individual  experience  of  every 
one  for  a  just  estimate  of  the  importance  of  this  simple  and  in- 
expensive measure.  Our  children  would,  from  this  slight  addition 
to  their  studies,  learn  something  which  would  every  day  be  more 
and  more  deeply  implanted  in  their  minds  by  their  daily  walks  in 
the  school-room.  They  could  not  see  a  tree  send  forth  its  leaves,  its 
flowers,  its  fruits;  or  the  fresh  sod  turned  over  by  the  plow;  or 
the  rain  fall  from  the  heavens;  or  the  sun  shine  upon  the  earth, 
without  attaching  to  these  now  unheeded  operations  a  meaning  and 
a  significance,  and  without  inspiring  in  their  minds  a  spirit  of  in- 
vestigation and  inquiry,  which  would  be  preparing  them  for  the 
practical  pursuits  of  after-life. 

The  vital  principle  in  the  plan  proposed  is  to  start  the  education 
of  the  future  farmer  at  the  earliest  possible  period ;  and  to  do  this, 
the  commencement  must  be  in  our  public  schools,  while  the  other 
parts  of  the  boy's  education  are  going  on.  But  it  must  not  stop  here. 
It  has  already  been  remarked  that  special  schools,  academies  and 
colleges,  exist  for  the  instruction  of  youths  intended  for  every  other 
career  in  life  except  that  of  a  f arn^er.  They  leave  the  public  schools, 
where  they  have  been  well  prepared,  to  enter  upon  the  special  edu- 
cation for  the  professions  for  which  they  are  designed,  while  the 
boy  who  is  to  become  a  farmer  is  left  to  shift  for  himself.  He  is 
dropped  upon  the  farm,  as  it  were,  wholly  unfitted,  wholly  unpre- 
pared to  reap  any  advantage  from  what  he  has  already  been  taught. 
His  education  stops  short,  just  at  the  moment  when  a  very  moderate 
degree  of  special  instruction  would  fit  him  to  enter  life  with  every 
prospect  of  success.  To  supply  this  absolute  want  the  committee 
proposed  the  establishment  of — 

2.  An  agricultural  school,  with  a  farm  attached  to  it,  in  each 
county,  to  be  devoted  exclusively  to  agricultural  instruction,  uniting 
science  with  correct  practice. 

These  county  schools  need  not  be  expensive  undertakings.  They 
should  be  commenced  upon  the  plan  of  educating  youths  in  the 
best  methods  of  farm  management,  connecting  with  it  such  knowl- 
edge of  the  science  and  theory  of  agriculture,  as  can  be  obtained 


362  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION  IN  THE  PUBLIC  SCHOOLS. 

by  devoting  a  portion  of  the  time  to  study,  under  competent  in- 
structors. At  these  schools  system,  economy,  the  right  adaptation 
of  means  to  ends,  the  knowledge  of  what  can  be  cultivated  with 
profit,  by  learning  to  calculate  the  cost  of  production, — in  short  the 
doing  of  everything,  with  the  reason  for  doing  it,  to  be  shown  by  a 
satisfactory  result, — these  are  the  main  points  to  be  observed  in  es- 
tablishing them. 

Many  other  States  have  taken  similar  action.  The  promi- 
nent farmers  of  Illinois  urged  the  preparation  and  introduction 
of  works  on  the  elements  of  natural  history  into  the  public 
schools.  The  State  Teachers'  Association  of  Wisconsin,  in  the 
winter  of  1874-5,  recommended  a  revision  of  the  school  course, 
with  the  same  object  in  view.  The  combined  influence  of  the 
great  publishing  houses,  whose  interests  were  against  change, 
and  of  the  body  of  teachers,  who  are  generally  conservative, 
have  thus  far  prevented  the  effectual  prosecution  of  this  much 
needed  reform.  Hear  what  Prof.  Turner,  of  Illinois,  says  of 
the  influence  of  text-book  monopolies  on  the  public  schools  : 

We  take  the  child  out  of  God's  natural  industrial  university  and 
send  him  to  school,  where,  at  best,  only  a  fraction  of  his  entire 
manhood  can  be  properly  developed;  and  after  all  we  do  not  fit  pu- 
pils for  actual  life,  even  in  those  elemental  studies,  after  forty  weeks' 
school  per  annum,  as  well  as  they  used  to  be  fitted  in  ten  weeks  half 
a  century  ago,  yet  we  never  had  better  teachers  or  brighter  children 
than  now. 

One  prime  cause  of  this  result  is.  that  the  bookmakers  and  pub- 
lishers have,  in  fact,  assumed .  about  as  absolute  control  of  our 
public  schools  as  the  politicians  have  of  our  postoffices.  Rich  pub- 
lishing houses  have  offered  as  high  as  seventy  thousand  dollars  for 
the  introduction  of  a  single  book  into  a  State.  And  yet  not  one  of 
these  books  teach  us  the  things  which  it  is  our  chief  interest  to 
know,  and  our  protracted  school*  drill  on  the  elements  leaves  no 
room  for  anything  else.  I  wish  to  make  room  for  some  of  the  sub- 
jects that  underlie  the  industrial  arts.  For  botany,  and  entomology, 
and  zoology,  for  instance.  The  State  of  Illinois  spends,  say, 
twelve  millions  of  dollars  on  her  common  schools,  and  looses  every 
year  from  ten  millions  to  twenty  millions  of  dollars  from  noxious 
insects,  and  Dr.  LeBarron,  our  State  Entomologist,  tells  us  that 
about  one  hundred  species  do  all  this  mischief.  Now,  I  would  have 
these  insects,  every  mother's  son  of  them,  with  pins  in  their  backs, 
put  up  in  a  show-case  in  every  public  school  in  the  State,  and  I 
would  have  every  child  know  them  by  sight,  as  well  as  he  knows  his 
father's  cows  and  horses;  instead  of  having  one  or  two  lone  men  to 
look  after  their  habits  and  remedies,  I  would  turn  millions  of  eyes 
directly  and  intelligently  upon  them,  and  thus  prepare  for  their 
amelioration  and  cure.  I  would  have  this  whether  or  no  the  child 
knew  there  was  such  a  word  as  Entomology  in  the  English  language. 


EDUCATIONAL  VALUE  OF  LABOR.  363 

The  hard-working  American  people  want  to  know  something  about 
our  continent,  our  life-work,  our  bodies,  and  bones,  and  souls,  our 
duties  and  destinies  in  the  great  republic  in  which  we  live.  Com- 
pared with  this,  all  other  knowledge  is  of  little  importance  to  us. 

I  look  to  the  agricultural  and  industrial  classes  to  lift  us  out  of 
this  monkeydom  of  precedent,  into  the  true  freedom  of  American 
citizenship.  The  common  school  must  be  their  chief  instrument. 
All  that  is  needful  is  that  every  man  should  quietly  set  about  im- 
proving his  own  school,  in  his  own  district,  as  fast  and  as  fully  as 
he  can. 

Few  men  have  done  better  service  to  the  cause  of  industrial 
education  than  Hon.  B.  G.  Northrup,  the  State  Superintendent 
of  Schools  in  Connecticut.     He  says; 

Every  child's  education  is  deficient  who  has  not  learned  to  work 
in  some  useful  form  of  industry.  Labor  aids  in  disciplining  the  in- 
tellect and  energizing  the  character.  Especially  does  farm  work 
task  and  test  the  mind,  by  leading  a  boy  to  plan  and  contrive,  to 
adapt  means  to  ends,  in  a  great  variety  of  ways,  and  under  con- 
stantly varying  circumstances.  With  all  our  improved  gymnastics, 
none  is  better  than  manual  labor,  when  it  is  cheerfully  and  intelli- 
gently performed,  and  especially  farm  work.  The  ambition  for 
easier  lives  and  more  genteel  employments,  and  the  silly  but  com- 
mon notion,  that  labor  is  menial,  that  the  tools  of  the  trades  and 
the  farm  are  badges  of  servility,  have  greatly  lessened  apprentice- 
ships. These  pernicious  notions  ought  to  be  refuted  in  our  schools, 
and  our  youth  should  there  be  taught  the  dignity  and  necessity  of 
labor,  and  its  vital  relations  to  all  human  excellence  and  progress, 
the  evils  of  indolence,  the  absurdity  of  the  prevalent  passion  for 
city  life,  and  the  wide-spread  aversion  to  manual  labor.  A  practi- 
cal knowledge  of  some  industrial  pursuit  is  an  important  element  in 
intellectual  culture.  Every  man  should  have  one  vocation,  and  as 
many  avocations  as  possible.  Let  us  imitate  the  Hebrews,  among 
whom  labor  is  always  honorable;  and  no  matter  what  a  man's  rank, 
he  must  be  trained  to  work. 

And  I  would  add,  let  us  imitate  the  Germans,  whose  training 
schools  for  girls  include  every  subject  required  to  be  under- 
stood by  the  mistress  of  a  family,  employing  either  a  very  lim- 
ited, or  the  most  ample  income.  It  is  my  opinion  that  the  best 
influences  which  can  be  brought  to  bear  upon  the  minds  of 
boys  and  girls,  will  be  found  in  early  recognizing  them  as  a 
part  of  the  productive  wealth  of  the  home.  The  withdrawal 
of  our  scholars  from  the  performance  of  daily  duties  and  ser- 
vices, is  an  education  in  shirking  and  shiftlessness,  just  at  the 
period  when  the  opposite  habits  should  be  formed. 

It  is  not  to  be  supposed  that  farmers'  sons  will  all  desire  to 


364  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

become  farmers,  nor  is  it  desirable  that  they  should.  The 
broad  term  "technical  education,"  comprises  all  the  leading 
industries.  It  means  the  acquisition  of  skill,  as  well  as  theoret- 
ical knowledge,  in  whatever  pursuit  the  student  may  choose. 

The  provisions  made  by  the  national  and  State  governments 
for  this  training  in  all  our  leading  industries,  will  be  consid- 
ered in  the  following  chapter. 


CHAPTEE  XXTI. 

HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

"  The  nation  most  quickly  promoting  the  intellectual  development  of  its  industrial  popula- 
tion must  advance  as  surely  as  the  country  negleciing  it  must  inevitably  retrogade." — Liebig. 

"  The  time  is  not  far  distant  when  science  and  manipulative  skill  must  be  joined  together.' 
— Humboldt. 

How  Provided  for  by  Foreign  Governments:  France.:  Germany:  Eussia — 
Beginnings  in  the  United  States— The  Congressional  Grant — Evasions 
and  Perversions — An  Example  of  Good  Faith — The  Record  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

In  the  educational  system  of  the  future,  attention  will  be 
specially  directed  to  the  technical  element,  since  this  alone  can 
train  each  portion  of  the  community  to  the  full  enjoyment  of  its 
resources,  and  bring  to  it  an  intelligent  appreciation  of  its 
duties.  It  is  the  only  training  which  will  enable  a  man  "to 
do  cleverly  what  he  undertakes,  suiting  his  actions  to  his  pur- 
pose, and  his  living  to  his  means." 

It  would  be  a  most  interesting  and  profitable  task  to  review 
the  immense  progress  which  has  already  been  made  in  Europe, 
in  the  special  science  and  art  schools;  but  we  must  confine  our- 
selves to  the  subject  of  agricultural  education,  and  look  for  our 
modes  in  those  countries  where  the  art  of  agriculture  is  the 
most  highly  developed  and  completely  systematized. 

We  find,  according  to  a  report  from  the  French  Minister  of 
Agriculture,  made  last  year  to  our  Bureau  at  "Washington,  that 
the  French  system  of  agricultural  education  embraces  three 
classes  of  schools :  First,  a  central  university  or  agronomic  in- 
stitute; next,  three  intermediate  or  high  schools,  called  regional 
schools,  from  their  special  adaptation  to  the  needs  of  the 
northern,  western,  and  southern  portions  of  the  empire.  I 
quote,  as  models  for  our  imitation  in  California: 


EEGIONAL  SCHOOLS  OF  AGRICULTURE.  365 

The  school  of  Grignon,  in  the  department  of  Seine-et-Oise,  not  fur 
from  Paris,  which  devotes  special  attention  to  grande  culture,  to 
grasses,  cereals,  and  industrial  crops,  to  stock-breeding  and  to  the  ag- 
ricultural and  viticultural  interests  of  northern  France  generally. 
An  agricultural  station  is  attached  to  the  institution.  The  school  of 
Grand  Jouan,  in  the  department  of  Loire-Inferieure,  studies  espe- 
cially the  best  methods  of  bringing  virgin  lands  under  cultivation, 
mixed  pastoral  husbandry,  tenant  farming,  natural  meadows,  live- 
stock breeding,  industrial  and  fruit  crops,  and  the  agricultural  in- 
dustries of  the  western  departments  in  general.  The  school  of 
Montpellier,  in  the  department  Herault,  represents  the  agricultural 
peculiarities  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  embracing  live-stock 
breeding,  the  replanting  of  forests,  irrigation,  silk  culture  and 
manufacture,  and  the  agricultural,  pomological,  and  viticultural  in- 
terests of  the  region  of  the  olive,  the  mulberry  and  the  orange.  It 
has  a  sericultural  and  a  viticultural  station  attached. 

These  and  all  other  agricultural  schools  are  under  the  direction  of 
the  minister  of  agriculture  and  commerce,  to  whom  applications  for 
admission  are  addressed.  By  special  indulgence  foreign  students 
may  be  admitted.  Each  applicant  must  present  a  record  of  his 
birth,  a  certificate  .of  moral  character  from  his  mayor,  a  medical  cer- 
tificate, showing  that  he  has  been  vaccinated  or  has  had  the  vario- 
loid, and  a  satisfactorily  indorsed  obligation  to  pay  the  tuition 
charges  at  the  beginning  of  each  term.  Pupils  are  divided  into  in- 
ternal and  external  pupils,  and  free  hearers.  The  latter  are  ad- 
mitted by  the  director  of  the  school,  who  notifies  the  minister  of  the 
fact.  Applicants  are  examined  in  arithmetic,  algebra,  plain  geom- 
etry, (four  books,)  surveying,  draughting,  leveling,  physics,  hydro- 
statics, hydraulics,  chemistry,  geography,  etc.  A  bachelor  of  science 
is  exempt  from  this  examination. 

The  courses  of  theoretic  study  embrace  agriculture,  horticult- 
ure, viticulture,  silviculture,  sericulture,  natural  history  in  all  its 
branches,  zoology,  and  zootechny,  physics,  mechanics,  chemistry, 
meteorology,  mineralogy,  geology,  topographical  engineering,  agri- 
cultural construction,  rural  economy  and  legislation,  rights  of  ad- 
ministration, agricultural  book-keeping,  etc.  Practical  instruction 
embraces  laboratory  practice,  analysis  of  soils,  fertilizers,  agricultural 
products,  etc.,  water  gauging,  canal  construction,  irrigation,  agri- 
cultural machinery,  manipulation  of  fruits  and  vines,  live-stock  man- 
agement, cereal,  grass,  and  industrial  crops,  fabrication  of  alcohol, 
wine,  and  oil,  farm  management,  etc.  Pupils  passing  a  satisfactory 
examination  on  the  completion  of  these  courses  receive  a  certificate 
or  diploma.  These  graduates  may,  upon  the  completion  of  an  addi- 
tional course,  receive  the  degree  of  agricultural  engineer.  Of  these 
latter  graduates  a  few  may  obtain  two  years  "stages"  in  private 
or  public  agricultural  establishments.  These  "  stagiaires"  may 
be  sent  to  study  the  agricultural  resources  of  foreign  countries,  and 
to  investigate  special  subjects,  presenting  a  memoir  of  their  investi- 
gations to  the  administration.  Internal  or  boarding  pupils  pay  a 
charge  for  tuition  and  board  of  750  francs  per  annum;  external 
pupils  and  free  hearers  are  charged  2C0  francs  per  annum  for  tuition. 
The  school  at  Montpellier  does  not  receive  boarding  pupils. 

The  third  grade  embraces  the  primary  or  farm  schools,  of  which 


366  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION, 

there  are  forty-three  in  operation  in  various  localities.  These  are 
established  by  decree  of  the  minister  of  agriculture  designating  the 
name,  location,  number,  and  age  of  pupils  or  "  apprentices,"  the 
length  and  character  of  the  course  of  study,  the  personnel  and  sala- 
ries of  the  board  of  instruction,  etc.  In  the  pastoral  regions  schools 
are  allowed  to  receive  one  apprentice  for  every  four  or  five  hectares 
(10  to  13  acres)  in  the  cultivable  domain  attached;  in  the  regions 
where  grain-culture  is  pursued  thirty  pupils  are  allowed  for  each 
100  hectares,  (247  acres.)  Each  school  must  accommodate  at  least 
twenty-five.  Great  care  is  exercised  to  make  the  number  of  pupils 
proportionate  to  the  work  to  be  performed.  The  age  of  admission 
varies  from  fifteen  to  thirty  years.  The  government  pays  the  direc- 
tor 270  francs  per  annum  for  the  board  of  each  apprentice.  Ap- 
prentices perform  the  labor  of  cultivation,  and  receive  regular  wages. 
They  also  pursue  a  prescribed  course  of  study,  and  are  at  regular 
intervals  examined  thereon.  The  director,  who  is  either  owner  or 
tenant  holder  of  the  domain,  receives  for  his  remuneration  a  salary 
of  2,400  francs  per  annum  besides  the  profits  of  cultivation. 

The  course  of  study,  which  generally  lasts  but  two  years,  is  of  the 
most  practical  character,  though  some  schools  enlarge  their  theoret- 
ical and  literary  instruction.  The  board  of  instruction  consists  of 
the  director,  who  is  also  professor  of  agriculture,  horticulture,  zoot- 
echny,  etc.,  a  superintendent  of  accounts,  whose  office  is  to  supply 
the  lack  of  primary  instruction  and  to  teach  proper  methods  of  keep- 
ing farm  accounts,  etc. ;  a  gardener  and  nursery-keeper,  whose  duty 
is  to  teach  practical  horticulture;  an  overseer  of  laborers,  and  a 
veterinary  surgeon.  Each  school  has  a  farm  varying  from  100  to 
1,100  acres,  generally  well  stocked  with  farm-animals,  and  furnished 
with  the  most  approved  farm-implements.  Every  facility  is  offered 
for  thorough  practical  instruction  in  agriculture,  horticulture,  viti- 
culture, stock-raising  and  management,  business  management,  etc. 
Each  school  aims  to  suit  its  instruction  and  cultivation  to  the  re- 
gions in  wrhich  it  is  located.  A  complete  record  of  the  operations  of 
these  schools  would  afford  facilities  for  a  most  satisfactory  general 
study  of  French  agriculture. 

Besides  the  foregoing  schools,  several  institutions  for  instruction 
in  special  branches  have  been  established.  Among  these  are  the 
three  veterinary  schools  at  Alfort,  Lyons,  and  Toulouse.  These  are 
under  the  supervision  of  the  departmental  prefects.  The  course  of 
study  embraces  four  years,  and  comprehends  physics,  meteorology, 
chemistry,  botany,  geology,  zoology,  anatomy,  physiology,  hygiene, 
zootechny,  special  and  general  pathology,  medical  and  surgical 
therapeutics,  pharmacy,  sanitary  police,  medical  jurisprudence,  etc. 
The  board  of  instruction  consists  of  a  director  and  five  professors, 
with  a  number  of  tutors  necessary  to  give  proper  instruction  to  all 
the  pupils. 

There  is  also  a  school  of  shepherds  located  at  the  Bergerie  of  Kam- 
bouillet,  the  national  sheep  farm  of  France.  It  is  intended  to  train 
young  men  in  the  management  of  flocks.  It  is  open  to  pupils  from 
all  parts  of  France.  Their  course  of  instruction  lasts  two  years,  and 
no  charge  of  tuition  is  made.  The  chief  shepherd  exercises  them  in 
the  management  of  all  operations  of  sheep  husbandry,  lambing, 
weaning,  castration,  pairing,  gestation,  parturition,  shearing,  fold- 


EOYAL  AGRICULTUKAL   SCHOOL  AT  WUKTEMBEEG  ob7 

ing,  feeding,  slaughtering,  preparation  for  market,  etc.  They  are 
taught  the  best  treatment  of  sick  animals.  They  also  cultivate  the 
land.  If  their  primary  instruction  is  defective,  it  is  supplied  by 
special  teaching.  Their  instruction  is  tested  and  completed  by  the 
sub-director.  After  two  years  of  pupilage,  if  they  pass  a  satisfac- 
tory examination,  they  receive  a  certificate  with  a  premium  of  300 
francs.  If  they  do  not  pass  this  examination,  they  receive  only  200 
francs. 

In  Prussia  the  government  requires  that  every  child  shall  be 
educated  ;  assuming  that  it  is  the  right  and  duty  of  the  State 
to  protect  itself  from  ignorance,  the  most  fruitful  source  of 
crime,  as  well  as  crime  itself.  She  enjoys  the  enviable  reputa- 
tion of  being  first  among  nations  in  this  respect.  All  Germany, 
Austria,  and  of  late  Russia,  are  imitating  her  example,  and  act 
on  the  principle  that  the  farmer  and  mechanic  must  have  as 
thorough  an  education  as  the  lawyer,  doctor,  or  clergyman. 
To  insure  this,  they  have  established  special  schools,  with 
every  appliance  of  land,  buildings  and  apparatus ;  taking  stu- 
dents from  the  higher  classes  of  the  public  schools  or  other- 
wise, and  training  them  for  their  pursuits  as  superintendents, 
overseers,  or  laborers.  A  description  of  one  which  has  served 
for  a  model  to  the  rest  of  Europe  will  suffice  for  all  ; 

The  Royal  Land  and  Forest  Academy  of  Wurtemberg  is  situated 
at  Hohenheim,  a  few  miles  from  Stutgard.  You  will  find  there  a 
large  farm,  adjoining  a  government  forest  of  five  thousand  acres 
(these  practical  Germans  know  the  importance  of  taking  care  of  and 
cultivating  trees);  about  twenty  acres,  divided  into  one  hundred 
plats,  are  used  for  experimental  purposes,  where  all  questions  based 
upon  soils  and  their  preparation,  methods  of  culture  of  new  plants, 
are  tested ;  a  botanical  garden,  covering  several  acres,  exhibiting  all 
the  varieties  of  plants  which  can  be  grown  in  that  climate  ;  there  is 
a  beet  sugar  factory,  a  brewery,  a  distillery,  a  starch  factory,  a  vine- 
gar factory,  a  malting  and  fruit-growing  establishment,  a  silk  worm 
establishment,  and  machine  shops,  where  agricultural  implements 
are  made  and  mended,  this  department  being  expected  to  furnish 
the  rest  of  Germany  with  the  best  models. 

All  the  studies  are  pursued  in  connection  with  actual  practice 
in  the  field  and  forest,  and  embrace  the  general  principles  of 
agriculture,  composition  and  quality  of  soils,  special  plant  culture, 
meadow  culture,  grape,  hop,  and  tobacco  culture,  fruit  culture, 
vegetable  culture,  breeding  of  domestic  animals  in  general,  horses, 
cattle,  sheep,  and  smaller  animals,  silkworm  culture,  bee  culture, 
dairying,  and  practical  farm  business.  Parallel  with  this  practical 
instruction,  there  is  carried  along  through  the  course  of  study  arith- 
metic and  algebra,  bookkeeping,  a  knowledge  of  the  laws  and  prin- 
ciples of  taxation,  physics,   general  and  agricultural  chemistry,  ge- 


368  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

ology,  vegetable  physiology  and  zoology,  .veterinary  science,  and 
study  of  forest  trees  and  their  uses.  There  jou  will  find  in  the  high- 
est departments,  sons  of  the  gentry,  fitting  themselves  for  the  general 
management  of  estates ;  ambitious  young  men  from  the  middle 
classes,  fitting  themselves  for  stewards  ;  and  lower  down  the  sons  of 
peasants,  between  the  ages  of  fourteen  and  eighteen,  who  wish  to 
become  familiar  with  the  routine  of  farm  work,  and  who  spend  three 
or  four  hours  in  study,  and  the  rest  in  actual  labor.  Any  one  can 
have  instructions  in  the  special  subjects  taught.  Besides,  there  is  a 
course  of  three  weeks  of  public  school  vacation  in  which  common 
'school  teachers  are  posted  up  in  the  general  principles  of  agriculture 
— an  example  worthy  of  imitation. 

Nor  i#  this  all  that  those  governments  are  doing  for  this  branch 
of  industry.  Scattered  around  in  various  neighborhoods,  are  what 
are  called  experimental  stations,  where  twelve  to  twenty  acres  are 
divided  into  small  sections  for  experiments  in  fertilizers,  rotation  of 
crops,  with  a  chemical  laboratory  and  professor  attached,  and  ac- 
commodations for  animals,  that  questions  of  breeding,  feeding  and 
fattening  may  be  settled.  These  are  nurseries  for  professors  in  the 
secondary  schools,  which  are  supported  by  government.  Equally 
thorough  and  comprehensive  are  the  "  building  schools"  in  Prussia. 
At  Holzminden,  one  of  these  has  five  hundred  pupils ;  and  at  Nein- 
berg,  in  Hanoverian  Prussia,  is  one  of  the  same  grade  for  machinists 
and  millwrights,  masons,  carpenters  and  joiners,  cabinet-makers  and 
locksmiths.  France,  before  the  war,  had  taken  the  lead  in  technical 
education.  There  was  hardly  a  town  which  had  not  its  school  of  de- 
sign ;  and  even  in  Great  Britain  from  ninety  thousand  to  one  hun- 
dred thousand  pupils  are  annually  receiving  this  kind  of  instruction. 

But  it  is  from  Russia,  who  has  been  making  such  immense  ad- 
vances in  developing  all  her  resources,  that  we  might  draw  the  most 
striking  example  for  imitation.  In  1856  she  founded  the  Imperial 
Agricultural  Institute  at  Gorigoritz,  embracing  primary,  interme- 
diate, and  superior  departments.  Then  rapidly  followed  the  creation 
of  numerous  establishments  for  the  production  of  silk,  with  depart- 
ments for  instruction  in  the  art;  schools  of  horticulture,  farm 
schools,  model  farms,  special  schools  for  the  culture  of  flax,  all  dis- 
tributed with  a  liberality  almost  profuse,  over  the  vast  territory  of 
the  empire,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  soil  and  climate,  and  the 
habit  and  needs  of  the  people.  Then  followed  in  quick  succession 
the  great  agricultural  museum  at  St.  Petersburg,  with  numerous 
smaller  ones  in  various  parts  of  the  country  ;  schools  in  Bessarabia, 
in  Caucasia,  and,  last  of  all,  the  great  Academy  of  Agriculture  and 
Forestry  near  Moscow,  to  which  the  government  makes  an  annual 
appropriation  of  $100,000.  In  Caucasia  the  tuition  is  not  only  made 
free,  but  small  incomes  are  secured  to  meet  the  expenses  of  students. 
At  Tiflis  they  have  a  school  for  teaching  the  applications  of  science 
to  horticulture,  arboriculture,  bee,  vine  and  silk  culture,  where  they 
give  board,  lodging,  clothing,  and  books  to  a  limited  number  of  pu- 
pils, with  $40  for  the  first  year,  $64  for  the  second,  $72  for  the  third, 
and  $80  for  the  fourth  and  last  year  ;  and  all  this  does  not  adequately 
illustrate  the  spirit  and  energy  with  which  the  government  is  push- 
ing forward  the  noble  work  of  educating  the  agricultural  classes. 


CONGRESSIONAL  ENDOWMENT.  369 

"We  will  now  trace  the  progress  of  Agricultural  Education  in 
our  own  country. 

Hon.  G.  M.  Pinney,  who  has  given  an  admirable  summary 
of  the  movement,  its  importance,  its  aim  and  scope,  in  his  no- 
ble pamphlet  on  the  New  Education,  says : 

The  political  considerations  which  dictate  a  course  of  thorough 
education  for  our  agriculturists,  are  quite  as  important  as  any 
which  are  connected  with  the  subject  as  a  pursuit.  Our  farmers 
should  understand  our  government  as  well  as  our  soil.  They  should 
be  as  capable  of  comprehending  human  as  natural  laws,  and  should 
know  how  the  evils  of  state  are  to  be  remedied,  as  well  as  the  evils 
of  their  crops.  It  is  this  sort  of  an  education  that  our  government 
is  seeking  to  introduce  through  the  various  colleges  which  have 
been  established  by  its  munificence. 

These  classes,  which  perform  so  important  an  office  in  all  the  in- 
dustrial enterprises  of  our  State  and  country,  cannot  discharge  a 
higher  or  holier  duty  for  humanity  in  this  age,  than  to  see  that  the 
object  of  Congress  in  the  "New  Education"  is  accomplished.  They 
alone,  can  do  it.  The  reform  is  in  their  hands.  If  it  fails  to  realize 
all  that  is  promised  for  it — all  the  most  sanguine  expectations  of  its 
founders,  the  blame  will  be  theirs.  It  is  emphatically  a  trust  con- 
fided to  their  intelligence  and  energy. 

One  of  the  first,  if  not  the  veryfirst  definite  movement  to- 
ward the  endowment  of  agricultural  colleges,  was  a  presentation 
of  a  memorial  from  the  Pacific  Coast  to  the  Congress  of  1853, 
by  "Warren  &  Son,  in  the  Senate,  and  there  approved  and  unan- 
imously referred  to  the  Committee  on  Education.  It  ably  set 
forth  the  agricultural  capacity  of  California,  its  growing  im- 
portance as  an  agricultural  State,  and  the  unexampled  facilities 
afforded  for  every  department  of  agricultural  education.  It  at- 
tracted respectful  attention  from  eminent  friends  of  agriculture 
in  the  Eastern  States.  Our  greatest  men  had  already  urged  the 
consecration  of  our  public  lands  to  the  education  of  the  people. 
Europe  had  moved  in  the  establishment  of  agricultural  and 
mechanical  schools;  Congress  had  given  those  liberal  endow- 
ments to  "higher  seminaries  of  learning"  in  the  younger  States, 
on  which  the  noble  universities  of  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Iowa 
and  others,  are  founded.  But  nothing  was  done  to  elevate  our 
industries  through  education  until  July,  1862,  when  Congress, 
under  the  sound  of  hostile  cannon,  legislated  into  being,  the 
great  comprehensive  system  of  industrial  and  scientific  educa- 
tion, a  system  which  was  to  give  dignity  to  labor,  and  "knit 
into  its  very  core"  practical  with  theoretical  knowledge  of  all 
24 


370  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

the  sciences  and  arts  bearing  upon  agriculture  and  mechanic 
arts.  The  measure  had  met  with  violent  opposition  from  ''op- 
timists, pessimists,  sham  economists,  hold-backs  and  do-noth- 
ings." Buchanan  had  killed  it  once  with  a  veto,  but  at  last  our 
statesmen  carried  it  through,  and  Morrill's  bill,  with  Abraham 
Lincoln's  signature,  became  one  of  the  significant  facts  of  our 
national  history. 

Colleges  crowded  forward  to  avail  themselves  of  the  grant. 
Denominational  schools  of  all  stripes  and  colors  insisted  upon 
dividing  and  sharing  in  its  benefits.  Twenty  different  institutions 
presented  their  claims  to  it  in  the  New  York  Legislature  alone. 
There  was  great  danger  that  the  benefits  of  the  grant  would  be 
lost  between  the  army  of  speculators  in  public  lands  and  the 
army  of  obstructionists  to  the  educational  ideas  it  embodied,  a 
danger  not  yet  averted.  Eeckless  waste  and  gross  violation  of 
public  trust,  had  in  many  States  attended  the  administration  of 
the  seminary  lands.  It  was  feared  that  this  would  prove  true 
of  the  Agricultural  College  grant  also.  In  every  Western  State 
a  handful  of  men  stood  between  these  two  fires,  under  every 
conceivable  form  of  secret  opposition  and  open  hostility,  to  hold 
this  precious  legacy  inviolate;  and  that  they  have  so  far  suc- 
ceeded is  due  to  the  fact  that  they  appealed  directly  to  the 
common  sense  of  the  people. 

The  first  section  of  the  Act  of  Congress  (approved  July  22, 
1862)  "donating  public  lands  to  the  several  States  and  Terri- 
tories which  may  provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture 
and  the  mechanic  arts,"  provides  that  a  quantity  of  land  equal 
to  30,000  acres  for  each  Senator  and  Eepresentative  of  the  State 
in  Congress  be  given  for  the  purpose  named.  Section  two  pre- 
scribes how  the  land  shall  be  apportioned,  located  and  sold. 
Section  three,  that  all  expenses  should  be  paid  by  the  States  to 
which  the  lands  belong.     Section  four  provides : 

That  all  moneys  derived  from  the  sale  of  the  lands  aforesaid  by 
the  States  to  which  the  lands  are  apportioned,  and  from  the  sales  of 
land  scrip  hereinbefore  provided  for,  shall  be  invested  in  stocks  of 
the  United  States,  or  of  the  States,  or  some  other  safe  stocks,  yield- 
ing not  less  than  five  per  centum  upon  the  par  value  of  said  stocks; 
and  that  the  money  so  invested  shall  constitute  a  perpetual  fund, 
the  capital  of  which  shall  remain  forever  undiminished  (except  so 
far  as  may  be  provided  in  Section  five  of  this  Act),  and  the  interest 
of  which  shall  be  inviolably  appropriated,  by  each  State  which  may 
take  and  claim  the  benefit  of  this  Act,  to  the  endowment,  support 
and  maintenance  of  at  least  one  College,  where  the  leading  object 


UNEXAMPLED   SUCCESS.  371 

shall  be,  without  excluding  other  scientific  and  classical  studies,  and 
including  military  tactics,  to  teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are 
related  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  in  such  manner  as 
the  Legislatures  of  the  States  may  respectively  prescribe,  in  order 
to  promote  the  liberal  and  practical  education  of  the  industrial 
classes  in  the  several  pursuits  and  professions  in  life. 

There  can  be  no  doubt  that  Congress  meant  to  ^ndow  schools 
that  would  bear  the  same  relation  to  those  pursuits  that  schools 
of  law  and  medicine  do  to  those  professions.  As  far  as  this 
is  done,  the  results  are  all  that  could  reasonably  be  expected. 
Where  they  are  managed  in  the  interests  of  other  pursuits,  as 
in  our  own  case,  they  are  not  eminent  successes.  The  question 
as  to  who  is  to  blame  can  easily  be  settled  by  inquiring  who 
has  the  responsibility;  for  in  a  matter  like  this,  ignorance  is 
not  a  valid  plea.  Farmers  and  mechanics  must  take  the  man- 
agement of  institutions,  designed  for  their  benefit,  into  their 
own  hands,  if  they  would  have  them  succeed.  No  other  classes 
are  or  can  be  so  deeply  interested  in  their  success. 

The  average  time  since  the  opening  of  the  thirty-nine  Agri- 
cultural Colleges,  enjoying  the  national  benefaction,  is  less 
than  five  years.  Twenty-four  of  them  had,  two  years  ago,  an 
attendance  of  2,604  students,  with  321  instructors — an  average 
of  109  and  12.3,  respectively;  while  the  217  old  institutions 
(from  30  to  100  years  old)  which  reported  their  collegiate  and 
past  graduate  students,  in  the  same  year,  had  20,866,  and  3,018 
instructors,  an  average  of  95  and  13.8,  respectively.  They  have 
called  out  State  and  individual  donations  to  a  very  large 
amount.  Thirteen  of  them  have  thus  received  $2,923,550. 
Eighteen,  not  including  the  richest,  Cornell,  possess  property 
and  funds  to  the  amount  of  $8,272,382.  Neither  is  it  true  that 
nineteen  twentieths  of  their  graduates:  never  take  to  agriculture 
for  a  living. 

Massachusetts  is  not  an  agricultural  State,  but  she  says  of 
the  fifty-seven  graduates  of  her  Agricultural  College :  '  'A  large 
portion  of  them  have  engaged  in  agricultural  and  horticultural 
pursuits."  Michigan  says  of  her  sixty-seven  graduates:  "A  large 
portion  of  them  have  devoted  themselves  to  agricultural  pur- 
suits." Maine,  Massachusetts,  Michigan,  Iowa,  are  making 
educated  farmers  by  the  hundreds  in  Agricultural  Colleges,  sep- 
arated from  the  overpowering  influence  of  literary  and  purely 
scientific  education.     The  difference  in  results  is  in  the  omis- 


372  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

sion  of  the  practical,  for  the  quality  and  quantity- of  theoretical 
instruction  is  nearly  the  same  in  both  cases.  And  more  than 
all,  the  difference  is  in  the  spirit  of  the  administrative  or  di- 
recting power  of  the  institutions. 

The  Agricultural  College  of  Alabama  has  two  hundred  acres 
of  land,  good  college  buildings  and  apparatus,  one  hundred 
and  three  students,  thirty-nine  of  whom  are  pursuing  agricult- 
ural and  mechanical  studies. 

Arkansas  Industrial  University  has  a  farm  of  one  hundred 
and  sixty  acres,  and  one  hundred  and  eighty-three  students,  of 
whom  fifty  are  in  the  agricultural  and  mechanical  course. 

Illinois  Industrial  University  had  in  1873  an  experimental 
farm  of  two  hundred  and  thirteen,  and  a  model  farm  of  four 
hundred  and  ten  acres,  with  three  hundred  and  eighty-one  stu- 
dents— males,  three  hundred  and  twenty -eight;  females,  fifty- 
three.  In  agricultural  course,  sixty-eight;  architectural,  four; 
chemical,  fourteen;  civil  engineering,  forty-five;  commercial, 
four;  electric,  eighty-four;  horticultural,  eleven;  literature  and 
science,  forty-four;  mechanical  engineering,  thirty-three;  mili- 
tary, fifteen;  mining  engineering,  three;  unassigned,  forty-five. 

The  Agricultural  College  of  Indiana  has  a  farm  of  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty-four  acres. 

Iowa  Agricultural  College  has  a  farm  of  seven  hundred  and* 
ten  acres,  devoted  to  nearly  all  kinds  of  fruits,  shrubs,  grains, 
and  stock,  and  has  two  hundred  and  sixty-five  students.  The 
graduating  class  for  1872  contained  twenty-six,  of  whom  seven- 
teen were  in  the  agricultural  course. 

Kansas  Agricultural  College  has  two  hundred  and  sixty  acres, 
devoted  to  nearly  all  kinds  of  fruits,  grains,  stock,  etc.,  suited 
to  that  latitude,  with  two  hundred  students  under  practical  in- 
struction. 

Kentucky  Agricultural  College  has  two  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  acres  of  land,  with  fine  stock,  fruit,  etc.,  and  two  hundred 
and  seventeen  students.  Nineteen  twentieths  of  all  the  labor 
on  the  farm  is  done  by  the  students,  for  which  they  receive  pay. 
Live  stock  on  the  farm  is  valued  at  five  thousand  dollars;  crop 
valuation,  five  thousand  dollars. 

Maryland  Agricultural  College  has  a  fine  farm,  animals,  fruits, 
grains,  etc.,  and  one  hundred  and  forty-seven  students. 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College  has  three  hundred  and 
eighty-four  acres,  upon  which  was  raised,  in  1873,  iour  hundred 


BEPORTS  FROM  DIFFERENT  STATES.  373 

and  eighty  bushels  shelled  corn,  five  hundred  bushels  potatoes, 
forty-eight  tons  sugar  beets,  one  hundred  bushels  rye,  fifty 
bushels  barley,  three  hundred  bushels  of  oats,  two  tons  of 
milJet,  three  hundred  tons  of  apples,  and  two  hundred  and  eight 
tons  hay?  produced  by  one  hundred  and  seventy-one  students, 
laboring  six  hours  each  week  on  the  farm,  during  intervals  of 
study,  under  practical  instruction. 

The  Institute  of  Technology,  at  Boston,  has  three  hundred 
and  fifty-six  students. 

The  Agricultural  College  of  Michigan  has  a  good  farm,  well 
cultivated,  and  devoted  to  the  various  grains,  fruits,  plants,  etc. 
Special  attention  given  to  the  improved  varieties  of  stock,  cat- 
tle, sheep,  and  hogs.  Number  of  students,  one  hundred  and 
thirty-one,  who  perform  four  fifths  of  the  farm  labor. 

Minnesota  College  of  Agriculture  and  Mechanical  Arts  has  a 
good  farm  under  cultivation.  Number  of  students,  three  hun- 
dred and  fifty-four;  of  this  number,  one  hundred  and  seventeen 
were  pursuing  agricultural  or  mechanical  studies. 

The  College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Arts,  Missis- 
sippi, has  one  hundred  and  ten  acres  of  land;  forty-two  stu- 
dents receive  practical  instructions  from  the  Professor  of  Agri- 
culture. 

Missouri  Agricultural  aud  Mechanical  College  has  six  hundred 
acres,  well  cultivated;  the  best  varieties  of  blooded  stock;  has 
raised  large  quantities  of  corn,  oats,  potatoes,  hay,  grapes,  etc. 
Number  of  students,  three  hundred  and  twenty-two,  who  are 
instructed  in  practical  agriculture,  and  have  performed  three 
fourths  of  the  labor  on  the  farm. 

The  College  of  Agriculture,  University  of  Nebraska,  has  a 
farm  of  four  hundred  and  eighty  acres.  Number  of  students, 
one  hundred  and  thirty,  with  twenty-five  in  agricultural  depart- 
ment. 

Dartmouth  College  has  four  hundred  and  eight  students. 
The  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  says:  "The  number  of  stu- 
dents in  this  college  has  nearly  doubled  during  the  present 
year,"  (1873.)  Whether  this  increase  is  attributable,  in  any  de- 
gree, to  the  establishment  of  the  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts  with  the  College  proper,  he  does  not  say. 

The  Scientific  School  and  School  of  Agriculture,  New  Bruns- 
wick, New  Jersey,  has  fifty  students. 

Cornell  University  Agricultural  College,  New  York,  has  a 


374  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

farm  of  two  hundred  acres,  well  cultivated,  raising,  already, 
all  kinds  of  fruits,  grains,  etc.,  common  to  the  climate.  Num- 
ber of  students,  five  hundred  and  twenty-five;  two  hundred  and 
seven  in  the  agricultural  department. 

In  Oregon,  the  Agricultural  College  has  one  hundred  and 
sixty-five  students,  with  twenty-two  in  the  Department  of  Ag- 
riculture and  Mechanics. 

The  Agricultural  College  of  Pennsylvania  has  a  very  fine 
college  farm  of  three  hundred  acres,  and  three  experimental 
farms,  each  containing  one  hundred  acres.  The  course  of  study 
has  been  scientific,  experimental,  and  practical.  Number  of 
students,  one  hundred  and  fifty. 

The  University  of  Wisconsin  has  five  hundred  and  seventeen 
students;  ninety-three  in  the  agricultural,  and  one  hundred  and 
thirty-nine  in  the  female  college. 

From  the  foregoing,  it  would  appear  that  the  agricultural 
colleges  of  the  various  States  have  been  a  success,  when  con- 
sideration is  taken  of  the  time  they  have  been  organized,  and 
the  prejudice  exist»g  in  many  of  our  higher  institutions  of 
learning,  not  only  against  labor,  agricultural  or  mechanical, 
but  also  against  the  establishment  of  agricultural  colleges,  as 
such,  in  which  the  farmer  and  mechanic  might  receive  a  thor- 
oughly scientific  and  practical  education  for  his  calling.  In 
our  opinion,  the  indisputable  facts  herein  contained,  from  such 
a  source,  should  settle  this  question  of  success  beyond  contro- 
versy. As  an  example  of  good  faith  in  the  management,  find 
sound  common  sense  in  the  application  of  the  grant  to  its  pur- 
poses, we  quote  from  the  Hand-Book  of  the  Kansas  State  Agri- 
cultural College: 

1.  We  understand,  the  "industrial  classes"  to  embrace  all  those 
whose  vocations  or  pursuits  ordinarily  require  a  greater  exercise  of 
manual  or  mechanical,  than  of  purely  mental  labor.  It  is  impossi- 
ble to  draw  a  sharply  defined  line  between  the  industrial  and  pro- 
fessional classes,  for  every  occupation  demands  both  mental  and 
manual  effort.  But  for  the  purpose  of  marking  the  general  boun- 
daries, which  in  our  opinion,  should  divide  agricultural  from  other 
colleges,  we  accept  the  recognized  distinction  between  the  mechanic 
or  industrial,  and  the  liberal  arts  as  given  by  Webster;  the  indus- 
trial arts  are  those  in  which  the  hands  and  body  are  more  concerned 
than  the  mind,  the  liberal  arts  are  those  in  which  the  mind  and  imag- 
ination are  chiefly  concerned. 

2.  While  not  necessarily  ignoring  other  and  minor  objects,  the 
leading  and  controlling  object  of  these  institutions  should  be  ta 
teach  such  branches  of  learning  as  are  related  to  agriculture  and 


THE  LINE  PURSUED  IN  KANSAS.  375 

the  mechanic  arts.  Prominence  should  be  given  to  those  branches 
in  the  degree  in  which  they  are  actually  used  by  the  farmer  or 
mechanic. 

3.  As  against  the  opinion  that  the  aim  of  these  colleges  should  be 
to  make  thoroughly  educated  men,  we  affirm  that  their  greater  aim 
should  be  to  make  men  thoroughly  educated  farmers,  and  for  three 
reasons:  First — A  student  may  receive  the  highest  scholastic  educa- 
tion afforded  by  universities,  and  yet  know  nothing  of  practical  farm- 
ing. Second — Although  we  hold  that  the  mental  faculties  are  as 
well  disciplined  by  the  mastery  of  those  sciences  which  relate  most 
directly  to  agriculture  as  by  the  study  of  any  other  branches  of 
learning,  and  therefore  that  mental  development  can  as  truly  be 
gained  in  agricultural  as  in  other  colleges;  yet  we  affirm,  that  their 
greater  aim  should  be  to  teach  the  farmer  how  best  to  apply  the 
truths  of  science  in  the  management  of  his  farm,  and  how  most  to 
profit  thereby.  Third — The  primary  aim  of  literary  colleges  is  and 
has  been  for  centuries,  to  discipline  the  mind,  other  purposes  being 
secondary.  The  doors  of  these  noble  institutions  are  open  alike  to 
the  children  of  the  industrial  and  professional  classes.  It  is  there- 
fore neither  necessary,  economical  or  wise  for  the  State  to  maintain 
an  agricultural  college  which  shall  seek  to  do  the  same  thing  for  the 
same  purpose. 

For  the  purpose  of  defining  the  policy  of  the  Board  of  Regents  of 
the  Kansas  State  Agricultural  College,  and  as  a  guide  to  the  faculty 
in  preparing  a  curriculum,  it  was — 

Resolved,  That  the  object  of  the  institution  is  to  impart  a  liberal 
and  practical  education  to  those  who  desire  to  qualify  themselves  for 
the  actual  practice  of  agriculture,  the  mechanic  trades,  or  industrial 
arts.  Prominence  shall  be  given  to  agriculture  and  these  arts  in  the 
proportion  that  they  are  severally  followed  in  the  State  of  Kansas. 
Prominence  shall  be  given  to  the  several  branches  of  learning  which 
relate  to  agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts,  according  to  the  direct- 
ness and  value  of  their  relation. 

The  difference  between  the  line  pursued  in  Kansas  and  that  of 
the  other  Agricultural  Colleges  seems  to  be:  They  take  as  an  objec- 
tive point  the  graduation  of  agricultural  experts,  who  shall  act  as 
missionaries  to  working  farmers;  the  Kansas  College  makes  its  ob- 
jective point  the  graduation  of  a  capable  farmer,  able  to  make  his 
living  by  farming.  Their  theory  is  that  of  the  Normal  School, 
training  teachers  who  shall  instruct  scholars;  the  Kansas  theory  is 
that  of  training  the  scholar.  Along  the  mechanical  branch  they 
seek  to  graduate  master-builders  or  superintendents  of  machine 
shops;  the  Kansas  College,  to  graduate  intelligent  and  skillful  car- 
penters, masons,  and  blacksmiths.  The  former  strike  for  the  in- 
dustries considered  the  highest,  and  believe  that  in  reaching  them 
they  include  all  below;  the  latter  strikes  for  those  most  commonly 
followed  in  this  State,  and  by  successfully  mastering  them,  expects 
to  climb  up  to  the  rarest,  because,  with  them,  where  five  agricult- 
ural scientists  can  make  a  living,  five  thousand  capable  farmers  can 
more  than  make  a  living;  and  where  five  master  mechanics,  or  arch- 
itects, can  obtain  employment,  five  times  as  many  can  command 
wages.  The  Regents  and  President  of  this  remarkable  college 
further  declare,  that    whenever    their  masters,  the  Legislature  of 


376  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

the  State,  wish  the  enterprise  conducted  upon  other  and  antagonis- 
tic principles,  "our  resignations  are  most  heartily  at  their  service, 
because,  whatever  else  may  need  to  be  tried,  there  is  no  use  in 
repeating  the  experiment  of  flying  a  literary  kite  with  an  agricult- 
ural tail,  so  often  made  in  various  quarters;  which,  though  a  pleasant 
regential  and  professional  amusement,  and  quite  attractive  to  an  im- 
mediate locality,  has  not  a  cent  of  money  in  it  for  the  industrial 
student  whose  estate  pays  for  the  kite." 

Whether  the  professional  and  regential  amusement  above  re- 
ferred to,  of  flying  a  literary  kite  with  an  agricultural  tail,  has 
been  pursued  in  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  agricultural 
grant  in  California,  we  leave  the  reader  to  judge  from  the  testi- 
mony of  the  memorial  of  the  joint  committee  of  Grangers  and 
Mechanics  (see  pages  186-193);  from  the  report  of  the  joint 
legislative  committee,  and  the  almost  unanimous  expression  of 
the  friends  of  industrial  education. 

It  is  not  a  pleasant  duty  to  point  out  the  causes  of  failure, 
but  as  Mr.  Gladstone  said,  all  questions  of  reform  are  summed 
up  in  the  one  word,  repeal;  so  in  this  case,  it  is  necessary  to 
show  whart;  legislation  is  needed  to  make  this  noble  trust  pro- 
ductive and  available  to  the  classes  for  whose  benefit  it  was 
designed, 

The  share  of  California  in  the  national  gift  was  150,000 
acres  of  land.  On  her  admission  into  the  Union,  California  re- 
ceived seventy-two  sections  of  land,  which  was  her  portion  of 
the  fund  for  higher  seminaries  of  learning,  and  had  appropri- 
ated them  to  the  endowment  and  support  of  a  University. 

By  Act  of  the  Legislature,  March  31,  1866,  an  Agricultural, 
Mining  and  Mechanical  Art  College,  with  a  Board  of  Directors, 
was  established.  It  never  went  into  operation.  The  Act  was 
repealed  by  the  Act  organizing  the  University,  which  became  a 
law  March  23,  1868. 

The  question  of  location  was  an  important  one.  The  com- 
mittee to  whom  this  was  referred  finally  decided  against  Napa, 
San  Josd,  and  other  desirable  points,  in  favor  of  Alameda 
county,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Oakland.  The  final  choice  of  a 
site  was  afterward  determined  by  the  action  of  the  College  of 
California. 

The  question  arose  here,  as  it  had  elsewhere :  "  Shall  <we  have 
an  independent  agricultural  and  mechanical  college,  or  make 
such  colleges,  with  that  of  mining,  parts  of  a  comprehensive 
plan?  "     There  appears  to  have  been  no  one  in  California  at  that 


WHO  WAS  RESPONSIBLE.  377 

time  to  sound  a  warning  note  against  the  dangers  of  subversion, 
which  had  already  appeared  in  older  States;  and  though  there 
were  many  enthusiastic  friends  of  "University  education,"  ready 
to  bear  a  hand  in  the  building  of  the  young  University,  there 
were  none  to  emphasize  the  practical  features  of  education  in 
agriculture  and  the  mechanic  arts. 

Before  and  after  the  formal  organization  of  the  University, 
overtures  were  made  to  the  College  of  California,  already  in 
successful  operation  in  Oakland,  with  an  able  faculty  and  fully 
organized  classes,  to  effect  its  disorganization  and  the  transfer 
of  its  classes,  buildings,  lands,  liabilities,  and  assets,  to  the  new 
institution,  in  which  a  "College  of  Letters"  might  be  co- 
existent, though  it  could  not  take  precedence.  Its  property  was 
estimated  to  be  worth  $80,000. 

Its  founder,  Henry  Durant,  was  the  pioneer  of  the  higher 
literary  education  on  this  coast.  When  the  transfer  was  legally 
affected,  on  the  condition  of  the  uninterrupted  continuance  of 
its  classes,  there  was  no  recognition  of  the  eminent  services  of 
Mr.  Durant  to  education,  in  the  formation  of  the  new  Board; 
Qor  was  the  intent  of  the  donors  carried  out  according  to  their 
understanding  of  what  was  practicable  or  "in  good  faith " 
toward  themselves  or  the  people  of  the  State.  Among  these 
trustees  were  some  of  the  best  educated  men  in  the  community, 
with  a  large  experience  and  knowledge  of  the  peculiar  indus- 
trial conditions  of  the  coast,  such  as  Sherman  Day,  Henry  Du- 
rant, and  others.  Into  whose  hands  was  the  execution  of  this 
great,  though  "private  trust,"  committed?  A  careful  reading 
of  the  organic  Act  will  show  that  nearly  all  the  responsibility 
was  thrown  upon  the  Governor.  Besides  the  six  ex-officio  mem- 
bers, there  were  eight  appointed  members  "  to  be  nominated 
by  the  Governor,  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the  Senate," 
and  the  remaining  eight  members  were  to  be  "chosen  from  the 
body  of  the  State,"  by  the  official  and  appointed  members,  to 
hold  their  office  for  the  term  of  sixteen  years,  according  to 
classification.  All  vacancies  were  to  be  filled  by  appointments 
of  the  Governor,  who  did  not  make  any  appointments  until 
after  the  adjournment  of  the  Legislature,  thus  dispensing  with 
confirmations.  He  then  chose  Samuel  Merritt,  John  T.  Doyle, 
Richard  P.  Hammond,  John  W.  Dwindle,  Horatio  Stebbins, 
Lawrence  Archer,  William  Watt,  and  Samuel  B.  McKee. 


378  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

The  first  meeting  was  held  on  the  19th  of  June,  1868,  when 
these  appointed  Regents  proceeded  to  elect  Isaac  Friedlander, 
Edward  Tompkins,  J.  Mora  Moss,  S.  F.  Butterworth,  A.  J. 
Moulder,  A.  J.  Bowie,  Frederick  F.  Low,  and  John  B.  Felton. 
Not  a  single  representative  of  the  agricultural  or  mechanical 
classes  appear  among  these  names. 

The  first  business  which  engaged  the  attention  of  the  now 
Complete  Board  was  the  disposition  of  the  lands.  This  was  put 
into  the  hands  of  a  committee^  of  which  Mr.  Friedlander  was 
chairman.  Not  long  afterward  Regent  Friedlander  resigned, 
and  Louis  Sachs,  of  San  Francisco,  was  appointed  in  his  place. 
On  the  second  of  March,  1869,  the  Board  received  a  proposition 
"from  a  responsible  party  to  purchase  the  entire  tract  of  one 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres  for  $3  50  per  acre  in  gold." 

This  party  was  no  other  than  the  ex-Regent  and  chairman  of 
the  Land  Committee,  Mr.  Friedlander,  whose  proposition  was 
declined.  An  Act  had  just  been  passed  through  Congress  con- 
ferring exceptional  privileges  upon  the  State  of  California  in 
the  matter  of  locating  its  lands. 

The  Board  had  full  power  under  the  organic  Act  to  "  locate 
and  sell  such  lands  for  such  price  and  on  such  terms-  as  they 
shall  prescribe." 

These  specialties  of  land  location  are  not  generally  known,  as 
no  report  has  ever  been  published  giving  a  list  of  the  parties  to 
whom  the  land  certificates  have  \>een  issued.  It  is  manifestly 
desirable  that  the  public  should  be  fully  informed  of  every  point 
connected  with  the  administration  of  the  grant. 

The  organization  of  an  agricultural  college,  therefore,  became 
incidental  to  a  more  comprehensive  plan,  instead  of  a  leading 
object  in  the  very  foundation.  Still,  the  organic  Act  creating 
the  University  was  sufficiently  plain  in  its  provisions,  had  they 
been  carried  out  in  good  faith. 

It  provides  that  the  College  of  Agriculture  shall  be  first  es- 
tablished ;  but  in  selecting  the  professors  and  instructors  for 
the  said  College  of  Agriculture,  the  Regents  shall,  so  far  as  is 
in  their  power,  select  persons  possessing  such  requirements  in 
their  several  vocations  as  will  enable  them  to  discharge  the 
duties  of  professors  in  the  several  colleges  of  mechanic  arts,  of 
mines  and  of  civil  engineering.  As  soon  as  practicable  a  system 
of  moderate  manual  labor  shall  be  established  in  connection 
with  the  Agricultural  College,   and  upon  its  agricultural  and 


A  FARMER  SHALL  WORK  THE  FARM.  379 

ornamental  grounds,  having  for  its  object  practical  education 
in  agriculture,  landscape  gardening,  the  health  of  the  students, 
and  to  afford  them  an  opportunity  by  their  earnings  of  defray- 
ing a  portion  of  the  expenses  of  their  education.  These  advan- 
tages shall  be  open,  in  the  first  instance,  to  students  in  the  Col- 
lege of  Agriculture,  who  shall  be  entitled  to  a  preference  in  that 
behalf. 

It  further  provides  that  the  College  of  Mechanic  Arts  shall' 
next  be  established,  etc.,  and  that  the  said  Board  of  Eegents 
shall  always  bear  in  mind  that  the  College  of  Agriculture  and 
the  College  of  Mechanic  Arts,  are  an  especial  object  of  their 
care  and  superintendence,  and  that  they  shall  be  considered 
and  treated  as  entitled,  primarily,  to  the  use  of  the  funds  do- 
nated for  their  establishment  and  maintenance  by  the  said  Act 
of  Congress. 

It  also  provides  that  the  College  of  Mines  and  the  College  of 
Civil  Engineering  shall  be  next  established,  etc. 

It  specifically  provides  "that  the  College  of  Letters  shall  be 
co-existent  with  the  aforesaid  College  of  Arts.  But  the  provis- 
ions regarding  the  order  in  which  the  said  colleges  shall  be  or- 
ganized, shall  not  be  construed  as  directing  or  permitting  the 
organization  of  any  of  the  specified  colleges  to  be  unnecessarily 
delayed,  but  only  as  indicating  the  order  in  which  the  colleges 
shall  be  organized,  beginning  with  the  College  of  Agriculture 
and  adding  in  succession  to  the  body  of  instructors  in  that  and 
the  other  colleges  such  other  instructors  as  may  be  necessary 
to  organize  the  other  colleges  successively  in  the  order  above 
indicated." 

It  provides  "that  a  practical  agriculturist  by  profession,  com- 
petent to  superintend  the  working  of  the  agricultural  farm,  and 
of  sufficient  scientific  acquirements  to  discharge  the  duties  of 
Secretary  of  the  Board  of  Eegents,  as  prescribed  in  this  Act, 
shall  be  chosen  by  said  Board  as  their  Secretary.  The  Board 
of  Eegents  may  also  appoint  a  Treasurer  of  the  University, 
and  prescribe  the  form  and  sureties  of  his  bond  as  such,  which 
shall  be  executed,  approved  by  them,  and  filed  with  the  Secre- 
tary before  any  such  Treasurer  shall  go  into  office.  The  Secre- 
tary and  Treasurer  shall  be  subject  to  summary  removal  by  the 
Board  of  Eegents." 

Section  16  requires  the  Secretary  to  reside  at  and  keep  his 
office  at  the  University,  for  important  reasons  hereinafter  enu- 
merated. 


380  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

I  feel  justified  in  saying  that  the  condition  of  the  Agricultu- 
ral College  is  not  due  to  a  defective  plan  of  organization,  as  far 
as  its  educational  features  are  concerned.  Its  defects  lie  in  the 
extraordinary  powers  conferred  upon  the  Governor  and  Board 
of  Eegents — powers  which  leave  the  property  of  the  University 
in  their  hands,  to  be  "managed,  invested,  re-invested,  sold, 
transferred,  and  in  all  respects  managed,  and  the  proceeds 
thereof  used,  bestowed,  invested  and  re-invested  by  the  said 
Board  of  Eegents,"  (see  Section  12  of  the  organic  Act),  while 
(see  Section  11  ditto,)  "no  member  of  the  Board  of  Regents  or 
of  the  University  (perhaps  this  refers  to  the  Treasurer)  shall 
be  deemed  a  public  officer  by  virtue  of  such  membership,  or 
required  to  take  any  oath  of  office,  but  his  employment  as  such 
shall  be  held  and  deemed  to  be  exclusively  a  private  trust." 

"We  have  thus  far  presented  the  anomaly  of  an  institution 
created  by  a  public  fund,  endowed  from  the  public  treasury, 
supported  by  public  taxation,  four  of  whose  administrators 
hold  their  positions  only  as  State  officers,  which  is  to  all  in- 
tents and  purposes  a  private  institution,  beyond  the  reach  of 
penalties,  of  the  press,  or  of  public  censure  for  malfeasance  in 
office. 

The  amended  Codes  provide  that  "the  Eegents  may  invest 
any  of  the  permanent  funds  of  the  University  which  are  now  or 
may  hereafter  be  in  their  custody  in  productive  unincumbered 
real  estate  in  this  State,"  (see  section  1415  of  Political  Code  of 
California,)  and  that  if  the  terms  of  any  grant,  gift,  devise,  or 
bequest  are  impracticable  in  the  conditions  imposed,  such 
grant,  gift,  devise,  or  bequest  shall  not  thereby  fail,  but  such 
conditions  may  be  rejected,  and  the  "intent  of  the  donor  car- 
ried out  as  near  as  may  be,"  etc.  These  large  privileges  have 
been  exercised  as  freely  as  they  were  conferred.  The  grant  of 
Congress  to  "provide  colleges  for  the  benefit  of  agriculture 
and  mechanic  arts,"  they  tell  us,  was  "  really  granted  for  the 
encouragement  of  all  branches  of  modern  scientific  instruction, 
and  was  so  construed  in  the  application  of  it  to  the  University 
of  California." 

Seven  members  of  the  Board  constitute  a  quorum.  Of  theso 
the  Advisory  Committee  (five)  will  always  be  a  majority,  and 
the  President  is  now  entitled  to  a  vote.  It  is  easy  to  see,  there- 
fore, how  a  large  body  of  twenty-three  members  may  be  con- 
trolled and  managed  by  skillful  combinations. 


MANUAL  LABOR  INDISPENSABLE.  381 

The  Board  of  Kegents,  as  at  present  constituted,  is  an  anom- 
aly in  the  history  of  democratic  institutions.  It  is  virtually  a 
self-perpetuating  close  corporation,  managing  a  property 
already  worth  more  than  a  million  dollars,  commanding  an  im- 
portant and  constantly  increasing  political  influence.  Already 
the  skillful  dispensing  of  patronage  has  made  itself  felt  at 
Berkeley.  What  it  may  become  in  the  future  requires  no  illus- 
tration. 

It  should  be  remembered  that  the  State  is  not  only  the  trus- 
tee of  the  national  benefaction,  but  that  the  people  have  freely 
given  of  their  substance,  over  eight  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
for  buildings  and  the  maintenance  of  the  University. 

Another  hindrance  to  the  prosperity  of  the  Agricultural  Col- 
lege of  the  University  is  the  want  of  land  upon  which  to  carry 
out  farming  operations  on  a  scale  commensurate  with  the  mag- 
nitude of  this  interest  in  California.  Since  the  sale  of  nearly 
two  hundred  acres  of  the  University  domain,  (see  page  191,)  it 
will  be  impossible  to  exhibit  the  varied  capacities  of  this  State 
for  agriculture  and  horticulture  on  the  present  site,  or  to  carry 
out  a  manual  labor  system  which  will  judiciously  employ  and 
train  the  students  for  their  work.  In  nearly  every  other  Agri- 
cultural College  in  the  country  manual  labor  is  made  obliga- 
tory, and  it  should  be  in  every  College,  upon  this  foundation. 

No  way  could  be  devised  to  give  a  stronger  or  more  lasting 
direction  to  the  taste  of  young  men  and  women  for  these  pur- 
suits, than  their  association  as  students  in  the  labors  of  the 
horticultural  school  and  the  farm.  Four  years  of  practical  and 
theoretical  training  of  the  right  kind,  of  such  a  body  of  stu- 
dents as  California  is  even  now  ready  to  furnish,  would,  in  my 
judgment,  prove  an  incalculable  benefit.  It  is  the  proper 
function  of  the  public  school  to  train  the  young  for  a  respecta- 
ble position  in  the  industrial  state.  The  Agricultural  and  Me- 
chanical College  should  complete  this  training;  its  diploma 
should  have  a  money  value,  as  a  certificate  of  educated  power. 
This  cannot  be  done  without  means  and  appliances  for  the  ac- 
quirement of  skill.  "  This  acquisition  of  skill  requires  physi- 
cal labor,  just  as  the  acquisition  of  science  requires  mental 
labor.  Hence,  physical  labor  should  be  compulsory,  in  the 
same  sense  and  for  the  same  purpose  that  mental  labor  is  com- 
pulsory, and  in  no  other.  As  long  as  a  student  feels  that  he  is 
gaining  either  knowledge-or  skill   that  will  be  valuable  to  him 


382  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

as  a  farmer,  he  will  work  in  the  field,  or  nursery,  or  shop,  as 
cheerfully  as  he  plays,  and  more  cheerfully  than  many  study." 

What  is  the  education  of  most  of  our  students  worth  on  grad- 
uation day?  Many  a  commencement  occasion  has  brought  to 
me  only  a  painful  sense  of  the  utter  helplessness  of  the  young 
men  and  women  graduates  to  make  a  living.  I  have  received 
scores  of  letters  from  students,  one,  two,  and  three  years  after 
leaving  college,  asking  for  advice,  for  positions,  for  help  in 
making  their  way  in  the  world;  for  their  training  had  only  fitted 
them  for  the  professions,  and  these  are  overcrowded  and  full. 
Now,  suppose  this  training  had  been  industrial — equal  in  every 
respect  to  the  other,  but  differently  directed.  As  a  skilled  me- 
chanic, as  a  foreman  or  manager  of  a  farm,  or  farmer  on  his 
own  hook,  he  can  at  once  command  sixty  dollars  a  month ;  he 
has  not  to  wait  from  two  to  five  years  to  wedge  his  way  into  a 
paying  practice.  The  wages  of  a  young  man  from  sixteen  to 
twenty  years  of  age  are  worth,  including  his  board,  at  least 
thirty  dollars  a  month,  or  the  interest  on  $3,600,  at  the  rate  of 
ten  per  cent.  If  he  comes  out  of  college  a  skillful  mechanic  or 
farmer,  he  has  doubled  his  capital;  if  he  has  only  got  ready  to 
begin  the  study  of  a  profession,  he  has  in  a  strictly  business 
point  of  view,  sunk  it  in  a  venture  which  may  or  may  not  reim- 
burse him  after  many  years.  If  he  has  made  the  great  and 
almost  universal  mistake  of  studying  without  a  definite  purpose 
or  aim,  without  a  definite  occupation  to  which  his  efforts  have 
been  constantly  directed,  this  is  almost  certain  to  be  true.  As 
President  Anderson,  of  the  Kansas  College,  says:  "It  is  time 
for  men  to  look  the  educational  question  squarely  in  the  face, 
and  to  substitute  common  sense  for  traditional  and  groundless 
sentimentality." 

We  are  now  beginning  to  understand  that  a  sound  mind  is 
not  to  be  expected  in  an  unsound  or  half-developed  body,  and 
even  the  purely  literary  colleges  are  encouraging  competitive 
muscularity  in  a  way  that  would  have  caused  John  Harvard  and 
Elihu  Yale  to  shake  in  their  shoes.  What  is  there  more  inter- 
esting in  a  boat  race  than  in  a  plowing  match?  Is  the  power 
ignoble  which  is  applied  to  the  spade  or  the  plane,  and  other- 
wise when  it  holds  the  ball  club,  or  boxing  glove  ?  Is  it  so  much 
greater  an  accomplishment  to  say  horse  in  half  a  dozen  lan- 
guages, than  to  know  how  to  breed  and  care  for  one,  until  the 
beast  has  become  more  than  half  human  in  his  beauty  and  in- 


AN  IDEAL  COLLEGE.  383 

telligence?  Is  all  the  verbiage  with  which  our  schools  are 
loaded  down  until  physicians  are  crying  out  against  the  murder 
of  the  innocents,  so  much  better  than  "  paying  knowledge  to 
future  farmers,  paying  skill  to  future  mechanics,  self  support 
and  God-birthed  liberty  to  women?" 

Another  thing  for  the  farmers  to  consider  seriously  in  respect 
to  the  necessities  of  agricultural  education  is,  that  we  need  one 
institution  at  least  free  from  the  temptations  to  college  extrav- 
agence,  where  plain  living  and  high  thinking  can  be  illustrated 
in  all  the  appointments.  Extravagant  buildings,  which  in  some 
States  have  cost  more  than  the  principal  of  the  congressional 
grant,  no  matter  how  they  are  obtained,  are  undesirable  for  our 
purposes  and  work. 

President  Anderson,  of  Kansas,  once  a  resident  of  the  Golden 
State,  thus  pictures  his  ideal  of  the  Agricultural  College  of  the 
future : 

Some  day,  and  somewhere,  there  will  be  an  agricultural  college 
looking  so  much  like  the  grounds  and  buildings  of  a  prosperous 
farmer,  who  did  his  own  repairing  and  manufacturing,  that  we  of 
the  present  happening  by,  would  mistake  it  for  a  little  hamlet  of 
thriving  artisans,  built  in  the  heart  of  rich  and  well-tilled  fields. 
Nothing  in  its  appearance  would  suggest  our  notion  of  the  typical 
college.  Its  barns,  sheds,  yards  and  arrangements  would  embody 
the  idea  of  the  greatest  utility  at  the  least  cost.  Its  implements, 
stock,  and  fields  would  show  them  to  be  used  for  real  profit.  Its 
orchards  and  gardens  wouldnot  only  reveal  the  success  of  the  owner, 
but,  also,  his  full  determination  to  enjoy  the  fruit  with  the  labor. 
We  would  be  quite  certain  that  it  was  only  such  a  farm — the  best  spec- 
imen of  the  highest  type — were  it  not  for  the  presence  of  cheap,  stone 
buildings,  one  or  two  stories,  scattered  among  the  trees  ;  all  of  them 
more  resembling  mechanics'  shops  than  anything  else;  some  exactly, 
others,  not  exactly  ;  and  yet  no  two  alike.  One  would  be  used  for 
teaching  practical  agriculture,  but  would  as  little  prompt  our  idea 
of  a  recitation  room  as  the  whole  cluster  would  that  of  an  imposing 
college  edifice.  While  there  would  be  seats  for  hearers,  and  a  place 
for  a  speaker,  yet  the  latter  would  most  suggest  a  circus  ring  for  the 
exhibition  of  short-horns,  when  short-horns  were  discussed  ;  of  horses, 
pigs,  of  sheep  ;  of  surgical  operations  ;  of  plows,  harrows,  or  reap- 
ers. The  walls  would  be  lined  with  photographs  of  famous  herds, 
working  models  of  farm  machinery,  the  grain  and  stock  of  cereals. 
Part  of  its  surrounding  ground  would  be  belted  with  every  variety 
of  growing  grasses;  and  another  would  be  for  the  draft-test  of  im- 
plements, or  the  trial  of  student  skill.  In  fact,  it  would  look,  and 
be  so  like  an  actual  workshop  of  real  farming  as  not,  even  in  the  re- 
motest way,  to  squint  toward  the  article  generally  yclept  "  scientific 
agriculture."  The  interior  of  another  shop,  a  few  rods  distant,  and 
equally  inexpensive,  with  its  grafting-tables,  potting  benches,  pack- 


384  HIGHER  AGRICULTURAL  EDUCATION. 

ing-room,  working  green-house,  and,  outside  hot-beds  and  thrifty 
nursery  grounds,  would  look  so  much  like  "  gardening  for  profit" 
as  to  throw  us  completely  off  the  trail  of  botany,  as  a  pure  science. 
Another  would  be  a  force  shop,  where  light,  heat,  water,  sound  and 
electricity  were  made  to  reveal  their  laws,  habits  and  effects,  and  to 
do  their  industrial  work.  The  constant  use  of  its  appliances  by  busy 
students,  in  sacrilegious  defiance  of  the  rule,  "  Don't  touch  the  ap- 
paratus/' italicized  with  professional  emphasis,  would  instantly  sat- 
isfy us  that  there  was  nothing  "  collegiate"  there,  and  that  it  was 
only  a  workshop  where  men  had  to  become  skillful  workmen  !  There 
would  be  a- mathematical  shop,  so  much  like  a  counting  and  drawing 
room,  no  one  could  be  surprised  when  it  led  into  an  inventor's  and 
pattern-maker's  room,  and  its  winding  up  in  a  machine-shop.  There 
would  be  an  English  shop,  remarkably  like  a  printing-office;  and 
the  "  Printer's  Hand-Book"  of  that  day  might  strike  us  an  admira- 
ble drill  in  the  art  of  using  the  English  language,  as  well  as  in  that 
of  sticking  type — almost  as  good  as  a  grammar  !  There  would  be  a 
woman's  workshop,  where  the  pale  Hortense,  at  heart  a  good  deal 
more  sensible,  earnest,  and  womanly  than  society  supposes,  would 
strive  for  the  bloom  and  " faculty"  of  Mary.  The  blessed  Mrs. 
Grundy  would  be  dead!  And  there  would  be  a  mason's,  carpenter's, 
and  smith's  shops.  Not  a  shop  of  them  would  cost  $5,000;  and 
some,  not  half  of  it;  because  they  would  be  shops,  warm,  light, 
cheerful,  but  workshops — not  requiring  costly  foundations  and  tall, 
heavy  walls,  not  finished  as  are  parlors,  nor  wasting  space  in  broad 
corridors.  And  they  would  not  have  been  fore-ordained  by  men  of  a 
previous  generation,  who,  to  save  the  lives  of  the  best  of  them, 
could  not  possibly  have  foretold  just  what  buildings  such  a  college 
would  need.  As,  in  the  process  of  its  growth,  a  want  had  been  felt, 
its  shop  was  supplied;  and  each  generation  had  footed  its  own  bills. 
No!  it  would  not  look  like  our  great  colleges;  but  very  remarkably 
like  a  nest  of  real  educational  workshops,  where  flesh  and  blood 
students  acquired  marketable  skill  for  industrial  labor.  In  it,  drill 
in  the  art  would  have  greater  prominence  than  the  stringing  of  facts 
on  the  threads  of  a  system;  and  the  requirements  of  the  art  would 
serve  as  a  skimmer  to  lift  the  cream  of  science  as  needed.  Knowl- 
edge would  be  shoved  paying  end  first,  and  not  everlastingly  phil- 
osophic end  first.  For  the  world  has  gotten  back  to  the  history  of 
its  own  experience,  where  art  was  the  Columbus,  discovering  science. 
In  it,  educational  common  sense  would  have  supplanted  uncommon 
educational  nonsense.  And  leaving  it,  the  newly  fledged  graduate, 
as  does  the  newly  fledged  "jour.,"  would  at  once  earn  a  living. 
Such  an  Agricultural  College  would  be  in  keeping  with  its  object, 
with  the  requirements  and  genius  of  labor,  with  itself  !  And,  too, 
it  would  be  in  keeping  with  a  rich,  broad  State,  carpeted  by  emerald 
grasses,  belted  by  golden  grain,  clumped  with  orchards,  moving 
with  herds,  clustering  with  villages,  threaded  by  railroads,  flecked 
with  countless  smoke-offerings  from  the  altars  of  industry  to  the 
god  of  labor. 

Some  day;  somewhere;  somehow! 


WOMAN  AS  AN  INDCSTBIALIST.  385 

CHAPTER  XXYII. 

THE   INDUSTRIAL   EDUCATION  OF   WOMEN. 

M  It  is  strange  that  a  mother,  educated  as  most  mothers  of  the  present  day  are,  and  who  as 
wife  and  housekeeper  lias  keenly  felt  her  own  ignorance  of  subjects  that  should  have  been 
taught,  and  her  want  of  skill  that  might  have  been  acquired,  can  be  content  to  give  her 
daughter  the  same  unreal  preparation  for  real  life.  And  it  is  exceedingly  strange  that  a  father, 
long  familiar  With  the  distress  suddenly  wrought  by  financial  changes,  should  religiously  ex- 
clude from  his  daughter's  education  all  kiowledge  of  business,  and  every  possibility  of  earn- 
ing a  woman's  living,  except  at  the  needle,  wash-tub,  or  piano." — J.  A.  Andekson. 

Woman  as  an  Industrialist — The  Field  of  Domestic  Life — Her  Vocations  as 
a  Paid  Laborer — Housekeeping  as  a  Fine  Art — Training  Schools  for 
Women  in  America  and  in  Europe. 

The  wise  man  in  the  Book  of  Proverbs  put  a  high  estimate 
on  the  good  housewife.  He  insisted  that,  although  many 
daughters  had  done  virtuously,  she  excelled  all.  Yet,  as  he  does 
not  mention  her  by  name;  as  we  have  Deborah  spoken  of  for 
her  wisdom,  or  Ruth  for  her  comeliness,  or  many  others  made 
prominent  by  their  influence  upon  the  men  of  the  period,  we 
take  her  as  the  representative  of  a  class,  and  know  from  the 
condition  of  the  household  arts  in  Palestine,  that  a  good  house- 
keeper was  almost  as  great  a  desideratum  in  their  days  as  in 
our  own.  So,  also,  the  Greeks  praised  the  women  of  the 
hearth,  though  we  do  not  know  their  names;  while  we  know 
how  Aspasia  beguiled  Socrate3  with  the  graces  of  her  conver- 
sation, and  that  Sappho  took  her  seat  by  divine  right  rather 
than  by  a  nomination  among  the  poets.  We  know  that  neither 
in  Greece  nor  in  Palestine,  at  a  period  when  poets  and  prophets 
abounded,  was  there  a  home  in  which,  any  of  us  would  have  will- 
ingly lived  for  a  single  week;  nor  was  there  for  ages  afterwards 
such  a  recognition  of  human  rights,  of  the  dignity  of  woman- 
hood, or  the  sacredness  of  the  home,  as  could  create  a  pro- 
gressive home-building  civilization.  We  have  seen  in  the 
earlier  chapters  of  this  work  how  the  ancient  civilizations  were 
built  upon  slavery,  which  bore  equally  upon  the  sexes.  In  fol- 
lowing the  historical  development  of  industry,  we  shall  find 
that  woman  has  at  all  times  borne  her  full  share  of  the  burdens 
of  the  industrialist,  in  addition  to  those  which  are  hers  by  vir- 
tue of  her  organic  constitution. 

In  considering  the  question  of  her  education,  therefore,  we 
should  cover  the  whole  field  of  her  industrial  and  special  func- 
tions, and  provide  whatever  is  needed  to  give  her  the  highest 


386  INDUSTKIAL  EDUCATION  OF  WOMEN. 

possible  efficiency  in  both.  That  we  have  been  doing  this  in 
our  higher  schools,  no  reflective  person  will  claim;  and  as  for 
our  public  schools,  our  mistaken  policy  in  them  is  not  only  in- 
jurious but  alarming  in  its  effects  upon  the  female  pupils. 

"If  viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  actual  instead  of  ideal  life, 
the  course  of  study  followed  in  the  average  female  seminary 
will  logically  appear  as  a  standing  wonder.  It  has  been  so  long 
in  use  that  the  principle  of  it  may  be  judged  by  the  results  act- 
ually produced.  Apart  from  an  effort  to  discipline  the  mind, 
which  can  as  well  be  done  by  the  acquisition  of  useful  as  of 
useless  knowledge,  its  chief  purpose  seems  to  be  that  of  fur- 
nishing intelligent  playthings  for  men  possessing  exhaustless 
wealth."  Ninety-nine  out  of  a  hundred  women  are  called  upon 
to  do  some  domestic  work  every  day  of  their  lives,  and  yet  not 
a  ninety-ninth  part  of  the  girl's  time  is  spent  in  preparation  for 
it.  She  has  a  training  fitted  for  the  professional  actress, 
preacher,  astronomer,  and  usually  leaves  school  without  the 
possibility  or  the  inclination  of  putting  these  acquirements  to 
practical  use.  The  uses  of  knowledge  are  not  kept  sufficiently 
before  the  minds  of  scholars  of  either  sex,  an  evil  which  is 
especially  hurtful  to  young  women.  Suppose,  for  instance,  the 
goal  to  be  reached  by  every  girl  in  getting  an  education  is  how 
to  prepare  for  doing  a  wife's  and  mother's  work  well  and  faith- 
fully, and  that  every  school  should  say,  as  the  Kansas  trustees 
declare  with  regard  to  their  Agricultural  College :  ' '  Prominence 
shall  here  be  given  to  such  branches  of  learning  as  relate  to 
home  culture  and  the  household  arts;  according  to  the  direct- 
ness and  value  of  such  relation,"  would  we  not,  in  all  human 
probability,  work  a  speedy  change  in  the  results  ? 

Again,  every  student  in  the  Cornell  University,  whatever  his 
aim,  and  to  whatever  college  he  belongs,  is  required  to  hear 
one  full  course  of  lectures  on  agriculture,  on  the  ground  of  the 
importance  of  its  relations  to  national  and  individual  welfare. 
Now,  suppose  every  school  thus  recognized  the  value  of  the 
domestic  arts,  and  every  young  woman  was  obliged  to  pursue 
the  studies  bearing  upon  these,  up  to  a  certain  point,  would  not 
this  be  justified  by  the  universality  of  the  application  and  use 
of  such  studies?  We  are  aware  that  a  mountain  of  prejudice 
must  be  overcome  before  these  improvements  upon  our  present 
system  can  be  effected.  A  beginning  has  already  been  made. 
There  are  now  five  or  six  institutions  of  great  merit,  which  have 


DOMESTIC  SCIENCE.  387 

for  their  object  the  training  of  women  as  industrialists,  in  which 
everything  relating  to  the  home  and  family  are  made  prominent 
subjects  of  study.  These  institutions,  like  tue  one  in  Needham, 
Mass.,  recently  endowed  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Henry  Durant,  by 
the  gift  of  a  million  of  dollars,  are  for  special  training  of  house- 
keepers, telegraph  operators,  engravers,  pattern-makers,  ac- 
countants, etc.  They  are  intended  to  cover  very  different  ground 
from  the  colleges  and  seminaries;  to  brighten  the  pale  faces 
hurrying  from  attic  to  workshop  in  our  large  cities,  with  better 
wages  for  better  work.  But  there  are  others  still,  which  occupy 
middle  ground,  where  those  who  make  the  loaf  and  those  who 
eat  it,  are  benefited  alike.  One  of  them,  in  the  city  of  Gotha, 
Germany,  enjoys  the  highest  reputation  on  the  continent  of 
Europe,  and  draws  pupils  from  Greece,  Eussia,  Italy,  and 
England. 

Among  other  things  its  accomplished  principal,  Dr.  Kohler, 
gives  a  series  of  what  are  called  lecture  conversations  upon 
the  science  of  domestic  economy.  We  daily  witness  events 
where  men,  supposed  to  be  worth  millions  of  dollars,  are 
stricken  with  bankruptcy  as  with  the  palsy,  and  reduced  to  pov- 
erty; and  the  evil  results  of  such  a  calamity  are  often  needlessly 
increased  by  an  utter  ignorance  on  the  part  of  wives  and 
daughters  of  the  purchasing  value  of  money  and  its  uses  as  ap- 
plied to  household  affairs.     An  American  educator  says : 

"We  were  present  in  the  Kohler  School,  at  Gotha,  at  several  of 
these  interesting  lectures,  in  which  the  professor  discussed  with  his 
pupils  every  phase  of  domestic  economy.  For  the  purpose  of  af- 
fording to  American  teachers  the  opportunity  of  fathoming  its  scope, 
and  simply  as  an  illustration  of  method,  and  not  for  the  absolute 
value  of  the  suggestions,  we  shall  quote  one  of  the  lectures  in  de- 
tail: 

"Young  ladies,"  says  the  professor,  "suppose  that  you  had  to 
keep  house,  either  as  a  wife  or  as  a  daughter,  and  that  the  family 
consisted  of  two  grown  members  and  three  children,  and  that  the 
income  was  twelve  hundred  dollars  a  year,  how  would  you  spend  it 
to  the  greatest  advantage  and  comfort  ?  If  you  had  to  reside  in  a 
rented  dwelling,  what  kind  of  a  house  could  you  afford  to  lease  ? 
What  proportion  of  this  twelve  hundred  dollars,  in  justice  to  all 
other  necessities  and  requirements,  should  be  expended  for  rent  ? 
What  number  of  rooms  are  essential  ?  Would  a  garden  be  an  ad- 
vantage; and,  if  so,  how  large?  What  are  the  prices  of  house  rent 
in  the  city  of  Gotha  ?" 

This  field  of  inquiry  seemed  to  be  entirely  new,  and  few  pupils 
were  prepared  to  answer.  The  professor  then  said:  "Make  in- 
quiries; let  us  know  how  many  rooms  a  family  so  circumstanced 


388  INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION  OF  WOMEN. 

could  afford,  so  as  not  to  entrench  too  largely  upon  other  necessary 
expenditures." 

The  next  inquiry  of  importance  is  the  question  of  nourishment. 
The  professor  said:  "Ladies,  for  to-day's  dinner," — many  of  the 
pupils  being  boarders, — "  as  you  know,  we  had  rice  soup,  beef,  and 
vegetables,  for  the  first  course;  sausage  and  potatoes  for  the  second; 
and  pudding  for  dessert;  can  you  tell  me  what  was  the  cost  of  that 
dinner  per  person  ?"  They  could  not.  "  What  is  the  price  of  beef  ? 
What  is  the  price  of  potatoes?"  They  did  not  know.  ''For  to-day 
I  will  excuse  you;  but  when  we  take  up  this  subject  again,  you  must 
be  better  informed.  Inquire  of  your  mothers  or  friends,  for  it  is  of 
importance  to  you  to  know  the  values  of  the  necessities  of  life." 

Coming  back  to  the  initial  point,  the  annual  income,  the  conver- 
sational lecture  involved  a  thorough  sifting  of  the  details.  Its  chief 
value  lay  in  its  minute  examination,  so  that  every  pupil  could  make 
either  an  additional  inquiry  or  relevant  suggestion.  After  a  thorough 
canvass  of  the  house-rent  question,  the  conclusion  was  reached  that 
a  family,  with  the  income  specified,  could  afford  one  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars  per  annum  for  house-rent  in  that  city.  In  other  words, 
after  surveying  the  whole  field,  the  conclusion  was  reached  that  one 
hundred  and  fifty  dollars  house-rent  would  be  a  proper  proportion 
of  the  whole  expenditure,  and  that  any  considerable  increase  in  that 
direction  would  tend  to  diminish  the  comfort  of  the  family  in  mat- 
ters equally  essential. 

The  discussions  of  the  questions  of  proper  nourishment  and  its 
relations  to  price,  health,  and  comfort,  were  continued  through  a 
number  of  sessions.  Not  merely  were  the  prices  brought  forward, 
bat  the  questions:  What  kinds  of  food  contain  the  most  nourish- 
ment ?  How  to  secure  a  reasonable  variety  consistently  with  econ- 
omy ?  and  how  various  dishes  can  be  prepared  and  waste  prevented  ? 
were  treated  in  the  same  suggestive  and  familiar  manner.  In  fact, 
these  conversations  were  so  genial,  and  withal  so  dignified,  so 
pleasant,  and,  for  girls,  so  interesting,  that  the  pupils  looked  for- 
ward to  them  with  anticipations  of  both  pleasure  and  profit.  Ques- 
tions were  submitted  by  pupils,  and  the  zest  with  which  the  discus- 
sion was  followed  up,  showed  that  not  merely  was  the  topic  in  itself 
congenial,  but  that  they  appreciated  its  important  relations  to  their 
future  welfare.  After  a  final  and  exhaustive  review,  it  was  deter- 
mined that,  with  the  existing  prices  of  food  in  the  city  of  Gotha,  a 
family,  with  the  income  stated,  could  afford  to  spend  three  hundred 
dollars  a  year  for  food. 

The  next  great  question  was  the  one  of  clothing.  How  shall  we 
be  clothed  ?  The  consideration  of  what  are  the  chief  requisites  for 
clothing?  brought  out  a  number  of  answers.  The  first  one — Ger- 
many being  a  cold  country— was,  quite  naturally,  that  it  should 
afford  the  requisite  warmth  and  protection  in  winter.  This  was  fol- 
lowed by  the  suggestions  that  it  should  be  suited  to  the  season; 
that  it  should  be  handsome  in  appearance;  unchangeable  in  color, 
of  firm  and  durable  texture.  The  wearing  apparel  of  the  grown 
members  of  the  household  was  first  considered,  and  the  cost  of 
silk,  woolen,  linen,  cotton,  broadcloth,  and  cassimere  was  discussed. 
The  relations  of  colors  to  each  other,  and  their  correspondence  with 


ECONOMIES  AND  EXPENDITURES.  380 

the  complexion  of  the  wearer,  were  also  discussed;  and  in  this  field 
the  ladies  were  able  to  contribute  many  interesting  observations. 

It  was  finally  concluded,  after  a  number  of  conversations,  carried 
on  twice  a  week,  that  $300  a  year  would  clothe  the  family  in  a  neat 
and  respectable  manner.  Incidentally  the  question  of  making  over 
garments  was  brought  up,  and  strange  as  it  may  seem  to  us,  that 
part  of  the  question  which  treated  of  the  limits  to  which  re-making  or 
turning  can  be  carried  with  advantage  was  brought  prominently  for- 
ward; for  in  that  country  careful  women  often  go  to  the  extreme  of 
repairing  and  making  over  garments  when  they  no  longer  pay  for  the 
labor  expended  on  them. 

One  feature  upon  which  the  professor  dwelt  most  emphatically 
was  the  ever-recurring  incidental  or  extraordinary  expenses  of  the 
family;  and  this  is  a  matter  of  importance  to  both  sexes  and  to  all 
classes.  The  breaking  of  a  pitcher  does  not  happen  every  day,  but 
in  the  aggregate  there  is  an  ever-recurring  wear  and  tear  of  furniture 
and  household  goods,  which,  as  these  articles  must  be  replaced  at 
irregular  periods,  constitute  what  is  called  incidental  or  extraor- 
dinary expenses,  though  they  are  as  truly  ordinary  expenses  as  any 
other.  The  keeping  in  repair  of  furniture  and  other  household 
necessaries  requires  an  average  expenditure  of  $100  per  annum,  and 
$50  more  may  well  be  kept  in  reserve  to  meet  the  demand  for  literary 
and  religious  expenditures,  and  to  provide  for  sickness,  family  pres- 
ents, amusements,  etc.  In  a  growing  family,  $50  must  be  set  apart 
for  educational  purposes;  and  the  father  may  be  considered  an 
economic  man  if  $50  suffices  for  his  incidental  expenses,  particularly 
if — as  in  the  case  with  most  Germans — he  is  addicted  to  the  use  of 
wine  and  tobacco.  $50  are  also  needed- for  fuel,  the  economic  use 
of  which,  and  the  various  kinds  to  be  used,  forms  an  interesting  and 
profitable  topic.     Finally,  the  expenditures  foot  up  as  follows: 

For  house-rent $150  00 

For  clothing 300  00 

For  food 300  00 

For  special  expenditures 100  00 

For  extraordinary  expenditures 50  00 

For  education 50  00 

For  fuel 50  00 

For  incidentals 50  00 

Total $1,050  00 

This  leaves  about  $150  as  a  savings-fund,  and  is  as  little  as  ought 
to  be  saved  in  times  of  prosperity;  for  as  children  grow  larger,  and 
it  may  be  desirable  to  send  a  son  to  the  University,  and  as  the  family 
may  increase  and  times  may  change,  no  man  ought  to  spend  regu- 
larly a  larger  portion  of  his  income  than  is  here  set  forth. 

But  many  men  in  Germany  have  not  an  income  of  $1,200. 
The  great  majority  must  live  on  $800,  and  even  less.  Let  us, 
then,  consider  the  question  how  a  similar  family  can  live  on  $800, 
remain  out  of  debt,  and  be  comfortable  and  respectable.  The 
first   question  is,   "  Where  can  we  retrench?"      We  must  at  once 


390  INDUSTRIAL  EDUCATION  OF  WOMEN. 

cut  down  the  rent  to  $80  per  annum.  We  must  retrench  in 
the  article  of  food,  but  the  reduction  here  must  not  be  too 
great,  because  a  certain  amount  and  quality  are  absolutely  neces- 
sary to  keep  the  family  in  good  working  condition.  It  will  cost  us 
$250  at  least.  Then  we  must  dress  plainly ;  we  must  use  simple, 
strong  woollen  goods.  This  will  enable  us  to  reduce  this  expendi- 
ture to  $180.  Thus  all  the  household  expenses  are  revised,  and 
while  enforcing  previous  lessons,  these  new  discussions  give  to  them 
a  pleasant  variety.  These  careful  and  well  digested  reviews  of  the 
various  phases  of  domestic  economy  are  exceedingly  attractive  to  the 
pupils,  in  part,  doubtless,  because  they  can  ventilate  the  theories — 
which  nearly  every  young  woman  cherishes  in  her  heart  of  domestic 
life. 

In  this  manner  a  young  woman  becomes  so  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  demands  and  details  of  domestic  economy  that  she  has  well 
denned  ideas,  based  upon  reality  and  reflection.  Far  from  encour- 
aging the  husband  or  father — the  purchasing  power  of  whose  income 
she  knows — in  extravagance,  or  in  the  waste  of  money  in  some  par- 
ticular direction,  to  the  diminution  of  other  necessary  comforts, 
she  will  be  prepared  to  resist  temptation  herself,  and  to  give  suffi- 
cient reasons  why  the  income  should  not  be  misdirected. 

Instead  of  looking  upon  marriage  as  a  New  Jerusalem,  where  trou- 
bles cannot  intrude,  she  is  prepared  to  bear  her  share  of  the  great 
responsibilities  and  to  assume  a  portion  of  its  ever-increasing  cares. 
Thus  the  woman  becomes  self-poised,  firm  in  character,  ready  to 
adapt  herself  to  the  varying  changes  of  fortune,  and  to  meet  with 
courage  the  vicissitudes  of  life.  Her  children  will  also  be  taught 
that  frugality  and  economy,  with  the  careful  use  of  clothing  and 
household  goods,  furnish  the  only  true  way  to  prosperity. 

Is  not  the  average  woman,  when  thus  thoroughly  equipped  with  a 
large  store  of  practical  information,,  better  fitted  to  be  a  successful 
wife  and  mother,  than  if  her  time  had  been  taken  up  exclusively  with 
the  study  of  geography,  mathematics,  grammar,  and  history  ?  will 
she  not  be  better  prepared  to  avoid  the  danger  of  bankruptcy  of  her 
husband,  and  the  terrible  and  harrowing  course  of  "  keeping  up 
appearances,"  in  which  every  comfort  is  sacrificed  to  the  supposed 
requirements  of  social  position  ? 

We  all  know  that  the  happiness  of  married  life  is  worn  out  by  the 
ever-recurring  annoyances  of  little  things.  "  Empty  pots  are  filled 
with  contention,"  is  a  proverb,  in  substance,  of  many  nations,  and 
the  divorce  courts  are  often  called  in  as  a  last  resort — and  a  most  ter- 
rible one  they  are — when  the  struggle  between  impecuniosity  on  the 
one  hand,  and  desires  for  extravagant  expenditures  on  the  other,  have 
turned  the  love  of  early  days  into  gall  and  wormwood. 

In  view  of  these  facts,  so  common  that  they  must  have  come  under 
the  observation  of  all,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  these  features  of  special 
female  education  will  receive  full  and  fair  discussion,  so  that  these 
new  studies,  with  such  modifications  as  experience  sball  suggest, 
may  be  introduced  into  our  high  schools  and  academies  for  advanced 
female  pupils. 

We  are  the  more  certain  that  these  methods  are  deserving  of  rec- 
ognition and  adoption,  because  the  schools  of  the  city  of  Gotha  en- 
joy a  high  reputation  upon  the  continent.     The  seminary  for  the 


COOKING  LABORATORIES  FOR  GIRLS.  391 

education  of  male  teachers  and  the  common  schools,  under  the  zeal- 
ous care  of  school  director,  Dr.  Mobius,  and  the  Kindergarten  sem- 
inary, under  Dr.  Kohler,  have  earned  so  great  a  reputation  that 
pupils  from  Greece,  Russia,  Hungary,  and  England,  in  increasing 
numbers,  are  being  matriculated.  This  reputation  for  thorough  and 
useful  training  is,  moreover,  based  upon  an  unselfish  devotion  and 
a  love  for  the  cause,  as  rare  as  it  is  delightful.* 

"With  the  foundation  thus  indicated,  it  is  easy  to  see  how  a 
young  woman  may  be  prepared  to  make  the  most  of  her  re- 
sources; and  not  less,  but  all  the  more  fully,  should  she  be 
trained  who  has  thousands,  instead  of  hundreds,  at  her  com- 
mand, and  whose  duty  it  manifestly  is  to  employ  and  adequately 
repay  the  labor  of  others  less  favored.  Equally  with  the  poor- 
est does  she  need  to  be  taught  how  to  order  her  home  without 
waste,  discord,  or  confusion;  to  use  upon  it  the  fine  artistic 
taste  developed  by  the  highest  culture,  and  to  apply  scientific 
principles  to  the  relief  of  necessary  labor  from  what  is  mere 
drudgery. 

In  several  of  the  institutions  deriving  their  support  from  the 
grant  of  Congress,  these  principles  are  so  far  recognized  as  to 
require  that  their  benefits  shall  be  equal  to  both  sexes,  though 
not  necessarily  alike.  A  school  of  domestic  science  is  one  of 
the  departments  of  the  Illinois  Industrial  University,  and  in 
Nebraska  the  remunerative  labor  system  encourages  the  young 
women  to  carry  on  the  housework  under  competent  supervision, 
in  a  way  that  does  not  retard  their  intellectual  progress.  "It 
is  just  as  feasible  to  give  practice  in  cooking  with  pleasure  and 
profit  to  the  pupil,  as  it  is  to  give  laboratory  practice  in  chem- 
istry, and  no  more  expensive." 

Many  of  the  specialties  which  should  be  adequately  provided 
for  in  an  agricultural  college  are  especially  adapted  to  fit  woman 
for  her  position  as  an  industrialist,  such  as  bee-keeping,  silk 
culture,  the  culture  and  preservation  of  small  fruits,  floricult- 
ure, and  the  related  industry  of  extracts  and  perfumes,  dairy 
management,  poultry  management,  etc.,  etc.  Through  the  efforts 
of  women  in  the  Grange  it  is  to  be  hoped  an  influence  may  be 
brought  to  bear  upon  our  educational  system ;  introducing  such 
changes  as  are  needed  to  fit  the  daughters  of  California  for  wife 
or  motherhood;  which,  by  making  each  of  them  the  mistress  of 
some  industrial  art,  will,  perchance,  enable  them  to  keep  a  roof 

*  Report  of  Bureau  of  Education  for  1874. 


392  PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

over  their  heads  in  widowhood,  and  which  will  honorably  secure 
the  single  woman  from  the  temptations  of  dependence.  What 
is  true  of  employments  related  to  agriculture  is  equally  true  of 
the  adaptation  of  many  in  the  mechanical  range,  which,  under 
a  wise  re-distribution  of  labor,  would  naturally  be  assigned  to 
women.  A  paying  knowledge  of  drawing,  painting,  engraving, 
of  photography  and  stenography,  and  of  telegraphy,  will  be 
given  to  *  *  our  girls  "  in  the  College  of  Mechanic  Arts  whenever 
the  true  design  of  the  Congressional  endowment  is  realized. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

"  I  do  hereby  invite  all  farmers  east  and  west,  all  Grangers  north  and  south,  and  all  other  true 
men,  to  unite  with  me  in  raising  a  cry  that  shall  pierce  the  dulled  ears  of  our  rulers— an  honest 
cry  for  an  honest  dollar." — Professor  A.  L.  Perry,  before  Nebraska  Agricultural  Society. 

False  Lights — General  Principles — What  Currency  is — Legislation  Re- 
quired— Professor  Perry's  Views  —  Dialogue  between  Bonamy  Price 
and  the  New  York  Capitalists — Origin  of  Tariffs — Effects,  of  Protec- 
tion upon  Agricultural  Industry — Tariffs  Take  but  never  Give. 

A  true,  clear  and  comprehensive  definition  of  the  terms  in 
daily  use,  in  which  the  various  relations  of  money  are  con- 
sidered, is  the  first  step  toward  an  understanding  of  the  many 
problems  connected  with  our  system  of  finance. 

We  have  brought  together,  in  this  chapter,  several  of  the 
most  recent  and  pertinent  discussions  upon  our  currency,  and 
nearly  related  subjects.  Many  of  our  writers  upon  political 
economy  are  more  like  astrologers,  than  astronomers  or  teach- 
ers of  true  science;  they  are  seeking  for  a  philosopher's  stone, 
which  will  transmute  not  only  the  baser  metals,  but  rags  into 
gold.  We  have  endeavored  to  make  such  selections  from  emi- 
nent authorities  as  shall  least  confuse  the  mind  of  the  reader. 

Mr.  Charles  Sears  lays  down  the  following  propositions  con- 
cerning money : 

Material  wealth  is  a  symbol  of  social  power.  Equitable  distribu- 
tion of  wealth  through  equivalent  exchange  is  evidence  of  social 
health.  Equivalent  exchange  is  the  natural  law  of  exchange  and  is 
essential  to  the  permanence  of  society.  Money  is  a  representative 
sign  of  wealth — a  symbol  of  common  title  by  which  ownership  of 
property  is  transferred.  It  is  evidence  of  property;  the  equivalent 
of  exchange.     Therefore,  the  true  basis  of  monetary  issue  is  property; 


REPRESENTATIVE  MONEY.  393 

not  one  commodity  only,  as  gold,  nor  credit,  nor  population,  but  all 
commodities — the  entire  taxable  property  of  the  commonwealth. 
Money  having  this  basis  would  be  representative  money,  the  money 
of  the  people,  the  sovereign  money.  The  volume  of  money  required 
for  producing,  utilizing  and  exchanging  property  is  necessarily  de- 
termined by  the  same  law  which  governs  production  and  exchange, 
viz.,  demand  for  use.  Enough  money  for  equivalent  exchange  is 
the  law  of  volume.  Therefore,  arbitary  limitation  of  the  volume  of 
nioney  is  a  violation  of  the  natural  law  of  exchange,  and  is  void  of 
right,  as  would  be  a  like  limitation  of  production  and  exchange. 
Arbitrary  limitation  of  the  volume  of  money  has  been  the  principal 
measure  of  class  power  to  secure  the  monopoly  of  money;  a  neces- 
sary result  of  such  limitation  has  been  forced  credits.  Credit  is  the 
immediate  parent  of  bankruptcy,  and  periods  of  bankruptcy  have 
been  the  harvest  times  of  the  money  monopolists.  Therefore,  arbi- 
trary limitation  of  money  issue  should  cease. 

The  right  of  monetary  issue  is  a  sovereign  right,  to  be  held  and 
maintained  by  the  people  for  the  common  benefit.  The  delegation 
of  this  tight  to  corporations  is  the  surrender  of  the  central  attribute 
of  sovereignty;  is  void  of  constitutional  sanction;  is  conferring  upon 
a  subordinate  irresponsible  power  and  plenary  dominion  over  indus- 
try and  commerce.  Therefore,  the  people  should  resume  their  right 
over  the  issue  and  circulation  of  money. 

Value  is  determined  by  agreement  between  parties  to  exchange, 
and  the  final  standard  of  value  is  use.  Gold  is  not  the  standard  of 
value,  but  like  other  commodities,  its  value  depends  upon  its  power 
of  exchange. 

The  legal  dollar  is  a  certain  measure  or  counter  of  value.  Its 
weight,  twenty-five  and  eight  tenths  grains  of  gold,  nine  tenths  fine, 
is  the  standard  weight  and  quality  of  the  monetary  unit. 

The  volume  of  gold  and  the  purchasing  power  of  the  dollar  vary 
widely,  as  do  those  of  other  commodities.  The  use  of  gold  in  pay- 
ment of  interest  upon  national  debt,  and  in  adjusting  balances  of 
trade  between  nations,  confer  upon  it  the  character  of  universal  or 
international  money.  These  uses,  use  in  the  arts  and  private  hoard- 
ing, absorb  nearly  the  entire  volume,  leaving  little  available  for  do- 
mestic exchange,  and  are  reasons  conclusive  against  making  gold  the 
sole  basis  of  national  or  domestic  money. 

Promissory  notes  are  evidences  of  debts.  Such  notes  are  not 
money,  and  the  attempt  to  circulate  them  as  money  is  an  attempt  to 
evade  the  force  of  the  natural  law,  which  has  necessarily  resulted  in 
failure.  Such  notes  were  spurious  tokens,  and  their  proffered  use 
as  money  should  be  prohibited. 

A  currency  is  inflated  when  the  volume  issued  exceeds  that  of  its 
basis.  The  so-called  "specie  basis  currency"  notes,  promissory 
of  specie  payment,  have  been  issued  "nominally  in  the  ratio  of 
four  dollars  currency  to  one  dollar  coin,  supposed  to  be  in  bank; 
but,  in  fact,  six  dollars  of  currency  to  one  dollar  of  coin."  The 
paper  currency  of  the  past,  therefore,  has  been  inflated  to  the  extent 
of  five  hundred  per  cent. 

A  currency  is  redeemable  when  all  of  it  can  be  redeemed  in  the 
substance  signified  or  thing  promised;  therefore,  with  only  one  dol- 
lar of  coin  to  redeem  six  dollars  of  promissory  notes,  the  specie  basis 


394  PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

currency  was  always  an  irredeemable  currency,  and  has  so  proved 
upon  the  general  demand  for  liquidation  whatever  may  have  been 
the  disproportion  of  coin  to  currency,  five  sixths  of  it  in  later  years 
having  been  pure  fiction,  analogous  to  certificate  for  large  sums 
against  which  there  is  no  deposit.  This  currency  was  never  the 
equivalent  of  exchange.  It  represented  corporate  monopoly,  and  i*s 
issue  was  a  fraud,  which  has  wrought  destruction  to  the  values  of 
labor,  property  and  commerce;  therefore,  the  authority  to  issue  such 
inflated,  irredeemable,  fraudulent  currency  should  be  abrogated. 

Certificates  of  actual  specie  deposits  are  the  only  honest,  redeem- 
able specie  basis  currency.  The  exchange  of  property  for  represent- 
ative money  is  equivalent  exchange;  is  giving  specie  property  for  a 
title  to  any  property  of  equal  value;  is  redemption  of  such  money 
in  the  substance  represented;  is  accomplishing  the  primary  object  of 
money.  The  redemption  of  such  money  by  government  for  taxes 
and  dues,  is  equitable  public  redemption.  The  optional  interchange 
of  representative  money,  and  public  bonds  bearing  equitable  interest 
will  be  the  regulator  of  currency  volume,  and  prevent  artificial  ex- 
pansion and  contraction.  It  will  leave  the  currency  free  to  expand 
and  contract  in  accordance  with  the  industrial  demand.  If  at  any 
time  the  volume  be  insufficient,  bonds  will  be  surrendered  for  money; 
while  any  temporary  excess  of  money  will  be  retired  in  favor  of 
bonds,  so  that  only  the  volume  required  for  active  use  will  be  kept 
in  circulation,  and  the  speculative  centers  will  not  be  gorged  with 
idle  money. 

Evils  specially  incident  to  our  finances,  industries  and  commerce, 
are  due  to  the  want  of  a  rational  theory  of  monetary  issue,  a  simple 
system  of  financial  administration.  The  erroneous  assumption  that 
gold  is  the  standard  of  value,  and  tho  consequent  futile  attempts  to 
maintain  a  four-fold  paper  currency  at  par  with  gold,  and  the  cre- 
ation of  an  overwhelming  national  monopoly  by  surrendering  to 
corporate  power  the  public  right  of  issuing  currency,  have  made  the 
empirical  interference  of  government  with  the  natural  laws  of  pro- 
duction and  exchange,  a  constant  necessity,  ending  in  perpetual 
failure. 

Acts  of  Congress  are  required  as  follows:  An  act  instituting  a 
complete  domestic  monetary  system,  providing  in  such  act  for  the 
issue  of  public  currency  representative  of  property  and  redeemable 
on  demand  in  public  bonds,  and  for  the  issue  of  public  bonds,  pay- 
able on  demand  and  in  public  currency;  such  currency  to  be  legal 
tender,  non-interest  bearing  money,  and  receivable  at  par  for  all 
public  dues,  and  such  bonds  to  bear  interest  not  to  exceed  three  and 
sixty-five  hundredths  per  cent,  per  annum,  and  the  bonds  and  cur- 
rency to  liquidate  other  forms  of  the  public  debt.  An  act  repeal- 
ing all  grants  of  authority  to  corporations,  associations,  or  individ- 
uals to  issue  money.  An  act  to  prohibit  the  issue  of  notes  prom- 
issory of  specie  payment,  to  circulate  as  money,  other  than  certifi- 
cates of  specie  deposit. 

Professor  Arthur  L.  Perry,  of  Williams  College,  a  well  known 
teacher,  and  authority  on  Political  Economy,  says: 


THE  LABOR-WROUGHT  DOLLAR.  395 

The  greatest  foe  the  farmers  of  this  country  have  had  for  the  past 
dozen  years  has  been  the  paper  money.  There  is  nothing  mysteri- 
ous about  a  silver  dollar.  There  is  nothing  magical  about  it.  It  is 
just  so  much  silver  metal  stamped,  but  the  stamp  adds  only  a  slight 
fraction  to  its  value.  It  took  honest  labor  to  get  this  silver  out  of 
the  earth,  refine,  alloy,  and  coin  it,  and  therefore  it  is  just  the  thing 
to  help  exchange  other  things  that  have  cost  honest  labor.  This 
dollar  is  just  like  a  bushel  of  wheat;  it  has  cost  something;  it  is 
adapted  to  a  human  want,  and  therefore  it  is  good  for  something. 
Labor  for  labor  is  the  law  of  exchange,  and  therefore  the  dollar  that 
has  cost  labor  is  the  only  honest  dollar.  It  is  the  only  dollar  about 
which  there  is  no  trick.  It  is  the  only  dollar  that  defrauds  nobody. 
It  is  a  real  equivalent.  It  is  indeed  only  a  tool  to  help  exchange 
other  things,  but  it  is  an  honest  tool.  We  take  it  only  to  part  with 
it  again,  but  when  we  take  it  we  get  an  equivalent  for  what  we  give, 
and  when  we  part  with  it  we  give  an  equivalent  for  what  we  get. 
Money  is  indeed  a  medium  to  exchange  other  things  with,  but  it  is 
of  vast  consequence  that  the  medium  be  a  good  medium,  a  real 
medium,  an  intelligible  medium,  a  medium  that  gives  no  advantage 
in  the  exchange  to  either  party. 

Moreover,  this  silver  dollar  is  the  same  thing  year  in  and  year  out. 
The  first  silver  dollar  was  coined  in  this  country  in  1794,  just  eighty 
years  ago,  and  there  was  put  into  it  371J  grains  of  pure  silver,  and 
that  quantity  of  pure  silver  has  been  put  into  every  dollar  coined 
since;  so  that,  so  far  as  the  word  dollar  has  depended  on  the  silver 
coin  of  that  name,  (and  the  same  principles  of  course  apply  to  the 
gold  dollar,)  the  word  has  had  a  steady  significance.  Men  knew 
what  they  were  talking  about  when  they  were  bargaining  in  dollars. 
The  thing  dollar  was  a  perfectly  definite  thing,  and  consequently 
the  denomination  dollar  was  a  steady  denomination.  In  values  you 
reckon  in  dollars  just  as  in  grains  you  reckon  in  bushels.  Gold  and 
silver  money  give  you  steady  denomination  dollars  to  reckon  in,  to 
bargain  by,  to  make  calculations'  with.  As  things,  dollars  are  a  me- 
dium to  exchange  other  things  with;  as  denominations,  dollars  are  a 
measure  of  all  other  values  whatsoever;  and  it  is  impossible  to 
have  steady  denominations  unless  you  have  steady  coin  dollars  be- 
hind them. 

I  now  hold  in  my  hand  a  so-called  paper  dollar.  It  is  not  a  dollar 
at  all.  It  is  only  a  promise  to  pay  a  dollar.  Head  it  and  you  will 
see  that  it  is  so:  "  The  United  States  will  pay  to  bearer  one  dollar." 
It  carries  the  truth  upon  its  very  face.  It  is  only  a  promise.  Un- 
fortunately, also,  it  is  a  promise  that  has  not  been  kept.  It  is  an  un- 
fulfilled promise.  "Worse  than  that,  it  is  a  promise  that  the  promiser 
refuses  to  fulfill.  It  is  a  broken  j>romise.  It  is  a  dishonest  promise. 
It  is  failed  paper.  Because  it  is  an  unfulfilled  promise,  it  is  of  course 
worth  less  than  that  which  it  promises  to  pay.  It  is  depreciated. 
It  always  has  been  depreciated,  and  it  is  depreciated  now.  It  has 
been  at  times  very  much  depreciated.  Now,  we  have  seen  that  the 
dollar  as  a  thing  is  a  medium  helping  exchange  all  other  things,  and 
also  that  the  dollar  as  a  denomination  is  a  measure  measuring  all 
other  values.  But  a  measure  of  other  things  should  itself  be  uni- 
form. A  bushel  measure  should  be  the  same  thing  year  in  and  year 
out— to  buy  and  sell  by.     A  yard-stick  should  be  thirty-six  inches 


396  PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

long,  no  more  and  no  less,  made  of  solid  material  that  just  holds  its 
own,  and  not  of  india  rubber,  expansible  and  contractible,  of  one 
length  to-day  and  another  to-morrow,  and  nobody  knows  what 
length  the  next  time. 

This  very  dollar  bill  has  fluctuated  in  value  as  compared  with  a 
gold  dollar  all  the  way  from  thirty-five  cents  up  to  ninety-three  cents 
and  a  fraction;  and  yet,  we  have  been  calling  it  a  dollar  all  the 
while;  we  have  been  estimating  our  property  in  these  dancing  dol- 
lars; we  have  been  buying  when  the  dollar  was  at  one  value,  and 
selling  when  it  has  been  at  another;  a  bushel  measure  holding  three 
pecks  at  one  time,  four  pecks  at  another  time,  and  five  pecks  at  an- 
other, is  much  more  sensible  than  such  a  variable  dollar,  inasmuch 
as  the  bushel  only  measures  grain,  while  the  dollar,  in  the  way  of 
estimate,  bargain,  or  sale,  attempts  to  measure  all  values  whatso- 
ever. During  the  year  1873  there  was  a  variation  of  thirteen  per 
cent,  in  the  value  of  this  paper  dollar  as  compared  with  gold — from 
one  hundred  and  six  and  one  half  to  one  hundred  and  nineteen  and 
one  half,  and  now  almost  back  again.  These  constant  fluctuations 
in  paper  money — and  they  are  inherent  in  it  unless  the  paper  is  in- 
stantly convertible  into  gold— make  it  abominable  as  a  measure  of 
value  for  everybody,  and  particularly  for  farmers.  An  inconvertible 
paper  money  always  depreciated  and  always  variable  is  worse  for 
farmers  than  for  almost  anybody  else;  first,  on  the  ground  of  its 
depreciation,  and  second,  on  the  ground  of  its  variability.  As  the 
value  of  money  goes  down,  of  course  general  prices  tend  to  rise; 
but,  unfortunately,  they  do  not  rise  equally,  nor  in  equal  times;  and 
some  prices  do  not  rise  at  all.  For  example,  manufactured  goods 
are  quickest  to  experience  a  rise  of  price  owing  to  a  depreciation  of 
the  currency,  because  as  a  rule  manufacturers  are  intelligent  men, 
and  know  the  tendency  of  depreciated  money  to  depreciate  more, 
and  thus  hasten  to  insure  themselves  by  putting  a  higher  price  on 
their  goods.  "Wages  rise  much  more  slowly  than  goods,  and  never 
proportionably,  because  laborers  do  not  well  understand  the  situa- 
tion, and  never  act  quickly  enough  to  insure  themselves;  and  so 
they  are  always  great  sufferers  from  a  depreciated  money.  Eeal 
estate  rises  slowly  and  irregularly,  though  at  times  tumultuously, 
under  such  money,  and  never  on  the  average  so  high  as  manufac- 
tured goods  rise;  while  agricultural  products,  some  parts  of  which 
are  exported  to  foreign  countries,  scarcely  rise  in  price  at  all.  The 
reason  for  this  is,  that  the  foreign  gold  price  of  that  part  which  is 
exported  largely  determines  the  home  price  of  the  whole  crop. 
There  is  only  one  wholesale  price  of  wheat  of  the  same  grade  in 
New  York  city,  whether  it  is  for  export  or  whether  it  is  for  home 
consumption.  The  gold  price  in  Liverpool  determines  the  currency 
price  in  New  York  just  so  long  as  any  wheat  is  exported;  and  the 
price  in  New  York  determines  the  price  in  Chicago  and  Omaha.  If 
the  premium  on  gold,  in  consequence  of  the  use  of  a  depreciated 
currency,  were  as  high  as  the  average  rise  of  prices  arising  from 
that  depreciation,  it  would  not  be  so  unjust;  but  it  never  is;  gold  is 
generally  the  cheapest  thing  a-going,  so  soon  as  an  inferior  currency 
has  demonetized  it  and  thrown  it  out  of  demand;  and  the  whole 
consequence  to  farmers  of  the  use  of  such  a  poor  money  is,  that 
they  have  to  pay  a  great  deal  more  for  all  that  they  need  to  buy,  and 


VIEWS  OF  BONAMY  PRICE.  397 

only  get  a  little  more  or  nothing  at  all  for  all  that  they  have  to  sell. 
Wheat  was  no  higher  in  currency  in  1873  than  it  was  in  gold  in 
18G0;  hams  were  not;  lard  was  not;  and  salt  pork  was  not.     These 
are  all  exjDortable  agricultural  products  whose  current  price  is  de- 
termined by  the  gold  money  of  the  world's  great  market.     These 
things  are  what  farmers  sell.     But  harnesses,  boots  and  shoes,  hats 
and  caps,  blankets,  all  manner  of  clothing,  were  much  higher  in 
1873  than  they  were  in  1860.     These  manufactures  are  what  farmers 
have  to  buy.     The  mischief  of  paper  money  is,  that  it  affects  differ- 
ent classes  differently,  and  the  largest  class  the  most  injuriously  of 
all.     It  raises  some  prices  much,  other  prices  little,  and  still  other 
prices  not  at  all.     Some  prices  are  raised  quickly  and  pretty  reg- 
ularly, and  other  prices  are  raised  slowly  and  irregularly;  so  that 
the  shrewd  ones  always  take  advantage  of  the  ignorant  ones,  and 
the  dishonest   ones  of  the   honest  ones.     The  whole  trick   of  the 
thing  is  a  trick  of  distribution.     Some  men  may  get  rich  out  of  it, 
but  this  is  always  at  the  expense  of  other  men.     All  classes  of  the 
2)eople  are  ultimately  great  losers  in  wealth  and  reputation  from  the 
destruction  of  the  staple  measure  of  value — from  disturbing  the 
meaning  of  the  word  dollar.     A  huge  crop   of  defaulters,  and   of 
failures,  and  of  bursted  speculations,  and  of  ruined  reputations,  are 
always  the  harvest  of  that  sowing.     But  farmers  always  have  been 
and  always  will  be  the  greatest  losers  from  rag-money;  partly  for 
the  reason  that  I  have  just  given;  namely,  that  what  they  have  to 
buy  is  enhanced  in  price  by  it,  while  what  they  have  to  sell  is  not 
enhanced  in  price  by  it;  and  partly,  also,  because  it  takes  the  farmer 
almost  a  year  to  realize  on  his  crops,  and  he  cannot  meanwhile  insure 
himself  against  the  inevitable  changes  in  the  currency.     The  dollar 
in  which  he  calculates  the  expenses  of  his  crop  is  almost  sure  not  to 
be  the  dollar  in  which  he  realizes  the  results  of  his  crops.     He  can- 
not calculate.     He   cannot  insure  himself.     He  is  helpless.     The 
manufacturer  who  turns  off  his  product  weekly  or  monthly  can  vary 
his  prices  weekly  or  monthly,  and  save  himself  at  least  in  part;  but 
the  farmer,  poor  man,  can  do  no  such  thing.     He  is  at  the  mercy  of 
currency-tinkers,  because  all  our  paper  money  is  only  a  promise  to 
pay,  and  an  unfulfilled  promise   at  that;  be3ause  it  is  depreciated 
far  below  the  solid  money  of  the  world's  market;  because  it  is  vari- 
able in  value  from  day  to  day  and  from  year  to  year,  unsettling  the 
measure  of  all  other  values;  because  such  money  always  stimulates 
speculation  and  hampers  productive  industry;  because  it  corrupts 
public  morals,  undermines  honesty,  and  makes  defaulters,  by  de- 
stroying the  staple  standard  of  value;  because  it  unjustly  distributes 
the  rewards  of  industry,  and  cheats  by  wholesale  the  whole  farming 
interests,  and  because  such  money  has  always  been  followed  by 
these  results  wheresoever  the  experiment  of  using  it  has  been  tried. 

Professor  Bonamy  Price  fills  the  chair  of  Political  Economy, 
in  Oxford,  England.  In  the  year  1869,  he  issued  what  is  re- 
garded in  Europe  as  the  standard  work  on  the  "  Problems  of 
Currency." 

During  the  autumn  of  1874.  he  visited  the  United  States,  and 


398  PAPER  MONEY  -AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

was  eagerly  questioned  by  the  bankers  and  capitalists  of  the 
East,  with  reference  to  his  views  on  American  Finance.  The 
following,  concerning  the  same,  is  taken  from  the  "New  York 
Tribune:" 

Q.  Professor  Price,  what  do  you  think  of  the  currency  of  the 
United  States  ? 

A.  Simply  that  it  is  a  shocking  bad  currency.  But  mind,  if  a 
currency  is  thoroughly  convertible  I  don't  think  it  is  of  great  im- 
portance that  there  should  be  a  large  stock  of  gold.  Provided  the 
currency  is  issued  by  an  issuer  who  is  perfectly  safe,  thoroughly  re- 
sponsible for  the  debt,  the  public  won't  ask  gold  in  exchange  for  his 
notes.  They  would  rather  have  the  notes.  In  Scotland  at  this 
moment  a  one-pound  note  is  distinctly  preferred  to  a  sovereign.  It 
is  carried  about  much  more  easily;  it  has  got  a  number  urjon  it  and 
it  does  its  works  perfectly.  It  is  of  the  same  value  as  a  sovereign, 
and  that  implies  that  it  is  convertible.  If  that  is  only  so  a  country 
may  go  on  with  very  little  gold  and  almost  all  paper,  when  the  lat- 
ter is  of  equal  value  with  the  former. 

Q.  Suppose  the  three  great  nations,  England,  France,  and  Ger- 
many, should  all  adopt  the  principle  of  using  little  coin,  where  is  the 
gold  they  now  use  going  to?    What  is  to  become  of  it? 

A.  The  effect  would  be  that  gold  would  undoubtedly  become 
cheaper.  It  would  all  flow  back  into  the  stores  and  shops  and  be 
locked  up.  It  would  be  a  large  mass  of  property  for  which  there 
was  no  use.  The  owners  of  this  gold  would  have  to  do  precisely  as 
owners  of  notes  would  do — sell  cheaper.  In  the  case  of  currency  it 
is  not  that  metal  should  be  worth  one  shilling  of  twenty  shillings, 
but  that  its  value  should  not  be  changeable;  but  a  fifteen-shilling 
sovereign,  or  a  ten-shilling  sovereign,  is  just  as  good  as  a  twenty. 
The  only  trouble  is,  that  for  the  same  business  you  carry  twice  the 
weight. 

Q.  As  a  matter  of  fact  these  three  nations — England,  France,  and 
Germany — by  adopting  the  course  this  county  has,  can  sink  the  value 
of  gold  one-half  ? 

A.  On  the  other  hand,  you  must  remember  that  if  it  had  not  been 
for  California  and  Australia,  it  is  quite  certain  the  price  of  gold 
must  have  gone  up,  and  why  ?  Because  the  world  has  opened  so 
desperately  fast.  There  are  so  many  more  people  and  so  many 
more  wants.  In  all  those  old  countries  they  cannot  deal  with  paper. 
The  Russian  will  not  take  American  greenbacks,  nor  in  the  very 
heart  of  Russia  will  they  take  English  notes.  You  must  pay  in  gold. 
But  to  come  back  to  America.  One  very  favorable  circumstance  in 
America  is  that  the  very  ignorance  of  the  people  makes  them  more 
receptive  of  first  principles  than  people  in  England.  The  English 
bankers  are  doing  so  well  that  they  detest  of  all  things  any  inquiries 
as  to  the  nature  of  their  business.  Now  here  you  are  in  trouble 
about  your  currency,  and  there  is  a  receptivity  of  first  principles 
which  is  to  me  very  attractive. 

Q.  Suppose  you  were  to  propose  legislation  on  the  subject  of  the 
currency,  what  step  would  you  advise? 

A.  I  would  take  measures  steadily  to  make  the  currency  fulfill  its 


EXTINCTION  OF  INCONVERTIBLE  PAPER.  399 

only  end — the  exchanging  of  goods — and  that  embraces  every  idea 
and  object  connected  with  the  currency. 

Q.  You  consider  it  a  fundamental  principle  that  paper  should  be 
convertible  into  specie  on  demand? 

A  As  I  have  said  before,  inconvertible  currency  is  so  vicious,  so 
radically  bad,  that  I  feel  no  interest  in  makeshifts.  There  is  only 
one  step  to  be  taken — amputation. 

Q.  That  is  to  say,  contraction  ? 

A.  That  is  not  contraction,  but  the  extinction  of  inconvertible 
paj:>er.  Anything  short  of  the  extinction  of  the  currency  is  so  radi- 
cally and  fundamentally  bad  that  I  have  no  interest  in  comparing 
the  relative  goodness  or  badness  of  any  expedients. 

Q.  How  would  you  extinguish  it? 

A.  You  recollect  the  Bank  of  England  was  forbidden  to  pay. 
That  was  from  mere  alarm,  from  fright  and  the  popular  ignorance  of 
banking. 

Q  It  is  precisely  the  same  here.  Our  National  Treasury  is  for- 
bidden to  pay? 

A.  Ah!  but  the  motive  is  different.  The  inconvertible  currency 
of  your  country  is  a  tax.  By  means  of  this  species  of  paper  the 
Government  has  got  hold  of  the  property  of  the  nation,  and  it  has  * 
kept  it.  The  property  has  gone  and  the  public  in  the  place  of  it 
has  got  a  species  of  paper.  It  is  the  Government's  business  to  re- 
store the  property,  clearly.  In  England  at  the  close  of  the  last  cen- 
tury in  the  agitation  of  war,  and  banking  being  very  unfamiliar  then, 
the  Government  got  desperately  frightened.  The  Bank  of  England 
was  going  to  be  stopped  and  ruined.  In  a  state  of  war  and  panic 
everybody  likes  to  lock  up  his  property  in  a  commodity  that  is  a  re- 
ality.    Then  people  rushed  for  gold. 

Q.  Was  not  the  case  very  much  the  same  here  ? 

A.  No.  The  motive  here  was  simply  as  it  was  in  France,  Italy, 
and  Austria.  The  Government  wanted  to  get  hold  of  the  property 
of  the  country  without  paying  for  it,  and  the  inconvertible  currency 
is  a  tax.  Government  got  the  powder,  shot,  guns,  soldier's  clothes 
for  nothing  but  a  species  of  paper.     That,  in  my  idea,  is  a  tax. 

Q.  Do  you  think  Secretary  McCulloch  was  pursuing  the  right 
policy  ? 

A.  Decidedly  he  was,  and  the  only  right  thing  to  do  now  is  to  fol- 
low his  example.  In  the  case  of  the  Bank  of  England  three  years 
were  given,  I  believe,  for  resumption.  The  act  providing  for  a  re- 
turn to  cash  payments  was  passed  1819.  At  the  end  of  three  years 
the  bank  paper  was  to  become  convertible  paper.  To  illustrate  an 
important  principle  let  me  mention  here  that  during  a  veiy  consid- 
erable time,  while  the  bank  restriction  was  going  on,  the  inconvert- 
ible paper  did  not  fall  to  a  discount.  In  the  latter  years  it  did  fall 
to  a  discount,  so  that  a  guinea  became  worth  twenty- seven  shillings 
in  paper.  That  is  a  very  instructive  fact  if  we  ask  ourselves  the 
question  "  how  is  that?  Why  were  the  bank  note  and  the  guinea  of 
equal  value  for  several  years,  and  of  unequal  value  in  later  years?" 
The  reason  is  this,  that  in  the  earlier  years  of  restriction — which  was 
the  injunction  placed  by  the  Government  on  the  Bank,  as  being  a 
great  national  institution,  not  to  pay  its  notes  in  gold— the  Bank 
did  not  issue  more  notes  thaii  the  nation  wanted  for  use.     Conse- 


400  PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

quently  there  was  no  excess;  and  I  mean  by  "use,"  notes  actually 
wanted  to  pass  from  hand  to  hand  for  the  purpose  of  buying  and 
selling.  Precisely  as  in  a  purely  gold  currency,  if  there  are  more 
dollars  issued  than  the  public  can  use,  they  are  sure  to  be  locked  up 
in  some  storehouse  or  other.  The  public  won't  keep  them  and  wont 
have  them.  Just  the  same  if  you  have  fifty  hats.  You  can't  use 
more  than  two  or  three  of  them,  and  the  rest  must  be  locked  up. 
It  is  the  same  with  sovereigns  and  notes.  If  I  give  you  one  thou- 
sand metallic  sovereigns,  you  cannot  use  them.  By  you,  I  am 
speaking  of  the  public  generally.  You  must  send  them  into  the 
cellar. 

Q.  Is  it  true  that  this  California  gold  has  had  the  effect  to  raise 
prices  ? 

A.  I  do  not  believe  it,  although  it  is  generally  assumed  by  most 
economists.  My  answer  to  the  claim  is  simply  this — not  proven.  I 
don't  see  a  single  sign  of  the  value  of  gold  having  declined  in  conse- 
quence of  the  Australian  and  California  discoveries. 

Q,  "Who  should  issue  the  currency,  the  Government  or  banks  ? 

A.  Who  the  issuer  is,  is  of  no  consequence  as  to  the  action  of  cur- 
rency. If  it  is  inconvertible  and  a  legal  tender,  then  the  deprecia- 
tion is  great.  The  only  object  of  currency  is  to  exchange  goods, 
precisely  as  the  only  object  of  the  Batavia  steamboat  was  to  bring 
me  and  fellow-passengers  from  England,  and  the  goods  on  board 
also.  They  are  both  tools — one  to  carry  us  across  the  water,  the 
other  to  enable  one  man  to  get  his  goods  into  another  man's  hands, 
and  that,  I  say,  is  the  only  object  of  currency. 

Q.  You  consider,  as  an  essential  part  of  that  object,  that  there 
should  be  some  consistency  in  the  value  of  the  currency  ? 

A.  The  constancy  of  the  value  comes  in  in  this  way :  There  is  a 
transaction  between  A.  and  B.  A.  has  got  ten  bales  of  cotton  to 
sell,  and  B.  has  nothing  to  give  you  for  it  but  pieces  of  metal.  A. 
knows  what  his  cotton  costs  him,  and  between  them  both  they  know 
the  value  of  those  pieces  of  metal  in  the  world,  because  they  know 
what  they  can  get  for  them  in  the  shops — so  many  pounds  of  tea  in 
one  shop,  so  many  hats  from  the  hatter,  so  many  boats  from  the 
boat  builder.  A.  says,  ' '  Give  me  your  metal  and  I  will  give  you 
my  cotton  for  it."  That  is  the  action  of  currency.  It  is  a  tool;  and 
why  is  it  wanted?  Here  is  the  secret  of  all  currency:  I  am  a 
grower  of  sugar  in  Louisiana,  and  you  are  a  grower  of  cotton.  I 
want  to  buy  your  cotton.  I  say  to  you,  "Take  my  sugar  and 
get  rid  of  your  cotton."  You  say,  "I  have  no  use  for  your  sugar. 
Have  you  not  got  some  yellow  metal  ?  Give  me  that  metal  and  I 
will  give  you  my  cotton.  Then  I  can  go  with  that  metal  and  buy 
what  I  want."  This  is  the  function  of  currency.  Money  was  devised 
entirely  for  that  and  nothing  else.  The  hatter  might  starve  before  he 
would  find  a  butcher  or  a  baker  that  wanted  a  hat.  If  it  was  not  for 
currency  he  might  starve  before  he  got  his  bread.  The  fact  is,  a 
nation  could  not  exist  without  currency.  The  vice  of  inconvertible 
currency  is,  that  it  has  other  ends  and  objects. 

Q.  How  as  to  debts,  mortgages,  etc.? 

A.  The  nature  of  these  things  is  not  altered  by  debts  and  mort- 
gages. Every  operation  of  credit  is  only  this :  that  I  have  not  got  a 
dollar  to-day  and  will  give  it  to-morrow.     Whether  the  debt  is  for  a 


DIMINUTION  OF  CURRENCY  IN  USE.  40 i 

million  or  ten  millions,  or  a  national  debt,  even,  or  a  basket  of 
peaches,  it  is  all  the  same  in  principle;  but  it  does  not  alter  the  fact 
that  the  metallic  dollar  has  got  to  be  given  as  a  pledge.  The 
doctrine  is  the  same. 

Q.  The  steadiness  in  the  value  of  the  gold  secures  justice  ? 

A.  Certainly;  because  you  have  an  article  of  real  -value;  but  in  the 
case  of  inconvertible  currency,  when  you  bring  me  a  legal-tender 
note  and  tell  me  it  is  as  good  as  a  dollar,  that  the  Government  is 
bound  to  pay  it,  I  say  directly,  "  If  you  had  brought  me  a  metallic 
dollar  I  could  take  it  to  a  jeweler  and  sell  it.  I  could  not  lose.  At 
the  worst,  I  could  melt  it  and  sell  it  as  metal,  and  therefore  I  am 
paid."  But  if  I  find  you  bringing  me  a  piece  of  paper  which  the 
United  States  Government  says  shall  be  paid,  and  does  not  say 
when,  I  say  that  it  is  not  payment,  and  if  I  take  it  I  must  charge 
you  something  for  the  risk  I  run.  The  first  quality  of  a  currency  is 
that  it  must  have  a  permanent  value.  We  cannot  say  positively  that 
gold  never  changes  in  value,  but  the  change  is  so  little  that  the  dif- 
ference practically  is  nothing,  If  gold  should  jump  up  as  it  did  in 
Elizabeth's  time,  through  the  lowering  of  the  standard,  it  would  be 
as  bad  as  paper,  because  it  would  miss  the  one  quality  that  people 
rely  upon — permanency  of  value.  The  American  currency  is  not  to 
be  trusted.  It  has  destroyed  its  one  great  function — that  of  being 
a  guarantee  to  the  taker  of  it  that  he  will  get  things  of  equal  value. 
Nothing  is  more  abominable  than  going  to  a  dealer  and  being  com- 
pelled to  ask  the  relative  prices  of  gold  and  currency.  It  is  the 
same  as  asking  of  a  ship,  "  Is  she  half  rotten,  or  wholly  rotten?" 

Q.  People  out  West  know  that  all  this  is  so,  but  they  say,  if  they 
go  back  to  the  old  standard  they  have  got  to  pay  ten  per  cent,  more 
than  they  owe  ? 

A.  That  may  be.  That  is  the  punishment  for  getting  into  bad 
ways.  My  answer  is:  Is  a  nation  to  be  permanently  injured  because 
it  has  done  the  wrong  thing  ?  Because  some  individuals  must  suffer, 
therefore  must  all  suffer  on  their  account?  No.  It  is  one  of  the 
consequences  of  sin.  I  admit  the  statement  to  be  true  that  there 
must  be  suffering.  In  England  they  gave  three  years  and  diminished 
the  suffering  as  much  as  possible;  but  to  say  that  because  we  have 
sinned  we  must  go  on  sinning,  on  account  of  contingent  suffering, 
is  absurd.  If  it  is  a  good  political  argument,  I  have  nothing  tc 
say. 

Q.  What  do  you  consider  the  evils  of  an  inconvertible  currency 
of  fixed  amount,  as  ours  was  up  to  within  a  year  ? 

A.  The  answer  is,  the  quantity  of  notes  may  be  the  same,  un- 
changed, but  the  quantity  that  a  nation  wants  for  use  may  vary 
enormously,  and  therefore  the  fluctuation  of  value  may  go  on.  That 
is  one  of  the  curses  of  it.  There  is  less  currency  wanted  in  England 
now  than  there  was  three  years  ago.  Our  currency  simply  goes  out 
of  commission.  There  is  no  disturbance  in  the  value  of  it.  But  in 
the  case  of  an  inconvertible  currency,  suppose  you  only  want  three 
fourths,  owing  to  circumstances  such  as  now  exist.  It  is  very  clear 
the  quantity  of  notes  remaining  unchanged  won't  prevent  deprecia- 
tion in  value,  because  every  man  in  America  wants  only  three  notes 
this  year  where  four  were  wanted  last  year.    That  is  the  state  of  things 

26 


402  PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

now.  The  evil  is  not  mitigated.  The  demand  for  use  is  not  itself 
stable,  and  never  can  be  in  any  people,  unless  it  be  in  an  Indian 
village,  where  the  quantity  of  currency  does  not  change  much.  A 
nation  changes  greatly  in  its  demand  for  currency.  Travel  is  a 
great  consumer  of  currency.  It  is  the  trade  of  all  trades  which  de- 
mands ready  money. 

Q.  Do  you  think  the  course  of  the  Bank  of  France  the  last  year, 
in  taking  in  its  notes,  has  inflicted  any  injury  upon  the  trade  of  their 
country  ? 

A.  It  cannot  upon  trade;  it  can  upon  individuals.  It  can  only 
attack  people  who  have  got  debts  to  receive  or  pay."  The  trade 
itself  will  be  benefited.  The  nation,  then,  is  not  injured,  but  the 
individual. 

Q.  It  must  fall  most  heavily  upon  the  producing  classes,  who  are 
almost  always  in  debt  ? 

A.  Very  well;  give  them  more  time.  Postpone  the  change.  That 
is  a  question  for  statesmen  to  settle.  An  economist  cannot  settle  it. 
It  depends  upon  the  exigencies  of  a  nation.  My  argument  is  to  the 
principle.  In  some  cases  you  may  restore  the  gold  value  in  six 
months,  in  others  you  may  wait  six  years.  In  either  case  I  go  back 
to  what  I  said  before — that  the  nation  must  not  suffer  forever  to 
save  individuals  from  suffering  temporarily. 

Q.  You  regard  money  as  the  universal  barter,  a  medium  to  help 
the  exchange  of  commodity  for  commodity  ? 

A.  The  science  of  all  trade  is  the  exchange  of  two  commodities 
of  equal  value.  The  cotton  has  a  value  which  is  the  cost  of  pro- 
ducing cotton.  The  gold  has  a  value  of  its  own,  which  is  the  cost 
of  getting  it  out  of  the  mine.  The  exchange  of  cotton  for  gold  is 
the  exchange  of  articles  of  equal  value.  That  makes  a  thoroughly 
sound  currency.  The  only  reason  you  are  obliged  to  pass  through 
gold  is,  as  I  said  before,  because  trade  would  be  stopped  but  for  its 
intervention.  The  sellers  of  goods  would  not,  in  most  cases,  want 
the  articles  buyers  had  to  offer  them. 

Q.  The  only  way  for  that  immediate  barter  is  through  gold,  or 
paper  for  which  gold  can  be  had  ? 

A.  Yes;  but  it  does  not  follow  that  because  gold  can  be  had  for 
that  paper  that  the  man  who  has  got  the  paper  will  go  and  get  the 
gold.  The  only  thing  is  that  he  feels  he  can  get  the  gold  with  it  if 
he  wants  to. 

Q.  Why  should  not  the  Government  be  the  issuer  of  convertible 
notes  and  derive  the  profit  from  them  ? 

A.  The  answer  is  this:  You  cannot  get  the  President  of  the 
United  States  into  the  Bankruptcy  Court.  You  can  put  the  Direct- 
ors of  the  Bank  of  England  into  it.  You  cannot  rely  upon  convert- 
ibility with  a  party  of  politicians.  You  can't  lock  them  up  in  a 
prison  if  they  don't  pay  up,  but  you  can  the  Bank  of  England,  and 
break  it  up  if  it  does  not  give  you  your  gold.  In  economical  prin- 
ciple one  is  as  good  as  the  other,  but  in  political  principle  the  differ- 
ence is  enormous.  The  public  would  not  believe  in  any  paper  issued 
by  the  Government  direct.  The  principle,  as  I  said  before,  is  sound. 
The  profit  belongs  to  the  nation,  but  a  government  or  a  parliament 
are  bad  issuers  of  notes  pledged  to  be  paid  on  demand. 

Q.  The   best  thing  the  Government  could  do  under  the  circum- 


NO  DANGER  IN  CONTRACTION.  403 

stances,  under  a  convertible  currency,  would  be  to  allow  a  free  issue 
of  bank  notes,  but  to  tax  the  issuer? 

A.  I  don't  say  free  issue,  but  I  believe  the  intermediate-agency  of 
some  private  corporation  is  the  true  method. 

Q.  To  require,  as  now,  the  security  of  United  States  bonds  would 
be  a  good  provision  under  a  convertible  currency  ? 

A.  Yes.  I  have  always  advocated  the  principle  that  the  deposit 
of  such  things  as  national  bonds  is  a  legitimate  and  proper  security 
to  be  required  of  the  issuer  of  notes.  If  you  have  private  issuers 
of  public  money  the  nation  has  the  right  to  say  to  such  private  is- 
suers, "  You  must  guarantee  to  us  not  only  that  we  can  put  you 
into  the  courts,  but  something  more — that  you  shall  have  the  means." 
Another  illustration.  In  1825,  the  English  nation  incurred  great 
disasters  from  banks  breaking  which  had  the  right  of  issuing  notes, 
and  in  not  a  few  instances  those  notes  were  only  paid  at  half  a  crown 
to  the  pound.  It  is  against  all  principle  that  such  a  thing  should 
be  possible  in  public  money.  Therefore,  that  led  to  the  suppression 
of  the  one  pound  note,  which  was  a  mistake,  and  it  led  ultimately 
to  that  clause  of  the  Bank  Charter  act  which  will  in  time  extinguish 
the  whole  private  circulation  of  England,  and  leave  only  notes  of 
the  Bank  of  England. 

Q.  The  present  condition  on  which  national  bank  notes  are  issued, 
viz. ,  the  deposit  of  United  States  bonds  with  the  Treasurer,  would 
then  be  a  safe  rule  for  the  issue  of  convertible  notes,  or  free  bank- 
ing, as  we  call  it  ? 

A.  Provided  the  notes  are  effectually  realizable  in  gold  on  demand, 
there  can  be  no  possible  objection,  and  there  may  be  great  advan- 
tage in  any  quantity  of  notes  being  on  sale  to  the  public,  provided 
they  are  rendered  perfectly  safe  by  the  deposit  of  adequate  security. 

Q.  But  this  rule  would  not  be  a  safe  one  with  inconvertible  cur- 
rency ? 

A.  If  this  rule  is  applied  to  inconvertible  currency  it  does  nothing 
to  avert  the  disastrous  vice  of  the  currency  losing  its  one  indispen- 
sable feature  of  not  fluctuating  in  value. 

Q.  There  is  no  system  of  redemption  of  one  kind  of  inconvertible 
paper  with  another  that  will  mitigate  the  evils  of  incontrovertible 
currency  ? 

A.  I  call  that  all  hocus  pocus. 

Q.  You  consider  the  premium  on  gold,  as  quoted  here  on  the 
street,  as  a  tolerably  accurate  measure  of  the  depreciation  ? 

A.  I  presume  so.  I  am  not  aware  of  any  circumstances  showing 
it  is  not. 

Q.  Is  the  common  dread  of  contraction  among  our  people  well 
founded  ? 

A.  Not  at  all.  There  is  great  confusion  in  the  meaning  of  the 
word  money.  Very  little  of  the  business  of  these  great  modern 
nations  is  transacted  by  money  proper — currency.  It  is  a  mere 
trifle — mere  change.  The  money  is  not  the  thing  lent  by  banks  or 
by  lenders.  Do  you  suppose  if  I  wanted  to  borrow  £20,000  of  my 
banker,  in  London,  for  a  mercantile  operation,  I  should  touch  one 
sovereign  or  bank  note  ?  Do  you  suppose  the  trade  between  Eng- 
land and  the  United  States  is  done  by  currency  ?  Do  you  suppose 
the  grain  of  the  western  men  is  paid  for  in  currency  ?    It  is  a  fatal 


404  PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

fallacy  to  identify  currency — the  means  of  exchanging  property — 
with  the  property  itself  which  is  exchanged.  Trade  is  an  exchange 
of  property.  The  money  is  very  necessary  as  a  measure,  but  it  is 
not  the  trade. 

Q.  You  don't  think  there  is  anything  to  be  said  in  favor  of  the 
usury  laws  in  this  or  any  other  country  ? 

A.  Laws  limiting  interest  are  not  only  bad,  but  absurd.  They 
are  always  evaded.  They  are  mischievous  and  nonsensical.  Your 
banks  here  are  limited  to  seven  per  cent.  When  the  loan  of  money 
is  really  worth  more  than  seven  per  cent. ,  then  people  don't  go  to 
the  banks,  but  somewhere  else.  You  can't  get  anything  for  less 
than  it  is  worth. 

Professor  Perry,  from  whom  we  have  already  quoted,  says : 

Next  to  the  irredeemable  paper  money,  the  greatest  obstacle 
to  the  prosperity  of  the  farmers  of  the  United  States  at  the  pres- 
ent moment  is  the  so-called  protective  tariff.  This  is  not  so  bad  as 
it  was  two  or  three  yearr  ago.  It  has  been  twice  reduced  and  sim- 
plified, in  the  fear  that  the  honest  indignation  of  the  people  would 
otherwise  overthrow  it  altogether.  But  it  is  still  bad  enough;  it 
is  still  too  bad.  It  is  an  old  trick  of  the  devil,  to  take  a  good 
word  and  cover  up  with  it  an  evil  thing.  Precisely  this  is  done 
whenever  the  word  "  Protective  "  is  applied  to  any  tariff.  The 
wTord  protective  is  a  good  word  when  used  in  its  legitimate  sense. 
As  signifying  the  security  of  person  and  property  under  a  good  gov- 
ernment, it  is  an  admirable  word,  and  describes  an  indispensable 
thing;  but  as  applied  to  a  tariff,  the  word  is  full  of  deceit,  inasmuch 
as  a  tariff  from  its  very  nature  cannot  "protect"  anybody  or  any- 
thing. It  can  redistribute  property  by  raising  the  prices  of  some 
things  and  depressing  the  prices  of  other  things,  but  it  cannot  pos- 
sibly raise  the  average  prices  of  things  in  general.  The  trick  of  a 
potective  tariff  is  just  the  same  as  the  trick  of  paper  money,  the  jug- 
gler's trick  of  putting  existing  things  in  strange  places.  A  tariff 
creates  nothing,  produces  nothing,  adds  nothing  to  existing  wealth, 
but  it  distributes  a  great  deal;  and  we  must  now  examine  this  mat- 
ter, especially  in  its  bearing  on  the  farmers. 

There  is  a  town  in  Spain,  situated  in  the  narrowest  part  of  the 
Strait  of  Gibraltar,  on  the  southernmost  point  of  the  kingdom, 
which  is  named  Tarifa,  in  honor  of  Tarif  Ibn  Malik,  a  Berber  chief 
wrho  first  landed  here  from  Africa  to  reconnoiter  the  country,  before 
the  conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Mohammedan  Moors,  in  the  eighth 
century  of  our  Lord.  These  Moors  occupied  parts  of  Spain  until 
the  year  of  the  discovery  of  America,  1492;  and  it  was  in  the  joy  of 
her  heart  at  the  fortunate  conquest  of  Grenada,  their  last  strong- 
hold, that  Queen  Isabella  pledged  her  jewels  to  the  enterprise  of 
Columbus.  The  Moors  built  a  castle  at  Tarifa  which  commanded 
the  strait,  and  during  their  domination  in  Spain,  compelled  all  ves- 
sels passing  through  the  strait  to  stop  and  pay  "  duties  "  to  them,  at 
such  rates  as  they  dictated;  and  from  this  custom  thus  originating 
at  Tarifa,  the  word  tariff y  derived  from  the  name  of  that  town, 
passed  into  the  English  and  other  European  languages.  The  name 
tariff  accordingly  has  not  a  very  respectable  origin;  for  those  "du- 


ORIGIN  OF   THE   NAME.    •  405 

ties"  were  nothing  in  the  world  but  blackmail;  they  were  the  equiv- 
alent for  no  service  rendered;  they  conferred  no  benefits  on  anybody 
except  the  robber-like  receivers  of  the  money;  they  were  commanded 
and  paid  under  compulsion;  and  they  took  just  so  much  out  without 
return  from  the  profits  of  the  voyages  of  the  ships  which  passed  in- 
ward and  outward  through  the  strait. 

This  origin  of  the  name  throws  considerable  light  on  the  nature 
of  the  thing.  The  modern  tariff  is  a  more  complicated  piece  of  ma- 
chinery than  the  ancient  Moorish  one,  but  that  ancient  one  gave  the 
pitch  to  the  tune  that  has  been  sung  by  all  tariffs  ever  since.  In 
one  respect  that  tariff  was  more  respectable  than  almost  any  other 
ever  laid — it  was  perfectly  simple  and  above  board.  There  was  no 
hypocrisy  about  it.  The  Moors  wanted  money;  they  were  in  a  posi- 
tion to  extort  it,  and  they  took  it  without  compunction,  apology, 
or  pretenses  of  any  kind.  They  did  not  pretend  that  they  were 
"protecting"  their  victims  while  compelling  them  to  pay  tribute. 
It  was  indeed  downright  robbery,  but  it  was  done  on  the  square. 
It  was  an  open,  straightforward,  daylight  performance;  and  in  this 
point  of  view  contrasts  strongly,  as  we  shall  see  shortly,  with  some 
modern  tariffs  which  pretend  to  benefit  the  people,  while  they  really 
impoverish  them.  They  are  enacted  in  the  name  of  patriotism  and 
righteousness,  but  when  one  looks  narrowly  into  them,  he  sees  that 
they  have  remained  true  at  bottom  to  the  spirit  of  their  origin.  The 
thing  tariff  corresponds  pretty  well  to  the  name  tariff. 

Tariffs  take,  but  never  give.  At  first  sight  a  tariff  seems  to  be  noth- 
ing but  a  series  of  taxes  on  certain  foreign  goods.  One  may  read 
a  Tariff  Act  from  beginning  to  end,  or  begin  in  the  middle  and  read 
both  ways,  and  he  will  find  nothing  but  demands  repeated  over  and 
over  again.  "  Thou  shalt  pay!"  is  the  only  word  that  a  tariff  utters 
or  can  utter.  I  will  quote  from  the  tariff"  now  in  force  in  this  coun- 
try, from  a  copy  just  received  from  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury, 
as  codified  and  re-enacted  in  June  last,  premising  that  the  de- 
mands quoted  are  taken  at  random  under  the  different  schedules, 
and  premising  also  that  there  are  by  actual  count  just  seven  hundred 
and  fifty -six  different  rates  of  duty  specified  to  be  assessed  upon  dif- 
ferent things  and  classes  of  things.  For  example:  Spool-thread, 
six  cents  per  dozen,  and  thirty-five  per  centum;  slates  and  slate- 
pencils,  thirty-five  per  centum;  aniline  dyes,  fifty  cents  per  pound, 
and  thirty-five  per  centum;  woolen  shawls,  fifty  cents  per  pound, 
and  thirty -five  per  centum;  bunting,  twenty  cents  per  square  yard, 
and  thirty-five  per  centum;  ready-made  clothing,  fifty  cents  per 
pound,  and  forty  per  centum;  webbing  for  shoes,  fifty  cents  per 
pound,  and  fifty  per  centum;  hand-saws,  one  dollar  per  dozen,  and 
thirty  per  centum;  hair-pins  (iron),  fifty-six  per  centum;  druggets 
and  bockings,  twenty-five  cents  per  square  yard,  and  thirty-five  per 
centum. 

These,  and  all  the  rest,  are  demands.  A  tariff  gives  nothing.  It 
takes.  At  its  best  estate,  when  most  simple  and  honest,  when  there 
are  no  "protective"  features  in  it,  and  no  combination  of  specific 
and  ad  valorem  duties  on  the  same  article,  which  is  a  device  of 
"  protection,"  as  in  some  of  the  samples  above  given,  a  tariff  is  a 
body  of  taxes,  which  the  people  have  to  pay.  It  is  needful  to  note 
this  distinctly  at  the  outset;   because  there  are  some  people  who 


406  PAPER  mToney  and  a  protective  tariff. 

seem  to  think  a  tariff  has  a  sort  of  creative  power;  that  it  is  a  posi- 
tive, productive  agent;  that  it  can  do  good;  that  it  has  something 
to  confer.  Not  so.  From  the  very  nature  of  it,  it  pours  nothing  in, 
but  only  takes  something  out.  Its  sign  is  minus  and  not  plus.  It 
comes  to  take  something  from  the  people,  and  not  to  give  anything 
to  the  people. 

The  United  States  has  been  accustomed,  from  the  beginning  of 
the  government  under  the  present  constitution,  to  raise  the  princi- 
pal part  of  its  revenue  from  tariff-taxes  on  imported  goods.  These 
taxes,  of  course,  raise  the  price  of  the  goods  on  which  they  are  laid 
considerably  more  to  the  consumers  than  the  amount  of  the  tax  it- 
self, because  the  tax  having  to  be  advanced  by  the  importer  and  the 
jobber,  becomes  larger  from  the  profits  on  the  money  advanced;  and 
frequently,  also,  the  tax  is  made  a  cover  or  excuse,  under  which  the 
consumer  is  charged  a  sum  additional  to  the  original  tax  and  the 
profits  on  it.  In  the  ultimate  price  of  the  taxed  goods  the  consumer 
pays  for  the  goods,  pays  the  tax  and  all  profits  on  the  tax,  and  fre- 
quently also  something  additional  under  cover  of  the  tax.  _  There 
are  decided  objections,  as  we  shall  see,  to  raising  a  revenue  in  this 
way,  even  when  the  sole  purpose  in  laying  the  duties  is  to  get  rev- 
enue, and  when  the  duties  are  so  adjusted  as  that  the  government 
really  gets  the  most  that  the  people  have  to  pay  in  consequence  of  the 
duties.  It  is  very  plain,  that  whatever  tariff-taxes  are  levied  solely 
for  the  sake  of  the  revenue  to  be  derived  from  them,  they  ought  to 
be  laid  in  accordance  with  these  fundamental  principles : — first,  on 
goods  like  tea  and  coffee,  for  example,  which  are  wholly  imported 
from  abroad,  and  not  also  grown  or  made  at  home,  otherwise  the 
tax  on  the  portion  imported  will  also  incidentally  raise  the  price  of 
the  portion  produced  at  home,  and  the  people  will  have  to  pay  more 
in  consequence  of  the  tax  than  the  government  gets  in  revenue, 
because  the  government  only  gets  the  tax  on  the  part  imported. 
Second,  if  such  taxes  are  to  be  productive,  they  must  be  levied  at 
comparatively  low  rates,  so  as  not  to  interfere  essentially  with  the 
bringing  in  of  the  goods,  or  encourage  smuggling  at  all,  for  in  either 
of  those  cases  the  revenue  from  the  importations  would  fall  off. 
Third,  the  taxes  should  be  simple,  so  that  everybody  can  calculate 
their  amount,  and  know  how  much  of  the  price  paid  is  owing  to  the 
tax;  and  it  is  just  as  much  for  the  interest  of  the  revenue  as  for  that 
of  the  people  that  these  taxes  should  be  simple  and  honest,  so  that 
both  importers  and  consumers,  calculating  them  beforehand  and 
knowing  just  how  much  the  government  is  to  take,  will  not  be  de- 
terred from  importing  and  buying  by  indefinite  taxes;  and,  fourth, 
it  is  agreeable  to  reason  and  has  been  found  true  in  experience  that 
it  is  not  needful  to  levy  even  low  rates  on  all  articles  imported,  in 
order  to  realize  as  large  revenue,  but  only  on  certain  classes  of  them, 
so  as  to  burden  at  as  few  points  as  possible  the  on-going  of  interna- 
tional and  profitable  exchanges.  Laid  strictly  on  these  four  princi- 
ples, which  are  very  important:  (one)  on  goods  wholly  imported, 
(two)  at  low  rates,  (three)  at  simple  rates  easily  calculable,  (four)  on 
few  classes  of  goods  used  by  almost  everybody,  tariff-taxes,  though 
objectionable  because  falling  unequally  on  rich  and  poor,  are  yet 
endurable,  and  are  infinitely  preferable  to  the  tariff-taxes  laid  at 
present  in  this  country. 


TARIFF  DUTIES  IN  ENGLAND.  407 

The  English,  after  having  violated  for  a  long  time  every  one  of 
these  four  fundamental  principles,  now  at  length  levy  their  tariff- 
taxes  in  strict  accordance  with  them.  I  quote  from  the  Monthly 
Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  of  the  United  States  for  Decem- 
ber, 1872,  the  following  facts: — All  tariff  duties  in  Great  Britain  are 
levied  under  nine  heads,  as  follows: — One,  tobacco;  two,  sugars; 
three,  tea,  coffee,  chickory,  and  cocoa;  four,  spirits;  five,  wines;  six, 
dried  fruits;  seven,  malt  products;  eight,  table  ware;  nine,  playing 
cards.  The  taxes  on  these  are  all  specific,  that  is,  by  the  pound, 
gallon,  dozen,  and  so  on,  so  that  anybody  can  calculate  them;  they 
are  laid  on  things  exclusively  imported,  or,  whenever  they  are  not, 
as  in  the  case  of  spirits  and  malts,  a  corresponding  excise  tax  is  put 
on  the  domestic  product,  so  that  the  government  gets  all  that  the 
people  are  compelled  to  pay  as  the  result  of  the  tariff-taxes;  and 
while  the  duties  in  some  cases  may  be  said  to  be  high,  they  are  not 
so  high  in  any  case  as  to  discourage  the  importation  of  the  things  on 
which  they  are  laid.  There  is  no  tariff- tax  on  any  portion  of  the 
food  of  the  people,  except  sugars;  no  tariff-tax  on  any  article  of 
clothing;  and  no  tariff-tax  on  any  raw  materials  or  implements  of 
production.  This  tariff  of  Great  Britain,  which  can  almost  be  writ- 
ten on  the  palm  of  one's  hand,  yielded,  in  the  fiscal  year  1872, 
$101,630,000  of  revenue,  which  was  $3  20  for  each  man,  woman, 
and  child  in  the  United  Kingdom.  If  there  are  to  be  tariffs  at  all, 
this  is  the  only  form  of  a  tariff  that  even  approaches  towards  justice 
and  equality.  Taxes  on  stimulants  and  sugar,  which  yield  almost 
the  whole  of  British  customs'  revenue,  are  as  unexceptionable  as 
any  taxes  on  commodities  can  be,  because  everybody  uses  them  in 
some  form,  and  because  it  is  optional  with  everybody  how  much  of 
them  they  shall  use.  But  we  shall  see  that  there  is  a  more  excel- 
lent way  of  taxation  than  this. 

The  only  just  taxation  is  the  taxation  of  incomes,  because  the  net 
annual  income  is  the  exact  gains  of  one's  exchanges  for  the  year; 
and  as  one  can  only  pay  his  taxes  out  of  the  gains  of  his  exchanges, 
the  taxes  ought  to  be  proportioned  to  those  gains.  In  a  country 
organized  as  this  is,  in  which  there  are  municipal,  state  and  national 
taxes,  the  local  authorities  ought  to  ascertain  (and  they  would  surely 
be  able  to  ascertain)  the  net  income  of  every  person  within  their 
limits;  and,  taxing  this  income  a  certain  fraction  for  local  purposes, 
then  report  it  to  the  state  for  another  fraction  of  state  taxation;  and 
then  the  state,  reporting  incomes  to  the  nation,  would  be  the 
medium,  through  its  local  officers,  of  collecting  the  third  fraction 
for  national  purposes.  Under  this  plan  one  set  of  local  officers 
could  gather  all  three  kinds  of  taxes  at  one  time  in  the  cheapest  pos- 
sible way;  custom  houses  and  national  internal  revenue  offices,  with 
all  their  political  abuses  and  pecuniary  corruptions,  could  be  abol- 
ished; it  would  make  no  difference  where  the  property  was  located, 
whether  in  one's  own  state  or  elsewhere,  or  whence  the  income  was 
drawn,  whether  from  commodities  or  services  or  credits, — a  man's 
domicil  would  mark  the  place  of  his  taxation,  and  he  would  be 
taxed  throughout  exactly  in  proportion  to  his  income.  The  more 
you  think  about  this  scheme  the  better  you  will  like  it,  and  the  fewer 
objections  and  more  excellence  you  will  see  in  it;  but  I  have  no 
expectation  of  seeing  it  adopted  in  my  time,  because  habits  and  prej- 


408  PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

■uclices  are  against  it,  political  parties  could  make  nothing  out  of  it, 
and  personal  aggrandizements  would  have  no  chance  in  connection 
with  it.  The  towns,  counties,  and  states  will  probably  continue  to 
raise  their  taxes  on  real  estate  and  corporations;  and  the  nation  will 
long  continue  to  raise  its  revenue  by  excise  and  by  tariff. 

But  protective  tariffs,  so-called,  will  doubtless  pass  off  from  our 
statute-books,  as  they  have  already  passed  out  of  the  laws  of  Great 
Britain,  Belgium,  and  largely  also  of  France,  because  they  are  mon- 
strously unjust;  because  by  raising  the  price  of  the  corresponding 
domestic  article  as  well  as  of  the  foregin  article  taxed,  they  make 
the  people  pay  in  ostensible  taxes  a  great  deal  more  than  the  gov- 
ernment gets;  because,  since  all  foreign  trade  is  an  exchange  of  com- 
modities, just  so  far  as  a  protective  tariff  keeps  foreign  goods  out, 
it  keeps  in  of  necessity  domestic  goods  that  would  gladly  go  out,  and 
thus  domestic  producers  lose  their  best  and  freely  chosen  market; 
because  there  is  no  general  gain  in  taking  money  out  of  one  set  of 
pockets  in  the  mostly  vain  hope  of  transferring  it  to  another  set  of 
pockets;  because,  so  soon  as  the  system  becomes  general,  even  manu- 
facturers, who  have  to  buy  "protected"  materials,  soon  have  to  pay 
more  protection  than  they  get;  and  because,  just  so  far  as  the  im- 
portables  are  raised  in  value  by  protective  tariff  taxes,  the  export- 
ables  are  depressed  in  value,  thus  throwing  the  vast  losses  of  the 
system  upon  those  who  grow  the  exportables. 

No  man  in  his  senses  can  pretend  that  protective  tariff  taxes  are  a 
direct  benefit  to  farmers,  since  these  taxes  cannot  increase  the  num- 
ber of  mouths  that  eat  the  farmer's  produce,  and  since  we  do  not 
import  agricultural  produce  to  any  great  extent  to  be  raised  in  price 
by  these  taxes  so  that  our  farmers  can  sell  their  produce  for  more. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  is  perfectly  plain  that  these  taxes  cause  an 
enormous  loss  to  farmers,  because  they  grow  the  exportables  that  are 
necessarily  depressed  in  value  by  just  so  much  as  the  importables 
are  enhanced  in  value  by  these  taxes.  According  to  the  Bureau  of 
Statistics,  this  country  exported  in  1873,  $649,132,563.  Of  this  im- 
mense sum,  $449,328,590,  or  more  than  two  thirds  of  the  whole,  was 
in  strictly  agricultural  products.  What  we  export  buys  all  that  we 
import;  most  that  we  export  is  farmer's  produce;  but  so  far  as  the 
imports  are  burdened  with  protective  taxes,  the  farmer's  exports  are 
lessened  in  value,  that  is  to  say,  they  will  not  go  so  far,  they  will  not 
buy  so  much.  The  farmer  has  to  give  more  of  his  grain,  his  hams, 
his  pork,  his  lard  in  order  to  get  what  he  wants  in  return.  It  makes 
no  difference  that  others  come  in  to  help  him  make  his  exchange. 
He  is  the  real  exchanger.  These  middle-men  pay  him  less  for  his 
produce  than  they  would  otherwise  gladly  pay  him.  His  exj>orts 
suffer  a  loss  in  price  equal  to  the  gain  in  price  of  the  imports  caused 
by  the  protective  taxes. 

Under  protection  the  farmer  suffers  a  double  loss.  He  must  sub- 
mit to  pay  a  great  deal  more  for  his  supplies,  whether  these  be  for- 
eign goods  protectively  taxed,  or  domestic  goods  raised  in  price  by 
such  taxes;  and  on  the  other  hand,  he  cannot  get  nearly  so  much  for 
what  he  has  to  sell.  He  is  smitten  on  the  one  cheek,  and  then  told 
by  his  masters  in  Pennsylvania  and  New  England  to  turn  the  other 
also.  He  sends  out  more  than  two  thirds  of  all  the  exportables  of 
the  country,  to  have  them  shaved  and  whittled  down  in  price  and 


PROTECTION  A  DOUBLE  FOE.  409 

value  by  the  artificial  obstacles  set  up  in  our  ports  to  prevent  the 
return  of  the  things  which  these  exportables  went  forth  to  buy.  If 
everything  else  that  I  say  be  forgotten,  I  beg  the  farmers  of  the 
"West  to  remember,  that  protection  cuts  right  into  the  heart  of  the 
value  of  their  exportable  commodities.  Nay  more;  it  sometimes 
prevents  the  export  of  these  commodities  altogether.  The  harvest 
in  Europe  this  season  has  been  unusually  good;  the  European  de- 
mand for  the  bread-stuffs  and  other  food  products  of  our  country  is 
likely  in  consequence  to  be  rather  slack.  Already  the  price  of  wheat 
in  New  York  and  Chicago  has  felt  the  influence  of  this  in  a  decline; 
still,  if  we  were  allowed  by  the  tariff  to  take  into  this  country  freely 
the  things  which  we  want,  of  which  foreigners  have  a  surplus  to  sell, 
the}'  would  take  now  freely  of  us  our  surplus  bread-stuffs,  and  we 
could  afford  to  let  them  have  them.  In  one  word,  we  could  export 
more  food  products  at  all  times,  with  a  greater  profit  on  each  trans- 
action provided  we  could  get  our  return  cargoes  free  of  protective 
taxes.  We  could  sell  more  when  the  price  was  high,  and  longer 
after  it  became  lower,  than  we  can  possibly  do  now.  A  protective 
tariff  tends  to  stop  the  exports  by  making  the  imports  dearer;  and  as 
the  farmers  furnish  the  bulk  of  the  exports,  the  principal  losses  of 
the  tariff  fall  upon  them.  As  things  now  are,  it  is  true  indeed  that 
the  gold  price  of  produce  in  Liverpool  determines  the  point  of  profit- 
able export  from  New  York;  but  a  lower  gold  price  in  Liverpool 
would  still  allow  a  profitable  export  from  New  York,  provided  the 
gold  price  received  here  would  buy  more  of  all  the  commodities 
wanted  by  the  farmers.  Thus  we  see  that  protection  is  a  double  foe 
to  the  farmers;  it  causes  them  to  get  less  for  what  they  raise  and  to 
give  more  for  what  they  buy.  Protection  in  its  best  estate  is  a  short- 
sighted, narrow-minded  prejudice;  whenever  it  passes  beyond  that, 
it  becomes  a  consciously  deceitful  scheme  of  plunder,  by  which  a 
few  seek  to  enrich  themselves  at  the  expense  of  the  many.  Those 
many  are  mainly  the  farmers.  They  are  abundantly  able,  numerically 
and  otherwise,  if  they  will  only  unite  to  do  it,  to  put  down  forever 
this  monstrous  injustice  of  legislation.  I  hope  that  their  rising  in- 
telligence and  the  courage  that  is  born  of  union,  will  seize  this  lying 
fraud  by  the  throat,  and  shake  the  life  out  of  it,  as  a  dog  shakes  the 
breath  out  of  a  woodchuck  ! 

Poor  money  and  protective  tariffs  are  natural  allies;  carry  on  their" 
work  of  destruction  in  similar  ways;  each  intensifies  the  mischief  of 
the  other;  and  both  combine  their  results  in  hostility  to  the  agricult- 
ural interests,  since  each  compels  the  farmer  to  give  more  for  his 
supplies  and  take  less  for  his  produce.  On  the  other  hand,  hard 
money  and  free  trade  are  natural  allies  also,  working  in  the  same 
harness,  defrauding  nobody,  just  to  all  because  natural  and  free, 
and  enabling  the  masses  of  mankind  to  maintain  the  advantageous 
places  which  the  Heavenly  Father  designed  them  to  hold.  To  be 
consistent  with  himself  a  hard-money  man  should  be  a  free  trader 
also;  and  a  man  who  believes  that  legislators  are  wiser  than  natural 
laws,  should  consistently  believe  both  in  commercial  restriction  and 
in  rag-money,  since  both  are  artificial  creatures  of  the  Legislature. 
Accordingly,  there  has  been  considerable  tendency  during  the  last 
fifty  years  for  men  to  range  themselves  in  parties  on  the  one  side  or 
the  other  of  these  two  combined  questions;  but  unfortunately  they 


410  PAPER  MONEY  AND  A  PROTECTIVE  TARIFF. 

have  come  to  think  more  of  the  party  name  and  organization  than  of 
the  principles  on  which  parties  profess  to  be  originally  founded;  and 
when  the  perversion  has  thoroughly  taken  place,  as  it  has  in  this 
country  at  this  moment,  scarcely  anything  is  a  greater  foe  to  real 
progress  than  this  hollow  party  spirit.  "What  is  it  to  be  a  Bepubli- 
can  to-day  ?  What  is  it  to  be  a  Democrat  to-day  ?  No  man  can  pos- 
sibly answer  these  questions,  because  there  are  no  vital  and  general 
differences  now  involved  in  these  names. 

Party  spirit  has  been  particularly  injurious  to  the  farmers  of  this 
country,  because  they  have  ranged  themselves  pretty  evenly  in  both 
of  the  two  political  parties,  and  the  two  parts  have  thus  completely 
neutralized  each  other.  The  interests  of  the  farmers  have  had  no 
weight  in  either  of  the  political  parties,  simply  because  the  farmers 
themselves  stood  over  against  each  other  in  two  opposing  camps. 
Thus  the  farmers,  as  such,  lost  all  weight  and  influence  in  political 
affairs.  They  are  to  be  congratulated  and  applauded  that  the  mass 
of  them  have  made  up  their  minds  to  act  no  longer  with  the  old  po- 
litical parties,  or  with  any  other  parties  in  fact,  for  the  present.  Let 
them  adhere  to  this  determination;  the  country  will  be  all  the  better 
for  it.  Let  them  avoid  entangling  alliances,  and  snap  their  fingers 
at  the  caucus.  Let  them  act  as  a  unit  in  accordance  with  their  own 
deliberate  conviction  of  their  own  interests;  for  their  true  interests 
are  also  the  true  interests  of  the  whole  country.  Let  them  hold  this 
attitude  steadily  for  five  years,  and  there  is  not  a  single  point  of 
public  policy  favorable  to  themselves  that  they  cannot  triumphantly 
carry.  If  they  come  to  see  eye  to  eye,  as  pray  God  they  may,  that  a 
labor-wrought  dollar,  and  not  a  printing-press  dollar,  is  the  only 
dollar  fit  to  be  exchanged  against  their  own  labor-wrought  produce, 
then  they  can  confer  upon  themselves  and  the  whole  country  the 
inestimable  boon  of  labor-wrought  dollars  !  If  they  come  to  see, 
as  p]ease  God  they  will,  that  what  is  called  "protection"  is  only 
another  name  for  spoliation;  that  what  is  called  "  fostering  "  industry 
only  makes  industry  to  flounder;  that  tariffs  take  but  never  give;  that 
trade  is  good  and  gainful;  that  the  world's  market,  whether  to  sell  in 
or  buy  in,  is  always  better  than  the  market  of  a  single  country;  that 
natural  competition  is  the  life  of  business  and  of  progress;  that  re- 
strictive tariffs  keep  home  things  in,  that  want  to  go  out,  as  well  as 
foreign  things  out,  that  want  to  come  in;  that  exportables  are  de- 
pressed in  value  in  proportion  as  importables  are  artificially  en- 
hanced in  value;  and  that  God  Almighty  knows  better  how  to  adjust 
all  the  obstacles  to  international  trafic  than  any  Congress  that  ever 
sat,  or  ever  will  sit; — then  can  they  easily  abolish  this  antiquated 
scheme  of  greed  and  grab,  and  open  up  for  themselves  and  for  all 
their  fellow  citizens,  both  to  sell  in  and  to  buy  in,  the  unrestricted 
markets  of  the  world  ! 


TAXATION. 


411 


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412  BANKS  AND  MONEY. 

CHAPTER  XXIX. 

BANKS  AND  MONEY. 

"  The  basis  of  our  currency  is  not  gold,  but  the  nation's  honor,   guaranteed  by  the  national 
loyalty  and  the  general  interests  of  its  members."— Hon.  M.  Anderson. 

Faemees  need  Chkap  Money — Legislation  Contbolled  by  Capitalists — Faem- 
ebs  and  Lawyers  in  Congeess— Exemption  of  Bonds  feom  Taxation — Bate 
op  Inteeest  a  Test  op  Peospebity;  of  Civilization — Banks  and  Banking — 
Savings  Banks— Papee  Peomises  made  Legal  Tendees— Peof.  Bonamy 
Peice  on  Ceises  and  Panics — English  Co-opebative  Associations  as  Finan- 
cial Successes. 

It  has  been  a  favorite  theory  that  the  farmer  should  leave  the 
after-management  of  his  products  to  other  classes  of  society, 
especially  gifted  by  nature  and  qualified  by  special  education 
and  opportunities  to  deal  with  them  to  the  best  advantage  for 
him  and  for  themselves. 

We  will  judge  of  the  correctness  of  this  principle  by  its  re- 
sults. The  British  "Fortnightly  Review"  thus  clearly  and 
impressively  states  the  problem,  as  it  looks  from  that  point: 

In  this  complex  industrial  system,  wealth  has  discovered  the  ma- 
chinery by  which  the  principal,  in  some  cases  the  whole  results  of 
common  labor  become  its  special  perquisites.  Ten  thousand  miners 
delve  and  toil,  giving  their  labor,  risking  their  lives;  ten  masters 
give  their  direction,  or  their  capital,  oftenest  only  the  latter.  And 
in  a  generation  the  ten  capitalists  are  rioting  in  vast  fortunes,  and 
the  ten  thousand  workmen  are  rotting  in  their  graves  or  in  the  work- 
house. And  yet  the  ten  thousand  were  at  least  as  necessary  to  the 
work  as  the  ten.  Yet  more,  the  ten  capitalists  are  practically  the 
law-makers,  the  magistrates,  the  government.  The  educators  of 
youth,  the  priests  of  all  creeds,  are  their  creatures.  Practically 
they  make  and  interpret  the  law — the  law  of  the  land,  the  law  of 
opinion,  and  the  law  of  God.  They  are  masters  of  the  whole  of 
the  social  forces.  A  convenient  faith  has  been  invented  for  them  by 
moralists  and  economists,  the  only  faith  which  in  these  days  they  at 
all  believe  in — the  faith  that  the  good  of  mankind  is  somehow  pro- 
moted by  a  persevering  course  of  selfishness;  that  competition  is, 
in  fact,  the  whole  duty  of  man.  And  thus  it  comes  that  in  ten 
thousand  ways  the  whole  social  force  is  directed  for  the  benefit  of 
those  who  have. 

The  farmers  are  by  far  the  largest  class  of  our  population, 
but  are  they  the  most  prosperous?  Is  it  not  well  to  inquire 
what  it  is  that  retards  their  prosperity,  and  prevents  them  from 
exercising  a  proportionate  influence  over  the  public  policy  of 
the  country? 


LACK  OF  REPRESENTATION.  41  '6 

By  reference  to  the  table  on  page  73,  it  will  be  seen  that 
nearly  one  half  of  our  people  are  agriculturists;  and  that  there 
were  in  1870,  41,106  lawyers  in  the  United  States.  It  is  not 
extravagant  to  say  that  the  latter  have  exerted  more  practical 
influence  in  public  affairs  than  the  whole  body  of  farmers. 

For  instance,  we  have  in  Congress  one  hundred  and  ninety- 
eight  lawyers  and  thirteen  farmers,  or  one  lawyer  to  about 
two  hundred  of  that  profession,  and  one  farmer  to  about  one 
hundred  and  thirty  thousand  land-owners  or  independent  agri- 
culturists. It  is  a  fearful  commentary  upon  the  working  of  our 
government,  that  the  great  producing  arm  of  the  country  is  so 
feebly  represented ;  but  the  fault  and  the  remedy  is  entirely  in 
themselves.  Prof.  Perry  says,  "  there  is  no  objection  to  raise 
to  lawyers;  they  are  a  useful  class  of  men;  but  there  is  a  de- 
cided objection  to  allowing  a  mere  handful  of  them  represent- 
ing another  mere  handful  of  powerful  clients,  to  shape  and 
mold  the  policy  of  forty  millions  of  people.  That  is  only  a  re- 
publican form  of  government,  in  which  they  who  are  intrusted 
with  political  franchises,  exert  an  influence  somewhat  propor- 
tionate to  their  numbers. " 

The  producing  classes  will  have  little  or  no  ability  to  turn 
the  current  of  legislation  in  their  own  favor  while  their  repre- 
sentation is  so  small;  and  it  is  not  arraying  one  class  against 
another,  to  say  that  this  should  be  changed  in  order  that  jus- 
tice may  be  done.  I  believe  that  what  is  best  for  the  laboring 
men  of  this  country,  is  the  best  for  all  classes,  and  best  for  the 
local,  state  and  national'governments,  as  gatherers  of  taxes. 

Now,  as  the  farmer  needs  to  know  what  he  wants,  and  how 
to  get  it  by  a  more  adequate  representation,  so  also  he  needs  to 
know  something  of  the  methods  of  business,  in  order-that  he 
may  not  be  at  the  mercy  of  others. 

One  of  the  greatest  wants  of  farmers  in  all  portions  of  the 
West,  as  well  as  the  business  men,  is,  more  money  at  low  rates 
of  interest.  We  have  seen  elsewhere  that  one  of  the  questions 
met  by  our  State  Grange  was  a  remedy  for  the  high  rates  on 
this  coast.  The  legislation  of  the  country  has  been  under  the 
control  of  the  eastern  capitalists  who  have  got  the  lion's  share 
of  the  present  baak  circulation.  The  patriotism  which  sub- 
mitted to  the  payment  of  six  per  cent,  interest,  gold,  upon 
"United  States  bonds,  exempt  from  taxation,  as  a  xoar  measure, 


414  BANKS  AND  MONEY. 

will  not  cover  the  payment  of  about  $800,000,000  premium,  in 
gold,  to  the  holders  of  those  bonds  in  time  of  peace. 

Language  more  forcible  than  elegant,  has  been  used  in  the 
meetings  of  the  Western  State  Agricultural  Societies  on  this 
subject,  and  without  regard  to  other  burdens  of  taxation  from 
which  the  wealth  of  the  country  manages  to  escape.  ""When 
the  people  of  the  country  get  to  understand  how  they  have 
been  compelled  to  pay  tribute  to  capitalists,  and  how  the  capi- 
talists have  controlled  the  legislation  of  this  country,  by  brib- 
ery and  corruption,  and  by  munificent  gifts  to  men  whom  they 
expected  to  work  in  their  interest  when  in  power;  the  driving 
out  of  the  ancient  money-changers  from  the  Temple  will  be  a 
mild  affair  in  comparison  with  the  kicks  and  cuffs  they  will  re- 
ceive from  an  outraged  people." 

A  low  rate  of  interest,  then,  is  a  gauge  of  the  farmer's  pros- 
perity. The  "New  York  Merchant  and  Banker"  acknowledges 
it  to  be  the  test  of  civilization: 

What  is  the  best  criterion  of  the  degree  of  civilization  to  which  a 
people  has  attained?  Some  promptly  answer,  "Ths  proportion  of 
those  who  can  read  and  write  in  the  total  population;"  but  this  will 
not  serve,  for  census  figures  are  not  always  reliable,  and  literary  in- 
struction by  no  means  secures  commercial  or  political  intelligence 
and  prosperity.  Others  will  say,  M  the  relative  wealth  of  countries; " 
but  this  is  very  difiicult  to  determine,  and  if  ascertained,  the  more 
important  inquiry  remains — in  which  countries  is  that  wealth  in- 
creasing, and  where  is  it  growing  less?  Others  still  will  name  the 
degree  of  religious  devotion,  the  extent  of  virtue,  the  development  of 
learning,  the  culture  of  art  and  science  in  various  lands;  but  neither 
of  these  is  practically  available  as  a  standard,  since  before  it  can  be 
so  applied,  it  must  itself  be  quantitatively  determined. 

It  then  states  that  there  is,  however,  a  test  quantitative  in  its 
nature,  self -determining,  and  for  the  most  part  readily  ascer- 
tained. It  is  the  average  rate  of  interest  actually  paid  for  loans  on 
good  security.  Not,  of  course,  the  rate  sanctioned  by  law;  for  the 
only  relation  of  this  rate  to  that  actually  paid,  is  commonly  a  tend- 
ency to  heighten  the  latter  by  increasing  the  risk  of  the  loan.  The 
rate  of  "pure  interest"  does  not  greatly  differ  in  different  countries, 
and  is  not  far  from  four  per  cent.  The  amounts  demanded  or  offered 
and  actually  paid  for  loans  above  this  rate,  consist  mainly  of  premi- 
ums of  insurance  on  the  risk  the  lender  considers  himself  to  take 
when  he  puts  his  property  out  of  his  possession.  When  it  is  re- 
membered that  confidence  is  a  plant  of  slow  growth;  that  it  is  devel- 
oped by  long  experience,  and  very  quickly  and  easily  destroyed,  and 
that  its  development  to  such  a  point  that  premiums  on  risks  of  loan 
are  nearly  nothing,  means  that  commercial  practice  and  legal  ad- 
ministration have  convinced  property-holders  by  experience  that 
their  property  is  secured  to  them  through  business  honor  or  through 


AMERICAN  BANKING  SYSTEM.  415 

the  aid  of  law;  when  these  great  and  grave  facts  are  borne  in  mind, 
it  is  clear  that  the  countries  where  interest  rules  lowest  are  the  most 
civilized.  The  fall  in  the  rate  when  a  state  of  thorough  security  to 
property,  (which  means  personal  liberty,  commercial  integrity,  and 
honest  government,)  has  been  developed,  hastened  and  furthered  by 
the  immigration  of  capital  from  less  civilized  countries.  To  the  land 
where  he  learns  that  his  property  will  be  secure,  the  owner  in  a 
country  where  he  feels  that  his  tenure  of  it  is  unsafe,  sends  that 
property  for  investment;  and  the  monetary  centers  of  such  lands 
overflow  with  capital  seeking  investment  at  rates  astonishingly 
low,  for  the  sake  of  the  security  expected.  Hence,  for  all  proper 
enterprises  in  such  a  nation,  capital  is  readily  obtainable  at  a  price 
that  permits  a  development  of  her  resources,  compared  with  which 
the  plausible  schemes  that  politicians  propose  for  government  to 
execute,  are  as  puerile  as  they  are  futile. 

It  then  argues  that  there  is  one  important  lesson  to  be  deduced 
from  these  facts,  viz:  That  every  one  in  the  community,  and  every 
law-maker  especially,  can  help  or  hinder  among  ourselves  the  devel- 
opment of  such  a  condition.  Every  man  who  faithfully  pays  his 
debts  and  lives  an  honest  life,  helps  to  develop  a  great  civiliza- 
tion, and  renders  real  service  to  his  country.  Every  man  who  com- 
mits fraud  or  robbery,  does  more  to  destroy  confidence,  to  increase 
the  rate  of  interest,  and  to  retard  civilization,  than  two  honest  men 
can  do  to  help  it  on.  Every  law  that  practically  protects  men  in  the 
possession  of  their  own,  operates  to  lower  interest  and  build  up 
civilization;  but  every  law  that  operates  to  make  it  less  secure — 
tariffs,  legal-tender  acts,  etc. — raises  the  rate  of  interest,  and  post- 
pones the  advance  of  civilization. 

The  application  of  this  test  to  our  civilization  does  not  give 
a  flattering  result,  and  we  must  look  into  the  reason.  Five  per 
cent,  is  thought  by  good  judges  to  be  all  that  the  producing 
classes  can  afford  to  pay,  and  is  more  than  they  make,  on  the 
average,  out  of  their  capital  invested  in  farming.  "  So  long  as 
money-lenders  receive  a  larger  income  on  loans  than  can  be 
realized  out  of  real  estate,  money  cannot  be  obtained  at  a  rea- 
sonable rate  of  interest.  There  is  surely  no  good  reason  why 
strips  of  paper,  called  money,  should  bring  a  larger  income 
than  the  same  amount  of  money  will  bring  when  invested  in 
almost  any  productive  industry." 

A  look  into  our  American  banking  system  will  not  be  un- 
profitable to  the  farmers  of  California;  but  first  let  us  find  out 
what  banks  are,  and  how  they  originated. 

The  word  bank  conies  from  the  Italian  for  bench;  the  Lom- 
bard Jews  of  Italy,  who  were  the  first  money-lenders  in  Europe, 
having  been  accustomed  to  transact  their  business  on  benches 
in  the  market  places.     When  one  of  these  men  was  detected  in 


41(3  BANKS  AND  MONEY. 

cheating,  the  populace  broke  his  benches,  from  which  custom 
we  get  the  word  bankrupt.  In  modern  times  the  people  allow 
the  fraudulent  banker  to  retire  to  a  palace  erected  out  of  the 
profits  of  their  earnings. 

In  strict  terms,  the  banker  is  dealing  in  money,  and  his  profits 
are  perfectly  legitimate,  being  the  difference  between  the  terms 
on  which  he  borrows  and  lends.  The  amount  of  his  business 
determines  his  gains.  In  this  manner  small  sums,  which  would 
be  unproductive  in  the  hands  of  individuals,  are  concentrated 
for  use  in  building  up  commerce,  trade,  and  manufactures,  and 
are  an  incalculable  blessing;  but  when  the  banks  themselves 
enter  into  competition  with  these  industries,  they  at  once  create 
monopolies,  and  become  a  curse. 

In  California  we  have  no  bankers — that  is,  no  dealers  in 
money.  Our  banking  system,  or  rather  want  of  system,  en- 
ables a  few  men  with  little  or  no  capital  to  start  a  bank — that 
is,  a  place  where  those  who  are  so  disposed  can  deposit  their 
money;  because  the  Constitution  of  the  State  prohibits  the  es- 
tablishment of  banks,  such  as  exist  in  every  other  State  in  the 
American  Union,  and  in  every  commercial  town  in  Europe. 

The  effect  of  our  peculiar  plan  of  banking  is,  that  the  banker 
has  everything  to  gain  and  nothing  to  lose .  It  is  well  known 
that  such  is  the  potency  of  bank  rings,  that  constitutional  pro- 
visions for  the  protection  of  creditors  are  practically  inadequate; 
that  vast  fortunes  are  amassed  at  the  expense  of  depositors; 
that  stocks  rise  and  fall  irrespective  of  their  values,  while  in- 
dustry suffers,  and  legitimate  business  is  demoralized.  The 
farmers  cannot  guard  their  interests  too  carefully  against  these 
evils.  The  Bank  of  California  is  not  a  dealer  in  money,  but 
deals  .in  stocks,  mines,  purchases  coal  mines,  runs  quartz  and 
lumber  mills,  contracts  for  and  controls  the  supply  of  quicksil- 
ver, silver  and  gold  coin,  tonnage  and  grain,  and  is  directly  or 
indirectly  connected  with  every  speculative  enterprise  in  the 
State. 

The  savings  banks,  which  control  $40,000,000,  are  not  banks 
at  all,  but  establishments  where  people  place  their  money  on 
deposit,  subject  to  be  withdrawn  on  specified  notice,  provided 
the  funds  are  on  hand.  Every  depositor  in  a  savings  bank 
signs  a  paper  when  making  his  deposit,  to  the  effect  that  if  the 
bank  has  not  got  the  money  when  he  demands  it,  he  is  content 
to  wait  till  it  obtains  it.     This  provision  is  a  good  thing  for  the 


CRISES  AND  PANICS  DEFINED.  417 

banks,  but  is  not  quite  so  good  for  the  depositor.  No  matter 
how  stringent  the  money  market,  or  how  great  the  reduction  in 
the  value  of  real  estate — which  forms  the  exclusive  security  for 
the  depositor's  money — the  bank  is  not  compelled  to  sacrifice 
its  property  to  pay  the  depositor,  who  has  to  wait  till  real  estate 
rises.  So  long  as  these  savings  banks  continue  to  pay  liberal 
dividends,  they  can  swim  along  smoothly;  but  suppose  the  de- 
mand for  money  fails,  and  interest  drops  to  three  per  cent,  per 
annum — what  then?  It  often  happens  that  instead  of  banks 
being  able  to  furnish  money  when  there  is  a  sudden  panic,  they 
have  to  call  in  their  loans,  thus  not  unfrequently  crippling  the 
most  important  business  interest.  The  farmers  often  hear  of 
"crises"  and  panics  in  the  money  market,  without  a  very 
definite  idea  of  what  they  are,  or  how  they  are  created. 

Again  we  turn  to  Mr.  Bonamy  Price,  who  will  not  only  give 
us  the  needed  explanation,  but  will  tell  us  how  the  banking 
business  is  managed  in  our  chief  market,  Great  Britain : 

"What  are  crises?  Great  disturbances  of  the  money  market;  diffi- 
culty of  obtaining  advances;  high  rates  of  discount;  great  firms  in 
danger;  who  is  sound  and  who  is  unsound  unknown;  whose  money 
is  safe;  whose  is  unsafe  a  matter  of  great  uncertainty.  Just  as  it 
was  seen  in  England  in  1866,  it  is  a  time  when  those  who  are  the 
strongest  are  exposed  to  the  most  formidable  dangers.  There 
was  probably  no  institution  in  London  more  exposed  to  peril  in 
1866  then  the  great  London  and  Westminster  Bank,  the  largest  in 
England  and  one  of  the  ablest  conducted.  The  cause  of  the  crisis 
was  simply  alarm;  simply  that  those  vast  bodies  of  people  who  had 
intrusted  funds  to  this  institution  got  into  what  may  be  called  a 
panic,  to  use  a  common  word.  In  that  state  of  wild  alarm,  all 
rushed  for  their  money,  everybody  catching  the  contagion,  which 
became  more  catching  because  it  was  unreasonable.  There  is  noth- 
ing more  stirring  than  alarm  which  has  no  definite  cause,  which 
does  not  know  what  it  goes  upon,  which,  therefore,  suspects  any 
cause  of  mischief  because  it  has  none  that  it  can  put  its  finger  upon. 
The  fathers  of  the  city,  the  great  bankers  and  wise  men,  sat  in 
counsel  all  night  and  asked  each  other  ■ '  What  is  the  cure  ?M  I  be- 
lieve the  cause  of  these  panics  can  be  stated,  and  when  you  know 
the  danger  and  the  cause  likely  to  disturb  you  can  take  proper  pre- 
cautions. Now,  it  is  not  the  magnitude  of  the  loss  alone  which  con- 
stitutes a  crisis.  Destruction  alone  is  not  the  cause.  A  bad  harvest 
in  England  is  a  loss  of  £30,000,000;  that  is,  in  such  a  case  you  have 
got  to  buy  or  procure  £30,000,000  worth  of  corn  twice  over.  You 
have  sown,  you  have  tilled,  you  have  put  the  manure  on  the  land, 
but  the  August  rain  comes  in,  the  corn  is  not  matured,  and  you 
have  got  to  live,  so  you  must  buy  in  from  the  stranger.  But  that 
produces  no  panic,  no  financial  agony.  It  is  a  dead  loss;  a  calam- 
ity, something  bigger  than  a  calamity  in  the  money  market.     But 

27 


418  BANKS  AND  MONEY. 

it  does  not  generate  a  financial  storm.  Then  a  bad  war.  "War 
is  the  most  destructive  thing  in  the  world.  It  is  a  deliberate 
work  of  men  to  destroy;  they  destroy  food,  clothing,  iron,  ships. 
Nothing  destroys  like  war.  It  is  the  most  uneconomical  thing 
on  earth.  But  a  war  does  not  necessarily  produce  a  panic. 
It  is  this  terrifying  fear  which  we  know  accompanies  a  hur- 
ricane in  London.  Very  well.  Again,  take  a  cotton  famine  in 
England.  It  was  a  terrific  loss  of  money.  Wealth  in  those  districts 
was  paralyzed  because  America  had  no  cotton.  The  poor  men 
had  no  wages.  All  that  vast  apparatus  of  capital  was  earning  noth- 
ing; consuming,  buying,  but  not  selling.  But  there  was  no  panic. 
That  year  is  not  enumerated  as  one  of  storm.  Therefore  we  don't 
get,  by  mere  destruction  alone,  into  a  reign  of  panic.  Then  again, 
another  curious  thing.  The  typhoon  has  this  character;  that  it 
whips  up  the  water  terrifically  in  a  particular  spot,  but  the  neigh- 
boring waters  are  dead  calm.  At  the  time  in  '66,  in  '47,  and  other 
times,  when  money  charges  were  at  twenty,  when  people  could  not 
get  advances  on  the  best  security,  when  the  bank  had  to  say,  "  I 
can't,"  all  this  time  the  market  for  advancing  money  on  agriculture, 
to  squires  and  county  gentlemen,  was  so  that  they  could  get  all  they 
wanted  at  four  per  cent.  That  is  absolutely  historical.  Therefore 
these  convulsions  have  something  very  peculiar  about  them.  The 
real  fury  of  the  storm,  in  its  national  importance  in  distinction  to  in- 
dividuals, is  its  bearing  upon  banks,  upon  discounts.  It  is  not  so 
much  on  rate  per  cent.,  though  that  is  bad  enough,  but  it  is  the  im- 
possibility of  discount  which  constitutes  the  terrific  agitation  and 
the  loss  to  the  nation.  Modern  trade,  as  you  are  well  aware,  is 
carried  on  upon  a  very  peculiar  method.  I  have  no  doubt  it  is  in 
New  York  as  in  England.  The  characteristic  is  that  it  is  carried  on 
with  other  people's  capital,  not  the  traders'.  The  traders  are  not 
the  people  who  provide  the  capital  for  their  business.  Some  they 
do  provide;  the  bulk  certainly  not.  The  distinctive  peculiarity  of 
modern  trade  is  that  it  is  carried  on  by  bills,  and  bills  have  to  be 
discounted,  because  a  bill  means,  "  I  cannot  pay  to-day,  but  I  will 
pay  this  at  three  months/'  The  goods  are  given,  the  sale  is  com- 
pleted, and  the  man  who  sells  holds  in  his  hand  a  piece  of  paper 
which  says  that  after  three  months  he  will  have  his  money,  but  not 
before.  The  man  so  circumstanced  wants  to  go  on  with  his  busi- 
ness, which  he  cannot  do  if  he  has  to  wait  three  months  for  his 
funds  to  come  in.  How  are  his  working-men  to  be  paid  or  his  ship 
to  be  sent  away?  That  is  done  by  discounting  bills  at  banks,  and 
the  national  strain  of  the  crisis  is  its  action  upon  the  general  trade 
of  the  nation  by  acting  upon  the  discount  market.  This  discount- 
ing takes  place  in  banks,  and,  therefore,  we  now  see  a  locality  of 
the  storm.     It  is  somehow  or  other  connected  with  banks. 

Banks  are  peculiar  institutions.  I  know  a  great  many  of  the  emi- 
nent bankers  of  England  well.  I  have  asked  directors  of  banks, 
the  governor  of  the  Bank  of  England,  and  personages  of  that  kind 
a  very  simple  question;  but  I  never  met  only  one  man,  dead  and 
gone  now,  who  could  answer  me  this  question:  What  is  a  bank? 
and  what  does  a  bank  deal  in?  That  lies  at  the  root  of  the  question 
of  crises.  I  have  only  met  one,  Mr.  Potter,  the  founder  of  the  great 
London  Joint  Stock  Company,  who  could  answer  that  question.     I 


NOTHING  IS  MONEY  BUT  COIN.  419 

know  what  a  grocer  is.  He  deals  in  candles,  in  tea,  in  sago.  I 
know  what  a  fruiter  is.  If  I  ask  such  a  man  what  he  deals  in,  he 
has  not  the  slightest  difficulty  in  answering  my  question.  It  is  mar- 
velous in  this  nineteenth  century  that  of  such  a  great  profession,  such 
a  great  branch  of  human  activity,  there  is  no  definition,  except  per- 
haps in  my  writings,  of  what  a  bank  is  and' what  it  deals  in.  But  it 
is  essential,  in  order  to  understand  crises,  to  understand  what  banks 
are,  as  they  are  phenomena  of  banking.  They  are  the  Chinese  Sea 
of  banking. 

I  said  in  "Frazer"  a  year  ago  that  a  banker  did  not  deal  in 
money  above  one  thirtieth  of  his  business.  Of  course,  in  order  to 
go  on  to  that  computation  I  must  understand  what  money  is.  There 
is  another  ugly  question. 

"What  is  money  ?  I  gave  a  lecture  before  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce of  Liverpool  on  that  question.  I  will,  in  passing,  take  the 
word  money.  It  comes  from  the  temple  of  Juno  Moneta,  in 
Rome.  It  was  the  mint  of  Rome;  the  money  was  stamped  pieces  of 
metal,  generally  known  by  the  name  of  coin.  Nothing  is  money 
but  that;  and  the  Romans  had  no  doubt  about  it,  because  they  had 
no  paper  money.  I  am  very  willing,  however,  for  this  discussion,  to 
include  the  bank  note  as  money.  Why  is  not  a  check  money?  The 
bank  note  itself  is  not  money.  A  promise  to  give  a  thing  is  not  the 
thing  itself.  Those  who  call  paper  money  are  in  this  mess;  they 
say  that  a  piece  of  paper  saying,  ' '  I  will  pay  you  the  money  when 
you  ask  for  it/'  or  "when  it  is  convenient  for  me,"  as  in  the  case  of 
your  currency,  is  money.  Paper  of  all  kinds  are  merely  title  deeds, 
nothing  else.  Except  when  you  are  passing  convertible  currency 
laws,  pieces  of  paper  are  merely  written  certificates  to  go  to  the 
judge  and  jury  with,  and  to  send  a  sheriff  to  you  if  you  don't  give 
the  coin  which  that  calls  for.  They  are  evidence  to  produce  before 
a  court  of  law. 

What  distinguishes  the  bank  note,  so  that,  in  the  secondary  sense, 
it  cannot  be  called  money,  from  all  pieces  of  paper,  such  as  checks, 
bills,  and  other  instruments  of  that  kind,  which  I  wholly  deny  the 
smallest  possibility  of  giving  the  title  of  money  to  ?  The  anony- 
mous character  of  the  bank  note.  If  I  take  a  man's  check  for  my 
horse,  ordering  Jones  &  Co.  to  pay  Mr.  Price  £84,  he  has  not  got 
my  horse  yet.  I  have  got  to  ask  who  he  is,  and  the  likelihood  of  his 
having  £84  at  Jones  &  Co.'s.  That  money  does  not  circulate.  That 
is  not  money. 

The  paper  promises  issued  by  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  that  are  made  legal  tenders  come  under  the  definition  that  I 
have  given  of  money  in  the  secondary  sense.  They  roll  about  just 
like  coin,  and  are  taken  from  hand  to  hand.  I  was  saying  that  I 
estimated  the  money  in  use  by  a  banker  as  one  thirtieth.  A  little 
time  after  Sir  John  Lubbock,  of  Robarts  &  Co.,  analyzed  the  re- 
ceipts of  £19,000,000,  of  that  firm,  and  found  that  in  that  amount 
£3  in  £100  were  cash,  and  ten  shillings  only  were  coin.  There  was 
only  three  per  cent  I  said  it  was  one  in  thirty,  and  it  turned  out  to 
be  one  in  thirty-three  and  one  third.  So  bankers  do  not  deal  in 
money.  If  that  is  not  their  business,  what  are  these  ninety-seven 
things  which  are  their  staple?  What  is  a  bank?  The  answer  will 
depend  upon  these  ninety-seven  things.     They  are,  one  and  all. 


420  BANKS  AND   MONEY. 

debts  to  collect;  pieces  of  paper  pushed  in  upon  the  counter,  all 
implying  that  John  and  William  and  Dick  and  Harry  owe  me  a  lot 
of  things.  You  go  and  collect  these  debts  for  me.  That  is  a  bank- 
er's business;  to  collect  pieces  of  paper  embodying  debts,  and  to 
collect  them.  The  next  thing  is,  what  does  a  banker  do?  Does  he 
go  and  get  the  money  which  he  has  a  right  to  on  all  these  pieces  of 
paper?  Not  a  bit.  He  is  not  going  to  be  put  to  that  botheration. 
What  he  does  is  this:  A  cotton  man  has  just  thrown  down  £5,000 
worth  of  bills  upon  the  counter  of  the  bank.  A  man  who  is  a 
dealer  in  silk  turns  up  five  minutes  after,  and  says  this:  "I  want  to 
buy  silk,  but  I  have  not  the  'wherewithal/  I  will  hold  you  harm- 
less, I  have  got  security,  but  security  not  available  to-day."  What 
does  the  banker  do?  He  says:  "  Give  me  these  securities;  you  don't 
want  to  sell  them;  a  cotton  man  has  just  given  me  £5,000  worth  of 
cotton  bills;  I  know  he  will  not  draw  any  checks  upon  these  for  at 
least  a  month.  Go  and  buy  silk  for  a  month,  and  I  will  meet  your 
checks."  The  banker  has  debts  to  collect,  and  how  does  he  collect 
them  ?  By  creating  fresh  debts  in  which  he  is  the  lender.  That  is 
banking. 

A  banker  is  therefore  essentially  a  broker.  I  define  in  my  book  a 
bank  as  an  institution  for  the  transferring  of  debts.  A  better  one 
is,  an  institution  for  the  transferring  of  credits,  but  a  still  better 
one  is  the  following,  which  I  prefer:  A  banker  is  essentially  a 
broker.  That  is  his  true  character  and  nature;  an  intermediate 
agent  between  two  principals.  Here  is  his  relation  to  the  cotton 
man:  "  You  have  given  me  £5,000  worth  of  cotton  bills,  to  collect. 
I  understand  from  your  habits  of  business  that  these  bills  will  be 
with  me  a  month.  I  am  responsible  to  you  for  this,  but  I  know  I 
shall  have  it  at  my  hand."  To  the  other  man  he  is  a  creator  of 
debts,  having  lent  him  £5,000.  What  has  he  done  ?  The  man  who 
sold  cotton  has  purchasing  power.  He  has  the  power  of  buying 
£5,000  worth  of  goods  all  over  the  town.  He  virtually  says  to  the 
banker,  "  I  don't  want  to  buy  anything  for  a  month,  and  I  shall  not 
ask  you  for  the  proceeds  of  those  bills  for  a  month ."  But  he  still 
has  the  power  of  buying  £5,000  worth,  and  that  power  he  transfers 
to  the  banker,  and  the  banker  to  the  silk  merchant  to  buy  silk.  The 
transfer  from  the  banker  to  the  silk  merchant  is  buying  power.  It 
consists  of  the  bills  of  cotton  which  went  from  his  store,  which 
must  be  paid  for,  and  are  paid  for  in  silk.  This  is  how  I  get  these 
great  conclusions;  that  a  man  who  sells,  by  the  act  of  selling  can 
buy,  because  all  trade  and  all  selling  is  the  exchange  of  equal  goods. 
That  is  the  meaning  of  the  word  selling.  The  banker  is  enabled  to 
buy  by  virtue  of  the  cotton  bills,  and  he  buys  silk;  so  the  silk 
changes  hands  by  virtue  of  the  cotton.  The  Danker  is  merely  an 
intermediate  agent,  a  broker.  The  banker  says,  "  I  will  find  some- 
body to  use  your  buying  power."  The  cotton  buys  the  silk.  There 
is  a  tremendous  number  of  conclusions  to  come  out  of  that.  What 
comes  out  of  this  ?  The  explosion  of  that  delusion  which  infests 
the  city  of  London  and  the  newspapers  of  England,  that  banking 
is  an  affair  of  currency,  an  affair  of  money,  and  that  when  there  are 
disorders  the  cure  is  in  currency.  In  the  full  light  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  this  is  believed  by  every  trader  in  the  United  KingdoJI;  and 
so  when  the  crisis  comes  they  wake  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer 


DISCOUNTS.  421 

out  of  Iris  bed  and  say  to  him,  "For  God's  sake,  let  the  Bank  of 
England  issue  more  notes,  and  we  shall  be  saved."  Banking  has 
nothing  to  do  with  money,  except  in  one  single  point.  I  cannot 
thoroughly  explain  that  now.  If  you  tell  a  banker  to  issue  notes, 
he  of  course  sells  them  to  the  public.  Every  note  that  is  issued  by 
the  Bank  of  England,  or  the  United  States  Government,  or  by  a 
private  individual,  is  sold.  The  customers  of  this  banker  are  the 
buyers.  He  collects  their  bills  and  he  pays  them  in  his  bills.  To 
that  extent  there  is  a  resource  in  the  banker  who  lends  upon  dis- 
count. That  extent  we  know  is  limited  in  many  cases.  It  has  dis- 
appeared in  England  from  the  country  banks.  In  the  case  of  the 
Bank  of  England,  that  power  of  selling  notes  to  the  public  is  lim- 
ited to  about  £15,000,000.  By  that  means  it  has  the  power  of  lend- 
ing upon  discount.  But  otherwise  banking  has  nothing  to  do  with 
currency.  It  is  very  true  that  the  banker  is  bound  to  pay  his  debts 
in  currency,  but  so  am  I.  So  are  Baring  Brothers;  so  is  every 
trader  in  the  kingdom.  It  is  perfectly  possible  that  to-morrow 
morning  at  ten  o'clock  every  creditor  in  the  kingdom  can  ask  for 
gold.  He  would  have  to  take  a  bank  note,  but  he  can  get  the 
money  from  the  Bank  of  England. 

Now,  what  is  the  good  of  all  this  investigation  ?  What  reference 
has  it  to  crises?  This:  that,  as  I  said  before,  as  banking  is  the  re- 
gion for  the  commercial  typhoons  and  hurricanes,  it  is  essential  to 
see  the  causes  that  act  upon  banking,  and  it  is  not  from  such  rub- 
bish as  a  certain  quantity  of  bank  notes,  certain  things  in  the  £3 
in  the  hundred;  it  is  from  these  ninety-seven  things;  and  they  are 
goods,  are  property,  are  goods  sold,  parted  with,  and  the  contract 
expressed  on  pieces  of  paper  to  pay  money  on  demand  or  at  the 
time  specified.  That  is  the  force  of  banking,  and,  therefore,  if 
banking  is  abundant,  it  is  because  many  goods  have  been  sold, 
and  the  sellers  of  these  goods  do  not  want  to  buy  much.  Let  me 
repeat  it.  Banking  is  easy,  discount  is  easy,  the  rate  of  interest  is 
low,  in  the  proportion  that  men  have  given  away  their  goods  and 
are  not  disposed  to  buy  to  a  corresponding  full  extent  of  other 
goods.  Then  bankers  have  much  to  lend.  But  when  this  is  the 
other  way;  when  the  farmer  has  spent  all  his  capital  in  caring  for 
his  farm,  and  the  bad  and  naughty  weather  comes  in  August,  and 
the  corn  is  spoiled,  then  the  poor  farmer  is  in  very  different  circum- 
stances with  his  banker.  With  a  good  harvest  Jie  has  plenty  of  time 
to  wait.  When  he  has  no  wheat,  or  little  to  sell,  he  goes  into  town 
— perhaps  has  his  old  horse  to  replace  with  a  new  one — and  he 
puts  nothing  in  his  banker's  hands,  and  very  possibly  he  asks  him 
to  lend  him  money.  Look  at  the  effect  upon  the  banker.  His 
means  are  reduced  because  the  farmer  deposited  nothing,  and  per- 
haps wanted  money,  and  to  whom  lie  must  lend.  That  is  abundant 
means  for  banking  and  poor  means  for  banking. 

Now,  this  making  of  railroads,  warehouses,  beautiful  towns,  etc., 
are  not  foolish  things,  but  they  are  things  which  destroy  and  do  not 
replace,  and  that  is  poverty.  Poverty  means  that  there  are  no  goods 
to  sell,  and  when  there  are  no  goods  to  sell  there  are  no  goods  to 
buy  with.  The  banker's  resources  fail,  therefore.  Then  come  the 
crises.  They  are  the  consequences  of  the  destruction  of  property 
which  is  not  replaced.     They  are  the  true  children  of  poverty,  and 


4:22  BANKS  AND  MONEY. 

that  kind  of  poverty  which  produces  crises  is  never  more  fostered 
than  when  bankers  encourage  useful  things,  things  useful  twenty 
years  from  this  day.  The  railroad  does  not  replace  its  money  for 
fifty  years.  If  the  actual  outlay  is  £10,000,000,  this  £10,000,000 
spent  in  food,  etc.,  are  not  replaced  for  fifty  years.  The  nation  is 
poor  for  fifty  years.  Now,  go  on  with  that  poverty,  and  the  bedevil- 
ment  of  the  money  market  will  go  on.  The  broker  between  the  two 
men  finds  that  his  deposits  are  coming  short,  which  means  that  there 
is  no  longer  any  sale  of  goods.  Why  ?  Because  you  have  been  de- 
stroying the  wealth  of  the  country  in  a  way  which  will  lose  it  for 
fifty  years.  It  is  no  better,  as  far  as  banking  is  concerned,  than  if 
you  had  chucked  it  into  the  sea.  The  savings  of  the  nation  is  the 
excess  of  the  things  it  makes  in  comparison  with  the  things  it  con- 
sumes, and  that  excess,  if  it  employs  it  wisely,  will  make  the  nation 
richer.  But  if  it  "  chucks  "  it  into  the  sea,  it  will  remain  station- 
ary. The  secret  of  crises  is  the  building,  beyond  the  savings,  of 
useful  and  valuable  works. 

It  is  claimed  that  the  English  Cooperative  Associations  are 
the  best  financial  successes  in  the  world.  That  of  Rochdale, 
in  England,  was  started  by  twenty-eight  men.  After  a  pro- 
longed strike  of  the  flannel  manufacturers,  which  ended  in  the 
utter  defeat  of  the  working  men,  a  few  of  them  met  together, 
about  thirty  years  ago,  and  said  one  to  another:  "Is  it  not  pos- 
sible, instead  of  the  constant  strife  with  capital,  which  is  too 
strong  for  us,  that  we  can  use  the  capital  spent  in  this  way  by 
ourselves,  and  do  something  to  become  our  own  employers?" 
That  was  at  the  bottom  of  the  idea  of  starting  a  cooperative 
store,  and  the  twenty-eight  men  then  commenced  the  Roch- 
dale Society,  with  a  capital  of  £28  ($140),  which  at  the  present 
time  numbers  7,000  members,  one  for  each  house  in  town,  and 
now  have  an  accumulated  capital  of  £150,000  ($750,000),  and 
distributes  profits  among  the  working  men  of  the  town  of  be- 
tween $150,000  and  $200,000,  annually.  The  educational  funds 
of  the  society  amount  to  more  than  $5,000  yearly;  and  out  of 
the  Rochdale  store  has  sprung  a  cotton  mill  and  flannel  manu- 
factory, which  employs  a  capital  of  $700,000,  in  addition  to  its 
other  capital  needed  in  various  ways.  The  Executive  Commit- 
tee of  the  National  Grange  have  recommended  the  Rochdale 
plan  of  cooperative  societies  as  worthy  of  imitation  by  Patrons. 

There  are  at  present  seven  hundred  and  fifty  cooperative 
societies  in  England,  representing  a  business  capital  of  not  less 
than  $50,000,000,  and  the  profits  amount  to  more  than  $3,- 
800,000  annually.  Taking  the  good,  bad  and  indifferent  coop- 
erative societies  into  account,  we  find  that  the  average  expense 


COOPERATIVE  BANKS  IN  GERMANY.  423 

upon  the  business  is  only  five  per  cent.,  and  that  amount  in- 
cludes a  sum  sufficient  to  pay  the  interest  upon  the  capital. 

In  Germany,  cooperative  banks  were  established  some  twenty 
years  ago,  which  are  said  to  have  proved  a  great  blessing  to 
the  laboring  classes.  The  capital  of  these  banks  consists  of 
funds  known  as  active  and  reserve.  The  first  is  derived  from 
the  monthly  or  annual  contributions  of  members;  the  latter  is 
made  up  of  admission  fees,  and  from  retaining  a  percentage  of 
the  profits  in  the  bank,  to  be  distributed  in  case  of  dissolution. 
Deposits  and  loans  are  made,  and  these,  with  the  active  fund, 
constitute  the  working  capital.  No  interest  is  paid  on  contri- 
butions, but  members  derive  a  dividend  from  the  general  prof- 
its, averaging  some  fifteen  per  cent,  per  annum,  and  are  allowed 
advances  at  a  low  rate  of  interest,  to  the  amount  of  their  stock, 
and  larger  sums,  by  giving  security  to  other  members.  The 
aggregate  business  of  these  banks  in  1867  was  $13,000,000,  and 
the  proportion  of  losses  was  but  one  quarter 'of  one  per  cent., 
which  is  creditable  alike  to  the  administrative  ability  of  the 
officers,  and  the  honesty  and  integrity  of  its  members. 

Wise  men  ask,  when  they  see  an  acorn  before  them,  does  it 
contain  an  oak?  And,  judging  from  the  small  beginning  and 
successful  growth  of  these  societies,  one  could  not  but  infer 
that  they  contain  the  germ  of  true  prosperity  and  happiness. 
The  progress  has  been  striking.  It  took  twenty  years  for  co- 
operative societies  to  accumulate  the  first  five  million,  and  only 
five  to  accumulate  the  next.  The  entire  capital  of  England,  at 
the  present  time,  is  about  $40,000,000,000,  and  the  profits 
thirty  to  forty  million,  while  the  profits  of  cooperative  societies 
are  nearly  four  million,  or  thirty  per  cent,  on  the  capital  em- 
ployed. The  "California  Agriculturist"  says:  "With  the  glori- 
ous success  of  our  mother  country  before  us,  it  seems  that  the 
working  men  of  the  west  and  the  farmers  might  combine,  and 
by  putting  the  shares  at  $5  to  $10  each,  so  that  all  could  take 
part,  in  a  short  time  could  have  a  substantial  cooperative  store 
and  manufactory  in  every  town  of  a  thousand  inhabitants  in  the 
west,  and  by  such  a  course  would  dispense  with  the  necessity 
of  shipping  our  produce  to  eastern  consumers,  and  paying 
transportation  companies  three  to  four  times  as  much  for  ship- 
ping as  the  producer  gets  for  raising.  When  such  a  movement 
is  organized,  there  will  be  no  more  legislation  needed  on  rail- 


424    CONDITIONS  AFFECTING:  AGRICULTURAL  PROSPERITY. 

roads;  and  they,  like  all  other  branches  of  industry,  will  have 
to  work  for  the  same  that  others  do,  or  suspend  operations." 


CHAPTER  XXX. 

4 

EXCEPTIONAL  CONDITIONS   OF  THE  PACIFIC    COAST  AFFECTING   AGRI- 
CULTURAL PROSPERITY. 

SUMMARY  OF  ADVANTAGES:  OF  DISADVANTAGES — WeT  AND  DRY  SEASONS — VARIA- 
BILITY of  the  Average —Irregularity  in  each  Year — Tabular  Statement 
of  Extremes  of  Rain-fall  —  Seasons  of  Drought? — Amount  of  Eain  Needed 
to  Secure  a  Crop — Amount  Actually  Determined — Fences  and  Fuel — 
Forests  and  the  Rain-fall — Forests  and  Inland  Navigation. 

Patrons  of  Husbandry  from  the  older  States  will  naturally 
seek  for  reliable  information  within  the  Order  with  regard  to 
the  advantages  which  the  Pacific  Coast  offers  to  immigration. 
We  shall  endeavor  to  state  these  with  fairness,  believing  that 
the  presentation  of  the  shady  side  will  yet  leave,  in  the  vast 
area  of  unoccupied  land,  in  the  salubrity  of  our  climate,  the 
range  of  our  productions,  and  the  variety  of  industries  which 
must  necessarily  spring  from  these,  conditions  of  prosperity 
unequaled  on  the  face  of  the  earth.  The  early  settlers  were 
wont  to  call  this  "God's  country;"  we  believe  it  is  most  em- 
phatically and  peculiarly  "man's  country,"  the  chosen  field  of 
his  highest  endeavors  and  accomplishments. 

Of  the  40,000,000  of  acres  of  tillable  land  in  California  alone, 
there  is  probably  18,000,000  which  can  be  obtained  at  a  moder- 
ate cost  and  upon  favorable  terms.  Under  the  Homestead  Act 
the  same  facilities  exist  as  eastward ;  but  here  the  farmer  is  not 
obliged  to  house  his  stock,  to  build  barns,  or,  in  most  cases, 
to  clear  his  land.  A  chain  of  valleys,  where  wheat  can  be 
grown  without  irrigation,  extends  from  Los  Angeles  northward 
to  the  Russian  river,  with  a  great  number  of  smaller  tribu- 
tary valleys  or  offshoots,  remarkably  adapted  to  the  purposes 
of  diversified  farming  and  stock  growing.  There  are  almost  as 
many  climates  as  townships.  Directly  upon  the  coast,  in  the 
latitude  of  San  Francisco,  neither  the  grape  nor  semi-tropical 
fruits  will  flourish  in  the  open  air;  yet  three  miles  from  Mar- 
tinez, in  the  Alhambra  vineyards,  every  desirable  variety  of  the 
grape,   cherry,  peach,  almond;  the  orange,  lemon  and  pome- 


MEAN  TEMPERATURES,  AND  DROUGHTS. 


425 


granate,  are  grown  to  perfection.  These  extremes  of  variability 
are  found  within  a  few  miles  of  each  other. 

The  "tule"  lands  are  estimated  to  cover  3,000,000  of  acres, 
and  contain  the  richest  soils,  to  reclaim  which,  capital  i^  now 
largely  directed.  The  time  is  not  far  distant  when  they  will  be 
covered  with  the  most  profitable  crops,  for  which  there  are  all 
the  advantages  of  cheap  water  transportation. 

But  the  most  marked  geographical  feature  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  is  the  great  valley  which  has  been  so  fully  treated  of  in 
our  chapters  on  irrigation,  "of  57,200  square  miles  in  extent, 
equal  to  Illinois,  Wisconsin,  or  Michigan,  or  Iowa,  or  Ohio  and 
half  of  Indiana  combined,  or  of  half  the  area  of  all  the  Middle 
States." 

All  this  immense  area  possesses  the  working  man's  climate, 
a  climate  resembling  that  of  Italy  in  its  general  character, 
though  far  more  bracing  and  exhilarating  in  its  effect  upon  man 
and  animals.  The  following  table,  from  "HittelTs  Resources 
of  California,"  shows  the  mean  temperatures  of  January  and 
July,  and  the  difference  between  them  in  different  localities : 


San  Francisco 
Monterey... . . 
Santa  Barbara 
Los  Angeles.. 

Jurupa 

San  Diego 

San  Luis  Rey 
Sacramento . . . 

Stockton 

Humboldt  Bay 

Sonoma 

St.  Helena 

Vallejo 

Antioch 

Millerton 

Fort  Jones .... 
Fort  Heading. 
Fort  Yuma 


JAN. 

JULY. 

DHTEBENCE . 

deg. 

dear. 

deg-. 

49 

57 

8 

52 

58 

6 

54 

71 

17 

52 

75 

23 

54 

73 

19 

51 

72 

21 

52 

70 

18 

45 

73 

28 

49 

72 

23 

40 

58 

18 

45 

66 

21 

42 

77 

35 

48 

67 

19 

43 

70 

27 

47 

90 

43 

34 

71 

37 

44 

82 

38 

56 

92 

36 

LATITUDE. 


deg.  min. 

37  48 

36  36 
34  24 
34  04 
34  02 

32  41 

33  15 

38  34 

37  56 

40  44 

38  18 
38  30 
38  05 
38  03 
37  00 

41  40 
40  28 
32  43 


The  most  serious  drawback  to  California  as  a  farming  coun- 
try, is  the  frequency  of  droughts.  Oregon  and  Washington 
have  hero  an  advantage,  counterbalanced,  to  some  extent,  by 
their  frosts  and  snows,  though  the  latter  seldom  involves  an 
utter  failure  of  the  crop.     In  portions  of  California,  two  rain- 


426  CONDITIONS  AFFECTING  AGEICULTUBAL  PROSPEEITY. 

less  seasons  in  succession  destroy  not  only  crops  and  fields,  but 
stock  also;  in  the  summer  of  1863-4,  more  than  800,000  neat 
cattle  and  sheep  died  of  starvation.  The  difference  in  the  rain- 
fall varies  greatly  in  different  parts  of  the  State.  "We  give  the 
following  exhaustive  paper  on  the  rain-fall,  from  the  report  of 
the  Board  of  Irrigation  Commissioners : 

The  climate  of  the  Pacific  coast  west  of  the  Sierra  Nevada  and 
Cascade  mountains  is  altogether  different  from  that  of  the  Atlantic 
coast,  and  differs  also  from  that  of  the  country  between  the  eastern 
slope  of  the  Rocky  mountains  and  the  Sierra  Nevada.  The  ordinary 
form  of  rain-fall  tables  fails  to  exhibit  its  characteristic,  so  that  upon 
this  coast  tabulated  results  of  precipitation  of  rain  and  snow  are 
made  out  for  the  rainy  season,  which  extends  from  about  October 
15  to  April  1.  No  rain,  in  the  ordinary  acceptation  of  the  term, 
falls  during  the  dry  season,  between  April  1  and  October  15,  in  the 
latitude  of  38°.  Northward  of  that  latitude,  and  especially  north- 
ward of  latitude  40°,  there  is  frequently  a  small  rain-fall  during  the 
summer,  and  a  heavy  rain-fall  during  the  winter. 

Southward  of  38°  the  rainy  season  is  shortened  and  the  dry  season 
lengthened,  so  that  at  San  Diego,  in  latitude  32J°,  the  rain-fall  on 
the  immediate  coast  averaged  only  9.2  inches  during  twenty-three 
years. 

On  the  coast,  about  latitude  28°,  is  the  region  of  the  "  doldrums," 
where  little  rain  falls,  but  where  a  cloudy  region  exists.  South  of 
that  latitude,  the  seasons  are  changed,  and  our  rainy  season  is  the 
dry  season  of  the  southern  part  of  Lower  California,  and  our  dry 
season  their  wet  season. 

At  the  extremity  of  the  peninsula  of  Lower  California,  only  3 J 
inches  fell  last  summer.  The  rain-fall  at  San  Francisco,  which  may 
be  taken  as  a  type,  averages  23.5  annually,  distributed  as  follows: 


Inches.  Inches. 

June 0.04  ) 

July  . . , 0.01  }  Total  for  the  Summer 0.07 

August. 0.02  ) 

September 0.10  ) 

October 0.64  >•   Total  for  the  Autumn 3.57 

November 2.83  ) 

December 5.42  j 

January 5.30  [■  Total  for  the  Winter, ............  14.32 

February 3.60  ) 

March 3.18  ) 

April 1.74  [  Total  for  the  Spring 5.56 

May 0.64  ) 


Yearly  average „ 23.52 

The  tabulated  results  of  rain-fall  upon  the  western  coast  of  the 
United  States,  from  San  Diego  to  Puget  Sound,  given  by  the  Smith- 
sonian Contributions,  confirm  this  example  as  a  type,  having  the 
following  characteristics : 

"A  most  decided  minimum  during  the  summer  months,  amount 


9  OEOGRAPHICAL  FEATURES.  427 

at  some  places,  to  an  absence  of  rain,  and  a  well  marked  maximum 
late  in  December.     Range  excessive.  " 

Other  tables  could  be  produced  to  illustrate  a  characteristic  in  the 
winter  rain-falls,  namely,  that  during  the  season  there  is  a  marked 
cessation  of  rain,  ranging  from  one  to  four  weeks. 

This  cessation  does  not  occur  at  any  regular  epoch,  so  that  its 
effect  is  not  seen  in  a  chart  constructed  only  upon  average  quantities, 
but  it  has  occurred  nine  years  out  of  ten.  Very  frequently  during 
this  cessation  of  rain,  the  cold  winds  from  the  north,  accompanied 
by  a  clear  sky,  blow  fiercely,  and  blast  the  young  growing  crops;  or 
when  this  dry  interval  is  prolonged,  even  without  these  cold  north- 
ers, the  weather  is  usually  clear  and  fine,  perhaps  hot,  and  the  young 
grain  withers  and  may  be  wholly  lost,  even  for  fodder,  if  the  last 
rains  of  the  season  come  late. 

In  some  years  the  rains  cease  suddenly  in  February,  and  the  crop 
is  lost.  This  was  notably  so  in  the  Great  Valley  in  the  spring  of 
1873,  where  a  most  promising  harvest  was  blighted  by  the  ceasing 
of  the  rains,  and  only  those  few  fields  that  were  irrigated  yielded  a 
crop;  those  that  had  been  summer-fallowed  yielded  about  half  an 
average  crop;  the  remainder,  especially  on  the  southern  half  of  the 
valley,  yielded,  probably,  an  average  of  six  or  eight  bushels. 

Southward  of  the  Great  Valley,  to  the  Mexican  boundary,  the 
necessity  for  irrigation  increases,  and  the  problem  becomes  more 
intricate,  because  the  extensive  arable  sections  have  a  limited  sup- 
ply of  water,  and  the  country  is  not  so  easily  watered.  In  the  San 
Diego  river  no  water  flowed  through  its  lower  parts  for  about  five 
years,  ending  November,  1873. 

Although  the  commission  has  not  been  required  to  examine  any 
other  than  the  Great  Valley,  the  foregoing  fact  is  stated  in  confirma- 
tion of  the  peculiar  climatic  conditions  of  the  coast. 

The  orographical  features  of  the  Pacific '  slope  are  such  that  were 
other  conditions  equal,  the  uniformity  of  rain-fall  can  nowhere  take 
place. 

Speaking  generally,  the  Coast  Eange  of  mountains  and  the  Sierra 
Nevada  run  parallel  with  the  coast  line,  and  the  Great  Valley  lies 
between  them.  The  Coast  Eange  of  mountains  maintains  an  average 
elevation  of  over  two  thousand  feet,  reaching  as  much  as  six  thou- 
sand two  hundred  feet  a  few  miles  south  of  Monterey,  and  three 
thousand  eight  hundred  feet  to  the  peninsula  of  San  Francisco. 

The  southerly  storms  of  winter  bring  up  rain  north  of  latitude 
28°  to  30°,  and  drive  the  moisture-laden  air  against  the  southwest- 
erly, or  seaward-flanks  of  these  mountain  ranges,  and  the  precipita- 
tion of  rain  amounts  to  two  and  a  half  times  the  quantity  that  falls 
upon  the  eastern  flanks.  This  has  been  established  by  measurement 
at  the  reservoirs  of  the  Spring  Valley  Water  Company,  and  confirms 
the  reports  of  the  farmers  and  stockmen. 

Nine  years  observations  at  Pillarcitos  Dam,  give  an  average  of  58 
inches  of  rain,  while  San  Francisco,  distant  only  fourteen  miles,  has 
23.5  inches.  The  same  law  holds  good  along  the  western  flank  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada,  which  chain  averages  nine  thousand  five  hundred 
feet  elevation.  From  several  years  observations  on  the  line  of  the 
Central  Pacific  railroad,  the  fall  of  rain  at  Summit  station  is  three 
times  that  between  Rocklin  and  Auburn,  and  many  times  greater 


428  CONDITIONS  AFFECTING  AGRICULTURAL  PROSPERITY. ' 

than  on  the  eastern  flank  of  the  Sierra,  where  the  rain-fall  is  very 
limited.  The  same  law  is  well  known  along  the  southernmost  part  of 
Lower  California. 

At  the  head  of  Sacramento  Valley,  in  latitude  41°,  where  the 
Coast  Kange  of  mountains  crowds  upon  the  Sierra  Nevada,  the 
clouds  are  banked  up  heavily,  and  it  is  safe  to  say  that  four  times, 
and  in  some  seasons  perhaps  ten  times  as  much  rain  falls  at  Shasta 
as  in  the  region  of  Kern  Lake,  at  the  southwestern  extremity  of  the 
valley.  This  latter  section  is  the  driest  region  in  the  whole  valley, 
and  probably  only  half  the  rain  falls  there  that  falls  about  the  vicin- 
ity of  Baker  sfield. 

On  the  Coast  Eange  of  mountains,  snow  very  rarely  falls,  and 
never  lies  over  twenty -four  hours;  but  on  the  Sierra  Nevada,  it  falls 
to  a  depth  of  sixty  or  seventy  feet  (observations  at  Summit  station, 
in  1866-67),  and  lies  throughout  the  winter  with  an  average  depth 
of  fourteen  feet.  This  snow  forms  a  great  natural  storehouse  of 
water;  it  supplies  the  streams  throughout  the  year.  If  the  greater 
body  of  it  is  melted  during  the  winter  by  warm  rains,  it  causes  dis- 
astrous floods;  but  in  ordinary  seasons  the  main  body  of  it  is  melted 
about  June,  and  causes  the  summer  rise  in  the  rivers. 

The  law  of  the  greater  precipitation  of  rain  upon  the  western 
flanks  of  the  mountains  is  well  exhibited  in  the  number,  size  and 
volume  of  the  streams  which  have  their  sources  in  these  mountain 
ranges.  The  streams  of  the  west,  or  seaward  flank  of  the  peninsula 
of  San  Francisco  and  of  the  Coast  Kange  northward,  are  greater 
than  those  on  the  eastern  flank,  and  especially  marked  is  this  in  the 
case  of  the  Sierra  Nevada,  where  it  may  be  also  noted  that  the 
streams  of  the  west  flank  exceed  in  aggregate  volume  those  of  both 
flanks  of  the  Coast  Range. 

The  figures  to  establish  this  well-known  law  are  not  produced  in 
this  place,  as  they  will  be  used  in  the  remarks  upon  the  unequal  fall 
of  rain  over  the  country. 

The  average  yearly  rain-fall  over  the  basin  of  the  Great  Valley,  is 
sufficient  to  insure  good  crops  annually. 

This  proposition  embraces  two  vital  questions :  1st.  "What  amount 
of  rain-fall,  if  properly  distributed,  will  insure  a  crop  ?  2d.  What 
amount  of  rain-fall  is  there  over  the  entire  basin  of  the  Great  Val- 
ley? Fortunately,  a  good  practical  example  is  at  hand.  During  the 
rainy  seasons  of  1870-71,  1871-72,  1872-73,  a  record  of  the  rain-fall 
at  Visalia  was  kept  by  Dr.  James  W.  Blake,  and  is  both  instructive 
and  reliable.  In  1870-71,  the  total  rain-fall  was  about  6.8  inches; 
in  1871-2,  10.3  inches;  in  1872-3,  7.2  inches.  In  the  first  and  third 
of  these  years,  the  crops  were  failures;  in  the  second  the  harvest 
was  an  abundant  one.  In  1872-3,  the  distribution  was  very  equable 
and  adequate  to  the  end  of  February;  after  that,  only  one  quarter 
of  an  inch  fell  upon  one  day  in  March  and  one  in  April,  and  the 
crops  were  virtually  lost.  The  critical  period  in  the  growing  crops 
appears  in  this,  as  in  other  districts,  to  be  about  the  middle  or  end 
of  February,  when  the  grain  is  several  inches  high,  and  another 
rain-fall  of  one  or  two  inches  would  give  good  crops,  while  a  cessa- 
tion of  rain  leaves  them  blighted.  The  rain-fall  at  Visalia,  1871-72, 
when  a  full  crop  was  secured,  was  as  follows: 


KATN-FALL  AT  VISALIA. 


429 


1870.  Inches. 

November  26 ^ 0.50 

November  27 0.24 

November  28 0.44 

December  17 0.10 

December  18 0.12 

December  19 0.33 

December  20 0.06 

December  21 0.28 

December  22 0.68 

December  23 0.15 

December  27 0.20 

December  28 0.98 

December  29 0.62 

December  31 0.40 


1871.  Inches. 

January  9 1.05 

February  4 0.30 

February  5 0.16 

February  9 0. 17 

February  22 .0.45 

February  23 0.50 

February  24 0.38 

February  27 0.40 

March  28 0.91 

March  29 0.05 

April  13 0.08 

April  16 0.48 

April  17 0.07 

April  27 0.13 

April  28 ;....0.11 


Making  a  total  of  10.34  inches. 

Throughout  the  southern  sections  of  California,  crops  have  been 
secured  when  12  inches  of  rain  have  fallen  in  the  wet  season,  but  the 
precipitation  is  not  so  reliably  uniform  as  farther  north.  Farmers 
and  stockmen  claim  good  crops  with  15  inches.  Owing  to  the  ex- 
cessive heat  of  summer,  the  temperature  reaching  130°  in  the  sun  at 
Bakersfield,  every  particle  of  moisture  is  evaporated  during  the  dry 
season,  and  the  land  cannot  be  plowed  until  considerable  rain  has 
fallen. 

The  average  yearly  rain-fall  over  the  whole  of  the  Great  Basin, 
from  the  Sierra  Nevada  to  the  crest  line  of  the  Coast  Kange  is  not  less 
than  20  inches,  as  is  shown  by  the  statistics  of  the  Smithsonian  pub- 
lications, and  other  evidence. 

At  Fort  Crook,  on  the  upper  Sacramento  river,  at  an  elevation  of 
three  thousand  three  hundred  and  ninety  feet,  in  eight  years,  from 
January,  1858,  to  October,  1867,  there  has  been  an  average  of  23.7 
inches  of  rain-fall. 

At  Fort  Heading,  on  the  Sacramento  river,  near  Heading,  in  three 
and  three  quarter  years,  from  April,  1852,  to  march,  1856,  29.1 
inches. 

At  Clear  Lake,  head  of  Cache  Creek,  in  six  years,  from  1867  to 
1873,  34.4  inches. 

At  Sacramento,  in  twenty-four  years,  from  September,  1849,  to 
August,  1872,  19.6  inches. 

At  Benicia,  in  thirteen  and  a  half  years,  from  November,  1849,  to 
December,  1864,  15.1  inches. 

At  Stockton,  in  three  and  one  half  years,  from  January,  1854,  to 
December,  1857,  13.7  inches. 

At  Millerton,  on  the  San  Joaquin  river,  in  six  and  three  quarter 
years,  from  July,  1851,  to  June,  1858,  19  inches. 

From  the  mouth  of  the  Sacramento  southward  along  the  west  side 
of  the  valley,  to  its  extremity,  there  are  no  records  by  which  we  can 
approximate  the  rain-fall.  The  average  yearly  rain-fall  north  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Sacramento  river  equals  23  inches;  south  of  the  same, 
16  inches,  including  that  at  Fort  Tejon,  in  the  mountains.  In  the 
southern  part  of  the  valley  the  estimate  is  that  not  more  than  two 
crops  in  five  years  can  be  raised.     Taking  all  the  estimates,  there 


430  CONDITIONS  AFFECTING  AGFJCULTUKAL  PROSPERITY. 

falls  on  the  average,  a  superabundance  of  water  for  maturing  the 
crops. 

But  the  rain-fall  in  different  years  is  very  variable;  seasons  of 
drought  and  great  floods  occur,  and  in  any  one  season,  the  rain  is 
very  unequally  distributed  in  different  sections.  A  dry  spring,  as  in 
1873,  cuts  off  one  half  the  crop  through  the  moister  parts  of  the 
valley,  and  totally  destroys  the  crops  in  the  southern  part,  except 
where  irrigation  is  practiced.  From  all  these  facts  it  therefore  ap- 
pears to  be  sufficiently  established,  that  some  system  of  controlling 
the  waters  of  precipitation  is  needed,  and  that  with  such  a  system 
annual  crops  may  be  secured. 

No  other  means  of  equalizing  the  rain-fall  will  ever  take  the 
place  of  that  which  nature  has  provided  in  her  forests.  The 
relations  of  forests  to  the  public  welfare  are  too  vast  and  too 
important  to  be  presented  here.  The  most  magnificent  schemes 
of  irrigation  will  prove  but  temporary  measures  of  relief,  un- 
less our  existing  forests  are  spared,  or  an  equivalent  of  their 
value  as  condensers  and  equalizers  of  moisture  obtained  by 
artificial  planting. 

Another  great  drawback  upon  the  agriculture  of  California 
is  the  lack  of  timber  for  fences  and  fuel.  The  former  costs 
from  three  to  six  hundred  dollars  a  mile,  according  to  the  dis- 
tance from  market  and  the  quality  of  the  fence  made;  and 
though  comparatively  little  fuel  is  needed  in  this  mild  climate, 
the  lack  of  it  is  a  serious  item  of  inconvenience  and  expense. 
In  the  neighborhood  of  Los  Angeles,  and  upon  the  tule  lands, 
the  willow  answers  an  excellent  purpose  for  hedges,  and  soon 
supplies  firewood  and  charcoal;  grape  cuttings  are  also  exten- 
sively used;  but  no  more  promising  outlay  of  labor  or  capital 
is  found  in  the  State,  than  the  artificial  production  of  wood 
in  large  quantities.  Happily  for  us,  Australia  has  given  us 
trees,  of  marvelous  strength,  size,  durability,  and  rapidity  of 
growth,  in  the  eucalyptus  or  sweet  gum  family,  of  which  not 
less  than  thirty-five  useful  and  ornamental  species  are  now  ac- 
climated. Trees  are  indispensable  to  break  the  force  of  the 
northers,  those  destructive  winds  which  are  the  dread  of  farm- 
ers in  the  Great  Valley. 

We  gladly  give  space  to  the  valuable  suggestions  of  George 
May  Powell,  Chairman  of  the  American  Institute  Committee 
on  Forests  and  Inland  Navigation : 

Both  ancient  and  modern  history,  as  well  as  philosophy,  unite  in 
ascribing  the  depletion  and  the  disappearance  of  streams  to  the  dis- 


FENCES  AND  FUEL.  431 

foresting  of  the  regions  of  which  they  are  the  arteries.  Our  own 
country  is  not  an  exception.  Streams  which  the  early  records  of  the 
United  States  show  to  have  been  sufficient  to  float  not  only  barges 
with  several  tons  of  produce,  but  vessels  of  war  even,  will  not  now 
float  a  skiff  at  the  same  seasons  of  the  year.  A  very  little  examina- 
tion will  show  that  in  its  bearing  on  the  great  question  of  inland  nav- 
igation we  have  as  a  nation  many  many  millions  of  dollars  annually 
involved  in  it.  This  interest  is  increasing  in  magnitude  no  less  rap- 
idly than  is  our  material  growth.  The  famous  engineer,  Brunei, 
used  to  say  that  "God  made  rivers  on  purpose  to  feed  canals." 
Official  experiments  carried  on  in  this  State,  during  the  last  year  or 
two,  have  demonstrated  that  by  the  use  of  steam  on  our  canals, 
freight  can  be  transported  between  the  seabord  and  the  great  lakes 
in  half  the  time  previously  required  to  move  it  by  horse  power.  We 
know,  too,  that  eight  pounds  of  traction  are  required  to  move  a  ton 
of  freight  on  a  level  by  rail,  while  less  than  one  fourth  that  traction 
is  required  to  move  a  ton  afloat  in  still  water.  A  fair  average  price 
of  moving  freight  by  rail  is  $30  per  ton,  per  1,000  miles.  Most  of 
our  farmers'  boys  have  enough  arithmetic  at  command  to  enable 
them,  by  use  of  the  above  factors  and  of  the  census  reports,  indi- 
cating the  amount  of  grain  and  other  products  of  farms,  mines  and 
factories  we  have  to  transport,  to  show  that  we  have  an  amount 
here  involved  annually  exceeding  the  interest  on  the  public  debt. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  the  great  body  of  our  freight  can  and  should 
be  floated  instead  of  rolled,  leaving  the  railways  still  plenty  of 
work  in  carrying  passengers,  express  and  mails.  No  more  silvacult- 
ure  than  is  needed  for  timber,  for  fuel  and  manufacturing,  and 
kindred  purposes,  or  that  will  "pay"  as  such,  will  so  restore  and 
preserve  these  streams  as  to  make  them  available  for  the  grandest 
system  of  inland  navigation  the  world  ever  saw.  England  has  so 
elaborate  a  system,  that  between  using  the  channels  of  scarce  a 
score  of  streams — few  of  which  are  large  enough  to  be  called  rivers 
in  America,  together  with  canal  connections,  that  the  aggregate 
length  of  her  inland  lines  is  more  than  ten  times  her  territorial 
length. 

To  secure  a  system  similarly  continuous  in  this  country  we  should 
require  in  some  cases  to  construct  "  slack  water'5  courses,  but  that 
in  turn  would  nearly  or  quite  pay  for  itself  in  adding  to  well  dis- 
tributed hydraulic  power  for  manufacturing  purposes:  Over  a  large 
majority  of  such  lines  river  boats  would  run,  which  would  move  at 
full  treble  the  speed  of  steam  canal  boats,  and  so  be  available  for 
passenger  travel.  Less  than  fifty  years  will  see  not  alone  the  Mis- 
sissippi, the  lakes  and  the  Atlantic  connected  by  ship  canals,  and 
the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  united;  it  will  witness  the  headwaters  be- 
tween the  Missouri  and  the  Columbia,  and  also  many  of  the  minor 
streams  tributary  to  these  and  to  others  of  the  major  arteries,  so  im- 
proved by  means  of  combined  forest  and  navigation  engineering 
that  the  farmers,  miners  and  manufacturers  of  the  next  century  will 
have  their  freight  moved  at  rates  fabulously  low  compared  to  those 
now  paid.  In  cases  where  "summit  levels"  could  not  be  "  locked" 
over,  the  transit  could  be  made,  as  is  now  done  over  the  Alleghany 
mountains,  by  section-boats  mounted  on  rail- cars.  We  presume  it 
is  not  necessary  to  review  the  ground  gone  over  in  previous  papers 


4J2  AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITIES. 

to  show  that  forest  care  and  culture  must,  in  the  very  nature  of  the 
case,  have  the  effect  of  restoring  and  of  saving  the  beautiful  streams 
of  our  country.  That  it  will  have  such  an  effect,  no  truly  scientific 
man  will  question  for  a  moment.  "Water  enough  falls  every  year  to 
keep  our  streams  alive  and  strong;  but  we  want  the  millions  of  tons 
of  forest  leaves  and  moss,  and  the  millions  of  acres  of  soil  loosened 
by  the  roots  of  forest  trees,  to  act  as  the  huge  sponge,  to  hold  it  back 
from  the  sudden  plunge  into  the  streams,  incident  to  disforested  re- 
gions. We  want  the  cooling  influence  of  the  vast  banks  of  green 
forest  leaves  to  more  frequently  contract  the  water-laden  air,  so  as 
to  give  us  many  minor  rain-falls  in  places  of  less  and  less  frequent 
and  more  and  more  violent  rains,  always  and  necessarily  result- 
ing from  wholesale  slaughter  of  our  forest  friends. 


CHAPTEE  XXXI. 

AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITIES. 

"  Agriculture  will  never  be  overstocked  in  America.  She  says  to  other  countries,  bring  us 
your  skill  and  labor;  we  offer  in  return  competence,  homes  and  schools." 

"The  gradual  development  of  the  principle  of  equality  is  a  providential  fact;  universal, 
durable,  it  constantly  eludes  human  interference,  and  all  events,  as  well  as  men,  contribute  to 
its  progress. "-De  Tocqutville. 

Isolation  of  Fakmers  —  Decrease  of  Agricultural  Population  :  Causes — 
Genesis  of  the  Middle-man:  He  Devours  both  Farmer  and  Mechanic — 
Better  Education  the  Kemedy — Kecruits  for  the  Agricultural  Army — 
Immigration  Table — Scandinavia  in  America — Superiority  of  the  Colony 
System — Vineland,  a  model  Kural  Colony — Outlook  and  Conclusions. 

It  will  not  be  denied  that  one  of  the  greatest  discourage- 
ments to  the  life  of  the  farmer  has  been  his  comparative  social 
isolation;  and  all  the  advantages  claimed  for  cooperation  in 
business  enterprises  are  trifling  in  comparison  with  the  benefits 
of  social  cooperation  in  establishing  rural  colonies.  Especially 
is  this  true  of  California,  where  the  urban  is  so  much  more  in 
excess  of  the  rural  population  than  in  the  older  States,  and 
where  the  census  shows  the  proportionate  rate  of  increase  in  the 
latter  to  be  so  much  smaller.  In  the  older  States  we  find  the 
original  farmers'  families  have  disappeared,  and  new  ones  of 
foreign  birth  are  taking  their  places.  The  young  crowd  into 
the  cities,  into  the  mercantile  or  professional  ranks,  until  the 
country  is  depleted  of  its  most  energetic  and  intelligent  mem- 
bers, while  the  overfull  city  is  unable  to  utilize  the  labor  force 
which  should  have  been  expended  upon  the  land. 

Between  the  years  1850  and  1870,  the  population  of  eighteen 
of  our  large  cities  increased  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  per 
cent.     Deducting  the  population  of  these  cities  from  that  of 


DECREASE  OF  AGRICULTURAL  POPULATION.        433 

their  respective  States,  we  have  an  increase  of  fifty-nine  per 
cent,  in  the  country,  including  all  the  smaller  cities,  villages 
and  towns.     In  some  States  this  disproportion  is  even  greater, 
as  in  Massachusetts,  where  such  a  test  would  show  that  the 
rural  population  has  not  increased  at  all,  during  two  decades. 
Even  in  the  new  States,  the  town  population  is  greatly  in  ex- 
cess of  the  country,  as  is  shown   by  the  following  statistics  of 
Ohio:    Total  State -population— 1850,  1,980,329;  1870,  2,665,- 
260.    Urban  population— 1850,  400,000;  1870,  1,000,000.  Agri- 
cultural population— 1850,    1,580,329;    1870,    1,665,260.     In- 
crease— 84,931.     This  gives  an  increase  of  5.4  per  cent,  in  the 
agricultural,  against  an  increase  of  150  per  cent,  of  the  urban 
population.     The  cause  of  this  most  undesirable  state  of  things 
is  due  to  a  low  estimate  of  the  farmer's  pursuit,  and  the  absence 
of    the  facilities   afforded  for  social  enjoyments  in  compact 
neighborhoods.      Human  beings  degenerate  in  proportion  to 
their  isolation;  for  man  is  preeminently  a  social  animal,  and 
he  rises  in  the  scale  by  the  addition  of  other  experiences  to 
his  own.     The  growth  of  his  intellect  and  affections  require  the 
presence  of  various  objects  upon  which  they  may  be  exercised. 
We  often  hear  it  remarked  that  any  man  can  be  a  farmer;  that 
bone  and  muscle  are  the  only  requisites  for  success  in  that  call- 
ing.    The  well-bred  girl  turns  away  from  the  manly  farmer's 
boy,  and  encourages  the  city  snob,  often  against  the  dictates 
of  her  better  judgment,  because  she  thinks  there  is  no  place  on 
the  farm  for  refinements  or  sociability,  or  intellectual  pleasures. 
It  is  these  notions  of  farming  which  have  made  that  ogre  of 
the  farmers,  the  middle-man.     He  is  usually  a  spoiled  farmer, 
whose  wife  was   discontented   on  account  of  hard  work  and 
social  privations,  and  who  had  found  country  life,  as  Gail  Ham- 
ilton expresses  it,  "one  uninterrupted  flat."    Gen.  Francis  A. 
Walker,  Superintendent  of  the  United  States  Census,  the  most 
reliable  and  unprejudiced  of  witnesses,  tells  us  that  there  has 
been  in  the  last  decade  a  marked  falling  off  in  the  number  of 
common  laborers,  and  an  increase  of  forty  per  cent,  of  the  trad- 
ing class.    While  the  demand  for  farm  labor  exceeds  the  supply, 
the  farmers  ' '  are  maintaining  a  body  of  persons  not  less  nu- 
merous than  the  standing  army  of  the  British  empire,  and  with 
a  far  greater  number  of  dependents  in  the  way  of  wives  and 
children  than  are  charged  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  that 
army,  all  in  excess  of  the  legitimate  demands  of  trade.7'     The 
farmer  claimsrthat  the  middle-man  carries  off  all  his  profits,  and 


434  AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITIES. 

in  the  somewhat  intemperate  abuse  of  this  very  essential  mem- 
ber of  the  social  body,  has  failed  to  recognize  his  origin.  Only 
of  the  excess  should  he  justly  complain. 

According  to  the  census  of  1870,  there  are  in  the  United 
States  12,505,000  bread-earners,  who  give  food,  shelter  and  rai- 
ment to  the  39,000,000  of  inhabitants.  Every  bread-earner  has 
to  feed  a  little  over  three  mouths.  Of  these,  5,922,000  are  en- 
gaged in  agriculture,  strictly;  1,765,000  in  other  rural  trades 
and  callings,  such  as  blacksmithing,  carpentering  and  the  like, 
making,  with  their  food  dependents,  23,830,000  souls  out  of 
the  39,000,000.  The  manufacturers,  including  operatives  and 
servants,  earn  bread  for  1,117,000.  Commerce,  including  mer- 
chants, shop-keepers,  sailors,  clerks,  .peddlers,  bar-keepers, 
etc.,  earn  bread  for  2,256,000.  Eailroad  and  expressmen  earn 
bread  for  595,000.     Miners  for  472,000. 

So  it  comes  to  this :  while  agriculture  and  mechanics  fill  ten 
times  as  many  mouths  as  commerce,  twenty  times  as  many  as 
manufactures,  forty  times  as  many  as  railroads,  and  fifty  times 
as  many  as  mining,  yet  the  least  of  these,  by  combination,  co- 
operation and  management,  exercises  three  times  the  influence 
in  the  country,  and  thrice  the  power  with  the  government,  sim- 
ply because  the  farmers  have  not  learned  how  to  work  and  pull 
together;  and,  until  recently,  for  a  lack  of  knowledge  of  the 
true  principles  of  cooperation  and  organization. 

Now,  we  have  in  the  Grange  a  safe,  practical  organization, 
simple  enough  in  form  to  unite  the  youngest  and  feeblest  agri- 
cultural colony,  and  embracing  a  wide  range  of  benefits  not 
confined  to  the  agricultural  class. 

Mechanics  have  suffered  quite  as  much  from  middle-men  as 
the  agriculturists,  and  for  the  same  cause,  viz.,  a  defective  edu- 
cation of  both  employer  and  employed.  Between  the  master 
or  employer,  who  has  no  skill,  and  the  workman,  who  has 
skill  without  education,  the  middle-man,  who  has  a  little  of 
both,  is  a  kind  of  necessity.  Under  the  present  system,  Mr. 
Scott  Eussell  tells  us,  the  employer  of  a  thousand  men  may 
pocket,  in  the  shape  of  profits,  one  half  of  the  whole  earnings 
of  all  the  men,  or  a  sum  equal  to  the  earnings  of  fifty  or  a  hun- 
dred, as  the  case  may  be.  But  put  a  hundred  men  together 
who  have  enjoyed  equality  of  education,  setting  aside  all  ine- 
qualities of  birth  and  fortune,  and  these  proportions  must 
change.     "I  believe,"  he  adds,  "that  the  education  of  the  fu- 


IMMIGRATION  TABLE. 


435 


ture  will  lead  to  a  great  reduction  of  employers'  wages  or  prof- 
its; to  a  fair  fixed  interest  on  all  the  capital  invested;  to  a  fair 
division  of  the  earnings  of  work  among  the  men  who  execute 
it,  in  some  recognized  proportion  to  the  contribution  which 
their  skill  makes  to  the  perfection  of  their  work,  and  that  the 
scale  of  every  man's  life  may  be  one  of  steady,  continual,  mer- 
itorious rise." 

The  abolition  of  the  middle-man,  therefore,  is  to  be  effected 
by  the  intellectual  advancement  of  mechanical  and  agricultural 
laborers.  But  to  restore  the  proper  equilibrium  between  the 
town  and  country,  we  must  inquire  where  the  agricultural  re- 
cruits are  coming  from,  since  we  cannot  hope  to  turn  the  cur- 
rent of  our  native  population  for  at  least  a  generation.  This 
brings  us  to  the  great  question  of  immigration.  The  following 
table,  taken  from  the  Agricultural  Report  of  1873r  shows  us  the 
sources  from  which  it  has  mainlv  been  drawn : 


Annual  Immigbation  into  the  United  States  from  1867  to  1873,  inclusive. 


Nationality. 

1867. 

1868. 

1869. 

1870. 

1871. 

1872. 

1873. 

125,520 

133,426 

692 

5,316 

1,739 

1,436 

2,223 

789 

4,168 

5,237 

904 

126 

1,624 
10 
26 

205 
310 

117,583 

123,070 

395 

13,958 

6,461 

2,019 

652 

1,578 

3,261 

3,936 

816 

245 

1,408 

8 

13 

204 

248 

147,716 

124,788 

2,523 

24,115 

17,718 

4,282 

1,360 

1,003 

3,488 

4,118 

1,112 

265 

2,182 

17 

10 

580 

87 

151,089 

91,779 

5,284 

12,009 

12,356 

3,041 

970 

1,039 

2,474 

3,586 

511 

291 

2,940 

15 

13 

766 

424 

143,937 

107,201 

4,889 

11,659 

11.307 

2,346 

1,122 

168 

2,824 

5,780 

618 

59 

2,948 

10 

21 

1,005 

832 

24 

2 

4 

157,905 

155,595 

6,132 

14,645 

10,348 

3,758 

2,006 

964 

4,031 

13,782 

558 

370 

7,322 

18 

34 

1,311 

2,606 

71 

1 

3 

159,355 

133,141 

7,835 

11,351 

Germany 

18,107 

5,095 
4,640 
1,306 
3,223 
10,813 
486 

34 

Italy,  including  Sicily,  Sardinia  and 
Malta 

7,511 

37 

78 

3,490 

Poland 

2,863 

113 

1 

1 
3 

1 

574 

1,109 

53,826 

84 

12,058 

24 

25 

10 

67,711 

22,494 

8 

391 
817 

6,310 
224 

3,961 
25 

1 

1 

11.891 

2,877 

310 
858 

11,172 
145 

10,701 
63 

1 
3 

23,292 
8,107 

452 

3,016 

31,300 

59 

15,000 

31 

44 

'  49,923 
10,656 

920 

1,228 

40,432 

110 

6,070 

25 

1,289 

77 

50,182 

20,882 

1,168 

1,309 

40.WJ3 

123 

10,681 

40 

1,920 

133 

56,290 

11,752 

1.478 

1,974 

30,015 

168 

18,219 

13 

Australia,  Pacific  and  Eatst   India 

1,053 

138 

Not  specified  (exclusive  of  Europe). 

298,358 
4,757 

297,215 
8,070 

395,922 
10,635 

378,796 
22,493 

367,789 
20,851 

449,483 
11,733 

422,545 

Less  those  not  intending  to  remain 

293,601 

289,145 

385,287 

356,303 

346,938 

437,750 

422,545 

"283J5T 

2(Jo,855 

335,364 

288,592 

296,756 

381,400 

369,487 

436  AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITIES. 

The  emigration  from  Scandinavia  has  been  so  great  for  the 
last  twenty-five  years,  and  has  added  so  much  to  the  growth  and 
prosperity  of  Iowa,  Minnesota  and  Wisconsin,  and  in  a  lesser 
degree  to  other  Western  States,  that  their  example  in  promot- 
ing it  may  profitably  be  imitated  by  any  State  which  aims  to 
develop  itself  socially  and  industrially,  by  adding  to  its  num- 
bers a  thrifty,  home -building  population.  From  the  Scandi- 
navian population,  also,  the  suffrages  of  the  whole  people  are 
advancing  men  into  public  positions.  The  State  University  of 
Wisconsin  has  its  Norwegian  Professor,  and  lest  our  next  Presi- 
dent should  be  descended  from  Odin's  royal  line,  it  behooves 
us  to  know  how  much  more  or  less  an  American  he  would  be  in 
consequence. 

The  civil  and  political  history  of  the  Western  States  illus- 
trates the  ' '  tendency  to  homogeneousness  in  all  the  modes  of  a 
civilization  which  moves  in  an  east  and  west  direction,  through 
the  same  belt  of  climate."  If  the  problem  of  Scandinavian 
influence  had  not  already  been  solved  in  the  commingling  of 
their  blood  and  spirit  into  English  character,  we  might  still 
trust  that  tendency  while  we  watch  their  conquest  of  the  north- 
ern lands  by  the  same  resistless  energy  which  made  them  mas- 
ters of  the  northern  seas.  This  tendency  doubtless  helps 
greatly  in  the  assimilation  of  all  the  European  nationalities 
that  come  to  us,  but  in  the  Northmen  kindred  and  family  traits 
identify  them  at  once  with  us  and  our  institutions.  In  response 
to  a  toast,  "To  the  Norwegian  patriot  and  musician,"  Oie  Bull 
replied,  "When  I  am  in  America  I  am  a  Norwegian;  in  Norway 
I  am  always  an  American." 

It  is  not  from  Germany  but  from  Scandinavia  that  the  En- 
glish and  American  people  have  derived  those  infusions  of 
strength  and  enterprise,  and  that  spirit  of  dominion  and  col- 
onization which  have  carried  the  sentiments  of  civil,  political 
and  religious  liberty,  the  principles  of  representative  legisla- 
tion, trial  by  jury,  security  of  property  and  the  freedom  of  the 
press,  to  the  remotest  parts  of  the  earth. 

Throughout  Scandinavia,  in  the  earliest  times,  the  peasantry, 
— i.  e.  the  people — constituted  the  supreme  power,  and  the  "All 
Thing,"  or  Diet,  transformed  their  simple  customs  into  laws. 
A  peasant  was  not  only  an  agricultor,  but  the  free-born  inheritor 
of  right*  in  the  soil,  who  became  eligible  through  superiority  of 


THE  DEMOCRACY  OP  NORTHERN  EUROPE.         437 

wisdom   or  warlike  prowess  to  an  election  as  Chief,  Jarl  or 
King. 

The  Northmen  were  also  distinguished  among  heathens  for 
their  reverence  for  women,  who  were  "so  true  to  their  country, 
their  friends  and  their  home,  that  Odin  sent  down  to  them  the 
gift  of  healing  from  his  splendid  'Hlidskjalf.'"  Of  the  three 
branches  of  the  Scandinavian  people,  the  Norwegians  have  best 
preserved  these  characteristics — the  spirit  of  independence  and 
nationality — and  becauso  they  have  so  little  to  learn  in  respect 
to  self-government,  they  are,  of  all  foreigners,  the  best  pre- 
pared for  the  duties  of  American  citizenship. 

Although  Norway  is  attached  to  the  Swedish  crown,  and  is 
governed  as  a  hereditary  constitutional  monarchy,  it  is  almost 
an  independent  democratic  government.  It  retains  its  own 
official  language,  currency  and  flag,  and  the  King  is  required 
to  be  crowned  in  the  cathedral  at  Drontheim,  according  to  the 
ancient  custom. 

The  democratic  legislative  assembly  is  chosen  by  the  popular 
vote,  convenes  triennially  by  its  own  right,  and  cannot  be  dis- 
solved by  kingly  interference  until  the  constitutional  three 
months'  session  has  expired. 

It  is  the  "Storthing"  which  makes  war,  peace,  laws  and 
treaties,  levies  taxes,  imposts  and  tariffs,  provides  for  and  con- 
trols all  finances,  salaries  and  pensions.  Every  male  Norwegian 
twenty-five  years  of  age  may  vote  if  he  possesses  property  to  the 
value  of  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  dollars;  every  voter  may 
become  a  representative  when  thirty  years  of  age,  provided  he 
has  resided  ten  years  in  the  country.  The  Storthing,  in  reality 
a  single  body, '  divides  its  functions  by  electing  one  fourth  of  its 
members  into  an  upper  house,  called  the  Odelsthing,  and  if  a 
bill  passes  both  divisions  of  this  assembly  in  three  successive 
storthings,  it  becomes  a  law  of  the  land  without  the  royal  as- 
sent, a  right  which  exists  under  no  other  constitution  in  Europe. 

The  organization  of  their  judiciary  and  the  government  of 
their  towns  is  marked  by  the  same  democratic  simplicity.  A 
certain  number  of  householders  choose  arbitrators  for  the  set- 
tlement of  neighborhood  differences  for  a  term  of  three  years. 
Above  this  are  sixty-four  minor  courts,  distributed  throughout 
the  kingdom,  and  sitting  every  three  months;  as  a  last  resort 
they  have  the  hoiste  ret,  held  at  Christiana,  consisting  of  a  pres- 


438  AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITIES. 

ident  and  eight  assessors.  The  judges  are  liable  to  damages 
for  their  decisions. 

Every  Norwegian  parish  has  its  court  of  the  higher  law,  con- 
sisting of  the  pastor  and  schoolmaster,  whose  opinions  are 
authoritative  on  almost  all  local  questions.  As  the  King  is  so 
nearly  a  lay  figure  in  the  civil  government,  he  is  permitted  to 
act  as  the  head  of  the  established  Church  in  the  bestowal  of 
sees  and  livings  under  the  eye  of  the  Ecclesiastical  Minister 
and  Council  of  State.  This  council,  consisting  of  eight  per- 
sons, represents  the  King  in  both  ecclesiastical  and  secular 
affairs. 

It  is  impossible  to  overrate  the  influence  of  the  clergy  upon 
the  Norwegian  people.  Generally  well  educated  themselves, 
they  have  fostered  education;  and  though  intolerant  in  the  ex- 
treme toward  all  other  religions  than  the  Lutheran,  they  have 
favored  public  libraries,  literary  and  scientific  societies  and 
the  freedom  of  the  press.  They  have  impressed  a  religious 
character  upon  the  system  of  popular  education;  and  every 
schoolmaster,  from  the  itinerant  pedagogue  who  travels  from 
neighborhood  to  neighborhood  in  the  sparsely  settled  regions 
of  the  far  north,  imparting  what  is  better  than  learning,  viz., 
the  love  of  learning,  to  the  highest  official,  the  teacher  is  a  per- 
son in  authority.  Education  is  compulsory  in  both  Sweden 
and  Norway;  there  are  primary  schools  in  every  parish,  sup- 
ported by  small  contributions  from  the  pupils  and  a  direct  tax 
upon  householders.  Their  secondary  schools,  which  are  daily 
becoming  more  practical  and  technical  in  their  character,  are 
found  in  all  the  large  towns,  Sweden  having  twenty-seven  lower 
agricultural  schools,  seven  of  forestry,  nine  of  navigation  and 
two  of  mining,  besides  academies  of  agriculture  and  other  in- 
dustries. 

It  is  indeed  surprising  that  so  much  has  been  accomplished 
in  the  wildest  and  most  inhospitable  of  lands  for  the  best  in- 
terests of  the  people.  "Economy  is  their  name,  and  frugality 
their  surname,"  was  said  in  reply  to  the  question,  "who  are 
they?"  asked  by  a  Southern  gentleman  of  a  citizen  of  Mil- 
waukee, when  a  load  of  Norsk  emigrants  landed  from  the 
steamer. 

It  is  little  wonder  that  the  region  of  the  great  lakes  and  the 
upper  Mississippi  should  have  attracted  this  enterprising  and 
frugal  people.     Accustomed  to  the  sea,  the  ocean  voyage  has  no 


A  HERO'S  LAST  WORD 


STIVE! 

439 


terrors  for  tliern;  and,  as  great  numbers  camo  through  the  St. 
Lawrence,  the  expense  was  very  light  in  comparison  to  the  dis- 
tance. Newspapers  were  early  established  at  Bergen  and  Chris- 
tiana containing  glowing  accounts  from  the  pioneer  emigrants 
of  the  rich  prairies,  better  than  the  best  lands  at  home;  of  the 
noble  forests  on  the  Eau  Claire  and  St.  Croix,  to  be  had  almost 
for  the  asking.  All  over  Norway  and  Sweden  silver  "skillkigs" 
began  to  be  hoarded  for  the  land  agent.  Often  the  pastor  or 
schoolmaster  was  sent  out  to  purchase,  and  make  arrangements 
for  the  settlement  of  fifty  or  a  hundred  families. 

The  people  of  the  northwest  had  learned  to  appreciate  the 
value  of  the  Scandinavian  population  in  developing  the  agricult- 
ural resources  of  the  country;  had  made  way  for  them  in 
schools  and  churches,  and  in  legislative  halls;  but  not  until  the 
civil  war  did  we  really  know  them  as  our  fellow  countrymen 
and  women.  There  came  a  day  in  that  dark  year  of  1862  when 
the  Scandinavian  Eegiment,  which  never  had  a  drafted  man, 
departed  to  join  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland.  A  finer  regi- 
ment, or  one  that  had  a  brighter  record  than  the  Fifteenth  Wis- 
consin, was  never  offered.  At  Island  No.  10,  Florence,  Mur- 
freesboro,  Stone  Eiver  and  Kenesaw  they  rendered  noble  ser- 
vice. When  they  entered  the  service,  the  society  "Nora,"  at 
Chicago,  presented  them  a  beautiful  flag  with  the  motto,  "For 
God  and  our  Country."  On  one  side  was  the  American  colors, 
with  gold  stars  on  a  blue  field,  on  the  other  the  Lion  and  Ax  of 
Norway,  on  a  red  field,  with  date  and  inscription.  When  this 
flag,  which  never  was  lowered  before  the  enemy,  came  back  to 
be  hung  with  the  other  tattered  battle-flags  in  the  capitol,  only 
a  handful  remained  of  the  brave  fellows  who  took  it  away. 
Their  Colonel,  Hans  Heg,  was  placed  by  General  Eosecrans  in 
command  of  the  Third  Brigade.  He  fell  in  the  great  battle  of 
Chickamauga;  and  to  General  La  Grange,  who  stood  beside  him 
and  received  his  last  words,  said,  "I  do  not  regret  this.  All  I 
ask  is  that  my  children  receive  a  good  education."  After  the 
next  day's  disastrous  conflict,  only  seventy-five  men  could  be 
gathered;  many  of  the  officers  were  killed,  others  captured,  and 
yet,  after  being  joined  by  two  companies  who  had  been  left  at 
Island  No.  10,  consisting  of  eighty  men,  they  performed  some 
of  the  hardest  service  and  won  some  of  the  brightest  laurels  of 
the  war.  To  the  honor  of  Wisconsin  be  it  said  that  no  child  of 
those  fallen  heroes  has  failed  to  receive  a  good  education. 


440  AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITIES. 

These  illustrations  of  the  capacity  of  the  Scandinavian  races 
for  complete  assimilation  with  the  great  body  of  the  American 
citizens,  whether  we  employ  them  in  the  arts  of  peace  or  war, 
are  offered  in  the  hope  that  efforts  will  be  made  to  attract  them 
to  this  coast. 

The  statistics  of  the  nationalities  represented  in  the  State 
prisons  of  the  Northwest  show  how  rarely  the  dangerous  classes 
of  society  are  recruited  from  the  Northmen;  while  the  statistics 
of  production  for  the  last  twenty  years  prove  what  enormous 
additions  they  have  made  to  the  wealth  of  the  country.  A  few 
flourishing  Norwegian  colonies  in  our  lumber  counties,  or  our 
dairy  counties,  would  give  a  new  aspect  to  the  labor  question  in 
this  State. 

The  women,  who  like  out-door  work  as  well  as  the  men,  would 
cover  many  an  acre  with  trees  and  vines,  and  we  should  find 
other  use  for  our  flax  than  burning  it.  The  men  make  excellent 
sailors.  In  Europe  they  are  rapidly  developing  in  the  direction 
of  the  fine  arts,  especially  in  landscape  painting.  The  love  of 
music  is  almost  universal  with  them.  One  cannot  find  an  emi- 
grant's hut  without  its  cheap  edition  of  their  poets. 

Distributed  by  nationalities,  the  immigration  into  the  States 
of  the  interior  has  been  pretty  equally  divided  between  the  Ger- 
mans and  Scandinavians.  But  the  Germans  swell  the  popula- 
tion of  the  cities  rather  than  the  country.  The  Irish,  to  whom 
we  are  so  much  indebted  for  our  internal  improvements,  and 
each  of  the  other  nationalities,  have  laid  our  country  under 
obligations  she  will  repay  a  hundred  fold;  and  in  thus  em- 
phasizing the  Scandinavian,  we  would  not  be  understood  as 
depreciating  the  others.  More  space  than  we  can  here  afford 
would  be  required  to  present,  even  in  outline,  the  features  of 
Germany  in  America,  as"  has  already  been  done  by  Frederick 
Kapp.  The  average  valuation  of  the  Scandinavian  emigrants, 
including  the  amount  of  money  brought  with  them,  has  been 
estimated  at  one  thousand  one  hundred  dollars  each;  justifying 
the  policy  of  establishing  State  Bureaus  of  Immigration,  whose 
officers  are  charged  with  the  duty  of  faithfully  presenting  the 
advantages  of  different  sections  through  printed  information 
and  responsible  agents;  of  securing  desirable  land  for  occupa- 
tion, and  guarding  settlers  from  the  thousand  impositions  to 
which  they  are  otherwise  subjected. 

Thirty-three  per  cent,  of  the  population  of  the  entire  Pacific 


OUR  FOREIGN  ELEMENT*  441 

States  and  Territories  are  of  foreign  birth;  47  per  cent,  born  of 
foreign  parents,  over  one  half  having  foreign  father  or  mother. 
Of  these,  California  has  about  38  per  cent,  of  foreign  birth,  52 
per  cent,  born  of  foreign  parents,  and  58  per  cent,  having  a  for- 
eign father  or  mother;  Nevada,  60  per  cent,  ditto;  Oregon,  22  per 
cent. ;  Washington  Territory,  36  per  cent. ;  Utah,  70  per  cent. ; 
Wisconsin,  71  per  cent. ;  Minnesota,  66  per  cent.  The  wonder- 
ful advancement  of  the  latter  States,  in  material  wealth  and 
social  progress,  furnishes  conclusive  evidence  of  the  value  of 
immigration.  The  value  of  immigrants  as  creators  of  wealth 
depends  upon  their  intelligence  and  skill.  In  a  company  of 
8,000,  from  nearly  every  nationality  in  the  north  of  Europe,  was 
found  230  farmers,  1,346  laborers,  81  carpenters,  26  joiners,  12 
masons,  41  painters,  12  blacksmiths,  10  clergymen,  34  clerks,  8 
gas-fitters,  14  plumbers,  10  printers,  120  seamen,  39  shoe-mak- 
ers, 7  spinners,  8  tailors,  4  teachers,  9  tinsmiths,  16  weavers, 
21  seamstresses,  21  dress-makers,  4  tailoresses,  4  nurses  and  1 
book-binder,  besides  480  female  servants,  with  785  males  and 
3,000  females  without  special  occupations. 

The  Pacific  coast  offers  the  richest  field  for  the  immigrant. 
It  has  room  for  whole  colonies  in  its  nooks  and  corners ;  while 
millions  of  acres  wait  to  be  reclaimed  and  converted  into  homes 
for  a  teeming  population.  By  some  cooperative  system,  immi- 
grants could  pay  for  these  lands  in  labor  employed  in  the  con- 
struction of  levees.  The  same  is  true  of  large  tracts  of  land  in 
the  interior  and  southern  portions  of  the  State,  where  canals 
and  irrigating  ditch.es  will  be  required. 

The  community  and  village  systems  of  farming,  which  is  car- 
ried out  in  some  of  the  European  States,  is  likely  to  be  imitated 
here,  as  it  has  already  been  at  Anaheim,  in  Los  Angeles  county, 
and  in  the  older  sectarian  colonies  of  Pennsylvania. 

All  things  considered,  Yineland  is  perhaps  the  most  signal 
success  in  drawing  off  the  over-crowded  population  of  cities, 
and  setting  them  at  work  upon  the  land;  and  it  is  unquestion- 
ably the  most  prosperous  community  in  the  United  States. 
The  site  fixed  upon  by  the  projector  of  Viueland,  Mr.  C.  K. 
Landis,  was  a  spot  about  thirty-five  miles  from  Philadelphia, 
known  as  the  New  Jersey  Barrens,  owned  by  one  of  the  rail- 
roads, and  valued  at  $5  per  acre. 

It  was  a  rolling  sand  prairie,  so  light  and  thin  that  without 
summer  rains  it  would  have  been  blown  away  centuries  ago. 


442  AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITIES. 

Small  scrub  pines  and  oaks  covered  it;  very  little  of  it  had  ever 
been  cultivated;  from  its  unpastured  wastes  only  checker-ber- 
ries and  bunches  of  trailing  arbutus  came  into  the  Philadelphia 
market  in  early  spring.  Now,  California  cannot  outvie  in  size 
and  quality  the  fruit  shows  from  Vineland,  to  be  seen  daily  on 
Market  street,  the  luscious  strawberries,  peaches,  melons — or 
the  fresh  vegetables. 

When  Mr.  Landis  bought  his  16,000  acres  of  the  railroad 
company  and  set  himself  to  laying  out  a  town,  the  Chester 
county  farmers  laughed  in  their  sleeves.  The  place  could  be 
abundantly  watered,  but  "all  the  manure  in  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania" was  apparently  necessary  to  ensure  its  productive- 
ness. There  was  much  speculation  as  to  whether  it  was  not 
merely  a  dodge  of  the  railroad  to  raise  money  on  worthless 
land,  from  people  whose  eye-teeth  had  never  been  cut. 

The  site  of  the  town  was  central  on  the  track,  thirty-four 
miles  from  Philadelphia,  and  was  laid  out  in  lots  of  from  one 
to  four  acres.  Outside  the  limits  it  was  divided  into  plats  of 
from  ten  to  fifty  acres,  according  to  the  distance.  Mr.  Landis 
for  years  never  raised  on  his  original  price — $25  per  acre.  He 
gave  credit  for  two  thirds  of  the  purchase-money — obtained  a 
"no  fence  law"  for  the  entire  domain — made  a  few  excellent 
roads,  and  settlers  began  to  appear.  The  terms  of  the  sale  in- 
cluded an  agreement  to  put  up  a  dwelling  house  within  a  year, 
at  a  certain  distance  from  the  street;  to  plant  shade  trees  on  the 
borders;  to  clear  and  put  in  tillage  a  certain  proportion,  and  the 
keeping  of  a  strip  of  roadside  neatly  laid  down  to  grass.  The 
streets  were  thus  made  boulevards  from  the  beginning,  to  which 
each  year  will  give  additional  beauty.  These  street  improve- 
ments were  to  be  perpetually  maintained,  if  neglected  by  indi- 
viduals, at  the  cost  of  the  property  owners,  and  only  live  fences 
were  used.  Speculation  in  uncultivated  lands,  which  has  been 
the  bane  of  other  settlements,  never  has  occurred  in  Vineland, 
tho  advance  in  value  invariably  being  upon  the  improvements 
of  actual  settlors,  whether  permanent  or  otherwise.  Pour  car- 
dinal principles  were  subscribed  to  by  every  purchaser,  which 
Mr.  Landis  had  laid  down  for  his  own  guidance  : 

1.  No  land  to  be  sold  to  speculators,  but  to  persons  agreeing 
to  improve  in  a  certain  time  and  way. 

2.  No  fences  to  be  required. 


VINELAND  A  MODEL  COLONY. 


443 


3.  The  public  sale  of  intoxicating  drinks- should  be  prohib- 
ited, by  an  annual  vote  of  the  people. 

4.  The  maintenance  of  the  best  schools. 

In  a  speech  before  the  Legislature  of  New  Jersey  last  year, 
Mr.  Landis  says  his  temperance  regulation  was  made,  not  from 
philanthropy,  "but  simply  from  the  conviction  of  its  impor- 
tance to  the  success  of  the  colony.  I  was  not  a  temperance  man 
myself,"  he  says,  "in  the  total  abstinence  sense  of  the  term. 
In  conversation  with  the  settlers,  I  never  treated  the  subject  of 
liquor-selling  as  a  moral  question — probably  not  one  tenth  of 
the  voters  of  Yineland  are  total  abstinence  men.  The  law  has 
been  practically  in  operation  since  1861,  though  the  Vineland 
local  option  law  did  not  pass  till  1863.  The  vote  has  always 
stood  against  license  by  an  overwhelming  majority,  there  being 
generally  from  two  to  nine  votes  in  favor  of  liquor-selling." 

In  twelve  years  there  was  a  population  of  eleven  thousand, 
mostly  from  New  England.  Fourteen  thousand,  and  within 
the  last  year,  twenty-three  thousand  acres  have  been  added  to 
the  original  tract.  This  colony  was  started  just  at  the  com- 
mencement of  the  civil  war,  and  has  paid  sixty  thousand  dol- 
lars of  the  debt,  besides  sending  its  quota  to  the  field.  It  has 
built  one  hundred  and  seventy-eight  miles  of  excellent  roads, 
twenty  school-houses,  ten  churches,  four  post-offices,  fifteen 
manufacturing  establishments,  besides  shops  and  stores,  such 
as  would  be  required  by  a  similar  population  elsewhere.  In 
the  importance  of  its  agricultural  productions  Landis  town- 
ship ranks  the  fourth  in  New  Jersey.  There  are  seventeen 
miles  of  railways  on  the  tract,  and  six  stations. 

If  any  one  would  know  whether  temperance  and  education 
are  sufficient  safeguards  against  crime,  let  him  read  the  sta- 
tistics of  the  police  and  poor  expenses  of  this  settlement  for 
the  last  six  years : 


POLICE    EXPENSES. 

POOK    EXPENSES. 

18G7 

$50 

1867 

$400 

1868 

50 

1868 

425 

1869 

75 

1869 

425 

1870 

75 

18-0 

350 

1871 

150 

1871 

400 

1872 

25 

1872 

350 

The  sheriff  of  Vineland  says,  the  poor-tax  in  the  township 


444  AGRICULTURAL  COMMUNITIES. 

amounts  to  five  cents  per  annum  for  eacli  inhabitant,  the  police 
expenses  to  half  a  cent! 

Have  we  not  here  a  possible  solution-of  the  problem  which 
has  vexed  many  a  lover  of  his  kind,  viz.,  how  to  preserve  intact 
the  sanctity  of  the  individual  home,  while  securing  the  fullest 
advantages  of  social  union? 

The  Greeley  colony  in  Colorado  furnishes  another  proof  of 
the  entire  practicability  of  carrying  out  the  colonial  plan  with- 
out requiring  a  religious  or  sectarian  qualification  for  member- 
ship. 

'  'The  social  and  political  problem  is  the  incorporation  of  the 
entire  population  into  society;'7  it  is  the  mission  of  the  Patrons 
to  aid  in  this,  by  creating  a  true  social  spirit  among  the  great 
class  of  laborers  to  which  they  belong.  Leaving  Roman  luxury 
and  Roman  licentiousness  to  nations  in  their  childhood  or  their 
dotage,  we  believe  there  is  a  higher  relation  than  that  of  land- 
lord and  tenant,  viz.,  the  relation  of  founder  and  partner,  and 
that  capital  and  culture,  as  well  as  labor,  will  only  reach  their 
highest  uses  in  helping  men  to  live  nobly,  simply  and  peace- 
fully with  each  other. 

In  the  forming  of  new  colonies  the  last  will  be  first  in  re- 
spect to  results,  for  it  can  avoid  the  mistakes  and  profit  by  the 
experiences  of  the  rest.  A  diversity  of  employments  should 
be  aimed  at  in  the  community  and  for  the  individual;  not  for 
regular  business,  perhaps,  but  to  multiply  resources  in  case  of 
need,  and  because  this  brings  out  and  utilizes  all  the  faculty  of 
the  community. 

•The  agricultural  communities  of  the  future,  whether  separately 
organized  or  not,  will  undoubtedly  be  less  sectarian  in  religion, 
less  partisan  in  politics,  less  contracted  by  traditions  and  habits 
of  nation  or  race.  An  honorable  and  emulous  class  interest  will 
be  their  distinguishing  characteristic;  they,  with  all  the  other 
great  classes  of  laboring  men,  will  "lay  the*  foundations  of  an 
everlasting  commonwealth,  whose  power  shall  be  manhood; 
whose  organization,  a  model  State;  whose  spirit,  religion; 
whose  weapon,  suffrage;  whose  conservatism,  education;  whose 
objects  are  freedom  of  industry  as  well  as  of  opinion,  order, 
economy  and  peace  within  the  State,  and  an  eternal  brother- 
hood with  those  who  are  our  wider  neighbors." 


THE  GRANGER'S  POLITICS.  445 

CHAPTEK  XXXII. 

SELECTED  POETRY  FOR  THE  GRANGE. 

THE     GRANGER'S    POLITICS. 

"  Peace  on  earth,  and  good  will  to  men." 

The  word  of  the  Lord  by  night, 
To  the  watching  pilgrims  came, 
As  they  sat  by  the  sea-side, 

And  filled  their  hearts  with  flame. 

God  said,  I  am  tired  of  kings,  ^^ 

I  suffer  them  no  more; 
Up  to  my  ear  the  morning  brings 

The  outrage  of  the  poor. 

Think  ye  I  made  this  ball 

A  field  of  havoc  and  war, 
Where  tyrants  great  and  tyrants  small 

Might  harry  the  weak  and  poor  ? 
• 

My  angel,  his  name  is  Freedom, 

Choose  him  to  be  your  king; 
He  shall  cut  pathways  east  and  west, 

And  fend  you  with  his  wing. 

Lo  !  I  uncover  the  land 

Which  I  hid  of  old  time  in  the  west, 
As  the  sculptor  uncovers  the  statue 

When  he  has  wrought  his  best. 

I  will  divide  my  goods; 

Call  in  the  wretch  and  slave; 
None  shall  rule  but  the  humble,  • 

And  none  but  toil  shall  have. 

I  will  have  never  a  noble, 

No  lineage  counted  great; 
Fishers  and  choppers  and  plowmen 

Shall  constitute  a  State. 

Go  cut  down  trees  in  the  forest, 

And  trim  the  straightest  boughs; 
Cut  down  trees  in  the  forest, 

And  build  me  a  wooden  house. 

Call  the  people  together; 

The  young  men  and  the  sires, 
The  reaper  from  the  harvest  field, 

Hireling,  and  him  that  hires. 

♦From  the  Ode,  and  Boston  Hymn.— By  R.  W.  Emerson, 


44G  SELECTED   POETRY  FOR  THE   GRANGE. 

O,  North!  give  him  beauty  for  rags, 
And  honor,  O,  South!  for  his  shame; 

Nevada!  coin  thy  silver  crags 

With  Freedom's  image  and  name. 

I  cause  from  every  creature 

His  proper  good  to  flow; 
As  much  as  he  is,  and  doeth, 

So  much  shall  he  bestow. 

But,  laying  hands  on  another, 
To  coin  his  labor  and  sweat, 

He  goes  in  pawn  to  his  victim, 
For  eternal  years  in  debt. 

And  here,  in  a  pine  State-house, 
They  shall  choose  men  to  rule 

In  every  needful  faculty, 

In  Church,  and  State,  and  School. 

The  men  are  ripe  of  Saxon  kind 

To  build  an  equal  State — 
To  take  the  statute  from  the  mind, 

And  make  of  duty,  fate. 

United  States!  the  ages  plead — 
Present  and  Past  in  under-song; 

Go,  put  your  creed  into  your  deed, 
Nor  speak  with  double  tongue. 

Be  just  at  home;  then  write  your  scroll 

Of  honor  o'er  the  sea; 
And  bid  the  broad  Atlantic  roll 

A  ferry  of  the  free. 

And  henceforth  there  shall  be  no  chain 

Save  underneath  the  sea; 
And  wires  shall  murmur  through  the  main. 

Sweet  songs  of  Liberty. 

The  conscious  stars  accord  above, 

The  waters  wild  below, 
And  under,  through  the  cable  wove, 

Her  fiery  errands  go. 

For  He  that  worketh  high  and  wise, 

Nor  pauses  in  His  plan, 
"Will  take  the  sun  out  of  the  skies 

Ere  freedom  oat  of  man. 


NO   SECT  IN   HEAVEN.  447 


THE    GRANGER'S    RELIGION. 

"  In  esseatials,  Unity;  in  non-essentials,  Liberty;  in  all  things,  Charity." 

"  Blessed  Jesus,  give  us  common  sense,  and  let  no  man  put 
blinkers  on  us  that  we  can  only  see  in  a  certain  direction;  for  we 
want  to  look  around  the  horizon;  yea,  to  the  highest  heavens,  and 
the  lowest  depths  of  the  ocean/' — Father  Taylor's  Prayer. 


NO    SECT   IN    HEAVEN.* 

Talking  of  sects  till  late  one  eve. 
Of  the  various  doctrines  the  saints  believe, 
That  night  I  stood  in  a  troubled  dream 
By  the  side  of  a  darkly  flowing  stream. 

And  a  Churchman  down  to  the  river  came, 
"When  I  heard  a  strange  voice  call  his  name : 
"  Good  father,  stop;  when  you  cross  this  tide 
You  must  leave  your  robes  on  the  other  side."" 

But  the  aged  father  did  .not  mind, 
And  his  long  gown  floated  out  behind, 
As  down  to  the  stream  his  way  he  took, 
His  pale  hands  clasping  a  gilt-edged  book. 

"  I'm  bound  for  heaven,  and  when  I'm  there 
I  shall  want  my  book  of  common  prayer; 
And  though  I  put  on  my  starry  crown, 
I  should  feel  quite  lost  without  my  gown." 

Then  he  fixed  his  eyes  on  the  shining  track, 
But  his  gown  was  heavy  and  held  him  back; 
And  the  poor  old  father  tried  in  vain 
A  single  step  in  the  flood  to  gain. 

I  saw  him  again  on  the  other  side, 
And  his  silk  gown  floated  on  the  tide; 
And  no  one  asked,  in  that  blissful  spot, 
Whether  he  belonged  to  "  the  church  "  or  not. 

Then  down  to  the  river  a  Quaker  strayed, 
His  dress  of  a  sober  hue  was  made. 
"  My  coat  and  hat  must  be  all  of  gray; 
I  cannot  go  any  other  way." 

*  Author  unknown. 


MS  SELECTED  POETRY  FOR  THE  GRANGE. 

Then  he  buttoned  his  coat  straight  up  to  his  chin, 
A^d  steadily,  solemnly  waded  in; 
And  his  broad-brimmed  hat  he  pulled  down  tight 
Over  his  forehead,  cold  and  white. 

But  a  strong  wind  carried  away  his  hat; 
A  moment  he  silently  sighed  over  that, 
And  then,  as  he  gazed  to  the  farther  shore, 
The  coat  slipped  off,  and  was  seen  no  mora. 

As  he  entered  heaven,  his  suit  of  gray 
"Went  quietly  sailing  away,  away; 
And  none  of  the  angels  questioned  him 
About  the  width  of  his  beaver's  brim. 

Next  came  Dr.  Watts,  with  a  bundle-of  ^psalms' 

Tied  nicely  up  in  his  aged  arms; 

And  hymns  as  many — a  very  wise  thing, 

That  the  people  in  heaven  "  all  round"  might  sing 

But  I  thought  that  he  heaved  an  anxious  sigh, 
As  he  saw  that  the  river  ran  broad  and  high; 
And  looked  surprised  as,  one  by  one, 
The  psalms  and  hymns  in  the  waves  went  down* 

And  after  him,  with  his  MSS., 

Came  Wesley,  the  pattern  of  godliness — 

But  he:  "dear  me,  what  shall  I  do? 

The  water  has  soaked  them  through  and  through. 

And  then  on  the  river  far  and  wide, 
Away  they  went  down  the  swollen  tide, 
And  the  saint,  astonished,  went  through  alone, 
Without  his  manuscript,  up  to  the  Throne. 

Then,  gravely  walking,  two  saints  by  name, 
Down  to  the  stream  together  came; 
But  as  they  stopped  by  the  river's  brink, 
I  saw  one  saint  from  the  other  shrink. 

"  Sprinkled  or  plunged,  may  I  ask  you,  friend, 

How  you  attained  to  life's  great  end?" 

"  Thus,  with  a  few  drops  on  my  brow." 

"  But  I've  been  dipped,  as  you  see  me  now; 

And  I  really  think,  it  will  hardly  do, 
As  I'm  close-communion,  to  cross  with  you; 
You're  bound,  I  know,  to  the  realms  of  bliss, 
But  you  must  go  that  way,  and  I'll  go  this." 


NO  SECT  IN  HEAVEN.  449 

Then  straightway  plunging  with  all  his  might 
Away  to  the  left,  his  friend  to  the  right, 
Apart  they  went  from  this  world  of  sin, 
But  at  last  together  they  entered  in. 

And  now,  when  the  river  was  rolling  on, 

A  Presbyterian  church  went  down: 

Of  women  there  seemed  an  innumerable  throng, 

But  the  men  I  could  count  as  they  went  along. 

And  concerning  the  road,  they  could  never  agree, 
The  old  or  the  new  way,  which  it  could  be; 
Nor  ever  a  moment  paused  to  think, 
That  both  would  lead  to  the  river's  brink. 

And  a  sound  of  murmuring,  long  and  loud, 
Came  ever  up  from  the  moving  crowd : 
• '  You're  in  the  old  way,  I'm  in  the  new, 
That  is  the  false,  and  this  is  the  true." 

But  the  brethren  only  seemed  to  speak, 
Modest  the  sisters  walked,  and  meek; 
And  if  ever  one  of  them  chanced  to  say 
What  troubles  she  met  with  on  the  way; 

How  she  longed  to  pass  to  the  other  side, 
Nor  feared  to  cross  o'er  the  swelling  tide, 
A  voice  arose  from  the  brethren  then : 
"  Let  no  one  speak  but  the  '  holy  men;' 

For  have  ye  not  heard  the  words  of  Paul  ? 
'  Oh!  let  the  women  keep  silence  all.'  " 
I  watched  them  long  in  my  curious  dream, 
Till  they  stood  by  the  borders  of  the  stream; 

Then,  just  as  I  thought,  the  two  ways  met-; 
But  all  the  brethren  were  talking  yet, 
And  would  talk  on  till  the  heaving  tide 
Carried  them  over  side  by  side; 

Side  by  side,  for  the  way  was  one; 
The  tiresome  journey  of  life  was  done; 
And  Priest  and  Quaker,  and  all  who  died, 
Came  out  alike  on  the  other  side. 

No  forms,  or  crosses,  or  books  had  they; 
No  gowns  of  silk  or  suits  of  gray; 
No  creeds  to  guide  them,  or  MSS., 
For  all  had  put  on  Christ's  righteousness. 

29 


4:50  SELECTED  POETRY  FOR  THE  GRANGE. 

A    CENTENNIAL    HYMN. 

BY   JOHN    GREENLEAF   WHITTIER. 

This  day,  one  hundred  years  ago, 
The  wild  grape  by  the  river's  side, 
And  tasteless  groundnut  trailing  low, 
The  table  of  the  woods  supplied. 

Unknown  the  apple's  red  and  gold, 
The  blushing  tint  of  peach  and  pear; 

The  mirror  of  the  river  told 
No  tale  of  orchards  ripe  and  rare. 

Wild  as  the  fruits  he  scorned  to  till,, 
These  vales  the  idle  Indian  trod; 

Nor  knew  the  glad,  creative  skill, — 
The  joy  of  him  who  toils  with  Goo. 

0!  Painter  of  the  fruits  and  flowers! 

We  thank  Thee  for  thy  wise  design 
Whereby  these  human  hands  of  ours 

In  nature's  garden  work  with  thine. 

Aud  thanks  that  from  our  daily  need 
The  joy  of  simple  faith  is  born; 

That  he  who  smites  the  summer  weed 
May  trust  Thee  for  the  autumn  corn. 

The  fools  their  gold,  and  knaves  their  power; 

Xiet  fortune's  bubbles  rise  and  fall; 
Who  sows  a  field,  or  trains  a  flower, 
Or  plants  a  tree,  is  more  than  all. 

For  he  who  blesses  most  is  blest; 

And  God  and  man  shall  own  his  worth 
Who  toils  to  leave,  as  his  bequest, 

An  added  beauty  to  the  earth. 

And,  soon  or  late,  to  all  that  sow, 
The  time  of  harvest  shall  be  given; 

The  flower  shall  bloom,  the  fruit  shall  grow, 
If  not  on  earth,  at  last  in  heaven! 


THE  reaper's  dream.  451 


THE    REAPER'S    DREAM;    OR,   THE    CELESTIAL 
HARVEST    FEAST. 

BY   T.    BUCHANAN   BEAD. 

The  road  was  lone,  the  grass  was  da.uk 
With  night  dews  on  the  briery  bcinis, 
Whereon  &  weary  reaper  sank. 
His  gart)  was  old;  his  visage  tanned; 
The  rusty  sickle  in  his  hand 
Could  find  no  work  in  all  the  land. 

He  saw  the  evening's  chilly  star 

Above  his  native  vale  afar; 

A  moment  on  the  horizon's  bar 

It  hung,  then  sank,  as  with  a  sigh; 

And  there  the  crescent  moon  went  by, 

An  empty  sickle  down  the  sky. 

To  soothe  his  pain,  sleep's  tender  palm 
Laid  on  his  brow  its  touch  of  balm; 
His  brain  received  the  slumberous  calm; 
And  soon  that  angel  without  name, 
Her  robe  a  dream,  her  face  the  same, 
The  giver  of  sweet  visions,  came. 

She  touched  his  eyes;  no  longer  sealed, 
They  saw  a  troop  of  reapers  wield 
Their  swift  blades  in  a  ripened  field. 
At  each  thrust  of  their  snowy  sleeves 
A  thrill  ran  through  the  future  sheaves, 
Rustling  like  rain  on  forest  leaves. 

They  were  not  brawny  men  who  bowed, 
With  harvest  voices,  rough  and  loud, 
But  spirits,  moving  as  a  cloud. 
Like  little  lightnings  in  their  hold, 
The  silver  sickles  manifold 
Slid  musically  through  the  gold. 

O,  bid  the  morning  stars  combine 
To  match  the  chorus,  clear  and  fine, 
That  rippled  lightly  down  the  line, — 
A  cadence  of  celestial  rhyme, 
The  language  of  that  cloudless  clime, 
To  which  their  shining  hands  kept  time. 

Behind  them  lay  the  gleaming  rows, 
Like  those  long  clouds  the  sun-set  shows 
On  amber  meadows  of  repose; 
But,  like  a  wind,  the  binders  bright 
■  Soon  followed  in  their  mirthful  might. 
And  swept  them  into  sheaves  of  light. 


452  SELECTED  POETRY  FOR  THE  GRANGE. 

Doubling  the  splendor  of  the  plain, 
There  rolled  the  great  celestial  wain, 
To  gather  in  the  fallen  grain. 
Its  frame  was  built  of  golden  bars; 
Its  glowing  wheels  were  lit  with  stars; 
The  royal  harvest's  car  of  cars. 

The  snowy  yoke  that  drew  the  load, 
On  gleaming  hoofs  of  silver  trode; 
And  music  was  its  only  goad. 
To  no  command  of  word  or  beck 
It  moved,  and  felt  no  other  check 
Than  one  white  arm  laid  on  the  neck, 

The  neck,  whose  light  was  overwound 
"With  bells  of  lilies,  ringing  round 
Their  odors  till  the  air  was  drowned: 
The  starry  foreheads  meekly  borne, 
"With  garlands  looped  from  horn  to  horn, 
Shone  like  the  many-colored  morn. 

The  field  was  cleared.     Home  went  the  bands7 
Like  children,  linking  happy  hands, 
"While  singing  through  their  father's  lands; 
Or,  arm  about  each  other  thrown, 
"With  amber  tresses  backward  blown. 
They  moved  as  they  were  music's  own. 

The  vision  brightened  more  and  more} 

He  saw  the  garner's  glowing  door, 

And  sheaves,  like  sunshine,  strew  the  floor, — 

The  floor  was  jasper, — golden  flails, 

Swift  sailing  as  a  whirlwind  sails, 

Throbbed  mellow  music  down  the  vales. 

He  saw  the  mansion, — all  repose, — 
Great  corridors  and  porticos, 
Propped  with  the  columns,  shining  rows; 
And  these — for  beauty  was  the  rule — 
The  polished  pavements,  hard  and  cool, 
Redoubled,  like  a  crystal  pool. 

And  there  the  odorous  feast  was  spread- 
The  fruity  fragrance,  widely  shed, 
Seemed  to  the  floating  music  wed; 
Seven  angels,  like  the  Pleiad  seven, 
Their  lips  to  silver  clarions  given, 
Blew  welcome  round  the  walls  of  heaven. 

In  skyey  garments,  silky  thin, 

The  clad  retainers  floated  in 

A  thousand  forms,  and  yet  no  din: 

And  from  the  visage  of  the  Lord, 

Like  splendor  from  the  Orient  poured, 

A  smile  illumined  all  the  board. 


THE  beaper's  dream.  453 

Far  flew  the  music's  circling  sound; 
Then  floated  back,  with  soft  rebound, 
To  join,  not  mar,  the  converse  round, — 
Sweet  notes,  that,  melting,  still  increased 
Such  as  ne'er  cheered  the  bridal  feast 
Of  king  in  the  enchanted  East. 

Did  any  great  door  ope  or  close, 
It  seemed  the  birth-time  of  repose; 
The  faint  sound  died  where  it  arose; 
And  they  who  passed  from  door  to  door-, 
Their  soft  feet  on  the  polished  floor 
Meet  their  soft  shadows, — nothing  more. 

Then  once  again  the  groups  were  drawn 
Through  corridors,  or  down  the  lawn, 
"Which  bloomed  in  beauty  like  a  dawn. 
Where  countless  fountains  leapt  alway, 
Veiling  their  silver  heights  in  spray, 
The  choral  people  held  their  way. 

There,  midst  the  brightest,  brightly  shone 
Dear  forms  he  loved  in  years  agone, — 
The  earliest  loved — the  earliest  flown. 
He  heard  a  mother's  sainted  tongue; 
A  sister's  voice,  who  vanished  young, 
While  one  still  dearer  sweetly  sung . 

No  further  might  the  scene  unfold; 
The  gazer's  voice  could  not  withhold; 
The  very  rapture  made  him  bold; 
He  cried  aloud,  with  clasped  hands, 
"  O,  happy  fields!  O,  happy  bands! 
Who  reap  the  never-failing  lands. 

•'Oh!  master  of  these  broad  estates, 

Behold  before  your  very  gates 

A  worn  and  waiting  laborer  waits! 

Let  me  but  toil  amid  your  grain, 

Or  be  a  gleaner  on  the  plain, 

So  I  may  leave  these  fields  of  pain! 

1 '  A  gleaner,  I  will  follow  far, 
With  never  word  or  look  to  mar, 
Behind  the  Harvest's  yellow  car; 
All  day  my  hand  shall  constant  be^ 
And  every  happy  eve  shall  see 
The  precious  burden  borne  to  thee!  " 

At  morn  some  reapers  neared  the  place, 
Strong  men,  whose  feet  recoiled  apace; 
Then  gathering  round  the  upturned  face^ 
They  saw  the  lines  of  pain  and  care, 
Yet  read  in  the  expression  there 
The  look  as  of  an  answered  prayer. 


454  SELECTED  POETEY  FOR  THE  GRANGE. 


THE    GRANGER'S    DOXOLOGY. 

We  thank  Thee  for  the  men  who  lead, 
Who  fight  our  cause  with  tongue  and  pen, 
Whose  love  to  Thee,  best  shown  in  deed, 
Breaks  forth  in  ardent  love  to  men. 

We  thank  Thee,  that  from  north  to  soutn, 
From  east  to  west  the  flame  has  spread, 

And  that  the  breat  hing  from  thy  mouth 
Has  kindled  unto  life  the  dead. 

Lord,  make  us  patient,  as  Thou  art, 

Yet  constant  to  thy  great  design; 
From  thoughts  of  vengeance  keep  each  heart; 

Justice  and  love  are  both  divine. 

More  men,  more  manhood  now  accord; 

Make  us  more  worthy  to  be  free; 
Where  dwells  the  Spirit  of  the  Lord* 

There  is  the  home  of  liberty. 


INDEX, 


Page 
Abstracts  of  Grange  Reports — 

Committee  on  Transportation,  at  San  Jose  meeting. . » ,  142 

Committee  on  Irrigation,  at  San  Jose"  meeting 146 

Committee  on  Irrigation,  at  Stockton  meeting. . ....  183 

Dairy  Agent 180 

Executive  Committee 178 

Committee  on  Good  of  the  Order 185 

Education  and  Labor 198 

•          State  University 186 

Lecturer 179 

State  Agent 177 

Treasurer 178 

Adams,  D.  W.,  Address  of 125 

Agency  in  San  Francisco 159 

Agriculture  in  the  Ancient  World. 25 

Modern  Europe 38 

Germany 45 

England 39-42 

Scotland 43 

France 43 

Austria 46 

Holland 44 

Russia 45 

The  United  States 46 

The  South  Atlantic  States 48 

The  Eastern  and  Middle  States 53-61 

The  Western  and  Pacific  States „ 61  68 

Agriculture,  Office  of,  in  Social  Economy 20 

The  Foundation  of  Industry 20 

In  the  Public  Schools 359 

«'            "        "        Manual  of 361 

Agricultural  Communities 432 

Implements 63 

In  China 30 

Trial  of 63 

Population,  Decrease  in 432 

Amendments  to  Constitution 113 

American  Banking  System 415 

Annals  of  the  State  Grange  of  California 136 


456  INDEX. 


Annual  Meeting,  First .►.,..._... ,-.*.  »~.^ ^ 135 

Second 173 

Arbitration  vs.  Litigation 123 

Aristotle,  the  Father  of  a  Rational  Polity 34 

Banks  and  Banking , .-....-  ........ 415 

Bank  and  Insurance  Company . -. 175 

Baxter,  W.  H 103 

Benefits  of  the  Grange/ 123 

Board  of  Directors 87 

Bread-winners 73 

Brereton,  E.  M.,  Views  of,  on  Irrigation 317 

Business  Operations  and  Organizations 160 

By-Laws  of  Grangers'  Bank 163 

Business  Association ._ 208 

Insurance  Association 171 

National  Grange 00o...  114 

State  Grange ...  ^ . .._-_. ~. . 155 

Canal  and  "Water  Companies. . .  .^.  ^.. .„ .-_  .,_^.^. ., ... _. ._.  364 

Causes  of  Grecian  Decay ...-,...-... ._.. 35 

Growth  of  the  Order !  119 

Changes  recommended  in  the  Order 195 

China 29 

Civilization  a  relative  term 22 

Classes  and  occupations 73 

Climate,  amelioration  of,  through  Agriculture 43 

Variations  in,  on  the  Pacific  Coast 424 

Competition ^.  160 

Complaints,  summary  of 80 

Commerce  a  charge  upon  Agriculture 23 

Confucius , 29 

Congressional  Petition ..  99 

Congress,  Farmers  and  Lawyers  in  .' 313 

Congressional  Endowment 369 

Constitution  and  By-Laws  of  National  Grange 110 

California  State  Grange 153 

Consumption  of  Butter  and  Cheese 59 

Cooking  Laboratories  for  Girls 391 

Crises  and  Panics 417 

Co-operation . .... 422 

Co-operative  store  at  Los  Angeles. 167 

Costly  Speculations 191 

Currency 392 

Diminution  of,  in  use 401 

Dairying 58 

Declaration  of  Principles 95 

Declaration  of  Purposes 109 

Destruction  of  Pasturage 55 

Dispensations,  first  four 106 

Distribution  of  Public  Lands ...^ 293 


INDEX.  457 

Pago. 

Domestic  Science . . . .  337 

Droughts 423 

Duchess  of  Geneva 58 

Economies  and  Expenditures    389 

Education,  Agricultural 364 

In  foreign  countries 364-71 

In  America 371 

In  California * 376-83 

Egyptian  Agriculture  and  Horticulture , 27 

Eligibility  to  membership  and  office 116 

Emigration 42 

Equality  promoted  by  Education  17 

Exceptional  conditions  of  Agriculture  on  the  Pacific  Coa^t -.  424 

Exchange 23 

Expenses  of  management 179 

Extinction  of  Inconvertible  Paper 399 

Excess  of  Capital  over  Cost 333 

False  Wheat  Quotations 85 

Farmers,  American  Independence  due  ta 46 

Should  own  Canals 317 

Three  eminent 47 

Farmers'  Great  Awakening 75 

Burdens 133 

Union  proposed 83 

Complaints 80 

Farming  in  the  Western  States 62 

Farms,  proportion  of  to  Population 295 

Farm  Produce 180 

Farms,  size  of  in  China _ 30 

Fences  and  Fuel 430 

Festival  of  Pomona 176 

First  steps  toward  the  Grange. 91 

Folks  Land 39 

Favorable  Keport  of  Finances 127 

Fire  Insurance  Association 169 

Forests  and  Kain-fall 430 

Inland  Navigation 431 

Future  of  the  Wheat  Market 101 

Gardens ^ , 34 

General  Conclusions 345 

Genesee  Wheat 57 

Governor  Downey's  Address 307 

Grange — Signification  of  word 108 

Grangers'  Bank 162 

Grangers'  Business  Association 208 

Grange  Investments 120 

Officers  of 105 

Directory -. Ill 

Fleet 203 


458  INDEX. 

Page. 

Grange  Eecord m 220 

Eulings 116 

Granges  of  the  first  and  second  growth 120 

Grangers'  Religion 447 

Grants  to  the  State 297 

Guano 51 

Hay  Crop ......  55 

Hamilton,  J.  M.,  Addres's  of 173 

Hesiod's  Works  and  Days 33 

Higher  Agricultural  Education 364 

Housekeeping  as  a  Fine  Art . . . 391 

How  to  move  the  Crop » 97 

Idaho,  Granges  in ., 289 

Ideal  College 383 

Immigration — Table  showing  amount  of =,  -  „ » » „  435 

Imports  into  England 42 

Increase  of  Population  65 

Increase  of  Maize  Culture 61 

Industrial  Education  of  "Women 386 

Interest,  rate  of,  a  test  of  prosperity. 414 

Irrigation 304 

Commissioners  of 309 

And  Public  Health 329 

E.  M.  Brereton's  Views  on 317 

Problem 320 

Japanese  "Wheat  Culture  compared  with  that  of  England , 31 

Kansas  Agricultural  College 375 

Labor,  Movements  of,  in  the  present  Century ............  17 

Degradation  of,  in  England 39 

Mechanical,  Elevation  of, 40 

Land  Monopoly , 294 

Lands  in  California 294 

Land  Lords 301 

Land  Patents 299 

Lecture  on  Education 151 

Legislation,  Congressional,  on  "Water-  Companies 304 

Controlled  by  Capitalists 412 

Los  Angeles  Convention 305 

Management  of  Eailroads  in  Operation 342 

Mark  Lane  Express 85 

Markets,  European 42 

Market  in  Philadelphia 181 

Manuals  recommended 361 

Manual  labor  indispensable 381 

Manures    44 

Manufacturers 21 

Masonic  Fraternity 17 


INDEX.  459 

Pago. 

Mean  Temperatures 425 

Memorial  from  Colorado 309 

From  Grangers  and  Mechanics 193 

Of  Colorado  to  Congress 309 

Messrs.  Kelly  and  Saunders 105 

Mexican  Grants 296 

Middle-men -.433-35 

Mr.  Walcott  and  the  Wheat  King _..._ .... _ ........ 201 

Napa  and  Contra  Costa  Clubs .* .... .  M 79 

Necessity  of  Surveys 315 

Nevada,  Granges  in 219-280 

No  Sect  in  Heaven 447 

New  England,  Seven  Wonders-of . ........... . .. . . ....„., ..... ... . . .... ..........  53 

Objects  to  be  attained 197 

Occupations,  several  classes  of . , 73 

Ocean  Transportation 67 

Order  of  Patrons  of  Husbandry 104 

Oregon  State  Grange 283 

Subordinate  Granges 284 

Organization  of  Farmers'  Union 82 

Labor 17 

State  Grange  of  California 131 

Organizing  Deputies  of  California  and  Nevada 213 

Oregon  and  Washington ... 283 

Origin  of  the  Public  Domain 291 

Orographical  Features  of  Pacific  Coast .. — „._. , .  _ 427 

Paper  Money  a  protective  Tariff , 392 

Past  indifference  of  Government 331 

Pasturage,  destruction  of 55 

Patriotic  Southern  Governors 49 

Patrons'  Trials  and  Triumphs 202 

Pedigree  Cattle  and  Sheep _ 43 

Population 43 

Preamble  and  Constitution  of  National  Grange _  111 

President  Bidwell's  Views 87 

Address 93 

Private  vs.  Public  Interests . 325 

Progress  of  the  Order 173 

Proportion  of  Farms  to  Population 295 

Prospects  and  Earnings 355 

Protection,  a  double  foe 409 

Public  Domain 294 

Public  consequences  of  want  of  faith  in  Railroad  management 349 

Railroad  Investigation  in  Congress 329 

Routes,  length  and  gauge 356 

Legislation  and  investigation  in  Wisconsin ..  336 

Lands 301 

Discriminations  and  extortions 332 


460  INDEX. 

Page. 

Railroad  Stock  watering  .. . , .   .  331 

Commissioners  in  Massachusetts  350 

Commissioners  in  Ohio 349 

Kailroads  in  California  350 

Recommendations  concerning 334 

And  public  interests  not  always  identical 337 

Undue  cost  of 339 

Subsidies  to 352 

Reports  of  353 

Railways  of  the  world  358 

Rainfall,  extremes  of 426-30 

Amount  needed  to  secure  a  crop 428 

Actually  determined 429 

At  Visalia 429 

Ratio  of  land  owners  to  population 41 

Raw  materials 20 

Ranks 38 

Regional  schools  of  Agriculture 365 

Regents'  financial  operations 189 

Rents 39 

Report  of  Committee  on  Education  and  Labor 199 

United  States  Commissioners  on  Irrigation 313 

The  State  Agent 177 

Report  on  Shipping  and  Prices 77 

The  State  University 187 

Reports  from  different  States 373 

Of  State  Grange 353 

Representative  money 393 

Representation,  lack  of 413 

Rotation  of  crops  in  Holland 45 

Royal  Agricultural  School  at  "Wurtemberg 367 

Rules  of  Order 157 

Rural  life  in  Greece ... _.  _»_ 33 

Sacks,  sudden  rise  in 103 

Saving  in 160 

Corner  in 202 

Scales  and  assessments 303 

Scandinavia  in  America , 436-40 

Shipping  in  bulk 161 

Silk  culture  in  China 29 

Slavery  in  Greece .  35 

Rome 37 

Solution  of  Irrigation  problem,  proposed  by  Dr.  Ryer 327 

Sonoma  Club 89 

Spanish  and  Mexican  domination 296 

Special  meeting mj 205 

State  Agency „ 159 

Agent 160 

Statistical  Reports,  value  of .„-».... 53 

Stock  Watering  and  Inflation^ w 343 


INDEX.  461 

Page. 

Subordinate  Granges 215 

Swamp  and  Overflowed  Lands 300 

Tariffs. .. 392 

Origin  of 404 

Do  not  protect 406 

Take,  but  never  give 405 

Taxation 411 

Exemption  of  Bonds  from 413 

Tenants 37 

Texas  Pacific  Kailroad 129 

Tide  Lands 31 

Three  Eminent  Farmers 47 

Tonnage 85 

Transportation ^. 330 

Unjust  Discriminations  in  Kailroads ....... 349 

Unlimited  Increase  in  Kailroads ...  351 

Unexampled  Success  of  the  Grange 371 

Value  of  Farm  Property 72 

Venable's  Bill 185 

Vineland 441 

Voices  of  the  Press 81 

Washington  Territory,  Granges  in 288 

Wages  in  China 30 

England 42 

Water — Amount  of,  required  for  Irrigation 319 

Legislation  concerning 323 

Water  Duty  in  foreign  countries 321 

Water  Monopoly  and  Irrigation 304 

Water  Routes,  cheapest 335 

Wealth,  accumulation  of 26 

Wild  Wheat  and  Rice 26 

Wine,  Wool  and  Wheat  Shipments 69 

What  has  been  accomplished 118 

Wheat  Culture 31 

Culture  in  California 66 

Great  Production  of,  in  France 43 

Farming  vs.  Stock  Farming 62 

Highest  average  yield  of 53 

Genesee 57 

Value  of,  compared  with  Corn. , 62 

Shipments ! , . .  69 

Markets 67 

Market,  Future  of 101 

Who"was  responsible 337 

Wright,  J.  W.  A.,  Address  of. 137 

Woman  as  an  Industrialist .... 385 

Xenonhon,  a  Farmer «j^^?St?^a^5lJ^i^"  33 

yield  and  Price  of  Farm  Products .^J-Y/Tqj  .  g&££ ....  *^V  71 

/gil  VERITY) 


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